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OODB Support for WWW Applications: Disclosing the internal structure of Hyperdocuments 1. Introduction J.T. de Munk, A.T.M. Aerts and P.M.E. De Bra Department of Mathematics and Computing Science Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands {munk,wsinatma,debra}@win.tue.nl Most World Wide Web (WWW or Web) servers use the operating system's native file system for the storage of the HTML documents and their embedded images. This access mechanism works fine for direct access, but is ill suited for finding documents containing certain information. Even just finding all documents that exist on a server is difficult because of the complexity of the hypertext link structure. The structure may not be completely connected, meaning that some documents on a server may not even be reachable by following links from other documents. Several attempts have been made to build additional structures, that provide search facilities for the information stored on a WWW-server or a cluster of servers. Glimpse [Manber & Wu 94] provides indexing at the server level. Harvest [Schwartz et al. 94] extends Glimpse to offer retrieval over a set of servers. The existing index databases ignore most or all of the internal structure of the documents. Asking for information that appears in a "header" of certain levels, e.g. levels 1, 2 and 3, is not possible. Finding information in an field is impossible as well. The source of the problem is the lack of a sound access-mechanism for the information one is interested in. The flat file system approach taken by Web servers makes it easy to access a whole document, given its address, but makes associative retrieval difficult. An "inverted" access mechanism is needed, providing access to documents or parts of documents, given a description of their contents, their internal structure, or the link structure of their environment. Instead of adding an index-database onto a file system based Web server, we propose a server based on an object-oriented database, delivering the documents and the answers to search requests from the same information source. Documents are stored as objects of which the internal structure represents the HTML structure, thus enabling querying for structural elements like headers, hypertext links, quotes, addresses, etc. The most influential similar approach to enhancing the WWW is the Hyper-G project [Andrews et al. 95], which has a richer structure than WWW, but can reduce documents to HTML in order to serve them to WWW browsers. We take a different approach by keeping the WWW architecture, to the point where we integrate an existing WWW server with an object oriented database system. 2. Requirements and Properties When we started the development of the new server architecture, the following requirements guided the process, and resulted in the corresponding properties in the prototype system: The new server had to be built using freely available technology wherever possible. This requirement resulted in the following choices: Instead of building a completely new WWW server, the code for the CERN server was used. Two versions of the new server have been built: one that leaves the CERN server code completely intact, and one that uses a small modification to eliminate the need for an additional CGI-script (which slows things down). The Ode database system was chosen [Agrawal & Gehani 89], [Gehani 91], because it was and is freely available to universities (after signing a license agreement with AT&T). The HTML parser needed to be at least as forgiving to syntax errors in HTML documents as most browsers. For this reason we have developed our own HTML parser, instead of reusing an existing parser
like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WWW server of our department would be the first test case. Since we have many people serving documents off that server, the transition from the file system based server to the Ode based server had to be very smooth. We have therefore developed a "two headed" server, which can serve documents from the file system and from the database simultaneously and transparently. The user cannot deduce from the address (URL) of a document, or from its appearance, whether it is served from the file system or the database. In fact, with scripts like the common imagemap program, it is possible to use the existing (file system based) script to associate the coordinates of a mouse click to a document, and to subsequently serve the document from the database. The server needed to parse HTML documents to store them internally as structured objects, but needed to be able to reproduce the documents exactly as they were input, including details that are insignificant to HTML, like the use of upper- or lowercase in HTML commands, the order of attributes to commands, additional white space and the position of newlines. By realizing this goal through the object structure used in the database it becomes easy for users working on documents together to retrieve a document from the server and compare it (using diff or a similar program) to their local version in order to find modifications made by their coauthors. 3. Future Work We have built a WWW server which stores the internal structure of documents in the object oriented database Ode. A primitive search facility has been added to this server. The internal index structures to make searching efficient will be added in the near future. We also wish to integrate our document repository system DReSS [BA95] with this server. By doing so the basic unit for locking can be reduced from a whole document to the smallest structural HTML elements, enabling more concurrent authoring than with the current version of DReSS. 4. References [Agrawal & Gehani 89] Agrawal, R., Gehani, N.H. (1989). Ode (Object Database and Environment): The language and the datamodel. Proc. ACM SIGMOD Int. Conf. on Management of Data, pp. 36-45. [Andrews et al. 95] Andrews, K., Kappe, F., Maurer, H. (1995). Serving Information to the Web with Hyper-G. Third International WWW-Conference, Darmstadt. ( http://www.igd.fhg.de/www/www95/papers/105/hgw3.html ) [BA95] De Bra, P.M.E., Aerts, A.T.M. (1995). Multi-User Publishing on the Web: DReSS, A Document Repository Service Station. Proc. NLUUG Autumn Conference, Publishing on the World Wide Web, Ede, 13-26. ( http://www.win.tue.nl/win/cs/is/debra/dress/dress-paper.html ) [Clark 95] Clark, J. (1995). SP, An SGML System Conforming to International Standard ISO 8879 -- Standard Generalized Markup Language. (http://www.jclark.com/sp/index.htm) [Gehani 91] Gehani, N.H. (1991). The Ode Object-Oriented Database Management System: An Overview. Advances in object-oriented database systems, 355-387. [Manber & Wu 94] Manber, U., Wu, S. (1994). Glimpse: A Tool to Search Through Entire File Systems. Proceedings of the USENIX Winter Conference. ( http://glimpse.cs.arizona.edu:1994/) [Schwartz et al. 94] Schwartz, M.F., Bowman, C.M., Danzig, P.B., Hardy D.R., Manber, U. (1994). The Harvest Information Discovery and Access System, Proceedings Second WWW Conference, Chicago, 763-772. (http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/IT94/Proceedings/Searching/schwartz.harvest/schwartz.harvest.html )
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Proceedings of WebNet 96— WebNet
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FULL PAPERS BRIAN BEVIRT Designing
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THIERRY LEVOIR & REMI BASTIDE SADS:
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MASAYASU AOTANI Distance education
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IAIN LANGDON Education for Changing
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PANELS M J MCALISTER, P COMER & MIS
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Designing Hypertext Navigation Tool
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Organize the Contents of Your Site
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multiple hierarchy charts have to b
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Developing Structured WWW-Sites wit
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Links refer to Templates. From the
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typing tool, which on the one hand
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and implement commercial Web-sites.
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constraints. It is important to rem
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A three-rowed "desktop" was used as
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All assignments were tracked, and s
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Figure 5: Student Information Toolb
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positive values to the course: 1. F
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2. Problem Areas We have identified
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in our system is quite large, and p
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map information for display into th
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- whether these new applications co
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4.3. The Production Phase The produ
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Requests 2500000 2000000 1500000 10
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information systems. Since late 199
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QuestWriter, which will be availabl
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Figure 1: Typical Study Approaches
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Figure 2: Feedback Loop for Questio
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educational Web page design. We hav
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Identifying and Meeting Needs of In
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Two new forms-driven templates, one
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What We Learned About Coaching Web
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Introduction The WWW as a Primary S
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Processing the Order Once users hav
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documentation, report a problem to
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VRML and the Web: A Basis for Multi
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Plate 2: Three users represented by
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Figure 2: Interfae components to ex
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Avatar Distribution Figure 3: Avata
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Introduction Tracking WWW Users: Ex
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etween subsequent requests, and an
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server not to cache that object. Ho
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[Benford et al. 1996] Benford, S.D.
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Published on the Web from the WebNe
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current state of knowledge represen
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Figure 1: Textook and Glossary wind
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Part of this work is supported by a
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Database 2. Review of Related Work
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Display Password Screen Check User
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Recently, Java has changed the way
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To meet our requirements, we have o
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Using the WebSM the creation of a q
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store its result in a variable, usi
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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Chapter One: The Web Marketplace Gr
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4) Advertising Subsidy growing dram
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effectiveness of the ad with any on
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3) Server Performance The Web commu
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Chapter Three: Andromedia’s Aria
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3) Distributed Design Although Obje
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Aria.monitor is comprehensive with
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The Aria.recorder is also capable o
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is being used to create real-time r
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The Reporter user interface provide
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Aria.reporter takes advantage of th
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Introduction Automating Hypermedia
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Figure 3: 2: Add Course Graphic Cre
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Longevity of the HTML Course Creato
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Methodological Issues in Studying a
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4. Complexity of User Interaction:
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automatically, in a reliable and pe
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web users (i.e., scrolling list of
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the NSF EXPRES project. In [Galeghe
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Astronomy and Space Science Relevan
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surface of Pluto - assembled throug
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The Web as Process Tool and Product
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collaboratively produced report abo
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In the AIT course, key satisfaction
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Explorations: the Cornell Theory Ce
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version of Netscape 2.0 (Netscape w
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from video tape) and compromised on
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Designing a Course on the WEB : the
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charge of a training institute, we
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Another way of supporting "point to
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References [Derycke and D’Halluin
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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MRTSpace is based on MRT, a Minimal
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2.3 Geometric and visual ‘continu
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IP Multicast messages do not work o
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came into common use. A number of e
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probably to human culture as a whol
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3D Visualization of WWW Semantic Co
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2.1 Extracting and Organizing WWW S
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mantic space comes from exploring r
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Introduction Interactive Justice Th
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presented by both public prosecutor
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A different communication mode allo
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Convergence to the Information High
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over 9 million at the beginning of
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unreliable electronic components co
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in an integrated model which has th
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Crane, D. (1972). Invisible College
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discourse does not mean that it is
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Figure 2 Communities within the lay
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The major services classified are:-
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Spears, R. and Lea, M. (1994). Pana
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presents relevant items to the user
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ProFusion's main process creates mu
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Managing Interdisciplinary Project
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influencing the study. To ensure th
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ANALYSIS The introduction of new co
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to be combined; this integration ac
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On receiving the information that a
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4.1.4 SPS-SCS delivery system This
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Aster Servers - How to make Aster m
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Another approach we have tested as
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information available on the web. W
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Project Based Learning - Global Vil
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http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Softwa
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Web. It is tailored to the needs of
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Views of the Solar System - http://
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Gatherers and Brokers. The Gatherer
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(Uniform Resource Locators) are pre
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References Figure 6: Document Displ
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The RealAudio (http://www.realaudio
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For educators, this combination of
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The practical components of this pr
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typologize communication and media
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egistration pattern (in the reverse
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the Internet, in terms of informati
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Fig. 10: 3-dimensional pattern matr
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structure of the courses adheres to
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applications manage chat sessions,
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6. Evaluation Figure 4: Example
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Introduction Windows to the Univers
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Figure 1: The main navigation panel
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Our Planet Interior & Surface Atmos
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I. Introduction What is a browser?
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(1) [Baggett, Ehrenfeucht, & Guzdia
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Node display. In addition to enforc
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On-demand Multi-lingual Font Servic
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One of the advantages by using Java
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The directory can be an alias defin
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Real Audiences—Worldwide: A Case
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outstandingly successful authors re
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usually jumps over the keyboard --
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Introduction Web Conceptual Space R
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conceptual knowledge processing, kn
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and the 'Top' view for all applicat
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An Information Broker for Adaptive
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the worst case, we can make a rough
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These simple parameters significant
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[Weider 96] Weider, C. , Fullton, J
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experiments, listen to sound, run l
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The administration and management s
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Educational packages: the current i
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Embedded Interactive Concept Maps i
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eading and understanding informal c
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Every Smart Ideas document has a de
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and used an index into the HTML doc
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Introduction Building Internet-Base
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comments from others or newly assig
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Figure 3: Author profile Conclusion
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The major features are: Figure 1 Me
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Figure 3 FrameMaker requirements do
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5 Conclusions This article has pres
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On-the-Fly Web Pages Minus the HTML
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Scannell, Ted (1996). Steve Jobs In
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originator. Thus, the collaborative
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preferences, circumstances and task
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development concerns the previously
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Abstract: Aspects of Large World Wi
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Structuring data The unstructured a
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say on a LAN with a hypermedia serv
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Halasz, 1988 Halasz, F. (1988). Ref
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One of the CNES' goals is to make s
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Archived Files Start Time 1 End Tim
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HELP-EXCHANGE: An Arbitrated System
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Since the Help-Exchange system is e
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system avoids spamming since the qu
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From a Set of Technical Documents t
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“The machine that would perform t
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In the case of the link with commen
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[Glushko 89] Glushko, R. (1989). De
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• SWOOP [Hunter et al. 95] provid
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also planned for implementing this
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storage structures already establis
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Every S-collection (instance) has a
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do not map S-collections onto a glo
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The operator JOIN is applied to a c
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Internet India Suzanne McMahon Univ
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published in Bombay, includes shopp
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INDIA-E@INDNET.BGSU.EDU Economic Fo
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Instructional Materials The first c
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Reminder Robot For the Q&A section
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[Wusage 1994] Cold Spring Harbor La
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succeed, is also social in origin,
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Other ships may also appear on the
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An Intelligent Tutoring System on t
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Figure 1. Viewer Control Mechanism
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input and clickable map as the ways
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Designing Digital Libraries for Pos
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Layer HOSS allows an open set of st
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contradictory to produce a well-def
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[Chartier 1994] Chartier, R. (1994)
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much of the value on the Net “wil
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did nothing but slow down processin
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Bundling has been studied extensive
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The software industry relies on dif
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that is not accepted by society exi
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[Richardson & Radner 1996] Richards
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European Economic Area agreement. S
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Figure 2: Components of the learnin
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5. Concluding Remarks Figure 4: The
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A Distance Education How-To Manual:
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usually required. This can take pla
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piece, or of the whole piece. A CD
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Indexes, Keys: these tables define
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following, we discuss basic types o
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long: in the music database, the co
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The MARBLE 1 Project: A Collaborati
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available, as described above, help
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Feedback and Analysis Fig 2: Extrac
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Open Net and the Australian On-Line
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speeds, download times, changing br
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our audience, fall into one of the
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server change. When we had our own
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Structuring and classification of d
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would not have the rights to change
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5 Current Electronic Publications W
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WebGrid: Knowledge Elicitation and
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annotation form shown in Figure 2 t
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Figure 4 WebGrid form for rating el
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Figure 7 Main status screen of WebG
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As a final element, the realtor has
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WebGrid provides many additional fa
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Media, Multimedia and Meaningful La
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One question which arises in a disc
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about the medium. In studies in whi
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Schwerin advocates mediation as “
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The wider implications of this perc
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Internet, that quality may be seen
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The most frequently discussed probl
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3.2 Developer viewpoint A MicroWeb
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We anticipate that the complete Mic
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Database for employment information
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Figure 1 System Structure Figure 2
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Figure 5(b) Results of Searching
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ClassNet is a CGI-Script running un
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Current Uses Dr. Doug Yarger at Iow
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Introduction Modelling Alter Egos i
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Let us further suppose that the cyb
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• NEC to indicate that the action
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for example impossible to define an
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[vdRiet 95] R.P. van de Riet, A. Ju
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or "anchors." The anchors are stori
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Figure 1: Excerpt from SMART WWWeb
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there is less dissolved oxygen in t
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CS20 will provide students with new
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EPIC : Building a Structured Learni
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expects. The EPIC exercises are emb
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interactive courses around Scotland
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This paper begins by briefly survey
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must supply such information, the s
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Building the collection The lowest
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size is bounded by the size of a st
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the choice should be. It may be tha
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Introduction Supporting Provision a
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A visual resource base comprises a
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• Web browser: It performs the se
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POSTER / DEMONSTRATION
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integration of presentations create
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Science Technology Entry Program: I
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ID Comm: Building a Virtual Communi
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Preservice Teacher Education and th
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Un Meurtre a Cinet (Un homicidio en
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The Human Brain: A Frames-based Ima
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Collaborative Learning/Teaching on
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SHORT PAPERS
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system look for email from the mail
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Converting a Large Introductory Cou
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Bringing Instructional Design Princ
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Watermarking for the HyperWave Hype
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Impact of the Introduction of Web-B
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Owen, J.M. (1993). Program Evaluati
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(d) Low cost to students (e) Easier
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Introduction Robots And The Web: An
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Figure 2. BargainBot Search Results
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Conclusions and Future Work Figure
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Introduction Active Messaging in Ja
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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The effective development of web-ba
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telecollaboration. This work aims t
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Introduction Internet for Teachers:
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Creating Educational Webmasters: Cy
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Acknowledgments I would like to tha
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The College of Human Ecology, which
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The screen dumps below show a large
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can also open and close levels of t
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Venice and Vienna, iconographic col
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Introduction: Cyberschool - Singapo
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1. Overview US Information Superhig
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Collaborative Design: A Cognitive A
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A Web Based Decision Support System
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addition to participating in teache
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communication between students, bet
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• Exploring Libraries introduces
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Design for Web-Based Learning Phili
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The effin factor concerns the appea
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Introduction The Web is not a Distr
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WEB-EDD: Electronic Document Delive
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Walker, G. L. & Thoma, G. R. (1995)
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3. Evaluation of Link Annotation fo
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Based on the needs addressed above,
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The Presentational use of the inter
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named-thing2(thing-type (parameters
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Integrating the use of the Web into
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linking within the web page is also
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Providing Medical Education Resourc
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logons by PPP/home access, Informat
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indeed create considerable turbulen
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Introduction Homeland: An Integrate
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[Frega and Volpentesta 94] Frega N.
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Summary: Our culture often thinks o
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Implementing Engineering Education
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Reorganised by the Web: Bringing th
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content providers--collaborative te
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Table 1: Sample items from the BEM
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Health Care Information on the Web:
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Abstract Shame and War Revisited Ad
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left to do? Style sheets don't let
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In this case, the Los Alamos Nation
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Differing Cultures: Bringing Minds
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Web of Thought: Ways to Make the Wo
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On Teaching and Collaborative Devel
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I.- History Distance Education on D
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But there is much more to this pict
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in Treemaps. In contrast, the Docuv
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Figure 2: Webview The Webview is us
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Figure 3: Intradocument View showin
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Using a WWW Server to Access and Ma
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W3Client Figure 1 : The Co-Learn WW
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Avoiding Vendor Lock-in: An Open Ap
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Web Courses for Northern B.C.: Virt
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Page 698 and 699: Overview: Automatically Generated W
Page 700 and 701: Introduction Computer Aided Informa
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Page 704 and 705: A Generic Learning Platform: From t
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Page 708 and 709: Creating A Presence On The World Wi
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Page 719 and 720: significantly different. Analysis f
Page 721 and 722: 3. The Web Based Solution Most CBT
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Page 725 and 726: A unified NBCC-wide (and hopefully
Page 727 and 728: Start Your Search Engines! Authenti
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Page 731 and 732: espond to at least four other discu
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Page 737 and 738: Using the World Wide Web To Creativ
Page 739: In summary, the goals of the PTK ar
Page 743 and 744: All relevant information and links
Page 745 and 746: Introducation A Virtual Classroom i
Page 747 and 748: Introduction Put Your Experience on
Page 749 and 750: Domeshek, E.A. & Kolodner, J.L. 199
Page 751 and 752: • provide IP address • provide
Page 753 and 754: Incorporating World Wide Web techno
Page 755 and 756: 1 Introduction Non-Invasive Improve
Page 757 and 758: The first author acknowledges CNPq
Page 759 and 760: order to make the students feel tha
Page 761 and 762: World Band: K-12 Music Education on
Page 763 and 764: PITS (Populated Information Terrain
Page 765 and 766: The big central landmark VRML Some
Page 767 and 768: SEEWeb - An Internet Solution Steve
Page 769 and 770: Archive.edu: A Storehouse of Classr
Page 771 and 772: [O’Haver 1995] O’Haver, M. (199
Page 773 and 774: Module Three The third module explo
Page 775 and 776: The development of a new journal ne
Page 777 and 778: Implementation The tool is a Web-ba
Page 779 and 780: Providing Real Time Instruction on
Page 781 and 782: first was a single free text field
Page 783 and 784: the project as contributors of stud
Page 785 and 786: knowledge-acquisition have to be ac
Page 787 and 788: instead of contributing a lengthy r
Page 789 and 790: 1. Introduction WWW3D: A 3D Multi-U
Page 791 and 792:
6. Summary In this paper we have de
Page 793 and 794:
collaborative programs. At the same
Page 795 and 796:
and continued challenges of the pas
Page 797 and 798:
In order to cater for the this latt
Page 799 and 800:
Some lectures have pre-lecture assi
Page 801 and 802:
Some Issues. T. of Japanese Society
Page 803 and 804:
MENTOR: Internet Search Advisor and
Page 805 and 806:
acquisition to be followed.- Repres
Page 807 and 808:
Web in order to supplement the main
Page 809 and 810:
When installed at the user end, stu
Page 811 and 812:
These and other lessons learned hav
Page 813 and 814:
some other details about the enviro
Page 815 and 816:
Interactive Teaching Material for t
Page 817 and 818:
The applet is organised around two
Page 819 and 820:
esult, the new search queries not o
Page 821 and 822:
Introduction Distant Education Mate
Page 823 and 824:
Information. The Internet resources
Page 825 and 826:
1 Introduction The Virtual Universi
Page 827 and 828:
on-line, an audio and/or video conn
Page 829 and 830:
Finally, if you are preparing lesso
Page 831 and 832:
The user accessing the database (at
Page 833 and 834:
Figure 2: The HTML page of Esther,
Page 835 and 836:
PANEL
Page 837 and 838:
TUTORIALS
Page 839 and 840:
Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Page 841 and 842:
specifications like the Initial Gra
Page 843 and 844:
Low end digital cameras do not at a
Page 845 and 846:
To display images correctly the gam
Page 847 and 848:
• PCD: Photo Compact Disc. Kodak.
Page 849 and 850:
3.1 Database Types There are differ
Page 851 and 852:
There are a lot of (hierarchical) k
Page 853 and 854:
the user. The drawback of dynamic c
Page 855 and 856:
types. These are used to restrict t
Page 857 and 858:
-18-
Page 859 and 860:
If you would like to modify the app
Page 861 and 862:
4.4 Database versus Information Ret
Page 863 and 864:
HARVEST [29,30] is a more complicat
Page 865 and 866:
• Access speed: 10% with 9,6 Kbit
Page 867 and 868:
17. Proceedings of the 3rd Internat
Page 869:
50. Poynton CA. Frequently Asked Qu
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