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deliberations of the State Parliament. It must be regarded as having made a reciprocal contract with tlre rest of the citizens of the Netherlands, which, on the part of the Colony, is embodied in the condition do zltfacias, and on the part of the Motherland facio z~t des, that is to say. we willprotect andhelp ))OZL f))ou will bringyourprodtlce to our market andprovide our ships with whatever they need. But these citizens, on the other hand, are privileged by possessing not only the same definite rights offreedom in citizenship and religion as are enjoyed by all citizens of the Republic, but also many other advantages, such as smaller taxes, the benefits of mutual free trade with the mother country, facilities for acquiring freehold properties and other privileges which we have not the space to enumerate (De Mist 1920:186 e.i.0.). De Mist acknowledges that the symmetry between a capitalist economy based on the principles of free trade, and a political community based on an elastic definition of nationhood stretching from Amsterdam to the Cape and beyond, cannot be achieved without some effort. He is especially aware of the constructed nature of national identity, and of the need for ideological labour to be directed to this end: It will be the work of years to transform the citizens of Cape Town once again into Nederlanders, and unless the national spirit is regenerated, and a pride fostered in national morals. customs, dress, manufactures, etc., etc.. it will be in vain to hope that any good will result from political reforms (De Mist 1920:201) In the Cape, the settler community, the native inhabitants, and the slaves had proved fractious and difficult to control, a state of affairs De Mist attributes to the cotnbination of mercantile monopolies and antiquated political institutions. His fervent belief is that a re-negotiated political identity based on Dutch citizenship, in conjunction with a laissez faire capitalism, would produce a more efficient dispensation. " There is a vast literature on the relation between race and nation. Three of particular interest for this period are Eteinne Balibar and Ilnmanuel Wallerstein's Race, Nation. Class. Arnbigzlozls Identities (1991) David Goldberg's Racist Czlltz~re. Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning ( I 993:2 1-40.780, and Martin Thom's Repzlblics, Nations and Tribes (1995). Wallerstein offers the following distinction. einpliasising the economic dimension of definitions of race and nation: 'The concept of "race" is rclated to elre axial division of labour in the world-economy. the coreperipllery antinomy. The concept of "nation" is related to the political superstructure ol' this historical system. tlre sovereign states that form and derive from the interstate systcm' (Balibar & Wdlcrslcin 1991 :79). Martin Tlio~n's (1995: 1 19) central focus is on the shift fioii~ the city-state to tile nation aftcr tlic Frenclr Revolution: 'the prestige of the ancient city became tarnished in the aftermath ol' thc French Rcvolntiou, and ... the imagincd qualities of the noblc savage were transferred to the Germanic tribes, the ~iiasscd origin ofthe Christian nations'. De .Mist. Race and Nation he relation between 'race' and 'nation' in all contexts is a complex one". In De Mist's n time, both terms mutated in important ways, as Nicholas Hudson (1996:258) plains: Yet over the period of the [eighteenth] century, 'race' gradually mutated from its original sense of apeople or asingle nation, linked by origin, to its later sense of a biological subdivision of the human species. 'Nation' began lo be used as a subdivision of 'race' or, even more comnronly, as a term denominating a cultural or a political group of a certain soplristication. nd m the mid-nineteenth century, Hudson continues, they changed fundamentally ['Race'] meant an innate and fixed disparity in the physical and intellectual make-up of different peoples. 'Nation', in turn, was more than a group of people living under the same government. 1t was tlre very 'soul' of personal identity, tlre very lifeblood churning through an individual speaking a particular dialect in one of Europe's innumerable regions. From the often violent coupling of 'race' and 'nation', re-fashioned in these new forms. were spawned the most virulent forms of nineteenth-century racism. and finally the political barbarities of our own ccnt~try (Hudson 1996:258). gh De Mist refers to issues of race, his more direct concern in the Menzovandzrm questions of nationhood, and he deploys the late eighteenth-century sense of ltural or political group of a certain sophistication'. His desire f Cape Town-he does not distinguish between them on the of race-into Nederlanders, is symptomatic of this understanding of nation. The -era apologists ,for De Mist, however, read back the nineteenth-century of 'race' and 'nation' to the start of century, and produce an ahistorical etween past and present, in which (to return to Bakhtin's terms) the racism e quite different racism of the Dutch Enlightenment. In the tive articulation of nation and race, his ideas on post- tlement, on nation-building, and on unrestricted capitalist Finally, as to whether Re Mist's Memorandum answers questions in our ggestions. First, the Memorandum shows quite clearly the ability agination to contain the radical idealism of a revolutionary lectual resources used by De Mist to effect such containment cratic citizenship (with exclusions occluded), free market , and a relentless rhetoric of modernisation and progress, are coded as with (never as distortions of) the revolutiona~y impulse. Second, De Mist's o the political discourse of nationhood and the economic de produces contradictions which continue to resonate. His h national spirit at the Cape while at the same time promoting t as a more powerful imperial power displaced the Batavians.
De Mist, Race and Nutlon Whether the current South African government's political discourse of raii~bo nationhood can sustain the contradictions generated by its own economic policies o internal structural adjustment and increased free trade remains an open question. Crone. ID 1937. Race Attitudes in South Afuica: Historical, Experirnenfal andpsychological tidies. London & Johannesburg: OUP & Witwatersrand University Press. , ErnstG 1925 ~dtrcatzoi in So~th/ffYzcc~ CapeTown Juta Department of English , Mahmood 1996 C~tlzen and Szrbject Contenzporary Africa and the Legacy of Late University of Natal alrsm Princeton Ps~ncetonUn~versity Press Shula 1972 Kho~san Resistance to the Dutch In the Seventeenth and Eighteentll References Bakhtm. Mlkhall 1986 Speech Genres and Other Late Essays In Emerson, Caryl & Michael Holqulst (eds) Austin Unive~s~ty of Texas Press Ballbar. Etlenne hnlanuel Wallersteln 1991 Race. Natron, Class Amblgllolls Identitles London Vel so Blakely. All~son 1993. Blacks In the Dtrtch World The Evoltrtion ofRac~al Imageq, rn Moder Socrery Bloom~ngton Indiana Unlvers~ty Press Boyce, AN 1960 Legacy ofthe Past Std VII CapeTown: Juta Coetzee. JM 1988 Whrte Wrrtrng On the Culture of Letters rn Sotrth Afnca New Haven. Yal Un~versity Press Dean, El~zabeth. Paul Hartmann & May Katzen 1983. H~story rn Blackand Whrte an Analysrs Sotrth AfLrcan School Hrsto y Te~tbooh Paris UNESCO. De M~st, Jacob Abraham [I8021 1920 The Me~norandt~m of Cornmrssa Recommendatrons for the Form andAdnzrnrstratron of Governrnen~ a JefEreys, Kathleen M (trans) Cape Town. Van Riebeeck Soc~ety Freund, WM 1971. Socrely and Government rn Dutch Sotith Afi-rca the Cape andthe Batavra 1803-6 New Haven unpublished PI1.D. at Yale Un~versity. Freund. WM 1976 Race In the Soc~al Structure of South Africa, 1652-1836 Race and Clas 18.1,Summer 53-67 Freund. WM 1989 The Cape under the Transitional Governments, 1795-1814. In Eiph Richard & Hermann Gillornee (eds) The Shaprng of South Afr~can SocreQ, 1652-1840 C Town: Maskew M~ller Longman G~llomee, Hermann 1975. Dle Kaap Tydens dte Eerste Brrtse Bewrnd 1795-1803 Cape To Dav~d Ph~l~p. Gillornee, Hermann & Andre du Toit 1983 Afrrkaner Po11 Doctirnents Volrrme One Cape Town David Phillp Goldberg, Dav~d 1993 Racrst Cultzlre Phrlosophy and the Polrtrcs of Meanrng Oxfor Blackwell Green. Michael 1997 Novel Hrstones Past, Present, and Fut Johannesburg Wttwatersrand Un~versity Press Hudson, N~cholas 1996. From 'Nat~on' to 'Race' The Orrg~n of Racial Classificat~o~ E~ghteenlh-Century Thought Ezghieenth-~enttrr~~tudces 29,3 247-264 Jacob. Margaret C & W~jnand W M~jnhardt (eds) 1992 The Dtrtch Cetfttrry DecDne, Enlrghtenment, andRevoltltron Ithaca Cornell King. Susan Newton 1981 The Khorkhor Rebellron rn the Eastern Un~versity of Cape Town Centre for African Studies Leeb, I Leona~d 1973 The Ideologrcal Orrgrns afthe Batavran Republrc H~stoy and Polltlcs the Dutch Repttblic, 1747-1800 TheHague Mart~nusN~~liotf 1981 The Rlse of the Cape Gentry The Soczetzes of Southern Afrrcu In the zndTwentrefh Centtrrres 12 1-14 London Institute of Commonwealth Stud~es 1995 Abol~tionism, tlie Ratav~an Republ~c, the Br~tish, and the Cape Cololly In ars Later Antzslavery Capitalrsnz and Modern1t.v rn the Dlltch 1967 DIG Ontw~kkelrngvan de Pol~f~eke Derzke von dte Afvrknrzev Dee1 Een 1652- G Oosthu~zen 1989 Airwe IIrstor3~ Std I/ Ne~.~~Svl/abzr~ 1956 d Modein V~~tue Coinpaicd De Rcauloi t and Vdn Cften on ublican Clt~/enship Gghteenth Cen/z~ry Sfzrdzec 70 4 437-443 ~n. N~gcl 1985 Slavely ~n DzitchSotr/hr1j~ica Cdrnb~~dgc Cdrnbr~dge lJlilvel\~iy PIC\$ en, N~gel & Clllton Cla15 1994 Brenhinq the Clzczin\ \laber)l and ilr legnc)~ 111 the cteenth-Cler?tziry Cepe Colorgi Johaiinesbu~g Univc~ \ity of W~lwatel srcind PI cis
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aised, the title of the essay, The
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value is socially constructed and d
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C'onstuzrct~ons of Protest Poetqj u
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Priya Narisrntll~l Cowstrnctions of
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and public accountability. Althougl
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epresentative ~nullicultural tlnive
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Africa. This partially accounts for
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Maqagi. Sisi 1990. Who Theorises? C
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Book Reviews States of Eniergency i
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Arrived after you had returned honi
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postinodernism: . . . what is post-
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