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Integrating Servers for Communication Over the Internet Marco Aiello Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Informatica Universita' di Roma La Sapienza, Italy aiellom@dis.uniroma1.it Martin Haeberli Advanced Technology Group Apple Computer Inc., USA (Now at Netscape Communication Corporation, USA) martinh@netscape.com Abstract: Communication among groups that share a common interest or goal is a crucial task for all organizations and scientific communities. In many cases, it is also very important that information reaches a certain target audience. We have built a demonstration prototype that integrates different Internet technologies to support communication among groups. We have used the Apple Macintosh environment and glued all the applications together using UserLand’s Frontier system-level scripting language [Hale, 1995]. In this article we discuss why it is critical that the same information can be reached in different ways, then we explain our approach to the problem, its strength and its limits. TV News vs. Newspapers (i.e. Mailing Lists vs. Bulletin Board Systems) Until now ways of communication on the Internet have included mailing lists, BBS (bulletin board systems), and newsgroups. But which is the best? It is our belief that none and all of them are. What we mean is that there is no winner: each approach has its strengths and its weaknesses. And each user has his preferences. Some people like to watch the news on TV; some use the radio for this purpose; some like newspapers and others use on-line services; in the same way some people subscribe to mailing lists, some to newsgroups and others frequently search BBS systems. But there is no absolute: if you are used to reading a newspaper every day this does not mean that you are never going to watch the news on TV. If you are in a hurry or you are doing something (like driving) you will probably use the radio; if you want a close look on a topic or you want to see something on a historical event you will read an article on the newspaper (if you still have it). Up to now administrators just decided which was the most appropriate for the expected needs and end users did not have many choices. It is our belief that the information should be available to you however you wish. Once a discussion is started on the Internet, you must be able to retrieve the contents and to add to them, no matter how you decide to browse and add. If you want fresh information, let email reach you. If you want to search in the line of a discussion, use a BBS that holds all of the notes. If you like web browsers then use your favorite one to reach a site with the messages posted. Our Proposal With our prototype, we took a significant step in this direction. We decided to use Apple’s Macintosh as server. For this purpose we used WebSTAR as web server, Apple Internet Mail Server (AIMS) for serving email and Macjordomo for the mailing lists. Actually, it is possible to use any other mail server on any machine as long as the accounts needed to run our system are created. It is also possible to use other mailing list servers. (For example, the email can be held by one or more UNIX servers running Majordomo, with an additional email account for our system). In addition, Eudora was used to let the
system look for email from the mailing lists and send out the ones corresponding to messages posted on the BBS. This group of servers was glued together using UserLand Frontier, a system level scripting language for the Mac. We used an existing web-based BBS from Dave Winer that runs thanks to Frontier’s CGIs (Common Gateway Interfaces). The advantage of this type of BBS is in the fancy outline for the messages, the ability to use HTML (HyperText Markup Language) in the body of the notes; since all of this is on the web: this means a larger audience and, often, more friendly interfaces for the readers. An interesting feature of Frontier is its object database (OD) that is always resident in RAM when the Frontier’s script is running; this can mean speed and, in many cases, it also means relatively small data bases. The architecture of our system is as follows: directly on the network we have, on one side, WebSTAR, which serves WWW requests (HTTP), on the other AIMS which has the duty of moving email to the final receivers and sending outgoing ones. WebSTAR is invoked when browsing the BBS; each page that it displays is obtained thanks to Frontiers’ querying the internal message data base and preparing the HTML pages on the fly. In these pages there are also the forms to fill-in to add new elements to the discussions. Once the forms are submitted, Frontier processes them to update the OD data base. Concurrently with the update, an email is prepared with the same contents of the message posted and is queued (Eudora is launched, if not already active, for this purpose). The receiver of the message is set according to the value found in another small database in the OD. The database that is searched is kept with the correspondences between the discussions on the BBS and the existing mailing lists that serve corresponding topics. On the other side we have the “email part” of the servers: AIMS deals at low level with the email; it is the post office of the system. Macjordomo uses it for reading incoming mail with new messages for the mailing lists. Each message that comes is then copied and sent to each recipient. One of the recipients must be the BBS itself, for which an account is created in AIMS. To check for mail addressed to “BBS”, we have built a Frontier agent [Maes 1995] that invokes Eudora at regular intervals (posting messages on the BBS, creating new mailing lists and moving emails between mailboxes as needed). We have tested the system by letting it run for almost a week on three existing mailing lists outside our domain and creating two BBS discussions and corresponding mailing list on our server. The system behaved as expected: no messages had any problem when retrieved from the mail agent, no message was lost and all the necessary duplication of information took place (BBS and email version of all messages). Behind the Corner This prototype was built for Apple’s (Apple Computer, Inc.) internal use. In a company where there are an incredible amount of meetings, events and deadlines, it is likely that managers, researchers, developers or engineers will miss something; but the last thing that the management wants is that people are not productive as much as possible (meaning duplication of work, non-collaboration, non-use of resources due to a lack of knowledge, etc.); so if this happens through improper information circulation (this includes retrieval of obsolete messages or the inability to find old messages), then the problem needs to be solved and solved efficiently. What we have tried to demonstrate is that there is no standard for communicating. Of course this is only a starting point and there is a lot of work to do in the direction of letting any information being retrievable in all the possible different ways and being sure that nothing is missed or lost. A point we also wanted to stress is that a working prototype could be built in a relative small period of time thanks to the use of Apple technologies. Probably ours is not the most efficient and robust solution to the problem, but certainly it is one which was possible to implement very quickly and which could let us concentrate on our objective, exploring our views on new ways of dealing with the rich styles of communication available over the Internet. What the authors dream of is a perfect wired world in which, when you turn on your computer in the morning, you can read exactly what you want to read and what you were expected to. Not one single word more. Not one less.
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Proceedings of WebNet 96— WebNet
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FULL PAPERS BRIAN BEVIRT Designing
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THIERRY LEVOIR & REMI BASTIDE SADS:
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MASAYASU AOTANI Distance education
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IAIN LANGDON Education for Changing
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PANELS M J MCALISTER, P COMER & MIS
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Designing Hypertext Navigation Tool
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Organize the Contents of Your Site
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multiple hierarchy charts have to b
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Developing Structured WWW-Sites wit
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Links refer to Templates. From the
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typing tool, which on the one hand
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and implement commercial Web-sites.
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constraints. It is important to rem
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A three-rowed "desktop" was used as
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All assignments were tracked, and s
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Figure 5: Student Information Toolb
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positive values to the course: 1. F
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2. Problem Areas We have identified
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in our system is quite large, and p
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map information for display into th
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- whether these new applications co
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4.3. The Production Phase The produ
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Requests 2500000 2000000 1500000 10
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information systems. Since late 199
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QuestWriter, which will be availabl
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Figure 1: Typical Study Approaches
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Figure 2: Feedback Loop for Questio
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educational Web page design. We hav
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Identifying and Meeting Needs of In
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Two new forms-driven templates, one
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What We Learned About Coaching Web
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Introduction The WWW as a Primary S
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Processing the Order Once users hav
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documentation, report a problem to
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VRML and the Web: A Basis for Multi
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Plate 2: Three users represented by
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Figure 2: Interfae components to ex
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Avatar Distribution Figure 3: Avata
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Introduction Tracking WWW Users: Ex
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etween subsequent requests, and an
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server not to cache that object. Ho
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[Benford et al. 1996] Benford, S.D.
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Published on the Web from the WebNe
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current state of knowledge represen
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Figure 1: Textook and Glossary wind
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Part of this work is supported by a
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Database 2. Review of Related Work
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Display Password Screen Check User
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Recently, Java has changed the way
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To meet our requirements, we have o
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Using the WebSM the creation of a q
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store its result in a variable, usi
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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Chapter One: The Web Marketplace Gr
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4) Advertising Subsidy growing dram
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effectiveness of the ad with any on
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3) Server Performance The Web commu
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Chapter Three: Andromedia’s Aria
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3) Distributed Design Although Obje
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Aria.monitor is comprehensive with
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The Aria.recorder is also capable o
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is being used to create real-time r
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The Reporter user interface provide
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Aria.reporter takes advantage of th
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Introduction Automating Hypermedia
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Figure 3: 2: Add Course Graphic Cre
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Longevity of the HTML Course Creato
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Methodological Issues in Studying a
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4. Complexity of User Interaction:
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automatically, in a reliable and pe
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web users (i.e., scrolling list of
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the NSF EXPRES project. In [Galeghe
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Astronomy and Space Science Relevan
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surface of Pluto - assembled throug
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The Web as Process Tool and Product
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collaboratively produced report abo
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In the AIT course, key satisfaction
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Explorations: the Cornell Theory Ce
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version of Netscape 2.0 (Netscape w
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from video tape) and compromised on
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Designing a Course on the WEB : the
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charge of a training institute, we
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Another way of supporting "point to
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References [Derycke and D’Halluin
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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MRTSpace is based on MRT, a Minimal
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2.3 Geometric and visual ‘continu
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IP Multicast messages do not work o
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came into common use. A number of e
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probably to human culture as a whol
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3D Visualization of WWW Semantic Co
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2.1 Extracting and Organizing WWW S
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mantic space comes from exploring r
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Introduction Interactive Justice Th
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presented by both public prosecutor
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A different communication mode allo
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Convergence to the Information High
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over 9 million at the beginning of
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unreliable electronic components co
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in an integrated model which has th
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Crane, D. (1972). Invisible College
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discourse does not mean that it is
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Figure 2 Communities within the lay
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The major services classified are:-
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Spears, R. and Lea, M. (1994). Pana
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presents relevant items to the user
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ProFusion's main process creates mu
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Managing Interdisciplinary Project
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influencing the study. To ensure th
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ANALYSIS The introduction of new co
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to be combined; this integration ac
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On receiving the information that a
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4.1.4 SPS-SCS delivery system This
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Aster Servers - How to make Aster m
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Another approach we have tested as
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information available on the web. W
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Project Based Learning - Global Vil
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http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Softwa
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Web. It is tailored to the needs of
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Views of the Solar System - http://
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Gatherers and Brokers. The Gatherer
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(Uniform Resource Locators) are pre
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References Figure 6: Document Displ
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The RealAudio (http://www.realaudio
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For educators, this combination of
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The practical components of this pr
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typologize communication and media
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egistration pattern (in the reverse
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the Internet, in terms of informati
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Fig. 10: 3-dimensional pattern matr
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structure of the courses adheres to
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applications manage chat sessions,
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6. Evaluation Figure 4: Example
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Introduction Windows to the Univers
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Figure 1: The main navigation panel
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Our Planet Interior & Surface Atmos
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I. Introduction What is a browser?
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(1) [Baggett, Ehrenfeucht, & Guzdia
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Node display. In addition to enforc
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On-demand Multi-lingual Font Servic
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One of the advantages by using Java
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The directory can be an alias defin
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Real Audiences—Worldwide: A Case
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outstandingly successful authors re
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usually jumps over the keyboard --
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Introduction Web Conceptual Space R
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conceptual knowledge processing, kn
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and the 'Top' view for all applicat
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An Information Broker for Adaptive
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the worst case, we can make a rough
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These simple parameters significant
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[Weider 96] Weider, C. , Fullton, J
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experiments, listen to sound, run l
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The administration and management s
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Educational packages: the current i
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Embedded Interactive Concept Maps i
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eading and understanding informal c
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Every Smart Ideas document has a de
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and used an index into the HTML doc
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Introduction Building Internet-Base
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comments from others or newly assig
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Figure 3: Author profile Conclusion
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The major features are: Figure 1 Me
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Figure 3 FrameMaker requirements do
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5 Conclusions This article has pres
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On-the-Fly Web Pages Minus the HTML
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Scannell, Ted (1996). Steve Jobs In
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originator. Thus, the collaborative
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preferences, circumstances and task
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development concerns the previously
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Abstract: Aspects of Large World Wi
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Structuring data The unstructured a
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say on a LAN with a hypermedia serv
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Halasz, 1988 Halasz, F. (1988). Ref
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One of the CNES' goals is to make s
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Archived Files Start Time 1 End Tim
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HELP-EXCHANGE: An Arbitrated System
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Since the Help-Exchange system is e
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system avoids spamming since the qu
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From a Set of Technical Documents t
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“The machine that would perform t
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In the case of the link with commen
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[Glushko 89] Glushko, R. (1989). De
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• SWOOP [Hunter et al. 95] provid
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also planned for implementing this
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storage structures already establis
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Every S-collection (instance) has a
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do not map S-collections onto a glo
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The operator JOIN is applied to a c
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Internet India Suzanne McMahon Univ
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published in Bombay, includes shopp
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INDIA-E@INDNET.BGSU.EDU Economic Fo
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Instructional Materials The first c
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Reminder Robot For the Q&A section
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[Wusage 1994] Cold Spring Harbor La
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succeed, is also social in origin,
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Other ships may also appear on the
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An Intelligent Tutoring System on t
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Figure 1. Viewer Control Mechanism
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input and clickable map as the ways
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Designing Digital Libraries for Pos
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Layer HOSS allows an open set of st
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contradictory to produce a well-def
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[Chartier 1994] Chartier, R. (1994)
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much of the value on the Net “wil
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did nothing but slow down processin
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Bundling has been studied extensive
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The software industry relies on dif
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that is not accepted by society exi
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[Richardson & Radner 1996] Richards
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European Economic Area agreement. S
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Figure 2: Components of the learnin
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5. Concluding Remarks Figure 4: The
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A Distance Education How-To Manual:
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usually required. This can take pla
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piece, or of the whole piece. A CD
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Indexes, Keys: these tables define
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following, we discuss basic types o
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long: in the music database, the co
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The MARBLE 1 Project: A Collaborati
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available, as described above, help
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Feedback and Analysis Fig 2: Extrac
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Open Net and the Australian On-Line
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speeds, download times, changing br
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our audience, fall into one of the
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server change. When we had our own
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Structuring and classification of d
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would not have the rights to change
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5 Current Electronic Publications W
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WebGrid: Knowledge Elicitation and
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annotation form shown in Figure 2 t
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Figure 4 WebGrid form for rating el
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Figure 7 Main status screen of WebG
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As a final element, the realtor has
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WebGrid provides many additional fa
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Media, Multimedia and Meaningful La
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One question which arises in a disc
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about the medium. In studies in whi
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Schwerin advocates mediation as “
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The wider implications of this perc
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Internet, that quality may be seen
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The most frequently discussed probl
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3.2 Developer viewpoint A MicroWeb
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We anticipate that the complete Mic
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Database for employment information
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Figure 1 System Structure Figure 2
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Figure 5(b) Results of Searching
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ClassNet is a CGI-Script running un
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Current Uses Dr. Doug Yarger at Iow
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Introduction Modelling Alter Egos i
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Let us further suppose that the cyb
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• NEC to indicate that the action
Page 507 and 508: for example impossible to define an
Page 509 and 510: [vdRiet 95] R.P. van de Riet, A. Ju
Page 511 and 512: or "anchors." The anchors are stori
Page 513 and 514: Figure 1: Excerpt from SMART WWWeb
Page 515 and 516: there is less dissolved oxygen in t
Page 517 and 518: CS20 will provide students with new
Page 519 and 520: EPIC : Building a Structured Learni
Page 521 and 522: expects. The EPIC exercises are emb
Page 523 and 524: interactive courses around Scotland
Page 525 and 526: This paper begins by briefly survey
Page 527 and 528: must supply such information, the s
Page 529 and 530: Building the collection The lowest
Page 531 and 532: size is bounded by the size of a st
Page 533 and 534: the choice should be. It may be tha
Page 535 and 536: Introduction Supporting Provision a
Page 537 and 538: A visual resource base comprises a
Page 539 and 540: • Web browser: It performs the se
Page 541 and 542: POSTER / DEMONSTRATION
Page 543 and 544: integration of presentations create
Page 545 and 546: Science Technology Entry Program: I
Page 547 and 548: ID Comm: Building a Virtual Communi
Page 549 and 550: Preservice Teacher Education and th
Page 551 and 552: Un Meurtre a Cinet (Un homicidio en
Page 553 and 554: The Human Brain: A Frames-based Ima
Page 555 and 556: Collaborative Learning/Teaching on
Page 557: SHORT PAPERS
Page 561 and 562: Converting a Large Introductory Cou
Page 563 and 564: Bringing Instructional Design Princ
Page 565 and 566: Watermarking for the HyperWave Hype
Page 567 and 568: Impact of the Introduction of Web-B
Page 569 and 570: Owen, J.M. (1993). Program Evaluati
Page 571 and 572: (d) Low cost to students (e) Easier
Page 573 and 574: Introduction Robots And The Web: An
Page 575 and 576: Figure 2. BargainBot Search Results
Page 577 and 578: Conclusions and Future Work Figure
Page 579 and 580: Introduction Active Messaging in Ja
Page 581 and 582: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 583 and 584: The effective development of web-ba
Page 585 and 586: telecollaboration. This work aims t
Page 587 and 588: Introduction Internet for Teachers:
Page 589 and 590: Creating Educational Webmasters: Cy
Page 591 and 592: Acknowledgments I would like to tha
Page 593 and 594: The College of Human Ecology, which
Page 595 and 596: The screen dumps below show a large
Page 597 and 598: can also open and close levels of t
Page 599 and 600: Venice and Vienna, iconographic col
Page 601 and 602: Introduction: Cyberschool - Singapo
Page 603 and 604: 1. Overview US Information Superhig
Page 605 and 606: Collaborative Design: A Cognitive A
Page 607 and 608: A Web Based Decision Support System
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addition to participating in teache
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communication between students, bet
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• Exploring Libraries introduces
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Design for Web-Based Learning Phili
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The effin factor concerns the appea
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Introduction The Web is not a Distr
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WEB-EDD: Electronic Document Delive
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Walker, G. L. & Thoma, G. R. (1995)
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3. Evaluation of Link Annotation fo
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Based on the needs addressed above,
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The Presentational use of the inter
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named-thing2(thing-type (parameters
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Integrating the use of the Web into
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linking within the web page is also
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Providing Medical Education Resourc
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logons by PPP/home access, Informat
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indeed create considerable turbulen
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Introduction Homeland: An Integrate
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[Frega and Volpentesta 94] Frega N.
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Summary: Our culture often thinks o
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Implementing Engineering Education
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Reorganised by the Web: Bringing th
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content providers--collaborative te
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Table 1: Sample items from the BEM
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Health Care Information on the Web:
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Abstract Shame and War Revisited Ad
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left to do? Style sheets don't let
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In this case, the Los Alamos Nation
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Differing Cultures: Bringing Minds
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Web of Thought: Ways to Make the Wo
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On Teaching and Collaborative Devel
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I.- History Distance Education on D
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But there is much more to this pict
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in Treemaps. In contrast, the Docuv
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Figure 2: Webview The Webview is us
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Figure 3: Intradocument View showin
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Using a WWW Server to Access and Ma
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W3Client Figure 1 : The Co-Learn WW
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Avoiding Vendor Lock-in: An Open Ap
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Web Courses for Northern B.C.: Virt
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Harvesting the Internet: Creating a
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School Participation in the Co-Deve
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a basic framework for adopting tech
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COMMUNITY WEB PROJECTS TO SUPPORT H
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Overview: Automatically Generated W
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Introduction Computer Aided Informa
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[Bloomfield 1994] Bloomfield, H. (1
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A Generic Learning Platform: From t
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etween Moscow and Western Europe, S
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Creating A Presence On The World Wi
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References [Hill 1993] Hill, Terry
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many of the students likewise had f
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DeRose, Steven and Durand, David, M
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{1} http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/drz/g
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significantly different. Analysis f
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3. The Web Based Solution Most CBT
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A Virtual Campus on the World Wide
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A unified NBCC-wide (and hopefully
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Start Your Search Engines! Authenti
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Observations on Web-Based Course De
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espond to at least four other discu
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examples of the many good discussio
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instructor intervention (to prevent
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Using the World Wide Web To Creativ
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In summary, the goals of the PTK ar
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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All relevant information and links
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Introducation A Virtual Classroom i
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Introduction Put Your Experience on
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Domeshek, E.A. & Kolodner, J.L. 199
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• provide IP address • provide
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Incorporating World Wide Web techno
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1 Introduction Non-Invasive Improve
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The first author acknowledges CNPq
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order to make the students feel tha
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World Band: K-12 Music Education on
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PITS (Populated Information Terrain
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The big central landmark VRML Some
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SEEWeb - An Internet Solution Steve
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Archive.edu: A Storehouse of Classr
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[O’Haver 1995] O’Haver, M. (199
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Module Three The third module explo
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The development of a new journal ne
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Implementation The tool is a Web-ba
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Providing Real Time Instruction on
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first was a single free text field
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the project as contributors of stud
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knowledge-acquisition have to be ac
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instead of contributing a lengthy r
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1. Introduction WWW3D: A 3D Multi-U
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6. Summary In this paper we have de
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collaborative programs. At the same
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and continued challenges of the pas
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In order to cater for the this latt
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Some lectures have pre-lecture assi
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Some Issues. T. of Japanese Society
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MENTOR: Internet Search Advisor and
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acquisition to be followed.- Repres
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Web in order to supplement the main
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When installed at the user end, stu
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These and other lessons learned hav
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some other details about the enviro
Page 815 and 816:
Interactive Teaching Material for t
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The applet is organised around two
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esult, the new search queries not o
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Introduction Distant Education Mate
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Information. The Internet resources
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1 Introduction The Virtual Universi
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on-line, an audio and/or video conn
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Finally, if you are preparing lesso
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The user accessing the database (at
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Figure 2: The HTML page of Esther,
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PANEL
Page 837 and 838:
TUTORIALS
Page 839 and 840:
Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
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specifications like the Initial Gra
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Low end digital cameras do not at a
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To display images correctly the gam
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• PCD: Photo Compact Disc. Kodak.
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3.1 Database Types There are differ
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There are a lot of (hierarchical) k
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the user. The drawback of dynamic c
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types. These are used to restrict t
Page 857 and 858:
-18-
Page 859 and 860:
If you would like to modify the app
Page 861 and 862:
4.4 Database versus Information Ret
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HARVEST [29,30] is a more complicat
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• Access speed: 10% with 9,6 Kbit
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17. Proceedings of the 3rd Internat
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50. Poynton CA. Frequently Asked Qu
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