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4.1 State and the Swap State can be added to Web database applications through the addition of a table that we call the “swap” (since it is used to temporarily store form contents). Through use of the swap, tag/value pairs can be associated with a specific user and the screen they are currently accessing. The Swap table contains five columns: Username, Screen, Type, Tag, and Value. The Username must be a unique identifier, the Screen is a unique name given to each input form in the Web interface, the Type is used to specify different types of value pairs (for example form data or error messages), and the Tag and Value fields are used to record the state of the system (for example form field names and the data they contain). When a user completes a form, the tag/value pairs sent to the CGI script are saved in the Swap table. If some form data form turns out to be incorrect, that specific region of the form can be reconstructed with appropriate help or error messages, leaving the remainder of the data stored in the swap. Also, if a user partially completes a form, but then presses a button to request help, by saving the form data to the swap, the form can be restored . More importantly, the swap can be used to protect important data that should not be modified by the user. If a user modifies a row in a database table, it is important to retain the primary key of that row so that an update can properly be executed. If the primary key of the row is kept in a hidden field, the HTML code may be hacked so that the destination of the information is changed. By keeping the primary key in the swap, such a modification is impossible. Therefore the swap ensures the security of the application data. 4.2 Maintainability and the Lifetime of an Input Form Code reuse can significantly reduce development time and cost. This can be through modularization of the tasks necessary to process an input form. The following steps are what we call the “lifetime” of a form: 1. Preparation - If the form is used to edit existing data, the necessary queries are made here. The results of the queries are saved into the swap to be used when the actual form is created. 2. Displaying the Form - Here the form is generated. If data for the form exists in the swap, then the data is used as the default values for the form objects. If error messages exist in the swap, these messages are displayed in appropriate places on the form. 3. Check the User's Input - If the user makes a request for a help screen, we display the help screen and then return to step 2. If there are errors in the data, we save error messages into the swap and then return to step 2. Otherwise we continue to the verification screen. 4. Verification Screen - If desired, the data that the user entered can be redisplayed for verification. If the user wishes to change something, we return to step 2. Otherwise we continue to step 5. 5. Update the Database - Here the data is removed from the Swap and entered into the Database. A screen is displayed that tells the user that the data has been committed to the database. By identifying these elements common to many forms, routines can be written to encapsulate these steps. If separate CGI scripts are used for each step, scripts will not submit data to themselves. Our experience has found self-submitting scripts to be difficult to debug or modify and so they should be avoided at all costs. 5. New Developments
Recently, Java has changed the way many Web authors design sites and applications. In our Java applications, we use tickets and the swap to maintain high levels of security. Tickets are an excellent security mechanism for Java applets that do not retain a continuous socket connection with the database server. Also, the database server can use the swap to enforce proper behavior of the Java applets. A good programmer could decompile the Java byte code and rewrite an applet to modify internal state and allow illegal database access. By keeping the state in the swap, CGI scripts can ensure that the Java applets access only appropriate data items. 6. Conclusion In this paper we have presented a system of developing applications with Web front-ends that can be accessed only by a given set of users. Using simple techniques like the secure loop, the swap, and the lifetime of an input form, the capabilities of commercial Web application builders can be duplicated and surpassed. These techniques have been found to be successful in the development of a number of secure databases for the National Institute for Health. It is our hope that by revealing these techniques, more users will be able to place their own applications on the Web and help stimulate the growth of the Internet to its full potential. 7. References [Allaire 1996] Cold Fusion, Allaire. http://www.allaire.com/cfusion/ [Berners-Lee et al. 1994] T. Berners-Lee, R. Cailliau, A. Luotonen, H. Frystik Nielsen, and A. Secret (1994), The World- Wide Web. Comm. of the ACM, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 76-82, Aug. 1994. [Bluestone 1995] World Wide Web Application Development, http://www.bluestone.com/papers/whitepapers/www_app_devel.html [ExperTelligence 1995] ExperTelligence, Inc. WebBase - the Database Server of the Web, http://www.webbase.com [GATE Technology 1995] GATE Technology, Member's Only - Security for the Web. http://www.iquest.net/cgibin/gate2?webmaster|gate/members.html [Gleeson & Westaway 1995] Martin Gleeson and Tina Westaway (1995) Beyond Hypertext: Using the WWW for Interactive Applications. AusWeb95. Ballina, New South Wales, Australia. http://www.scu.edu.au/ausweb95/papers/hypertext/gleeson/ [Gwertzman 1996] Gwertzman, James and Seltzer, Margo. World-Wide Web Cache Consistency. http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~vino/web/usenix.196/ [Netscape 1996a] Netscape, Persistent Client State Http Cookies. http://home.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie_spec.html [Netscape 1996b] Netscape, "On Internet Security" http://home.netscape.com/info/security-doc.html [NCSA 1996] The Common Gateway Interface, http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/docs/cgi/overview.html [Rescoria 1996] Rescoria, E. The Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol (Internet Draft) http://info.internet.isi.edu/indrafts/files/draft-ietf-wts-shttp-02.txt [Schoenfeldinger 1995] Werner J. Schoenfeldinger, WWW Meets Linda. Fourth International World Wide Web Conference. Boston, Massachusetts, USA. December 11-14, 1995. http://www.w3.org/pub/Conferences/WWW4/Papers/174/Overview.html] [Sybase 1996] Sybase, Web.sql Programmer’s Guide. Emeryville, CA: Sybase, Inc. http://www.sybase.com/products/internet/websql/docs/pguide/pguide1.htm [TCG 1995] Turner Consulting Group, The Edison Database. http://era.info.nih.gov/
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Proceedings of WebNet 96— WebNet
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FULL PAPERS BRIAN BEVIRT Designing
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THIERRY LEVOIR & REMI BASTIDE SADS:
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MASAYASU AOTANI Distance education
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IAIN LANGDON Education for Changing
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PANELS M J MCALISTER, P COMER & MIS
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Designing Hypertext Navigation Tool
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Organize the Contents of Your Site
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multiple hierarchy charts have to b
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Developing Structured WWW-Sites wit
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Links refer to Templates. From the
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typing tool, which on the one hand
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and implement commercial Web-sites.
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constraints. It is important to rem
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A three-rowed "desktop" was used as
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All assignments were tracked, and s
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Figure 5: Student Information Toolb
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positive values to the course: 1. F
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2. Problem Areas We have identified
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in our system is quite large, and p
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map information for display into th
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- whether these new applications co
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4.3. The Production Phase The produ
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Page 49 and 50: information systems. Since late 199
Page 51 and 52: QuestWriter, which will be availabl
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Typical Study Approaches
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2: Feedback Loop for Questio
Page 57 and 58: educational Web page design. We hav
Page 59 and 60: Identifying and Meeting Needs of In
Page 61 and 62: Two new forms-driven templates, one
Page 63 and 64: What We Learned About Coaching Web
Page 65 and 66: Introduction The WWW as a Primary S
Page 67 and 68: Processing the Order Once users hav
Page 69 and 70: documentation, report a problem to
Page 71 and 72: VRML and the Web: A Basis for Multi
Page 73 and 74: Plate 2: Three users represented by
Page 75 and 76: Figure 2: Interfae components to ex
Page 77 and 78: Avatar Distribution Figure 3: Avata
Page 79 and 80: Introduction Tracking WWW Users: Ex
Page 81 and 82: etween subsequent requests, and an
Page 83 and 84: server not to cache that object. Ho
Page 85 and 86: [Benford et al. 1996] Benford, S.D.
Page 87 and 88: Published on the Web from the WebNe
Page 89 and 90: current state of knowledge represen
Page 91 and 92: Figure 1: Textook and Glossary wind
Page 93 and 94: Part of this work is supported by a
Page 95 and 96: Database 2. Review of Related Work
Page 97: Display Password Screen Check User
Page 101 and 102: To meet our requirements, we have o
Page 103 and 104: Using the WebSM the creation of a q
Page 105 and 106: store its result in a variable, usi
Page 107 and 108: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 109 and 110: Chapter One: The Web Marketplace Gr
Page 111 and 112: 4) Advertising Subsidy growing dram
Page 113 and 114: effectiveness of the ad with any on
Page 115 and 116: 3) Server Performance The Web commu
Page 117 and 118: Chapter Three: Andromedia’s Aria
Page 119 and 120: 3) Distributed Design Although Obje
Page 121 and 122: Aria.monitor is comprehensive with
Page 123 and 124: The Aria.recorder is also capable o
Page 125 and 126: is being used to create real-time r
Page 127 and 128: The Reporter user interface provide
Page 129 and 130: Aria.reporter takes advantage of th
Page 131 and 132: Introduction Automating Hypermedia
Page 133 and 134: Figure 3: 2: Add Course Graphic Cre
Page 135 and 136: Longevity of the HTML Course Creato
Page 137 and 138: Methodological Issues in Studying a
Page 139 and 140: 4. Complexity of User Interaction:
Page 141 and 142: automatically, in a reliable and pe
Page 143 and 144: web users (i.e., scrolling list of
Page 145 and 146: the NSF EXPRES project. In [Galeghe
Page 147 and 148: Astronomy and Space Science Relevan
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surface of Pluto - assembled throug
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The Web as Process Tool and Product
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collaboratively produced report abo
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In the AIT course, key satisfaction
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Explorations: the Cornell Theory Ce
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version of Netscape 2.0 (Netscape w
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from video tape) and compromised on
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Designing a Course on the WEB : the
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charge of a training institute, we
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Another way of supporting "point to
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References [Derycke and D’Halluin
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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MRTSpace is based on MRT, a Minimal
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2.3 Geometric and visual ‘continu
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IP Multicast messages do not work o
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came into common use. A number of e
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probably to human culture as a whol
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3D Visualization of WWW Semantic Co
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2.1 Extracting and Organizing WWW S
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mantic space comes from exploring r
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Introduction Interactive Justice Th
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presented by both public prosecutor
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A different communication mode allo
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Convergence to the Information High
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over 9 million at the beginning of
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unreliable electronic components co
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in an integrated model which has th
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Crane, D. (1972). Invisible College
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discourse does not mean that it is
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Figure 2 Communities within the lay
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The major services classified are:-
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Spears, R. and Lea, M. (1994). Pana
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presents relevant items to the user
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ProFusion's main process creates mu
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Managing Interdisciplinary Project
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influencing the study. To ensure th
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ANALYSIS The introduction of new co
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to be combined; this integration ac
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On receiving the information that a
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4.1.4 SPS-SCS delivery system This
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Aster Servers - How to make Aster m
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Another approach we have tested as
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information available on the web. W
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Project Based Learning - Global Vil
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http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Softwa
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Web. It is tailored to the needs of
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Views of the Solar System - http://
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Gatherers and Brokers. The Gatherer
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(Uniform Resource Locators) are pre
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References Figure 6: Document Displ
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The RealAudio (http://www.realaudio
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For educators, this combination of
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The practical components of this pr
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typologize communication and media
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egistration pattern (in the reverse
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the Internet, in terms of informati
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Fig. 10: 3-dimensional pattern matr
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structure of the courses adheres to
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applications manage chat sessions,
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6. Evaluation Figure 4: Example
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Introduction Windows to the Univers
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Figure 1: The main navigation panel
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Our Planet Interior & Surface Atmos
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I. Introduction What is a browser?
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(1) [Baggett, Ehrenfeucht, & Guzdia
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Node display. In addition to enforc
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On-demand Multi-lingual Font Servic
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One of the advantages by using Java
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The directory can be an alias defin
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Real Audiences—Worldwide: A Case
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outstandingly successful authors re
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usually jumps over the keyboard --
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Introduction Web Conceptual Space R
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conceptual knowledge processing, kn
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and the 'Top' view for all applicat
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An Information Broker for Adaptive
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the worst case, we can make a rough
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These simple parameters significant
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[Weider 96] Weider, C. , Fullton, J
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experiments, listen to sound, run l
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The administration and management s
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Educational packages: the current i
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Embedded Interactive Concept Maps i
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eading and understanding informal c
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Every Smart Ideas document has a de
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and used an index into the HTML doc
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Introduction Building Internet-Base
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comments from others or newly assig
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Figure 3: Author profile Conclusion
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The major features are: Figure 1 Me
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Figure 3 FrameMaker requirements do
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5 Conclusions This article has pres
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On-the-Fly Web Pages Minus the HTML
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Scannell, Ted (1996). Steve Jobs In
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originator. Thus, the collaborative
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preferences, circumstances and task
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development concerns the previously
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Abstract: Aspects of Large World Wi
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Structuring data The unstructured a
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say on a LAN with a hypermedia serv
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Halasz, 1988 Halasz, F. (1988). Ref
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One of the CNES' goals is to make s
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Archived Files Start Time 1 End Tim
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HELP-EXCHANGE: An Arbitrated System
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Since the Help-Exchange system is e
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system avoids spamming since the qu
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From a Set of Technical Documents t
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“The machine that would perform t
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In the case of the link with commen
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[Glushko 89] Glushko, R. (1989). De
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• SWOOP [Hunter et al. 95] provid
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also planned for implementing this
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storage structures already establis
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Every S-collection (instance) has a
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do not map S-collections onto a glo
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The operator JOIN is applied to a c
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Internet India Suzanne McMahon Univ
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published in Bombay, includes shopp
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INDIA-E@INDNET.BGSU.EDU Economic Fo
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Instructional Materials The first c
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Reminder Robot For the Q&A section
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[Wusage 1994] Cold Spring Harbor La
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succeed, is also social in origin,
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Other ships may also appear on the
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An Intelligent Tutoring System on t
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Figure 1. Viewer Control Mechanism
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input and clickable map as the ways
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Designing Digital Libraries for Pos
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Layer HOSS allows an open set of st
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contradictory to produce a well-def
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[Chartier 1994] Chartier, R. (1994)
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much of the value on the Net “wil
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did nothing but slow down processin
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Bundling has been studied extensive
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The software industry relies on dif
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that is not accepted by society exi
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[Richardson & Radner 1996] Richards
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European Economic Area agreement. S
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Figure 2: Components of the learnin
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5. Concluding Remarks Figure 4: The
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A Distance Education How-To Manual:
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usually required. This can take pla
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piece, or of the whole piece. A CD
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Indexes, Keys: these tables define
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following, we discuss basic types o
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long: in the music database, the co
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The MARBLE 1 Project: A Collaborati
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available, as described above, help
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Feedback and Analysis Fig 2: Extrac
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Open Net and the Australian On-Line
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speeds, download times, changing br
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our audience, fall into one of the
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server change. When we had our own
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Structuring and classification of d
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would not have the rights to change
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5 Current Electronic Publications W
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WebGrid: Knowledge Elicitation and
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annotation form shown in Figure 2 t
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Figure 4 WebGrid form for rating el
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Figure 7 Main status screen of WebG
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As a final element, the realtor has
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WebGrid provides many additional fa
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Media, Multimedia and Meaningful La
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One question which arises in a disc
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about the medium. In studies in whi
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Schwerin advocates mediation as “
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The wider implications of this perc
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Internet, that quality may be seen
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The most frequently discussed probl
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3.2 Developer viewpoint A MicroWeb
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We anticipate that the complete Mic
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Database for employment information
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Figure 1 System Structure Figure 2
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Figure 5(b) Results of Searching
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ClassNet is a CGI-Script running un
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Current Uses Dr. Doug Yarger at Iow
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Introduction Modelling Alter Egos i
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Let us further suppose that the cyb
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• NEC to indicate that the action
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for example impossible to define an
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[vdRiet 95] R.P. van de Riet, A. Ju
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or "anchors." The anchors are stori
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Figure 1: Excerpt from SMART WWWeb
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there is less dissolved oxygen in t
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CS20 will provide students with new
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EPIC : Building a Structured Learni
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expects. The EPIC exercises are emb
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interactive courses around Scotland
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This paper begins by briefly survey
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must supply such information, the s
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Building the collection The lowest
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size is bounded by the size of a st
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the choice should be. It may be tha
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Introduction Supporting Provision a
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A visual resource base comprises a
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• Web browser: It performs the se
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POSTER / DEMONSTRATION
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integration of presentations create
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Science Technology Entry Program: I
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ID Comm: Building a Virtual Communi
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Preservice Teacher Education and th
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Un Meurtre a Cinet (Un homicidio en
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The Human Brain: A Frames-based Ima
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Collaborative Learning/Teaching on
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SHORT PAPERS
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system look for email from the mail
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Converting a Large Introductory Cou
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Bringing Instructional Design Princ
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Watermarking for the HyperWave Hype
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Impact of the Introduction of Web-B
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Owen, J.M. (1993). Program Evaluati
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(d) Low cost to students (e) Easier
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Introduction Robots And The Web: An
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Figure 2. BargainBot Search Results
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Conclusions and Future Work Figure
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Introduction Active Messaging in Ja
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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The effective development of web-ba
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telecollaboration. This work aims t
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Introduction Internet for Teachers:
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Creating Educational Webmasters: Cy
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Acknowledgments I would like to tha
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The College of Human Ecology, which
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The screen dumps below show a large
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can also open and close levels of t
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Venice and Vienna, iconographic col
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Introduction: Cyberschool - Singapo
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1. Overview US Information Superhig
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Collaborative Design: A Cognitive A
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A Web Based Decision Support System
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addition to participating in teache
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communication between students, bet
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• Exploring Libraries introduces
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Design for Web-Based Learning Phili
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The effin factor concerns the appea
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Introduction The Web is not a Distr
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WEB-EDD: Electronic Document Delive
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Walker, G. L. & Thoma, G. R. (1995)
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3. Evaluation of Link Annotation fo
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Based on the needs addressed above,
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The Presentational use of the inter
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named-thing2(thing-type (parameters
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Integrating the use of the Web into
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linking within the web page is also
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Providing Medical Education Resourc
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logons by PPP/home access, Informat
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indeed create considerable turbulen
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Introduction Homeland: An Integrate
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[Frega and Volpentesta 94] Frega N.
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Summary: Our culture often thinks o
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Implementing Engineering Education
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Reorganised by the Web: Bringing th
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content providers--collaborative te
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Table 1: Sample items from the BEM
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Health Care Information on the Web:
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Abstract Shame and War Revisited Ad
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left to do? Style sheets don't let
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In this case, the Los Alamos Nation
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Differing Cultures: Bringing Minds
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Web of Thought: Ways to Make the Wo
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On Teaching and Collaborative Devel
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I.- History Distance Education on D
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But there is much more to this pict
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in Treemaps. In contrast, the Docuv
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Figure 2: Webview The Webview is us
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Figure 3: Intradocument View showin
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Using a WWW Server to Access and Ma
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W3Client Figure 1 : The Co-Learn WW
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Avoiding Vendor Lock-in: An Open Ap
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Web Courses for Northern B.C.: Virt
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Harvesting the Internet: Creating a
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School Participation in the Co-Deve
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a basic framework for adopting tech
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COMMUNITY WEB PROJECTS TO SUPPORT H
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Overview: Automatically Generated W
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Introduction Computer Aided Informa
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[Bloomfield 1994] Bloomfield, H. (1
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A Generic Learning Platform: From t
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etween Moscow and Western Europe, S
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Creating A Presence On The World Wi
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References [Hill 1993] Hill, Terry
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many of the students likewise had f
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DeRose, Steven and Durand, David, M
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{1} http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/drz/g
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significantly different. Analysis f
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3. The Web Based Solution Most CBT
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A Virtual Campus on the World Wide
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A unified NBCC-wide (and hopefully
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Start Your Search Engines! Authenti
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Observations on Web-Based Course De
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espond to at least four other discu
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examples of the many good discussio
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instructor intervention (to prevent
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Using the World Wide Web To Creativ
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In summary, the goals of the PTK ar
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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All relevant information and links
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Introducation A Virtual Classroom i
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Introduction Put Your Experience on
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Domeshek, E.A. & Kolodner, J.L. 199
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• provide IP address • provide
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Incorporating World Wide Web techno
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1 Introduction Non-Invasive Improve
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The first author acknowledges CNPq
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order to make the students feel tha
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World Band: K-12 Music Education on
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PITS (Populated Information Terrain
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The big central landmark VRML Some
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SEEWeb - An Internet Solution Steve
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Archive.edu: A Storehouse of Classr
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[O’Haver 1995] O’Haver, M. (199
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Module Three The third module explo
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The development of a new journal ne
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Implementation The tool is a Web-ba
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Providing Real Time Instruction on
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first was a single free text field
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the project as contributors of stud
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knowledge-acquisition have to be ac
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instead of contributing a lengthy r
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1. Introduction WWW3D: A 3D Multi-U
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6. Summary In this paper we have de
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collaborative programs. At the same
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and continued challenges of the pas
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In order to cater for the this latt
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Some lectures have pre-lecture assi
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Some Issues. T. of Japanese Society
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MENTOR: Internet Search Advisor and
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acquisition to be followed.- Repres
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Web in order to supplement the main
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When installed at the user end, stu
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These and other lessons learned hav
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some other details about the enviro
Page 815 and 816:
Interactive Teaching Material for t
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The applet is organised around two
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esult, the new search queries not o
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Introduction Distant Education Mate
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Information. The Internet resources
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1 Introduction The Virtual Universi
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on-line, an audio and/or video conn
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Finally, if you are preparing lesso
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The user accessing the database (at
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Figure 2: The HTML page of Esther,
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PANEL
Page 837 and 838:
TUTORIALS
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Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
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specifications like the Initial Gra
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Low end digital cameras do not at a
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To display images correctly the gam
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• PCD: Photo Compact Disc. Kodak.
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3.1 Database Types There are differ
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There are a lot of (hierarchical) k
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the user. The drawback of dynamic c
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types. These are used to restrict t
Page 857 and 858:
-18-
Page 859 and 860:
If you would like to modify the app
Page 861 and 862:
4.4 Database versus Information Ret
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HARVEST [29,30] is a more complicat
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• Access speed: 10% with 9,6 Kbit
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17. Proceedings of the 3rd Internat
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50. Poynton CA. Frequently Asked Qu
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