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Lossy compression throws away information. Due to this, much higher compression ratios can be achieved compared to lossless compression. Lossy compression techniques have been designed for the human observer. Usually there is no visible difference between original and compressed image at a compression factor of 1:10 for printed images and 1:30 for monitor images. Although there is no difference for a human observer lossy compressed images usually cannot be used for pattern analysis purposes. 2.4.1 Techniques Many different techniques are used when compressing images. A selection is described in short, to give an impression of how compression works: • Reduction of color depth is a simple way to achieve compression, for example storing an image with a color palette of 256 colors reduces the size of a true color image nearly to one third. This is a simple form of scalar vector quantization. • Conversion to a color system that uses full luminance data and reduces the chrominance data. This works because the human eye is not as sensitive to color information as it is to luminance. • Run Length Encoding (RLE) stores the number of pixels of one color and the color instead of storing the color for every pixel. Not suitable for photographic images, but may help with computer generated slides and screen shots. • Difference encoding: Instead of storing the value for one bit the difference to the value of the neighbor is stored using fewer bits. Applied in many compression algorithms. • Prediction: The value of the neighbors is used to predict the value of a pixel. Stored is usually the difference to the predicted value. Very useful in lossless compression. • Filtering: Some manipulation is done with the data to allow for better compression with another technique, e.g. using difference encoding and prediction techniques • Lempel-Ziv-Welch: Works similar to RLE, but uses patterns together with a lookup table instead of bytes [6]. Works very well for text. • Entropy encoding: This is closely related to the Huffman code [7]. The most frequent used terms of a given alphabet will be assigned the shortest codes. Arithmetic coding is an improvement of Huffman coding. • Pyramids: The image (or a transformation of this image) is decomposed the in a tree like manner. Nodes will only be further decomposed until they consist of a single value. • Discrete Cosine Transform(ation) (DCT): Is a relative of the Fourier transform and likewise gives a frequency map. This technique is lossy due to roundoff errors. • Fractal: A system of iterated functions is selected for the description of the image. Offers good compression; scaling is possible. • Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT): Uses Haar-functions to code images. Is one of the most promising techniques today. Our experiments have shown better compression rations compared to DCT because the distortions look more natural in current implementations. 2.5 File Formats Different frequently used file formats are introduced: -7-
• PCD: Photo Compact Disc. Kodak. Used for storage of images in the image pac file format on a Photo CD. Different resolutions from 128*192*24 to 2048*3072*24 are stored. The YCC color space is used, which is compatible to the CIE-Standard. Data is compressed about 1:6, some chrominance data is lost during compression, however invisible. • TIFF: Tag(ged) Image File Format. Aldus, Microsoft. TIFF is a catalog format, which includes different compression schemes and image types. The latest available version is v6.0 however only few TIFF images use the v6.0 specification as it is very complex. Due to this, different subsets of TIFF have been implemented, which leads to problems with incompatibility. • PNM: Portable Anymap file format. Widespread used in the UNIX world. There are many tools available for manipulation and conversion in many different formats. PNM tools operate on portable bitmaps (PBM), greymaps (PGM), and pixmaps (PPM). They can be easily used on a UNIX based Web server to provide an image as requested by the user, changing format, size, gamma, etc. on the fly. • FIF: Fractal Image File format. Iterated Systems. After starting with ideas of 10,000:1 compression, FIF has developed to „normal“ file format. As a rule of thumb JFIF is better up to a compression ratio of 1:40, FIF at higher compression ratios. With FIF the quality of the compression result can be chosen, affecting the file size and/or computing requirements. One advantage of FIF is that images are scaleable and distortions in images look more natural to humans. FIF compression is very demanding regarding computing power. Due to this special compression hardware is needed for compression, decompression is possible using software only. • JFIF: Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) Image File Format [4,8,9]. The International Standards Organization (ISO) has standardized only the JPEG compression but not the file format. At C-Cube Microsystems two JPEG-based file formats have been defined: JFIF, the de-facto standard on Usenet, and TIFF 6.0 (TIFF/JPEG) which is supported only by few programs. There may be problems loading JPEG images from a Macintosh because they are sometimes wrapped inside the Mac-specific PICT structure. JPEG is based on discrete cosine transform and spread widely. It is very fast, convenient and the user can use several options, for example vary the image quality, which influences the file size. Due to this it is the major file format used in the Internet for photographic color and greyscale images. A compression factor between 10 and 50 may be achieved, depending on the image for no visual difference to a human observer. It is not very well suitable for computer generated images like presentation slides or screen shots. In this case GIF, TIFF or PNG would be a better choice. The progressive version was introduced for network usage, however, is not yet supported widely. • GIF: Graphics Interchange Format. CompuServe. Two versions: GIF 87a and (extension of the GIF87a). GIF uses lossless compression (LZW) and allows for up to 256 colors using palettes. Unfortunately, CompuServe has the LZW patent and announced to enforce it (http://rom.oit.gatech.edu/~willday/gif.html). This was one reason for starting PNG. GIF is widespread used in the Internet as it offers good compression, color palettes, and some other nice features like transparent colors. However, it has also some problems: It does not provide more than 256 colors, and does not care about gamma correction. • PNG: Portable Network Graphics [10,11]. PNG was started as the problems with the LZW patent began. It retains and improves important features of GIF including: Palette-mapped images, streamability, progressive display, transparency, ancillary information, complete -8-
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Proceedings of WebNet 96— WebNet
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FULL PAPERS BRIAN BEVIRT Designing
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THIERRY LEVOIR & REMI BASTIDE SADS:
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MASAYASU AOTANI Distance education
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IAIN LANGDON Education for Changing
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PANELS M J MCALISTER, P COMER & MIS
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Designing Hypertext Navigation Tool
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Organize the Contents of Your Site
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multiple hierarchy charts have to b
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Developing Structured WWW-Sites wit
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Links refer to Templates. From the
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typing tool, which on the one hand
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and implement commercial Web-sites.
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constraints. It is important to rem
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A three-rowed "desktop" was used as
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All assignments were tracked, and s
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Figure 5: Student Information Toolb
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positive values to the course: 1. F
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2. Problem Areas We have identified
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in our system is quite large, and p
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map information for display into th
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- whether these new applications co
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4.3. The Production Phase The produ
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Requests 2500000 2000000 1500000 10
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information systems. Since late 199
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QuestWriter, which will be availabl
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Figure 1: Typical Study Approaches
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Figure 2: Feedback Loop for Questio
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educational Web page design. We hav
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Identifying and Meeting Needs of In
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Two new forms-driven templates, one
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What We Learned About Coaching Web
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Introduction The WWW as a Primary S
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Processing the Order Once users hav
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documentation, report a problem to
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VRML and the Web: A Basis for Multi
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Plate 2: Three users represented by
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Figure 2: Interfae components to ex
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Avatar Distribution Figure 3: Avata
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Introduction Tracking WWW Users: Ex
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etween subsequent requests, and an
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server not to cache that object. Ho
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[Benford et al. 1996] Benford, S.D.
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Published on the Web from the WebNe
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current state of knowledge represen
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Figure 1: Textook and Glossary wind
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Part of this work is supported by a
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Database 2. Review of Related Work
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Display Password Screen Check User
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Recently, Java has changed the way
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To meet our requirements, we have o
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Using the WebSM the creation of a q
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store its result in a variable, usi
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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Chapter One: The Web Marketplace Gr
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4) Advertising Subsidy growing dram
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effectiveness of the ad with any on
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3) Server Performance The Web commu
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Chapter Three: Andromedia’s Aria
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3) Distributed Design Although Obje
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Aria.monitor is comprehensive with
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The Aria.recorder is also capable o
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is being used to create real-time r
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The Reporter user interface provide
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Aria.reporter takes advantage of th
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Introduction Automating Hypermedia
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Figure 3: 2: Add Course Graphic Cre
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Longevity of the HTML Course Creato
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Methodological Issues in Studying a
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4. Complexity of User Interaction:
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automatically, in a reliable and pe
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web users (i.e., scrolling list of
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the NSF EXPRES project. In [Galeghe
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Astronomy and Space Science Relevan
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surface of Pluto - assembled throug
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The Web as Process Tool and Product
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collaboratively produced report abo
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In the AIT course, key satisfaction
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Explorations: the Cornell Theory Ce
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version of Netscape 2.0 (Netscape w
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from video tape) and compromised on
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Designing a Course on the WEB : the
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charge of a training institute, we
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Another way of supporting "point to
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References [Derycke and D’Halluin
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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MRTSpace is based on MRT, a Minimal
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2.3 Geometric and visual ‘continu
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IP Multicast messages do not work o
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came into common use. A number of e
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probably to human culture as a whol
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3D Visualization of WWW Semantic Co
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2.1 Extracting and Organizing WWW S
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mantic space comes from exploring r
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Introduction Interactive Justice Th
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presented by both public prosecutor
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A different communication mode allo
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Convergence to the Information High
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over 9 million at the beginning of
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unreliable electronic components co
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in an integrated model which has th
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Crane, D. (1972). Invisible College
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discourse does not mean that it is
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Figure 2 Communities within the lay
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The major services classified are:-
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Spears, R. and Lea, M. (1994). Pana
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presents relevant items to the user
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ProFusion's main process creates mu
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Managing Interdisciplinary Project
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influencing the study. To ensure th
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ANALYSIS The introduction of new co
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to be combined; this integration ac
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On receiving the information that a
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4.1.4 SPS-SCS delivery system This
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Aster Servers - How to make Aster m
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Another approach we have tested as
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information available on the web. W
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Project Based Learning - Global Vil
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http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Softwa
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Web. It is tailored to the needs of
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Views of the Solar System - http://
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Gatherers and Brokers. The Gatherer
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(Uniform Resource Locators) are pre
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References Figure 6: Document Displ
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The RealAudio (http://www.realaudio
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For educators, this combination of
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The practical components of this pr
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typologize communication and media
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egistration pattern (in the reverse
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the Internet, in terms of informati
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Fig. 10: 3-dimensional pattern matr
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structure of the courses adheres to
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applications manage chat sessions,
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6. Evaluation Figure 4: Example
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Introduction Windows to the Univers
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Figure 1: The main navigation panel
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Our Planet Interior & Surface Atmos
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I. Introduction What is a browser?
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(1) [Baggett, Ehrenfeucht, & Guzdia
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Node display. In addition to enforc
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On-demand Multi-lingual Font Servic
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One of the advantages by using Java
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The directory can be an alias defin
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Real Audiences—Worldwide: A Case
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outstandingly successful authors re
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usually jumps over the keyboard --
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Introduction Web Conceptual Space R
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conceptual knowledge processing, kn
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and the 'Top' view for all applicat
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An Information Broker for Adaptive
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the worst case, we can make a rough
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These simple parameters significant
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[Weider 96] Weider, C. , Fullton, J
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experiments, listen to sound, run l
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The administration and management s
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Educational packages: the current i
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Embedded Interactive Concept Maps i
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eading and understanding informal c
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Every Smart Ideas document has a de
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and used an index into the HTML doc
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Introduction Building Internet-Base
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comments from others or newly assig
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Figure 3: Author profile Conclusion
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The major features are: Figure 1 Me
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Figure 3 FrameMaker requirements do
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5 Conclusions This article has pres
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On-the-Fly Web Pages Minus the HTML
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Scannell, Ted (1996). Steve Jobs In
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originator. Thus, the collaborative
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preferences, circumstances and task
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development concerns the previously
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Abstract: Aspects of Large World Wi
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Structuring data The unstructured a
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say on a LAN with a hypermedia serv
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Halasz, 1988 Halasz, F. (1988). Ref
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One of the CNES' goals is to make s
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Archived Files Start Time 1 End Tim
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HELP-EXCHANGE: An Arbitrated System
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Since the Help-Exchange system is e
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system avoids spamming since the qu
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From a Set of Technical Documents t
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“The machine that would perform t
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In the case of the link with commen
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[Glushko 89] Glushko, R. (1989). De
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• SWOOP [Hunter et al. 95] provid
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also planned for implementing this
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storage structures already establis
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Every S-collection (instance) has a
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do not map S-collections onto a glo
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The operator JOIN is applied to a c
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Internet India Suzanne McMahon Univ
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published in Bombay, includes shopp
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INDIA-E@INDNET.BGSU.EDU Economic Fo
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Instructional Materials The first c
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Reminder Robot For the Q&A section
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[Wusage 1994] Cold Spring Harbor La
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succeed, is also social in origin,
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Other ships may also appear on the
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An Intelligent Tutoring System on t
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Figure 1. Viewer Control Mechanism
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input and clickable map as the ways
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Designing Digital Libraries for Pos
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Layer HOSS allows an open set of st
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contradictory to produce a well-def
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[Chartier 1994] Chartier, R. (1994)
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much of the value on the Net “wil
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did nothing but slow down processin
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Bundling has been studied extensive
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The software industry relies on dif
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that is not accepted by society exi
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[Richardson & Radner 1996] Richards
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European Economic Area agreement. S
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Figure 2: Components of the learnin
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5. Concluding Remarks Figure 4: The
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A Distance Education How-To Manual:
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usually required. This can take pla
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piece, or of the whole piece. A CD
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Indexes, Keys: these tables define
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following, we discuss basic types o
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long: in the music database, the co
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The MARBLE 1 Project: A Collaborati
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available, as described above, help
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Feedback and Analysis Fig 2: Extrac
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Open Net and the Australian On-Line
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speeds, download times, changing br
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our audience, fall into one of the
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server change. When we had our own
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Structuring and classification of d
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would not have the rights to change
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5 Current Electronic Publications W
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WebGrid: Knowledge Elicitation and
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annotation form shown in Figure 2 t
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Figure 4 WebGrid form for rating el
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Figure 7 Main status screen of WebG
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As a final element, the realtor has
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WebGrid provides many additional fa
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Media, Multimedia and Meaningful La
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One question which arises in a disc
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about the medium. In studies in whi
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Schwerin advocates mediation as “
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The wider implications of this perc
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Internet, that quality may be seen
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The most frequently discussed probl
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3.2 Developer viewpoint A MicroWeb
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We anticipate that the complete Mic
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Database for employment information
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Figure 1 System Structure Figure 2
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Figure 5(b) Results of Searching
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ClassNet is a CGI-Script running un
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Current Uses Dr. Doug Yarger at Iow
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Introduction Modelling Alter Egos i
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Let us further suppose that the cyb
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• NEC to indicate that the action
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for example impossible to define an
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[vdRiet 95] R.P. van de Riet, A. Ju
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or "anchors." The anchors are stori
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Figure 1: Excerpt from SMART WWWeb
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there is less dissolved oxygen in t
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CS20 will provide students with new
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EPIC : Building a Structured Learni
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expects. The EPIC exercises are emb
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interactive courses around Scotland
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This paper begins by briefly survey
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must supply such information, the s
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Building the collection The lowest
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size is bounded by the size of a st
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the choice should be. It may be tha
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Introduction Supporting Provision a
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A visual resource base comprises a
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• Web browser: It performs the se
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POSTER / DEMONSTRATION
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integration of presentations create
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Science Technology Entry Program: I
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ID Comm: Building a Virtual Communi
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Preservice Teacher Education and th
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Un Meurtre a Cinet (Un homicidio en
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The Human Brain: A Frames-based Ima
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Collaborative Learning/Teaching on
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SHORT PAPERS
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system look for email from the mail
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Converting a Large Introductory Cou
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Bringing Instructional Design Princ
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Watermarking for the HyperWave Hype
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Impact of the Introduction of Web-B
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Owen, J.M. (1993). Program Evaluati
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(d) Low cost to students (e) Easier
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Introduction Robots And The Web: An
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Figure 2. BargainBot Search Results
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Conclusions and Future Work Figure
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Introduction Active Messaging in Ja
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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The effective development of web-ba
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telecollaboration. This work aims t
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Introduction Internet for Teachers:
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Creating Educational Webmasters: Cy
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Acknowledgments I would like to tha
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The College of Human Ecology, which
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The screen dumps below show a large
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can also open and close levels of t
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Venice and Vienna, iconographic col
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Introduction: Cyberschool - Singapo
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1. Overview US Information Superhig
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Collaborative Design: A Cognitive A
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A Web Based Decision Support System
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addition to participating in teache
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communication between students, bet
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• Exploring Libraries introduces
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Design for Web-Based Learning Phili
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The effin factor concerns the appea
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Introduction The Web is not a Distr
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WEB-EDD: Electronic Document Delive
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Walker, G. L. & Thoma, G. R. (1995)
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3. Evaluation of Link Annotation fo
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Based on the needs addressed above,
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The Presentational use of the inter
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named-thing2(thing-type (parameters
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Integrating the use of the Web into
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linking within the web page is also
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Providing Medical Education Resourc
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logons by PPP/home access, Informat
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indeed create considerable turbulen
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Introduction Homeland: An Integrate
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[Frega and Volpentesta 94] Frega N.
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Summary: Our culture often thinks o
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Implementing Engineering Education
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Reorganised by the Web: Bringing th
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content providers--collaborative te
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Table 1: Sample items from the BEM
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Health Care Information on the Web:
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Abstract Shame and War Revisited Ad
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left to do? Style sheets don't let
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In this case, the Los Alamos Nation
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Differing Cultures: Bringing Minds
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Web of Thought: Ways to Make the Wo
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On Teaching and Collaborative Devel
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I.- History Distance Education on D
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But there is much more to this pict
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in Treemaps. In contrast, the Docuv
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Figure 2: Webview The Webview is us
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Figure 3: Intradocument View showin
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Using a WWW Server to Access and Ma
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W3Client Figure 1 : The Co-Learn WW
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Avoiding Vendor Lock-in: An Open Ap
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Web Courses for Northern B.C.: Virt
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Harvesting the Internet: Creating a
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School Participation in the Co-Deve
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a basic framework for adopting tech
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COMMUNITY WEB PROJECTS TO SUPPORT H
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Overview: Automatically Generated W
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Introduction Computer Aided Informa
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[Bloomfield 1994] Bloomfield, H. (1
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A Generic Learning Platform: From t
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etween Moscow and Western Europe, S
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Creating A Presence On The World Wi
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References [Hill 1993] Hill, Terry
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many of the students likewise had f
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DeRose, Steven and Durand, David, M
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{1} http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/drz/g
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significantly different. Analysis f
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3. The Web Based Solution Most CBT
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A Virtual Campus on the World Wide
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A unified NBCC-wide (and hopefully
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Start Your Search Engines! Authenti
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Observations on Web-Based Course De
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espond to at least four other discu
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examples of the many good discussio
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instructor intervention (to prevent
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Using the World Wide Web To Creativ
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In summary, the goals of the PTK ar
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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All relevant information and links
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Introducation A Virtual Classroom i
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Introduction Put Your Experience on
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Domeshek, E.A. & Kolodner, J.L. 199
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• provide IP address • provide
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Incorporating World Wide Web techno
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1 Introduction Non-Invasive Improve
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The first author acknowledges CNPq
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order to make the students feel tha
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World Band: K-12 Music Education on
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PITS (Populated Information Terrain
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The big central landmark VRML Some
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SEEWeb - An Internet Solution Steve
Page 769 and 770:
Archive.edu: A Storehouse of Classr
Page 771 and 772:
[O’Haver 1995] O’Haver, M. (199
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Module Three The third module explo
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The development of a new journal ne
Page 777 and 778:
Implementation The tool is a Web-ba
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Providing Real Time Instruction on
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first was a single free text field
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the project as contributors of stud
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knowledge-acquisition have to be ac
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instead of contributing a lengthy r
Page 789 and 790:
1. Introduction WWW3D: A 3D Multi-U
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6. Summary In this paper we have de
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collaborative programs. At the same
Page 795 and 796: and continued challenges of the pas
Page 797 and 798: In order to cater for the this latt
Page 799 and 800: Some lectures have pre-lecture assi
Page 801 and 802: Some Issues. T. of Japanese Society
Page 803 and 804: MENTOR: Internet Search Advisor and
Page 805 and 806: acquisition to be followed.- Repres
Page 807 and 808: Web in order to supplement the main
Page 809 and 810: When installed at the user end, stu
Page 811 and 812: These and other lessons learned hav
Page 813 and 814: some other details about the enviro
Page 815 and 816: Interactive Teaching Material for t
Page 817 and 818: The applet is organised around two
Page 819 and 820: esult, the new search queries not o
Page 821 and 822: Introduction Distant Education Mate
Page 823 and 824: Information. The Internet resources
Page 825 and 826: 1 Introduction The Virtual Universi
Page 827 and 828: on-line, an audio and/or video conn
Page 829 and 830: Finally, if you are preparing lesso
Page 831 and 832: The user accessing the database (at
Page 833 and 834: Figure 2: The HTML page of Esther,
Page 835 and 836: PANEL
Page 837 and 838: TUTORIALS
Page 839 and 840: Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Page 841 and 842: specifications like the Initial Gra
Page 843 and 844: Low end digital cameras do not at a
Page 845: To display images correctly the gam
Page 849 and 850: 3.1 Database Types There are differ
Page 851 and 852: There are a lot of (hierarchical) k
Page 853 and 854: the user. The drawback of dynamic c
Page 855 and 856: types. These are used to restrict t
Page 857 and 858: -18-
Page 859 and 860: If you would like to modify the app
Page 861 and 862: 4.4 Database versus Information Ret
Page 863 and 864: HARVEST [29,30] is a more complicat
Page 865 and 866: • Access speed: 10% with 9,6 Kbit
Page 867 and 868: 17. Proceedings of the 3rd Internat
Page 869: 50. Poynton CA. Frequently Asked Qu
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