PDF Print Version - Department of Botany - Smithsonian Institution

tropical park Fires linked w i t h poverty
From EurekAlert!
According to the first global assessment of forest fire control
effectiveness in tropical parks, poverty and corruption
correlate closely with lack of fire protection in tropical
moist forests. A better understanding of the links between
corruption, poverty and park management will help
conservationists and policy makers create sophisticated
strategies to conserve tropical ecosystems.
The survey is published in the July issue of Ecological
Applications, reported by lead author S. Joseph Wright, staff
scientist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute;
Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa and Carlos Portillo-Quintero
from the University of Alberta; and Diane Davies from the
University of Maryland.
“Satellite data on fire frequency provides a measure of park
effectiveness across countries,” Wright said. “It is strikingly
clear from our study that poverty and corruption limit the
effectiveness of parks set up to protect tropical forests.”
The survey indicates that parks were most effective at
reducing fire incidence in Costa Rica, Jamaica, Malaysia
and Taiwan; whereas parks failed to prevent fires in
Cambodia, Guatemala and Sierra Leone.
“Current integration of state-of-the-art remote sensing
databases with Geographic Information Systems is allowing
us to better evaluate the effectiveness of conservation
efforts in tropical environments,” Sanchez- Azofeifa said.
While nearly all tropical countries have established parks to
protect rainforests, not all have the political and economic
means to enforce park boundaries and prevent illegal
extraction of park resources.
To better distinguish functional parks from “paper” parks
and to characterize the relationship between social factors
and park protection worldwide, the team created an index
comparing fire frequency inside and outside of 823 tropical
and subtropical parks.
Low fire frequency within parks was chosen as an indicator
Biological conservation newsletter
1
Plant Conservation Unit
Department of Botany
No. 274 http://ravenel.si.edu/bcn October 2007
of park effectiveness because the background level of fire
in tropical moist forests is low, so the presence of fire often
indicates that humans are engaged in timber extraction,
clearing land for agriculture or other land-use conversion.
The frequency was based on fire detection data from
NASA’s satellite-based Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS). “The MODIS fire products
enable us to monitor global fires and see how fire regimes
are changing,” said Chris Justice of the NASA MODIS fire
team.
Wright added that satellite data has limitations. “The
satellite data must be carefully screened. Perhaps the
clearest examples of this system’s limitations were a park
in Costa Rica and two parks in Indonesia where active
volcanoes triggered the MODIS fire detection algorithm,”
he said.
As part of this publication, fire frequency data from 3,964
tropical reserves will be posted online. The authors hope
that other investigators more familiar with reserves in
particular countries or regions will use these data to better
understand the causes of fires in parks and their management
implications.
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Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 6(1):54-62.
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8
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Wootton, L. 2007. First report of Carex macrocephala in eastern
North America with notes on its co-occurrence with Carex kobomugi
in New Jersey. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 134(1):126-134.
Wright, S.J., Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A., Portillo-Quintero, C., and
Davies, D. 2007. Poverty and corruption compromise tropical
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Yakimowski, S.B., and Eckert, C.G. 2007. Threatened peripheral
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Yates, C.J., Coates, D.J., Elliott, C., and Byrne, M. 2007. Composi tion
of the pollinator community, pollination and the mating system
for a shrub in fragments of species rich kwongan in south-west
Western Australia. Biodivers. Conserv. 16(5):1379-1395.
Yates, C.J., Elliott, C., Byrne, M., Coates, D.J., and Fairman, R.
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of cause: understanding rarity in an endemic shrub
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