Shane Moran - Alternation Journal

De Mist in the 1990s
De Mist's claim on our attentions in Sout11 Africa in the 1990s rests upon his abilities a
a lucid and fastidious commentator on thc emergent and competing definitions o
natiolihood in Europe after the French Revolution. FIe has a direct appreciation of the
connections between European nationhood and colonial expansion, and his political
lendarn settlers challenging the authority of the Dutch East India Company
C.), De Mist is forgiving7. The blame for settler uprisings 'is solely due to the illceivetiintentinns
und badstaleswzansh@' (De Mist 1920: 177 e.i.0.) of the Company
ctors, and the actions ofthe rebels are therefore justified:
experiences in the Netherlands bring a distinctive perspective to bear on the comlnunity Was it. then, so vel-y unnatural that designing persons-only too many of'
at the Cape. Furthennore, he lived through a particularly interesting period of Dutch them, alas!-arc to be found both at the Cape and in the Motlleriai~d--tl.icd
history. Simon Schama wryly suin~narises the secluence of calamities for the
Netherlands during this period:
to advance their own interests by means of the discontelit of tile colonists.
and instigatcd disorders. risings and rebellions? We tl~oro~~ghly condemn
these deeds, but it is the duty of an effjcient Government to i~ivcstigatc tlie
Between 1750 and 1813. alter all. tlle Netherlands was despoiled of its
colonies. routed at sea, invaded four times (twice unsuccessfully); driven to
Llle edge of bankruptcy; and finally forccd to drain the dregs oC its
cause for such a general wave of dissatisfaction .... First restore the
happiness of tile community by establishingjust laws and institutions. and
then punish the Lransgressors (De Mist 1920: 178).
misfortune by becoming mere departments of the Frcnch Empire (Schama
1977: 16).
cient political system (including a modern legal system and the freedom to trade)
een as the appropriate means to redress for the legitimate grievances ofthe settlers.
clz the same way as the French bourgeoisie and populace were justified in feeling
Throughout these perilous times for his nation, De Mist was never far from the action. ed by the despotic bumbling of the uncien regime, so too for De Mist did the
As regards the first question, namely how De Mist understood the relation have every right to demand a~nodern form of government attuned to their needs.
between revolution and post-revolutionary settlement, it is clear that it was the French While he defends the settler rebels in their dealings with the Company, De
Revolution which dominated his thoughts. Though by nature a conservative man, D less sympathetic when they plunder their Xhosa neighbours. He is critical ofthe
Mist saw in the French Revolution and its aftermath certain benefits:
e stealing and petty thieving, which the settlers of Graaff-Reinet have lately
stomed to perpetrate against their Kaffir neighbours', and sees it as
for although, in colnmon with all loyal country~neu, we deplore the
misfortunes, losses and humiliations wllich were our portion during the late
war, and althouglt none can have a greater liorror of all so-called
revolutionary measures than we, yet we feel that this is perl~aps the most
important, if not tile happiest outcome of periods of anarchy, or epochs of
t the Xhosa should have changed from being 'docile and peace-loving' to
n whom we should fear because we have embittered them' (De Mist
ccordingly, he also shows sympathy for the rebellious feelings of the
nd native inhabitants" towards white settlers and colonists. Slaves, he argues,
ell-treated, with 'a higher code of morals ... instilled into the masters' (De
war and peace, that at such times, as if by an electric shock, the whole order .252), and further, responsibility for the conflict between white settlers and
of things is changed, and sweeping reforms which have been needed for
many years are immediately instituted, whereas fifty years of peace and
bitants lies historically entirely with the former:
prosperity would not have brought thcm within reach (De Mist 1920: 170f). On what grounds did these poor creatures deserve the persecution and illtreatment
meted out to them by the Company's servants from the very
At the dawn of the nineteenth century, De Mist therefore approved the salutary 'electri
shock' effects of tlie French Revolution, not only because his own persolla1 elevatio
owed much to the Revolution, but also because by 1802 it was clear to hiin that its mo
founding of the colony? From the caves of their fathers. they watched a
foreign nation take possession of their coasts, offering not the slightest
radical i~npulses had been contained. It was also a consequence of the Revolution th
the Cape government had been transformed from the Company's ineffjcien
administration to 'the more advanced forms of Republican government' (1920: 17 1),
histories of Dutch settler uprisings during this period are traced by Hermann Giliomee
37.51-54,70-80). Also interesting in this regard is Giliomee and Andre Du Toit
Ross (1981:8-10) explores the connections between the uprisings in the Cape
process lie saw the new inoderfiising Batavian government accelerating. Indeed, whi etherlands and the Thirteen Colonies.
the value of 'liberty, equality and fraternity' in the post-revolutionary settlelnent is du cent studies of slavery at the Cape are Robert Shell's Children of Bondage
acknowledged, it is the lnodernising effect of the French Revolution-the 'elect
shock'-that appeals most stroligly to De Mist's Enlighteliment sensibility.
As regards De Mist's attitude towards revolutions more generally, he is
occasions sympathetic towards rebel causes. In the case of the Graaff-Reinet a
were a number of violent Khoisan rebellions during this period, which are
ly traced by ShulaMarks (1972) and SusanNewton King (1 98 1).
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