Recent Advances in Angiogenesis and ... - Bentham Science
Recent Advances in Angiogenesis and ... - Bentham Science
Recent Advances in Angiogenesis and ... - Bentham Science
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54 <strong>Recent</strong> <strong>Advances</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Angiogenesis</strong> <strong>and</strong> Antiangiogenesis, 2009, 54-58<br />
Zebrafish as a Tool to Study Tumor <strong>Angiogenesis</strong><br />
Marco Presta<br />
Domenico Ribatti (Ed.)<br />
All rights reserved - © 2009 <strong>Bentham</strong> <strong>Science</strong> Publishers Ltd.<br />
CHAPTER 6<br />
Department of Biomedical <strong>Science</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Italy<br />
Correspondence to: Prof. Marco Presta, Unit of General Pathology <strong>and</strong> Immunology,Department of Biomedical<br />
<strong>Science</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Biotechnology, University of Brescia Medical School, Viale Europa, 30, 25123 Brescia, Italy. Tel:<br />
0039.0303717311; Fax: 0039.030303701157; Email; presta@med.unibs.it<br />
Abstract: Zebrafish (Danio rerio) represents a powerful model system <strong>in</strong> cancer research. <strong>Recent</strong><br />
observations have shown the possibility to exploit zebrafish to <strong>in</strong>vestigate tumor angiogenesis, a pivotal<br />
step <strong>in</strong> cancer progression <strong>and</strong> target for anti-tumor therapies. Experimental models have been established<br />
<strong>in</strong> zebrafish adults, juveniles, <strong>and</strong> embryos, each one with its own advantages <strong>and</strong> disadvantages. Novel<br />
genetic tools <strong>and</strong> high resolution <strong>in</strong> vivo imag<strong>in</strong>g techniques are also becom<strong>in</strong>g available <strong>in</strong> zebrafish. It is<br />
anticipated that zebrafish will represent an important tool for chemical discovery <strong>and</strong> gene target<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
tumor angiogenesis. This review focuses on the recently developed tumor angiogenesis models <strong>in</strong><br />
zebrafish, with particular emphasis to tumor engraft<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> zebrafish embryos.<br />
1. INTRODUCTION<br />
<strong>Angiogenesis</strong> plays a key role <strong>in</strong> tumor growth <strong>and</strong><br />
metastasis [1]. Thus, the identification of antiangiogenic<br />
drugs <strong>and</strong> of angiogenesis-related targets<br />
may have significant implications for the development<br />
of anti-neoplastic therapies, as shown by the positive<br />
outcomes <strong>in</strong> the treatment of cancer patients with the<br />
monoclonal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor-A<br />
(VEGF-A) antibody bevacizumab [2].<br />
The teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) has exceptional<br />
utility as a human disease model system <strong>and</strong><br />
represents a promis<strong>in</strong>g alternative model <strong>in</strong> cancer<br />
research [3]. Zebrafish embryo allows disease-driven<br />
drug target identification <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> vivo validation, thus<br />
represent<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g bioassay tool for small<br />
molecule test<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> dissection of biological pathways<br />
alternative to other vertebrate models [4]. Indeed,<br />
when compared to other vertebrate model systems,<br />
zebrafish offers many advantages, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g ease of<br />
experimentation, drug adm<strong>in</strong>istration, <strong>and</strong> amenability<br />
to <strong>in</strong> vivo manipulation. Also, zebrafish is suitable for<br />
forward genetic screens <strong>and</strong> transient or permanent<br />
gene <strong>in</strong>activation via antisense morphol<strong>in</strong>o<br />
oligonucleotide (MO) <strong>in</strong>jection or “target<strong>in</strong>g-<strong>in</strong>duced<br />
local lesions <strong>in</strong> genes” (TILLING), respectively [5].<br />
Moreover, the possibility to <strong>in</strong>troduce targeted<br />
heritable gene mutations <strong>in</strong>to the zebrafish germ l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g eng<strong>in</strong>eered z<strong>in</strong>c-f<strong>in</strong>ger nucleases has been<br />
recently reported [6]. Importantly, zebrafish is suitable<br />
for high-throughput screen<strong>in</strong>g of chemical compounds<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g robotic platforms [6, 7].<br />
Zebrafish possesses a complex circulatory system<br />
similar to that of mammals [8]. The basic vascular<br />
plan of the develop<strong>in</strong>g zebrafish embryo shows strong<br />
similarity to that of other vertebrates [9]. At the 13<br />
somite-stage, endothelial cell precursors migrat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
from the lateral mesoderm orig<strong>in</strong>ate the zebrafish<br />
vasculature <strong>and</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle blood circulatory loop is<br />
present at 24 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Blood<br />
vessel development cont<strong>in</strong>ues dur<strong>in</strong>g the subsequent<br />
days by angiogenic processes. In particular,<br />
angiogenesis occurs <strong>in</strong> the formation of the<br />
<strong>in</strong>tersegmental vessels (ISVs) of the trunk that will<br />
sprout from the dorsal aorta at 20 hpf. Also, the<br />
sub<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>al ve<strong>in</strong> vessels (SIVs) orig<strong>in</strong>ate from the<br />
duct of Cuvier area at 48 hpf <strong>and</strong> will form a vascular<br />
plexus across most of the dorsal-lateral aspect of the<br />
yolk ball dur<strong>in</strong>g the next 24 hours [9].<br />
Various animal models have been developed <strong>in</strong><br />
rodents <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> the chick embryo to <strong>in</strong>vestigate the<br />
angiogenesis process <strong>and</strong> for the screen<strong>in</strong>g of pro- <strong>and</strong><br />
anti-angiogenic compounds, each with its own unique<br />
characteristics <strong>and</strong> disadvantages [10]. Previous<br />
studies had shown that developmental angiogenesis <strong>in</strong><br />
the zebrafish embryo, lead<strong>in</strong>g to the formation of the<br />
ISVs of the trunk [11] <strong>and</strong> of the SIV plexus [12],<br />
represents a target for the screen<strong>in</strong>g of anti-angiogenic<br />
compounds. In these assays, low molecular weight<br />
compounds dissolved <strong>in</strong> fish water are <strong>in</strong>vestigated for<br />
their impact on the growth of new blood vessels<br />
driven by the complex network of endogenous,<br />
developmentally regulated signals. <strong>Recent</strong>ly, a novel<br />
zebrafish yolk membrane (ZFYM) assay has been<br />
proposed based on the <strong>in</strong>jection of an angiogenic<br />
growth factor [e.g. recomb<strong>in</strong>ant fibroblast growth<br />
factor-2 (FGF2)] <strong>in</strong> the perivitell<strong>in</strong>e space of zebrafish<br />
embryos <strong>in</strong> the proximity of develop<strong>in</strong>g SIVs. FGF2<br />
<strong>in</strong>duces a rapid <strong>and</strong> dose-dependent angiogenic<br />
response from the SIV basket, characterized by the<br />
growth of newly formed, alkal<strong>in</strong>e phosphatase-positive<br />
blood vessels [13]. The ZFYM assay differs from the<br />
previous zebrafish-based angiogenesis assays s<strong>in</strong>ce the