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trigger components by two new nodes: BlockSharedTrigger nodes and MultiSharedTrigger nodes. BlockSharedTrigger nodes as used to give a user an exclusive right to execute a certain behavior for a certain time. This mechanism provides a kind of lock which is automatically released, when the user deactivates the behavior or events from the locking site have not arrived for a certain time period. Only further events of the same sender (activator) lead to further executions of the behavior. MultiSharedTrigger nodes are used to detect multi-user execution of a certain behavior. This node is used to trigger several events created by different users at their local browsers (located on different sites). It keeps track of all events with a time stamp within the specified time out interval. All received events are removed after the behavior has been executed. Nevertheless, this trigger component is be able to store further incoming events even before the execution of the behavior, since this execution might require more time than the specified time out value. 3 Our Server Extensions In the second part of this paper we want introduce the necessary network and communication infrastructure in order to support large scale virtual environments on the Web. In our prototype [Broll and England 95] we use a standard HTTPD server for the initial distribution of VRML files. However, these files are frequently updated by a second server daemon [Fig. 3]. This second server daemon (the multi-user daemon) is used for three purposes: adding and removing avatars of current users to the virtual world file updating, adding and removing virtual world entities of the VRML file supervising locks of virtual world entities and preventing clients (browsers) from unauthorized access Since the original world file is modified by the multi-user daemon, even users of browsers which are not multi-user capable, can get a vague impression on the current state (including the current positions of avatars) of the virtual world. Multicasting Avatars of joining users, updates of virtual world entities as well as locking requests have to be distributed to the multi-user server daemon as well as to all clients. Realizing this by ordinary host-to-host network connections [Honda et al. 95], as used by HTTP, would exceed the capabilities and cause network overload. For that reason we use multicast groups to distribute the data. Multicasting [Kumar 95] provides a very flexible and powerful mechanism to distribute messages to a large number of hosts with minimal network load and distribution effort. Multicast packages are sent over a special part of the Internet -the Multicast backbone (MBone)- which connects multicast routers running a special multicast routing daemon (mrouted). Additional subnets can be connected to the MBone by tunnels (host to host connections). This structure allows the reduction of unnecessary message distribution on a very low level, which makes multicasting very effective for wide area communications of a large number of host, joining and leaving dynamically. Multicasting has already proven to be very suitable for this kind of application in existing distributed virtual environments [Carlsson and Christer 93] [Macedonia et al. 95]. In our approach a multicast group address and a port number identify a single world. This allows the daemon as well as the participating host, to receive messages from this group and port only. Future extensions might even use several groups or ports for update messages of a single world, in order to support the subdivision of large virtual worlds [Brutzman et al. 95]. The multicast address as well as the port number are transmitted to the clients (browsers) as part of the initial world distribution.
Avatar Distribution Figure 3: Avatar and update message distribution using multicast groups As already mentioned, avatars of users participating at a shared virtual world are added to the world file and distributed by the HTTPD server. However, usually each user will define his or her own individual avatar, or even several avatars of different types. These avatars are located at the host of the user (browser). When a user joins a virtual world, the appropriate avatar has to be transferred to all other participants as well as the multi-user daemon of the server. This is done via the multicast-group. If the user does not have an individual avatar or an avatar of the type required by the virtual world (this might be specified by the author), the multi-user server will distribute a default avatar via the multicast group. Entity Updates and Locking All updates on entities are sent to all other participants as well as the multi-user daemon via the multicast group address. Interactions on shared entities require a appropriate synchronization to guarantee the persistency of the virtual world. This can be achieved by appropriate behaviors to detect such interactions, as introduced in the first part of this paper, combined with an access control mechanism. In our prototype this is realized by a very simple locking scheme, which requires very few network messages, since it does not require any acknowledge. Each participant can set a lock on an entity or behavior (shared trigger) by sending an appropriate message via the multicast group. Since multicasting is not order-preserving, concurrent locks may occur and lead to inconsistencies. To resolve these conflicts, the multi-user daemon acts as a watchdog, which determines the locking site. It then also sends a message to the multicast address, which allows all participating hosts to resolve the conflict and to restore persistency. Since such conflicts tend to be very sporadic, these additional messages are not significant for the total network traffic on the multicast group. 4 Conclusions and Future Work In this paper we have introduced extensions to the emerging VRML standard in order to support large scale shared virtual environments. These virtual worlds are potentially populated by hundreds or even thousands of participants at the same time. By paying attention to the required communication infrastructure, we showed how VRML might be extended in the near future in order to support such virtual worlds. Our paper included solutions for individual user representations as well as for distributed behaviors and shared applications. In our future work, we will extend our current prototype implementation by additional features to support collaboration of multiple users in a more intuitive way. 5 References
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Proceedings of WebNet 96— WebNet
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FULL PAPERS BRIAN BEVIRT Designing
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THIERRY LEVOIR & REMI BASTIDE SADS:
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MASAYASU AOTANI Distance education
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IAIN LANGDON Education for Changing
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PANELS M J MCALISTER, P COMER & MIS
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Designing Hypertext Navigation Tool
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Organize the Contents of Your Site
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multiple hierarchy charts have to b
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Developing Structured WWW-Sites wit
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Links refer to Templates. From the
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typing tool, which on the one hand
Page 25 and 26: and implement commercial Web-sites.
Page 27 and 28: constraints. It is important to rem
Page 29 and 30: A three-rowed "desktop" was used as
Page 31 and 32: All assignments were tracked, and s
Page 33 and 34: Figure 5: Student Information Toolb
Page 35 and 36: positive values to the course: 1. F
Page 37 and 38: 2. Problem Areas We have identified
Page 39 and 40: in our system is quite large, and p
Page 41 and 42: map information for display into th
Page 43 and 44: - whether these new applications co
Page 45 and 46: 4.3. The Production Phase The produ
Page 47 and 48: Requests 2500000 2000000 1500000 10
Page 49 and 50: information systems. Since late 199
Page 51 and 52: QuestWriter, which will be availabl
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Typical Study Approaches
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2: Feedback Loop for Questio
Page 57 and 58: educational Web page design. We hav
Page 59 and 60: Identifying and Meeting Needs of In
Page 61 and 62: Two new forms-driven templates, one
Page 63 and 64: What We Learned About Coaching Web
Page 65 and 66: Introduction The WWW as a Primary S
Page 67 and 68: Processing the Order Once users hav
Page 69 and 70: documentation, report a problem to
Page 71 and 72: VRML and the Web: A Basis for Multi
Page 73 and 74: Plate 2: Three users represented by
Page 75: Figure 2: Interfae components to ex
Page 79 and 80: Introduction Tracking WWW Users: Ex
Page 81 and 82: etween subsequent requests, and an
Page 83 and 84: server not to cache that object. Ho
Page 85 and 86: [Benford et al. 1996] Benford, S.D.
Page 87 and 88: Published on the Web from the WebNe
Page 89 and 90: current state of knowledge represen
Page 91 and 92: Figure 1: Textook and Glossary wind
Page 93 and 94: Part of this work is supported by a
Page 95 and 96: Database 2. Review of Related Work
Page 97 and 98: Display Password Screen Check User
Page 99 and 100: Recently, Java has changed the way
Page 101 and 102: To meet our requirements, we have o
Page 103 and 104: Using the WebSM the creation of a q
Page 105 and 106: store its result in a variable, usi
Page 107 and 108: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 109 and 110: Chapter One: The Web Marketplace Gr
Page 111 and 112: 4) Advertising Subsidy growing dram
Page 113 and 114: effectiveness of the ad with any on
Page 115 and 116: 3) Server Performance The Web commu
Page 117 and 118: Chapter Three: Andromedia’s Aria
Page 119 and 120: 3) Distributed Design Although Obje
Page 121 and 122: Aria.monitor is comprehensive with
Page 123 and 124: The Aria.recorder is also capable o
Page 125 and 126: is being used to create real-time r
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The Reporter user interface provide
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Aria.reporter takes advantage of th
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Introduction Automating Hypermedia
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Figure 3: 2: Add Course Graphic Cre
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Longevity of the HTML Course Creato
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Methodological Issues in Studying a
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4. Complexity of User Interaction:
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automatically, in a reliable and pe
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web users (i.e., scrolling list of
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the NSF EXPRES project. In [Galeghe
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Astronomy and Space Science Relevan
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surface of Pluto - assembled throug
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The Web as Process Tool and Product
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collaboratively produced report abo
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In the AIT course, key satisfaction
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Explorations: the Cornell Theory Ce
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version of Netscape 2.0 (Netscape w
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from video tape) and compromised on
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Designing a Course on the WEB : the
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charge of a training institute, we
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Another way of supporting "point to
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References [Derycke and D’Halluin
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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MRTSpace is based on MRT, a Minimal
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2.3 Geometric and visual ‘continu
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IP Multicast messages do not work o
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came into common use. A number of e
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probably to human culture as a whol
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3D Visualization of WWW Semantic Co
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2.1 Extracting and Organizing WWW S
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mantic space comes from exploring r
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Introduction Interactive Justice Th
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presented by both public prosecutor
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A different communication mode allo
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Convergence to the Information High
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over 9 million at the beginning of
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unreliable electronic components co
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in an integrated model which has th
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Crane, D. (1972). Invisible College
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discourse does not mean that it is
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Figure 2 Communities within the lay
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The major services classified are:-
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Spears, R. and Lea, M. (1994). Pana
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presents relevant items to the user
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ProFusion's main process creates mu
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Managing Interdisciplinary Project
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influencing the study. To ensure th
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ANALYSIS The introduction of new co
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to be combined; this integration ac
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On receiving the information that a
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4.1.4 SPS-SCS delivery system This
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Aster Servers - How to make Aster m
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Another approach we have tested as
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information available on the web. W
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Project Based Learning - Global Vil
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http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Softwa
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Web. It is tailored to the needs of
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Views of the Solar System - http://
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Gatherers and Brokers. The Gatherer
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(Uniform Resource Locators) are pre
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References Figure 6: Document Displ
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The RealAudio (http://www.realaudio
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For educators, this combination of
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The practical components of this pr
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typologize communication and media
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egistration pattern (in the reverse
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the Internet, in terms of informati
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Fig. 10: 3-dimensional pattern matr
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structure of the courses adheres to
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applications manage chat sessions,
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6. Evaluation Figure 4: Example
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Introduction Windows to the Univers
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Figure 1: The main navigation panel
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Our Planet Interior & Surface Atmos
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I. Introduction What is a browser?
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(1) [Baggett, Ehrenfeucht, & Guzdia
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Node display. In addition to enforc
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On-demand Multi-lingual Font Servic
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One of the advantages by using Java
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The directory can be an alias defin
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Real Audiences—Worldwide: A Case
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outstandingly successful authors re
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usually jumps over the keyboard --
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Introduction Web Conceptual Space R
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conceptual knowledge processing, kn
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and the 'Top' view for all applicat
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An Information Broker for Adaptive
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the worst case, we can make a rough
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These simple parameters significant
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[Weider 96] Weider, C. , Fullton, J
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experiments, listen to sound, run l
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The administration and management s
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Educational packages: the current i
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Embedded Interactive Concept Maps i
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eading and understanding informal c
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Every Smart Ideas document has a de
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and used an index into the HTML doc
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Introduction Building Internet-Base
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comments from others or newly assig
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Figure 3: Author profile Conclusion
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The major features are: Figure 1 Me
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Figure 3 FrameMaker requirements do
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5 Conclusions This article has pres
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On-the-Fly Web Pages Minus the HTML
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Scannell, Ted (1996). Steve Jobs In
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originator. Thus, the collaborative
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preferences, circumstances and task
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development concerns the previously
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Abstract: Aspects of Large World Wi
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Structuring data The unstructured a
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say on a LAN with a hypermedia serv
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Halasz, 1988 Halasz, F. (1988). Ref
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One of the CNES' goals is to make s
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Archived Files Start Time 1 End Tim
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HELP-EXCHANGE: An Arbitrated System
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Since the Help-Exchange system is e
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system avoids spamming since the qu
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From a Set of Technical Documents t
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“The machine that would perform t
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In the case of the link with commen
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[Glushko 89] Glushko, R. (1989). De
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• SWOOP [Hunter et al. 95] provid
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also planned for implementing this
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storage structures already establis
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Every S-collection (instance) has a
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do not map S-collections onto a glo
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The operator JOIN is applied to a c
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Internet India Suzanne McMahon Univ
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published in Bombay, includes shopp
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INDIA-E@INDNET.BGSU.EDU Economic Fo
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Instructional Materials The first c
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Reminder Robot For the Q&A section
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[Wusage 1994] Cold Spring Harbor La
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succeed, is also social in origin,
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Other ships may also appear on the
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An Intelligent Tutoring System on t
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Figure 1. Viewer Control Mechanism
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input and clickable map as the ways
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Designing Digital Libraries for Pos
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Layer HOSS allows an open set of st
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contradictory to produce a well-def
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[Chartier 1994] Chartier, R. (1994)
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much of the value on the Net “wil
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did nothing but slow down processin
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Bundling has been studied extensive
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The software industry relies on dif
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that is not accepted by society exi
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[Richardson & Radner 1996] Richards
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European Economic Area agreement. S
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Figure 2: Components of the learnin
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5. Concluding Remarks Figure 4: The
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A Distance Education How-To Manual:
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usually required. This can take pla
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piece, or of the whole piece. A CD
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Indexes, Keys: these tables define
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following, we discuss basic types o
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long: in the music database, the co
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The MARBLE 1 Project: A Collaborati
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available, as described above, help
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Feedback and Analysis Fig 2: Extrac
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Open Net and the Australian On-Line
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speeds, download times, changing br
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our audience, fall into one of the
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server change. When we had our own
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Structuring and classification of d
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would not have the rights to change
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5 Current Electronic Publications W
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WebGrid: Knowledge Elicitation and
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annotation form shown in Figure 2 t
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Figure 4 WebGrid form for rating el
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Figure 7 Main status screen of WebG
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As a final element, the realtor has
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WebGrid provides many additional fa
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Media, Multimedia and Meaningful La
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One question which arises in a disc
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about the medium. In studies in whi
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Schwerin advocates mediation as “
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The wider implications of this perc
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Internet, that quality may be seen
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The most frequently discussed probl
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3.2 Developer viewpoint A MicroWeb
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We anticipate that the complete Mic
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Database for employment information
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Figure 1 System Structure Figure 2
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Figure 5(b) Results of Searching
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ClassNet is a CGI-Script running un
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Current Uses Dr. Doug Yarger at Iow
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Introduction Modelling Alter Egos i
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Let us further suppose that the cyb
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• NEC to indicate that the action
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for example impossible to define an
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[vdRiet 95] R.P. van de Riet, A. Ju
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or "anchors." The anchors are stori
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Figure 1: Excerpt from SMART WWWeb
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there is less dissolved oxygen in t
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CS20 will provide students with new
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EPIC : Building a Structured Learni
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expects. The EPIC exercises are emb
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interactive courses around Scotland
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This paper begins by briefly survey
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must supply such information, the s
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Building the collection The lowest
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size is bounded by the size of a st
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the choice should be. It may be tha
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Introduction Supporting Provision a
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A visual resource base comprises a
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• Web browser: It performs the se
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POSTER / DEMONSTRATION
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integration of presentations create
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Science Technology Entry Program: I
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ID Comm: Building a Virtual Communi
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Preservice Teacher Education and th
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Un Meurtre a Cinet (Un homicidio en
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The Human Brain: A Frames-based Ima
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Collaborative Learning/Teaching on
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SHORT PAPERS
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system look for email from the mail
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Converting a Large Introductory Cou
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Bringing Instructional Design Princ
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Watermarking for the HyperWave Hype
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Impact of the Introduction of Web-B
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Owen, J.M. (1993). Program Evaluati
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(d) Low cost to students (e) Easier
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Introduction Robots And The Web: An
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Figure 2. BargainBot Search Results
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Conclusions and Future Work Figure
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Introduction Active Messaging in Ja
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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The effective development of web-ba
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telecollaboration. This work aims t
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Introduction Internet for Teachers:
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Creating Educational Webmasters: Cy
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Acknowledgments I would like to tha
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The College of Human Ecology, which
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The screen dumps below show a large
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can also open and close levels of t
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Venice and Vienna, iconographic col
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Introduction: Cyberschool - Singapo
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1. Overview US Information Superhig
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Collaborative Design: A Cognitive A
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A Web Based Decision Support System
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addition to participating in teache
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communication between students, bet
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• Exploring Libraries introduces
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Design for Web-Based Learning Phili
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The effin factor concerns the appea
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Introduction The Web is not a Distr
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WEB-EDD: Electronic Document Delive
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Walker, G. L. & Thoma, G. R. (1995)
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3. Evaluation of Link Annotation fo
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Based on the needs addressed above,
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The Presentational use of the inter
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named-thing2(thing-type (parameters
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Integrating the use of the Web into
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linking within the web page is also
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Providing Medical Education Resourc
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logons by PPP/home access, Informat
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indeed create considerable turbulen
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Introduction Homeland: An Integrate
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[Frega and Volpentesta 94] Frega N.
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Summary: Our culture often thinks o
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Implementing Engineering Education
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Reorganised by the Web: Bringing th
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content providers--collaborative te
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Table 1: Sample items from the BEM
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Health Care Information on the Web:
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Abstract Shame and War Revisited Ad
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left to do? Style sheets don't let
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In this case, the Los Alamos Nation
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Differing Cultures: Bringing Minds
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Web of Thought: Ways to Make the Wo
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On Teaching and Collaborative Devel
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I.- History Distance Education on D
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But there is much more to this pict
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in Treemaps. In contrast, the Docuv
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Figure 2: Webview The Webview is us
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Figure 3: Intradocument View showin
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Using a WWW Server to Access and Ma
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W3Client Figure 1 : The Co-Learn WW
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Avoiding Vendor Lock-in: An Open Ap
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Web Courses for Northern B.C.: Virt
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Harvesting the Internet: Creating a
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School Participation in the Co-Deve
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a basic framework for adopting tech
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COMMUNITY WEB PROJECTS TO SUPPORT H
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Overview: Automatically Generated W
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Introduction Computer Aided Informa
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[Bloomfield 1994] Bloomfield, H. (1
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A Generic Learning Platform: From t
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etween Moscow and Western Europe, S
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Creating A Presence On The World Wi
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References [Hill 1993] Hill, Terry
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many of the students likewise had f
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DeRose, Steven and Durand, David, M
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{1} http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/drz/g
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significantly different. Analysis f
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3. The Web Based Solution Most CBT
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A Virtual Campus on the World Wide
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A unified NBCC-wide (and hopefully
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Start Your Search Engines! Authenti
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Observations on Web-Based Course De
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espond to at least four other discu
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examples of the many good discussio
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instructor intervention (to prevent
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Using the World Wide Web To Creativ
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In summary, the goals of the PTK ar
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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All relevant information and links
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Introducation A Virtual Classroom i
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Introduction Put Your Experience on
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Domeshek, E.A. & Kolodner, J.L. 199
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• provide IP address • provide
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Incorporating World Wide Web techno
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1 Introduction Non-Invasive Improve
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The first author acknowledges CNPq
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order to make the students feel tha
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World Band: K-12 Music Education on
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PITS (Populated Information Terrain
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The big central landmark VRML Some
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SEEWeb - An Internet Solution Steve
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Archive.edu: A Storehouse of Classr
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[O’Haver 1995] O’Haver, M. (199
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Module Three The third module explo
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The development of a new journal ne
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Implementation The tool is a Web-ba
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Providing Real Time Instruction on
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first was a single free text field
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the project as contributors of stud
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knowledge-acquisition have to be ac
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instead of contributing a lengthy r
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1. Introduction WWW3D: A 3D Multi-U
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6. Summary In this paper we have de
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collaborative programs. At the same
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and continued challenges of the pas
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In order to cater for the this latt
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Some lectures have pre-lecture assi
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Some Issues. T. of Japanese Society
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MENTOR: Internet Search Advisor and
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acquisition to be followed.- Repres
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Web in order to supplement the main
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When installed at the user end, stu
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These and other lessons learned hav
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some other details about the enviro
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Interactive Teaching Material for t
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The applet is organised around two
Page 819 and 820:
esult, the new search queries not o
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Introduction Distant Education Mate
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Information. The Internet resources
Page 825 and 826:
1 Introduction The Virtual Universi
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on-line, an audio and/or video conn
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Finally, if you are preparing lesso
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The user accessing the database (at
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Figure 2: The HTML page of Esther,
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PANEL
Page 837 and 838:
TUTORIALS
Page 839 and 840:
Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
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specifications like the Initial Gra
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Low end digital cameras do not at a
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To display images correctly the gam
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• PCD: Photo Compact Disc. Kodak.
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3.1 Database Types There are differ
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There are a lot of (hierarchical) k
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the user. The drawback of dynamic c
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types. These are used to restrict t
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-18-
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If you would like to modify the app
Page 861 and 862:
4.4 Database versus Information Ret
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HARVEST [29,30] is a more complicat
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• Access speed: 10% with 9,6 Kbit
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17. Proceedings of the 3rd Internat
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50. Poynton CA. Frequently Asked Qu
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