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ACL VS MCL MCL ACL Macroscopic Extra‐articular;Flat; uniform Collagen Fibres are parallel Densely packed Electron Micro Mean fibril diameter is larger Elastic Modulus Tensile strength 2 fold more than ACL 110 MPa Healing Heals. No surgery required Posterior cruciate ligament [PCL] Intra‐articular and extrasynovial ligament Its mean length is 38 mm and mean width 13 mm 2 bundles Anterolateral [larger and 85%] Posteromedial bands Intra‐articular; varied Varied and Nonparallel Less fibers Is smaller Less than MCL 70 MPa (Medial bundle) Always need surgery Anterolateral band is tight in flexion and lax in extension while the posteromedial bundle is tight in extension and lax in Flexion Division of PCL increases in the Patellofemoral joint forces. This may lead to Patello‐ femoral arthritis.
Medial structures of the knee 3 layers: Superficial, middle and deep layers Grouped: into anterior, middle and posterio third Anterior Middle Posterior Superficial Fascia Fascia Layer of fascia Middle None Superficial MCL Posteromedial capsule Deep None Deep MCL Posteromedial capsule 3 important medial ligamentous structure 1. Superficial MCL Femur attachment: 1cm anterior and distal to Adductor tubercle Tibia attachment: Under Pes Anserinus [ 6 cm distal to the joint] Fibers are grouped into a. Anterior fibers Parallel fibers b. Posterior fibers Oblique Posterior oblique ligament 2. Deep MCL Femur: Femur just below Superficial Tibia: close to the articular margin 3. Posteromedial capsule Blending of superficial and deep MCL and Semimbranous extension Posterior oblique ligament probably not distinct and is as above Appears to dynamically stabilised by Semimembranous Lateral structures of the knee [Seebacher] I layer Biceps Femoris; Iliotibial band II layer Quadriceps retinaculum; Patellofemoral ligament III layer Superficial: Lateral collateral ligament; Fibulo‐fabellar ligament Deep: Coronary ligament, Arquate ligament, Popliteo‐fibular ligament
Page 1 and 2: ANATOMY Type of joint Knee: modifie
Page 3: ACL [Anterior cruciate ligament] In
Page 7 and 8: III. BIOMECHANICS a. Anatomic and m
Page 9 and 10: f. Movement Normal range 0‐140º

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