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Discursive Networking: Context Generation in a Networked Environment Julean A. Simon Simmelstr. 33, 13409 Berlin, Germany (0049) 030 4919760 simon@berlin.snafu.de David C. Wohlhart Pädagogisches Institut, Graz, Austria (0043) 0316 574541 dwohlhart@borg-6.borg-graz.ac.at Abstract: DisNet is an environment for structured communication and collaborative working, learning and playing. It conforms with the basic idea of hyper-systems in that it allows for representing context as a linked, nonlinear knowledge structure integrating multiple data types. Additionally DisNet integrates the common capabilities of hyper-systems with features supporting the generation and dynamic differentiation of contextual relations. "Discursive Networking" attempts to organize collaborative learning and working as an open discourse and to represent the development-process of a context as a networking of semantical units on the basis of their relations. The context which is continuously differentiated by collaborators in a group-project is accessible by them on different levels: these are represented as graphical domains of interaction, which are coupled structurally. The pedagogical goals aim at improving argumentative preciseness, acquisition of analytical and integrative competencies and developing awareness of knowledge-relations. Project Background The concept of DisNet has been developed and specified by Simon & Wohlhart since 1994 as part of "Comenius", an educational, broadband-network research-project, commissioned by the German Telekom. The idea of this ongoing pilot-project is to interconnect five Berlin schools by an ATM-network and establish a suitable network-environment. Beyond this practical side the project required to develop a model of collaborative networking appropriate to pedagogical demands and to study the effects of the environment on collaborative learning. At the time of writing the network has been set up, a first version of the software has been installed and the students are about to start the project-work. This paper refers to a more recent specification of DisNet, which Simon & Wohlhart are in the process of developing. It describes a highly userdefinable, multi-purpose environment for collaborative work and can be used to implement a broad scale of use cases. Pedagogical Requirements While bi-directionality and n2n-connectedness is supported on a low level of network-systems, many networkapplications implement one-way-concepts and assign users the role of consumers. This type of personified client/server-relation is also common in the domain of educational systems and resembles the classical pedagogical situation of a teacher presenting the syllabus in front of a class. We find this provider/consumerconcept applied also in the majority of standalone learning software: albeit the "drill and practice"-approach is about to be replaced by a "guided exploration"- paradigm, the main interactional category of hyper-systems is still choice of preproduced contents. This trend is very likely to stabilize in view of the discovery of the education market by the software-industry and content-providers as well as through a redefinition of education as a chargeable service. In view of the implications of the information-society school can be described as a place of convergence, condensation and structuring, but also of the generation and differentiation of knowledge. These processes of
knowledge-acquisition have to be actively induced by a learning-community and will be vivid even more if real and dynamic connections to the cultural, economic, political and private environment are maintained. From this perspective common notions as of the transferability of knowledge, of learning as a simulation of situations, and the traditional roles of the student as a receiver, and the teacher as a mediator of established knowledge tend to become obsolete. Rather, knowledge is acquired in the communication and interplay of selfresponsible actors. The communicative structure supported by an educational network-environment has to be open to promote types of interaction that may generate the necessary collaborative dynamics; the underlying system has to establish this openness and provide transparency, configurability on several levels and adaptability to different tasks. Several dimensions of openness can be indicated to determine the structure of the domain of interaction: communicative openness implies the maxim, that all participants be equally and fully embedded in the information-flow (in practice restricted by privacy protection, or the economy of distribution); operative openness allows the participants to configure the interfaces and devise the structure of communication and cooperation in a project; strategical openness is secured in that project-oriented methods and strategies may be discussed, dynamically established, or modified in meta-discourse. a This form of collaborative learning can be typified as an open discourse. In this context a discourse is thought of as an iterative and (self)referential structure of interactions in a problem-field: it is an iterative process where new thoughts build upon previous ones, whereby a reference structure develops; and a discourse is selfreferential in that the methods and strategies to be applied, its organization and scope are also made its subject (meta-discourse). A discourse is open in that its organization is promoted by individual, as well as groupspecific approaches. It is open as it may be placed into an authentic problem-domain and also in that it is interdisciplinary and couples different types of users. Conceptual Model The logistics of a GUI follows and mirrors the system-designers' conceptual model [Gorny, 95] of a given task and it significantly models the way the user conceives and manages this task. A discourse, or more generally a collaboration in a network-environment can be seen as the structured interaction of participants and as the process of establishing and elaborating a context. This concept deals with interacting users and messages sent between them and leads towards a model of collaboration on the basis of the physical connectivity. In this super-observer-view (classical information theory) a message sent from userA (source) can be observed to be received by userB (sink). Seen from the participant-perspective a userA has to receive a reply from userB to "observe" (infer) userB receiving the message. Controlling the relation between some action and the feedback userA derives the concepts of and constructs what s/he interacts with: in this model a participant interacts with the context in first place. Context emerges as the inter-text of relations of singular operations [Rezabek, 93] and can be described as a network of relations of semantically charged components and of processes of production (i.e. generation, transformation and destruction) of these. Interactions are compensatory changes in that they are bound to a previous state and balance the state changes. Through their interactions and transformations these contextual components continuously regenerate and realize the network of processes and thereby constitute the basis for the self-organization of the system. Interaction Model DisNet is an environment for structured communication and collaborative working, learning and playing. It conforms with the basic idea of hyper-systems (e.g. [Hyper-G], [Hammwöhner, 93], [Keep, 93] , [Kuhlen,91], [Willenborg, 94]) in that it allows for representing context as a linked, nonlinear knowledge structure integrating multiple data types. Additionally DisNet integrates the common capabilities of hyper-systems (i.e. presentation, browsing, retrieval) with features supporting the generation and dynamic differentiation of contextual relations. DisNet stands for "Discursive Networking" and is based on the idea of representing the process of a collaboration as the development of a network of objects embodying discursive interactions: interactions
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Proceedings of WebNet 96— WebNet
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FULL PAPERS BRIAN BEVIRT Designing
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THIERRY LEVOIR & REMI BASTIDE SADS:
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MASAYASU AOTANI Distance education
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IAIN LANGDON Education for Changing
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PANELS M J MCALISTER, P COMER & MIS
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Designing Hypertext Navigation Tool
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Organize the Contents of Your Site
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multiple hierarchy charts have to b
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Developing Structured WWW-Sites wit
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Links refer to Templates. From the
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typing tool, which on the one hand
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and implement commercial Web-sites.
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constraints. It is important to rem
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A three-rowed "desktop" was used as
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All assignments were tracked, and s
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Figure 5: Student Information Toolb
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positive values to the course: 1. F
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2. Problem Areas We have identified
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in our system is quite large, and p
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map information for display into th
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- whether these new applications co
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4.3. The Production Phase The produ
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Requests 2500000 2000000 1500000 10
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information systems. Since late 199
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QuestWriter, which will be availabl
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Figure 1: Typical Study Approaches
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Figure 2: Feedback Loop for Questio
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educational Web page design. We hav
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Identifying and Meeting Needs of In
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Two new forms-driven templates, one
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What We Learned About Coaching Web
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Introduction The WWW as a Primary S
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Processing the Order Once users hav
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documentation, report a problem to
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VRML and the Web: A Basis for Multi
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Plate 2: Three users represented by
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Figure 2: Interfae components to ex
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Avatar Distribution Figure 3: Avata
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Introduction Tracking WWW Users: Ex
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etween subsequent requests, and an
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server not to cache that object. Ho
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[Benford et al. 1996] Benford, S.D.
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Published on the Web from the WebNe
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current state of knowledge represen
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Figure 1: Textook and Glossary wind
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Part of this work is supported by a
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Database 2. Review of Related Work
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Display Password Screen Check User
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Recently, Java has changed the way
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To meet our requirements, we have o
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Using the WebSM the creation of a q
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store its result in a variable, usi
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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Chapter One: The Web Marketplace Gr
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4) Advertising Subsidy growing dram
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effectiveness of the ad with any on
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3) Server Performance The Web commu
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Chapter Three: Andromedia’s Aria
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3) Distributed Design Although Obje
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Aria.monitor is comprehensive with
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The Aria.recorder is also capable o
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is being used to create real-time r
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The Reporter user interface provide
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Aria.reporter takes advantage of th
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Introduction Automating Hypermedia
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Figure 3: 2: Add Course Graphic Cre
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Longevity of the HTML Course Creato
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Methodological Issues in Studying a
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4. Complexity of User Interaction:
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automatically, in a reliable and pe
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web users (i.e., scrolling list of
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the NSF EXPRES project. In [Galeghe
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Astronomy and Space Science Relevan
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surface of Pluto - assembled throug
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The Web as Process Tool and Product
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collaboratively produced report abo
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In the AIT course, key satisfaction
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Explorations: the Cornell Theory Ce
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version of Netscape 2.0 (Netscape w
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from video tape) and compromised on
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Designing a Course on the WEB : the
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charge of a training institute, we
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Another way of supporting "point to
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References [Derycke and D’Halluin
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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MRTSpace is based on MRT, a Minimal
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2.3 Geometric and visual ‘continu
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IP Multicast messages do not work o
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came into common use. A number of e
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probably to human culture as a whol
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3D Visualization of WWW Semantic Co
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2.1 Extracting and Organizing WWW S
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mantic space comes from exploring r
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Introduction Interactive Justice Th
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presented by both public prosecutor
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A different communication mode allo
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Convergence to the Information High
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over 9 million at the beginning of
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unreliable electronic components co
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in an integrated model which has th
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Crane, D. (1972). Invisible College
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discourse does not mean that it is
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Figure 2 Communities within the lay
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The major services classified are:-
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Spears, R. and Lea, M. (1994). Pana
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presents relevant items to the user
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ProFusion's main process creates mu
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Managing Interdisciplinary Project
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influencing the study. To ensure th
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ANALYSIS The introduction of new co
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to be combined; this integration ac
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On receiving the information that a
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4.1.4 SPS-SCS delivery system This
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Aster Servers - How to make Aster m
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Another approach we have tested as
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information available on the web. W
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Project Based Learning - Global Vil
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http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Softwa
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Web. It is tailored to the needs of
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Views of the Solar System - http://
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Gatherers and Brokers. The Gatherer
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(Uniform Resource Locators) are pre
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References Figure 6: Document Displ
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The RealAudio (http://www.realaudio
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For educators, this combination of
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The practical components of this pr
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typologize communication and media
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egistration pattern (in the reverse
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the Internet, in terms of informati
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Fig. 10: 3-dimensional pattern matr
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structure of the courses adheres to
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applications manage chat sessions,
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6. Evaluation Figure 4: Example
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Introduction Windows to the Univers
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Figure 1: The main navigation panel
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Our Planet Interior & Surface Atmos
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I. Introduction What is a browser?
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(1) [Baggett, Ehrenfeucht, & Guzdia
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Node display. In addition to enforc
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On-demand Multi-lingual Font Servic
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One of the advantages by using Java
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The directory can be an alias defin
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Real Audiences—Worldwide: A Case
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outstandingly successful authors re
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usually jumps over the keyboard --
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Introduction Web Conceptual Space R
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conceptual knowledge processing, kn
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and the 'Top' view for all applicat
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An Information Broker for Adaptive
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the worst case, we can make a rough
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These simple parameters significant
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[Weider 96] Weider, C. , Fullton, J
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experiments, listen to sound, run l
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The administration and management s
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Educational packages: the current i
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Embedded Interactive Concept Maps i
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eading and understanding informal c
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Every Smart Ideas document has a de
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and used an index into the HTML doc
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Introduction Building Internet-Base
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comments from others or newly assig
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Figure 3: Author profile Conclusion
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The major features are: Figure 1 Me
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Figure 3 FrameMaker requirements do
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5 Conclusions This article has pres
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On-the-Fly Web Pages Minus the HTML
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Scannell, Ted (1996). Steve Jobs In
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originator. Thus, the collaborative
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preferences, circumstances and task
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development concerns the previously
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Abstract: Aspects of Large World Wi
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Structuring data The unstructured a
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say on a LAN with a hypermedia serv
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Halasz, 1988 Halasz, F. (1988). Ref
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One of the CNES' goals is to make s
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Archived Files Start Time 1 End Tim
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HELP-EXCHANGE: An Arbitrated System
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Since the Help-Exchange system is e
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system avoids spamming since the qu
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From a Set of Technical Documents t
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“The machine that would perform t
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In the case of the link with commen
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[Glushko 89] Glushko, R. (1989). De
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• SWOOP [Hunter et al. 95] provid
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also planned for implementing this
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storage structures already establis
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Every S-collection (instance) has a
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do not map S-collections onto a glo
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The operator JOIN is applied to a c
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Internet India Suzanne McMahon Univ
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published in Bombay, includes shopp
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INDIA-E@INDNET.BGSU.EDU Economic Fo
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Instructional Materials The first c
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Reminder Robot For the Q&A section
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[Wusage 1994] Cold Spring Harbor La
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succeed, is also social in origin,
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Other ships may also appear on the
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An Intelligent Tutoring System on t
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Figure 1. Viewer Control Mechanism
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input and clickable map as the ways
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Designing Digital Libraries for Pos
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Layer HOSS allows an open set of st
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contradictory to produce a well-def
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[Chartier 1994] Chartier, R. (1994)
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much of the value on the Net “wil
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did nothing but slow down processin
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Bundling has been studied extensive
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The software industry relies on dif
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that is not accepted by society exi
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[Richardson & Radner 1996] Richards
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European Economic Area agreement. S
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Figure 2: Components of the learnin
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5. Concluding Remarks Figure 4: The
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A Distance Education How-To Manual:
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usually required. This can take pla
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piece, or of the whole piece. A CD
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Indexes, Keys: these tables define
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following, we discuss basic types o
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long: in the music database, the co
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The MARBLE 1 Project: A Collaborati
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available, as described above, help
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Feedback and Analysis Fig 2: Extrac
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Open Net and the Australian On-Line
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speeds, download times, changing br
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our audience, fall into one of the
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server change. When we had our own
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Structuring and classification of d
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would not have the rights to change
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5 Current Electronic Publications W
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WebGrid: Knowledge Elicitation and
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annotation form shown in Figure 2 t
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Figure 4 WebGrid form for rating el
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Figure 7 Main status screen of WebG
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As a final element, the realtor has
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WebGrid provides many additional fa
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Media, Multimedia and Meaningful La
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One question which arises in a disc
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about the medium. In studies in whi
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Schwerin advocates mediation as “
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The wider implications of this perc
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Internet, that quality may be seen
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The most frequently discussed probl
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3.2 Developer viewpoint A MicroWeb
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We anticipate that the complete Mic
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Database for employment information
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Figure 1 System Structure Figure 2
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Figure 5(b) Results of Searching
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ClassNet is a CGI-Script running un
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Current Uses Dr. Doug Yarger at Iow
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Introduction Modelling Alter Egos i
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Let us further suppose that the cyb
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• NEC to indicate that the action
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for example impossible to define an
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[vdRiet 95] R.P. van de Riet, A. Ju
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or "anchors." The anchors are stori
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Figure 1: Excerpt from SMART WWWeb
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there is less dissolved oxygen in t
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CS20 will provide students with new
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EPIC : Building a Structured Learni
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expects. The EPIC exercises are emb
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interactive courses around Scotland
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This paper begins by briefly survey
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must supply such information, the s
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Building the collection The lowest
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size is bounded by the size of a st
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the choice should be. It may be tha
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Introduction Supporting Provision a
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A visual resource base comprises a
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• Web browser: It performs the se
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POSTER / DEMONSTRATION
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integration of presentations create
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Science Technology Entry Program: I
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ID Comm: Building a Virtual Communi
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Preservice Teacher Education and th
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Un Meurtre a Cinet (Un homicidio en
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The Human Brain: A Frames-based Ima
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Collaborative Learning/Teaching on
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SHORT PAPERS
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system look for email from the mail
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Converting a Large Introductory Cou
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Bringing Instructional Design Princ
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Watermarking for the HyperWave Hype
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Impact of the Introduction of Web-B
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Owen, J.M. (1993). Program Evaluati
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(d) Low cost to students (e) Easier
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Introduction Robots And The Web: An
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Figure 2. BargainBot Search Results
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Conclusions and Future Work Figure
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Introduction Active Messaging in Ja
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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The effective development of web-ba
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telecollaboration. This work aims t
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Introduction Internet for Teachers:
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Creating Educational Webmasters: Cy
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Acknowledgments I would like to tha
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The College of Human Ecology, which
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The screen dumps below show a large
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can also open and close levels of t
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Venice and Vienna, iconographic col
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Introduction: Cyberschool - Singapo
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1. Overview US Information Superhig
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Collaborative Design: A Cognitive A
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A Web Based Decision Support System
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addition to participating in teache
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communication between students, bet
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• Exploring Libraries introduces
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Design for Web-Based Learning Phili
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The effin factor concerns the appea
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Introduction The Web is not a Distr
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WEB-EDD: Electronic Document Delive
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Walker, G. L. & Thoma, G. R. (1995)
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3. Evaluation of Link Annotation fo
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Based on the needs addressed above,
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The Presentational use of the inter
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named-thing2(thing-type (parameters
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Integrating the use of the Web into
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linking within the web page is also
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Providing Medical Education Resourc
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logons by PPP/home access, Informat
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indeed create considerable turbulen
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Introduction Homeland: An Integrate
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[Frega and Volpentesta 94] Frega N.
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Summary: Our culture often thinks o
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Implementing Engineering Education
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Reorganised by the Web: Bringing th
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content providers--collaborative te
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Table 1: Sample items from the BEM
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Health Care Information on the Web:
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Abstract Shame and War Revisited Ad
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left to do? Style sheets don't let
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In this case, the Los Alamos Nation
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Differing Cultures: Bringing Minds
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Web of Thought: Ways to Make the Wo
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On Teaching and Collaborative Devel
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I.- History Distance Education on D
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But there is much more to this pict
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in Treemaps. In contrast, the Docuv
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Figure 2: Webview The Webview is us
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Figure 3: Intradocument View showin
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Using a WWW Server to Access and Ma
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W3Client Figure 1 : The Co-Learn WW
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Avoiding Vendor Lock-in: An Open Ap
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Web Courses for Northern B.C.: Virt
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Harvesting the Internet: Creating a
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School Participation in the Co-Deve
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a basic framework for adopting tech
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COMMUNITY WEB PROJECTS TO SUPPORT H
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Overview: Automatically Generated W
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Introduction Computer Aided Informa
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[Bloomfield 1994] Bloomfield, H. (1
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A Generic Learning Platform: From t
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etween Moscow and Western Europe, S
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Creating A Presence On The World Wi
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References [Hill 1993] Hill, Terry
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many of the students likewise had f
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DeRose, Steven and Durand, David, M
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{1} http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/drz/g
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significantly different. Analysis f
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3. The Web Based Solution Most CBT
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A Virtual Campus on the World Wide
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A unified NBCC-wide (and hopefully
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Start Your Search Engines! Authenti
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Observations on Web-Based Course De
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espond to at least four other discu
Page 733 and 734: examples of the many good discussio
Page 735 and 736: instructor intervention (to prevent
Page 737 and 738: Using the World Wide Web To Creativ
Page 739 and 740: In summary, the goals of the PTK ar
Page 741 and 742: like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
Page 743 and 744: All relevant information and links
Page 745 and 746: Introducation A Virtual Classroom i
Page 747 and 748: Introduction Put Your Experience on
Page 749 and 750: Domeshek, E.A. & Kolodner, J.L. 199
Page 751 and 752: • provide IP address • provide
Page 753 and 754: Incorporating World Wide Web techno
Page 755 and 756: 1 Introduction Non-Invasive Improve
Page 757 and 758: The first author acknowledges CNPq
Page 759 and 760: order to make the students feel tha
Page 761 and 762: World Band: K-12 Music Education on
Page 763 and 764: PITS (Populated Information Terrain
Page 765 and 766: The big central landmark VRML Some
Page 767 and 768: SEEWeb - An Internet Solution Steve
Page 769 and 770: Archive.edu: A Storehouse of Classr
Page 771 and 772: [O’Haver 1995] O’Haver, M. (199
Page 773 and 774: Module Three The third module explo
Page 775 and 776: The development of a new journal ne
Page 777 and 778: Implementation The tool is a Web-ba
Page 779 and 780: Providing Real Time Instruction on
Page 781 and 782: first was a single free text field
Page 783: the project as contributors of stud
Page 787 and 788: instead of contributing a lengthy r
Page 789 and 790: 1. Introduction WWW3D: A 3D Multi-U
Page 791 and 792: 6. Summary In this paper we have de
Page 793 and 794: collaborative programs. At the same
Page 795 and 796: and continued challenges of the pas
Page 797 and 798: In order to cater for the this latt
Page 799 and 800: Some lectures have pre-lecture assi
Page 801 and 802: Some Issues. T. of Japanese Society
Page 803 and 804: MENTOR: Internet Search Advisor and
Page 805 and 806: acquisition to be followed.- Repres
Page 807 and 808: Web in order to supplement the main
Page 809 and 810: When installed at the user end, stu
Page 811 and 812: These and other lessons learned hav
Page 813 and 814: some other details about the enviro
Page 815 and 816: Interactive Teaching Material for t
Page 817 and 818: The applet is organised around two
Page 819 and 820: esult, the new search queries not o
Page 821 and 822: Introduction Distant Education Mate
Page 823 and 824: Information. The Internet resources
Page 825 and 826: 1 Introduction The Virtual Universi
Page 827 and 828: on-line, an audio and/or video conn
Page 829 and 830: Finally, if you are preparing lesso
Page 831 and 832: The user accessing the database (at
Page 833 and 834: Figure 2: The HTML page of Esther,
Page 835 and 836:
PANEL
Page 837 and 838:
TUTORIALS
Page 839 and 840:
Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Page 841 and 842:
specifications like the Initial Gra
Page 843 and 844:
Low end digital cameras do not at a
Page 845 and 846:
To display images correctly the gam
Page 847 and 848:
• PCD: Photo Compact Disc. Kodak.
Page 849 and 850:
3.1 Database Types There are differ
Page 851 and 852:
There are a lot of (hierarchical) k
Page 853 and 854:
the user. The drawback of dynamic c
Page 855 and 856:
types. These are used to restrict t
Page 857 and 858:
-18-
Page 859 and 860:
If you would like to modify the app
Page 861 and 862:
4.4 Database versus Information Ret
Page 863 and 864:
HARVEST [29,30] is a more complicat
Page 865 and 866:
• Access speed: 10% with 9,6 Kbit
Page 867 and 868:
17. Proceedings of the 3rd Internat
Page 869:
50. Poynton CA. Frequently Asked Qu
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