PDF - CES (IISc)

More documents

Recommendations

Info

xvi CONTENTS PAGE D. EVOLUTION OF ARCHILICHENS . . . . 287 a. Thallus of Pyrenocarpineae b. Thallus of Coniocarpineae c. Thallus of Graphidineae d. Thallus of Cyclocarpineae AA. LECIDEALES aa. COENOGONIACEAE bb. LECIDEACEAE AND GYROPHORACEAE cc. CI.ADONIACEAE i. Origin of Cladonia i. Evolution of the primary thnllus 3. Evolution of the secondary thallus 4. Course of podetial development 5. Variation in Cladonia 6. Causes of variation, 7. Podetial development and spore-dissemination 8. Pilophorus, Stereocaulon and Argopsis BB. LECANORALES aa. COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT bb. LECANORACEAE cc, PARMELIACEAE dd. USNEACEAE ee. PHYSCIACEAE CHAPTER VIII SYSTEMATIC I. CLASSIFICATION A. WORK OF SUC<strong>CES</strong>SIVE SYSTEMATISTS . . . 304 a. Dillenius and Linnaeus b. Acharius c. Schaerer d. Massalongo and Koerber e. Nylander / M tiller-Argau g. Reinke h. Zahlbruckner B. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF ASCOLICHENS . . 311 C HYMENOLICHENS 342 II. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION i. ESTIMATES OF NUMBER 2. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION A. GENERAL SURVEY 343 B. LICHENS OF POLAR REGIONS 345 C. LICHENS OF THE TEMPERATE ZONES . . .348 D. LICHENS OF TROPICAL REGIONS .... 352 III. FOSSIL LICHENS
CONTENTS xvii CHAPTER IX ECOLOGY PAGE A. GENERAL INTRODUCTION .* 356 B. EXTERNAL INFLUEN<strong>CES</strong> . . . " . . . 357 a. Temperature b. c. d. Humidity Wind Human Agency C. LICHEN COMMUNITIES 362 1. ARBOREAL 363 a. Epiphyllous b. Corticolous c. Lignicolous 2. TERRICOLOUS 367 a. On calcareous soil b. On siliceous soil c. On bricks d. On humus e. On peaty soil / On mosses g. On fungi 3. SAXICOLOUS 371 a. Characters of mineral substrata b. Colonization on rocks c. Calcicolous 4 . OMNICOLOUS d. Silicicolous LICHENS 376 5. LOCALIZED COMMUNITIES 378 a. Maritime lichens b. Sand-dune lichens c. Mountain lichens d. Tundra lichens e. Desert lichens f. Aquatic lichens D. LICHENS AS PIONEERS . a. Soil-formers b. Outposts of vegetation .... CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL 392 A. LICHENS AS FOOD 395 a. Food for insects b. Insect mimicry of lichens c. Food for the higher animals d. Food for man
Page 7 and 8: Cambridge Botanical Handbooks Edite
Page 9 and 10: LICHENS BY ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH, F.L
Page 11: PREFACE THE publication of this vol
Page 14 and 15: viii CONTENTS II. LICHEN HYPHAE PAG
Page 16 and 17: x CONTENTS 2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY
Page 18 and 19: xii CONTENTS 2. PYRENOLICHENS a. De
Page 20 and 21: xiv CONTENTS C. SUPPLY OF INORGANIC
Page 24 and 25: CONTENTS B. LICHENS AS MEDICINE ...
Page 26 and 27: xx GLOSSARY Discoid, disc-like, an
Page 28 and 29: xxii GLOSSARY Rhagadiose, deeply ch
Page 30 and 31: xxiv INTRODUCTION In the absence of
Page 32 and 33: xxvi INTRODUCTION the cortex have b
Page 34 and 35: xxviii INTRODUCTION species is a mo
Page 36 and 37: 2 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY A seventh
Page 38 and 39: 4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY the specie
Page 40 and 41: 6 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY plants are
Page 42 and 43: 8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY 5. "Coriac
Page 44 and 45: I0 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Extensive
Page 46 and 47: 12 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Among con
Page 48 and 49: I4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY he howeve
Page 50 and 51: 16 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY departure
Page 52 and 53: I8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY H. PERIOD
Page 54 and 55: CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICH
Page 56 and 57: 22 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
Page 62 and 63: CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
Page 64 and 65: 3o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
Page 66 and 67: 3 2 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THAL
Page 72 and 73:
38 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
6o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
68 MORPHOLOGY or chondroid strands
Page 104 and 105:
;o MORPHOLOGY II. STRATOSE THALLUS
Page 106 and 107:
72 MORPHOLOGY bb. Formation of crus
Page 108 and 109:
74 MORPHOLOGY marked by subsequent
Page 110 and 111:
;6 MORPHOLOGY c. CHEMICAL NATURE OF
Page 112 and 113:
78 MORPHOLOGY b. HYPOPHLOEODAL LICH
Page 114 and 115:
8o MORPHOLOGY species of Dermatocar
Page 116 and 117:
82 3. MORPHOLOGY FOLIOSE LICHENS A.
Page 118 and 119:
84 MORPHOLOGY in the molecular cons
Page 120 and 121:
86 MORPHOLOGY become almost or enti
Page 122 and 123:
88 MORPHOLOGY fore, in the most fav
Page 124 and 125:
MORPHOLOGY b. LOWER CORTEX. In some
Page 126 and 127:
9 2 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of
Page 128 and 129:
94 MORPHOLOGY or less characteristi
Page 130 and 131:
96 MORPHOLOGY a. BY DEVELOPMENT OF
Page 132 and 133:
9 8 MORPHOLOGY III. RADIATE THALLUS
Page 134 and 135:
100 MORPHOLOGY In the two former th
Page 136 and 137:
102 MORPHOLOGY thallus. It is also
Page 138 and 139:
104 MORPHOLOGY sometimes as a conti
Page 140:
io6 MORPHOLOGY fastigiate cortex as
Page 143 and 144:
RADIATE THALLUS 109 afforded by the
Page 145 and 146:
RADIATE THALLUS in The sheath of R.
Page 147 and 148:
STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 113 betwee
Page 149 and 150:
STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS thus disti
Page 151 and 152:
STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 117 areas
Page 153 and 154:
STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 119 follow
Page 155 and 156:
STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 121 a cont
Page 157 and 158:
STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 123 consid
Page 159 and 160:
STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 125 the pr
Page 161 and 162:
STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS 127
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS of s
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
HYMENOLICHENS 153 recognized its af
Page 189 and 190:
CHAPTER IV REPRODUCTION I. REPRODUC
Page 191 and 192:
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarel
Page 193 and 194:
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 159 is partiall
Page 195 and 196:
REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS the vi
Page 197 and 198:
REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 163 or
Page 199 and 200:
REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 165 fi
Page 201 and 202:
REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 167 (2
Page 203 and 204:
REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 169 ru
Page 205 and 206:
REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 171 ti
Page 207 and 208:
REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 br
Page 209 and 210:
APOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION 175 also by
Page 211 and 212:
DISCUSSION OF LICHEN REPRODUCTION 1
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
DEVELOPMENT OF APOTHECIA 183 wall o
Page 219 and 220:
LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 185 b. DEVEL
Page 221 and 222:
LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 187 than in
Page 223 and 224:
LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 189 The deve
Page 225 and 226:
LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 191 usually
Page 227 and 228:
SPERMOGONIA 193 B. SPERMOGONIA AS M
Page 229 and 230:
SPERMOGONIA 195 better lighted port
Page 231 and 232:
SPERMOGONIA 197 advanced stage the
Page 233 and 234:
SPERMOGONIA 199 "pycnidial" non-sex
Page 235 and 236:
SPERMOGONIA 201 paraphyses, and als
Page 237 and 238:
SPERMOGONIA 203 successful, was ver
Page 239 and 240:
SPERMOGONIA 205 He also regards as
Page 241 and 242:
SPERMOGONIA 207 Lichen " spermatia
Page 243 and 244:
CHAPTER V PHYSIOLOGY I. CELLS AND C
Page 245 and 246:
CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 211 colouri
Page 247 and 248:
CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 213 B. CONT
Page 249 and 250:
CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 215 pustula
Page 251 and 252:
CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 217 slices
Page 253 and 254:
CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 219 pected
Page 255 and 256:
CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 221 an excr
Page 257 and 258:
CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 223 not abo
Page 259 and 260:
CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 225 the tha
Page 261 and 262:
CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 227 lecanor
Page 263 and 264:
CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 229 As an i
Page 265 and 266:
GENERAL NUTRITION 231 c. FOLIOSE LI
Page 267 and 268:
GENERAL NUTRITION 233 from atmosphe
Page 269 and 270:
GENERAL NUTRITION 235 part of an ol
Page 271 and 272:
GENERAL NUTRITION 237 Lecanora thal
Page 273 and 274:
ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION 239 Ju
Page 275 and 276:
ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 241 Wiesner
Page 277 and 278:
ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 243 shade i
Page 279 and 280:
ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 245 inserti
Page 281 and 282:
COLOUR OF LICHENS 247 In many cases
Page 283 and 284:
COLOUR OF LICHENS 249 apothecia of
Page 285 and 286:
251
Page 287 and 288:
GROWTH AND DURATION 253 and suggest
Page 289 and 290:
GROWTH AND DURATION 255 in the same
Page 291 and 292:
DISPERSAL AND INCREASE 257 Crustace
Page 293 and 294:
ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass t
Page 295 and 296:
PARASITISM 261 other lichens. The c
Page 297 and 298:
PARASITISM 263 there on the thallus
Page 299 and 300:
PARASITISM 265 and found that they
Page 301 and 302:
PARASITISM 267 observed. The mature
Page 303 and 304:
DISEASES OF LICHENS 269 the upper c
Page 305 and 306:
GALL-FORMATION 271 irritation excit
Page 307 and 308:
ORIGIN OF LICHENS 273 B. ALGAL ANCE
Page 309 and 310:
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 275 B. RELATION
Page 311 and 312:
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 277 they are mo
Page 313 and 314:
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 279 as " hypoph
Page 315 and 316:
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 281 lichen genu
Page 317 and 318:
THE THALLUS 283 might become fertil
Page 319 and 320:
THE THALLUS 285 there is but little
Page 321 and 322:
THE THALLUS 287 Peltigera and Nephr
Page 323 and 324:
THE THALLUS 289 genus Pyrgillus has
Page 325 and 326:
THE THALLUS 291 aa. COENOGONIACEAE.
Page 327 and 328:
THE THALLUS 293 are colourless and
Page 329 and 330:
THE THALLUS 295 of the scyphus and
Page 331 and 332:
THE THALLUS 297 His third group inc
Page 333 and 334:
THE THALLUS 299 are composed of com
Page 335 and 336:
THE THALLUS 301 species and forms a
Page 337 and 338:
THE THALLUS 303 SCHEME OF SUGGESTED
Page 339 and 340:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 305 The apothec
Page 341 and 342:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 307 based on im
Page 343 and 344:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 309 SERifcs i.
Page 345 and 346:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 311 b. Not gela
Page 347 and 348:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 313 "pycnidia"
Page 349 and 350:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 315 The gonidia
Page 351 and 352:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 317 superficial
Page 353 and 354:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 319 XIV. PYRENW
Page 355 and 356:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 321 graplia} re
Page 357 and 358:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 323 Thallus wit
Page 359 and 360:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 325 XXIII. LECA
Page 361 and 362:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 327 XXVIII. ECT
Page 363 and 364:
Thallus crustaceous non-corticate.
Page 365 and 366:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 331 which grows
Page 367 and 368:
Thallus with Gloeocapsa gonidia. Th
Page 369 and 370:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 335 XL. HEPPIAC
Page 371 and 372:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 337 margin of t
Page 373 and 374:
Thallus non-corticate below. FAMILI
Page 375 and 376:
FAMILIES AND GENERA 341 XLIX. TELQS
Page 377 and 378:
NUMBER OF LICHENS 343 or described
Page 379 and 380:
DISTRIBUTION 345 but, as yet, has b
Page 381 and 382:
DISTRIBUTION 347 as Cladoniae, Leca
Page 383 and 384:
DISTRIBUTION 349 its habitat as "th
Page 385 and 386:
DISTRIBUTION 351 lichens of Austral
Page 387 and 388:
DISTRIBUTION 353 epiphyllous lichen
Page 389 and 390:
FOSSIL LICHENS 355 which recalls so
Page 391 and 392:
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 357 Ecological
Page 393 and 394:
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 359 observed th
Page 395 and 396:
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 361 South Lanca
Page 397 and 398:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 363 I. ARBOREAL
Page 399 and 400:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 365 whether of y
Page 401 and 402:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 367 gained a foo
Page 403 and 404:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 369 On bare heat
Page 405 and 406:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 371 As already d
Page 407 and 408:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 373 Most calcico
Page 409 and 410:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 375 It will only
Page 411 and 412:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 377 The followin
Page 413 and 414:
indifferently on any LICHEN COMMUNI
Page 415 and 416:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 123. Ramalina si
Page 417 and 418:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 383 width all ro
Page 419 and 420:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES: 385 grass that
Page 421 and 422:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 387 above the ti
Page 423 and 424:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES - C. crispa are
Page 425 and 426:
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 391 country is D
Page 427 and 428:
LICHENS AS PIONEERS 393 action of h
Page 429 and 430:
CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL A.
Page 431 and 432:
are, however, not equally palatable
Page 433 and 434:
LICHENS AS FOOD 399 A minute organi
Page 435 and 436:
LICHENS AS FOOD 401 The true reinde
Page 437 and 438:
LICHENS AS FOOD 403 Iso-lichenin is
Page 439 and 440:
LICHENS AS FOOD 405 20 cm. with irr
Page 441 and 442:
LICHENS AS MEDICINE 407 The doctrin
Page 443 and 444:
LICHENS AS MEDICINE 409 directions
Page 445 and 446:
LICHENS IN INDUSTRY 411 D. LICHENS
Page 447 and 448:
LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 413 British s
Page 449 and 450:
LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 415 of rock-
Page 451 and 452:
LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 417 boiling.
Page 453 and 454:
LICHENS IN PERFUMERY 419 b. LICHENS
Page 455 and 456:
APPENDIX POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII
Page 457 and 458:
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CI
Page 459 and 460:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 Beyerinck, M. W. D
Page 461 and 462:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 427 Crombie, J. M. On
Page 463 and 464:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 Etard and Bouilhac
Page 465 and 466:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 Gibelli, Giuseppe.
Page 467 and 468:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 Hudson, W. Flora A
Page 469 and 470:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 Krempelhuber, Augu
Page 471 and 472:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 Malinowski, E. Sur
Page 473 and 474:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 Nylander, W. Consp
Page 475 and 476:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 441 Rosendahl, F. Verg
Page 477 and 478:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 Steiner, J. Beitra
Page 479 and 480:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 445 Watson, Sir W. An
Page 481 and 482:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 447 Zukal, H. Das Zusa
Page 483 and 484:
Bacotia septum, 399 Baeotnyces Pers
Page 485 and 486:
INDEX Cladonia sqiiamosa Hoffm., 11
Page 487 and 488:
Forssellia A. Zahlbr., 284, 333, 37
Page 489 and 490:
Lecanora dtrina Ach., see Placodium
Page 491 and 492:
Mereschkovsky, 258 Merrett, 3 Metzg
Page 493 and 494:
Pentagenella Darbish., 83, 324 Perf
Page 495 and 496:
Quercus alba, 359 Q. chrysolepis, 3
Page 497 and 498:
Stigonema Ag., 23, 16, 54 (Fig. 20)
Page 502 and 503:
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Lo
show all

PDF - CES (IISc)

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?