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Figure 3 Chromosome representation.
3. Machine Layout Design Problem
In manufacturing contexts, machine layout design is
involved in the process of arranging machines, most of which are in
different sizes and rectangular shape, on shop floor area in multiple row
layout configuration. The material handling device is the automated
guided vehicles (AGV). An example of multiple-row machine layout
design was shown in figure 4. Machines are arranged row by row by
starting in row 1 (R1) from left to right based on F L and gap between
machines (G). When there is not enough area for the next machine, it
will then be placed in the next row. Movement of AGV between rows
can be conducted either by moving to the left or the right side of the
row and then moving up or down to the destination row. The distance of
In this work, the following assumptions have been made in
order to simplify and formulate the problem: i) machine alignment is
fixed or non-rotatable; ii) the material handling distance between
machines is determined from the centroid of machine; iii) there are
enough sizes of shop floor area for machine arrangement; iv) the
movement of AGV is a straight line; v) a gap between machines is
similar and vi) the quantity of products, processing time and moving
time are not taken into consideration.
4. Experimental results
In this work, the computational experiment was conducted
using four MLD benchmarking datasets (shown in table 1) adopted
from literature [24]. The datasets are in various sizes according to the
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material handling is evaluated from the shortest distance such as
transportation of materials from M12 to M4. There are two choices:
route (3) or (4). Because route (3) is shorter than (4), thus they are
transported with route (3). The operated point of each machine is
centroid. The objective function is to minimise the material handling
distance as equation (1).
= z
M
M
∑∑
j=
1 i=
1
Figure 4 Example of multiple-row machine layout design [23].
ij ij d f
; i ≠ j (1)
M is a number of machines, i and j is machine sequences (i
and j = 1, 2, 3,…, M), f ij is frequency of material flow between machine
i and j, d ij is distance between machine i and j.
number of machines and products, for example, dataset M10P3 means
that there are three products to be processed on ten non-identical
rectangular machines. The machine layout designing program was
developed and coded in modular style using the Tool Command
Language and Tool Kit (Tcl/Tk) programming language [25]. An
experiment was designed and conducted on personal computer with
Intel Core i5 2.8 GHz and 4 GB DDR3 RAM.
The probabilities of crossover and mutation adopted in this
work were set at 0.9 and 0.5 respectively. These values have been
investigated in previous work [26]. The population size and number of
generation had a considerable effect on the amount of search in the
solution space. It should therefore be related to the problem size.