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Introduction Procedures for Creating Useful Web Sites Judy Cossel Rice Department of Instructional Science, College of Education Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Judy_Rice@byu.edu Paul F. Merrill Department of Instructional Science, College of Education Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Paul_Merrill@byu.edu Carol Lee Hawkins College of Education Brigham Young University Provo, Utah Carol_Lee_Hawkins@byu.edu Abstract. The Instructional Science Department at Brigham Young University developed a procedure for identifying the specific information that should be included at a Web site and an approach for addressing style and usability issues. The procedures focus on identifying the audience, determining their informational needs and designing a site where this information can be easily accessed. The procedure outlines the steps of preliminary planning, design planning (audience identification, audience needs assessment, content determination, cognitive design considerations, visual design considerations, usability facilitation) and Web site management. In the summer of 1994 we undertook the creation of a World Wide Web site for the Department of Instructional Science, Brigham Young University (http://www.byu.edu/insci). The site was to be a repository of information about our program and to be a reference for those enrolled in it. The project resulted in the development of a procedure for identifying the specific information that should be included at a site as well as methods for addressing style and usability issues. We combined task-centered and user-centered design principles to provide the theoretical foundation for the project. We are now using this approach to design a site for the College of Education. Task-centered design principles focus on the tasks or jobs a targeted group needs to accomplish and what is necessary to complete the tasks. This approach facilitates the creation of a World Wide Web site by defining the information needs of a targeted audience. It requires designers to identify who will be accessing their site, what this group will be trying to accomplish, and what information they will need to accomplish the goal instead of simply placing a large body of available information online. Designers can then select what they wish to provide given the unique qualities of the Web and their resources. User design principles focus on how people interface with programs--the human-computer interactions that occur. This approach encourages the designer to create a site where people can readily locate and retrieve the needed information. The designer pays particular attention to the graphical user interface (GUI), screen layout and access speed. People do not want to wait for several minutes while a huge image map loads, even if it is an extremely informative, graphically pleasing, navigational marvel. Similarly, if the user is unable to locate information at the site, it essentially does not exist for that person. The Web was such a new medium when we first undertook the creation of the Instructional Science’s site, we could not rely on established procedures for its development as none existed. While we were able to draw from other disciplines, we were still faced with issues unique to the Web such as limited formatting options, access
speeds, download times, changing browser capabilities, standards and coding. The design sequence and features we developed evolved through may errors and repeated formative evaluations by users and focus groups as we struggled with answering the following six questions: What is the scope of our project? What content are we going to provide? How will we provide it? What will it look like? How will people locate the information? How will we manage the site? Our experience with the Instructional Science site has allowed us to generate a guideline for the creation of future Web projects at the College of Education. New projects will go through the following development stages: 1. preliminary planning 2. design planning: audience identification, audience needs assessment, content determination, cognitive design considerations, visual design considerations, usability facilitation 3. management planning We will share these guidelines with you as well as some of the mistakes we made, the difficulties we encountered, and the lessons we learned during this project. We will first present the guideline and then discuss how or why it evolved. Procedures Preliminary Planning The designer begins by meeting with the person commissioning the project and determining the general goals, degree of autonomy, time frame, funding, resources (both people and equipment), and evaluation procedures. A team is formed and a project management book is started with goals, due dates, and person responsible. Initially, we had one person assigned to do the entire project but we discovered it became an impossible task as Web authoring became more complex. We found it necessary to establish a team with members specializing in graphics, Java Script, multimedia, human-computer interaction and instructional design in response to new browser capabilities. The team concept also makes it easier to adhere to the project goals and time frame. When only one person authored the pages, it was easy to perseverate and spend an inordinate amount of time perfecting and exploring the potentials of design features. The design team can work together to solve problems and make sure deadlines are met. Design Planning Once the parameters are defined, the next step is to determine the content to be included on the site. With the inclusion of hyperlinks, the Web allows for the creation of a site with access to almost limitless information. The design challenge is selecting relevant material. This selection process becomes easier once you identify the audience and establish their information needs. While this process may initially seem time-consuming, it facilitates the creation of a quality site. Identify the audience. The project sponsors decides who they want to encourage to access their site. Our department chairman chose to focus on prospective, new and continuing students for the Instructional Science site. The purpose in identifying the audience is to allow the design team to concentrate on the needs of a particular group. Without such a focus, the site development effort may wander and may lack coherence. Determine the audience information needs. After the design team knows who the audience will be, the next step is for them to determine the audience’s information needs. This involves four steps: 1. select a few members of each group within the target audience 2. interview them and conduct a task analysis 3. generate a work model 4. do a role delineation One can get a general idea of the of the needs of a group by interviewing one or two individuals from the group. We selected a perspective graduate student, two new students, and two continuing students to represent the three groups in our targeted audience. Their responses were adequate for us to get an idea of what they needed. This is where a team is beneficial--each member can interview a few people and the job is not too time consuming.
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Proceedings of WebNet 96— WebNet
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FULL PAPERS BRIAN BEVIRT Designing
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THIERRY LEVOIR & REMI BASTIDE SADS:
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MASAYASU AOTANI Distance education
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IAIN LANGDON Education for Changing
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PANELS M J MCALISTER, P COMER & MIS
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Designing Hypertext Navigation Tool
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Organize the Contents of Your Site
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multiple hierarchy charts have to b
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Developing Structured WWW-Sites wit
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Links refer to Templates. From the
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typing tool, which on the one hand
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and implement commercial Web-sites.
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constraints. It is important to rem
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A three-rowed "desktop" was used as
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All assignments were tracked, and s
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Figure 5: Student Information Toolb
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positive values to the course: 1. F
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2. Problem Areas We have identified
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in our system is quite large, and p
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map information for display into th
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- whether these new applications co
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4.3. The Production Phase The produ
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Requests 2500000 2000000 1500000 10
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information systems. Since late 199
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QuestWriter, which will be availabl
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Figure 1: Typical Study Approaches
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Figure 2: Feedback Loop for Questio
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educational Web page design. We hav
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Identifying and Meeting Needs of In
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Two new forms-driven templates, one
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What We Learned About Coaching Web
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Introduction The WWW as a Primary S
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Processing the Order Once users hav
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documentation, report a problem to
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VRML and the Web: A Basis for Multi
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Plate 2: Three users represented by
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Figure 2: Interfae components to ex
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Avatar Distribution Figure 3: Avata
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Introduction Tracking WWW Users: Ex
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etween subsequent requests, and an
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server not to cache that object. Ho
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[Benford et al. 1996] Benford, S.D.
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Published on the Web from the WebNe
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current state of knowledge represen
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Figure 1: Textook and Glossary wind
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Part of this work is supported by a
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Database 2. Review of Related Work
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Display Password Screen Check User
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Recently, Java has changed the way
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To meet our requirements, we have o
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Using the WebSM the creation of a q
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store its result in a variable, usi
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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Chapter One: The Web Marketplace Gr
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4) Advertising Subsidy growing dram
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effectiveness of the ad with any on
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3) Server Performance The Web commu
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Chapter Three: Andromedia’s Aria
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3) Distributed Design Although Obje
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Aria.monitor is comprehensive with
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The Aria.recorder is also capable o
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is being used to create real-time r
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The Reporter user interface provide
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Aria.reporter takes advantage of th
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Introduction Automating Hypermedia
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Figure 3: 2: Add Course Graphic Cre
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Longevity of the HTML Course Creato
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Methodological Issues in Studying a
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4. Complexity of User Interaction:
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automatically, in a reliable and pe
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web users (i.e., scrolling list of
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the NSF EXPRES project. In [Galeghe
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Astronomy and Space Science Relevan
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surface of Pluto - assembled throug
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The Web as Process Tool and Product
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collaboratively produced report abo
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In the AIT course, key satisfaction
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Explorations: the Cornell Theory Ce
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version of Netscape 2.0 (Netscape w
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from video tape) and compromised on
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Designing a Course on the WEB : the
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charge of a training institute, we
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Another way of supporting "point to
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References [Derycke and D’Halluin
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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MRTSpace is based on MRT, a Minimal
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2.3 Geometric and visual ‘continu
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IP Multicast messages do not work o
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came into common use. A number of e
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probably to human culture as a whol
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3D Visualization of WWW Semantic Co
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2.1 Extracting and Organizing WWW S
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mantic space comes from exploring r
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Introduction Interactive Justice Th
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presented by both public prosecutor
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A different communication mode allo
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Convergence to the Information High
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over 9 million at the beginning of
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unreliable electronic components co
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in an integrated model which has th
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Crane, D. (1972). Invisible College
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discourse does not mean that it is
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Figure 2 Communities within the lay
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The major services classified are:-
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Spears, R. and Lea, M. (1994). Pana
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presents relevant items to the user
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ProFusion's main process creates mu
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Managing Interdisciplinary Project
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influencing the study. To ensure th
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ANALYSIS The introduction of new co
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to be combined; this integration ac
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On receiving the information that a
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4.1.4 SPS-SCS delivery system This
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Aster Servers - How to make Aster m
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Another approach we have tested as
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information available on the web. W
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Project Based Learning - Global Vil
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http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Softwa
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Web. It is tailored to the needs of
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Views of the Solar System - http://
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Gatherers and Brokers. The Gatherer
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(Uniform Resource Locators) are pre
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References Figure 6: Document Displ
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The RealAudio (http://www.realaudio
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For educators, this combination of
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The practical components of this pr
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typologize communication and media
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egistration pattern (in the reverse
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the Internet, in terms of informati
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Fig. 10: 3-dimensional pattern matr
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structure of the courses adheres to
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applications manage chat sessions,
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6. Evaluation Figure 4: Example
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Introduction Windows to the Univers
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Figure 1: The main navigation panel
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Our Planet Interior & Surface Atmos
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I. Introduction What is a browser?
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(1) [Baggett, Ehrenfeucht, & Guzdia
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Node display. In addition to enforc
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On-demand Multi-lingual Font Servic
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One of the advantages by using Java
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The directory can be an alias defin
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Real Audiences—Worldwide: A Case
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outstandingly successful authors re
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usually jumps over the keyboard --
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Introduction Web Conceptual Space R
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conceptual knowledge processing, kn
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and the 'Top' view for all applicat
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An Information Broker for Adaptive
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the worst case, we can make a rough
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These simple parameters significant
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[Weider 96] Weider, C. , Fullton, J
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experiments, listen to sound, run l
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The administration and management s
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Educational packages: the current i
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Embedded Interactive Concept Maps i
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eading and understanding informal c
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Every Smart Ideas document has a de
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and used an index into the HTML doc
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Introduction Building Internet-Base
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comments from others or newly assig
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Figure 3: Author profile Conclusion
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The major features are: Figure 1 Me
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Figure 3 FrameMaker requirements do
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5 Conclusions This article has pres
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On-the-Fly Web Pages Minus the HTML
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Scannell, Ted (1996). Steve Jobs In
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originator. Thus, the collaborative
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preferences, circumstances and task
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development concerns the previously
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Abstract: Aspects of Large World Wi
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Structuring data The unstructured a
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say on a LAN with a hypermedia serv
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Halasz, 1988 Halasz, F. (1988). Ref
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One of the CNES' goals is to make s
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Archived Files Start Time 1 End Tim
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HELP-EXCHANGE: An Arbitrated System
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Since the Help-Exchange system is e
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system avoids spamming since the qu
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From a Set of Technical Documents t
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“The machine that would perform t
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In the case of the link with commen
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[Glushko 89] Glushko, R. (1989). De
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• SWOOP [Hunter et al. 95] provid
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also planned for implementing this
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storage structures already establis
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Every S-collection (instance) has a
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do not map S-collections onto a glo
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The operator JOIN is applied to a c
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Internet India Suzanne McMahon Univ
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published in Bombay, includes shopp
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INDIA-E@INDNET.BGSU.EDU Economic Fo
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Instructional Materials The first c
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Reminder Robot For the Q&A section
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[Wusage 1994] Cold Spring Harbor La
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succeed, is also social in origin,
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Other ships may also appear on the
Page 397 and 398: An Intelligent Tutoring System on t
Page 399 and 400: Figure 1. Viewer Control Mechanism
Page 401 and 402: input and clickable map as the ways
Page 403 and 404: Designing Digital Libraries for Pos
Page 405 and 406: Layer HOSS allows an open set of st
Page 407 and 408: contradictory to produce a well-def
Page 409 and 410: [Chartier 1994] Chartier, R. (1994)
Page 411 and 412: much of the value on the Net “wil
Page 413 and 414: did nothing but slow down processin
Page 415 and 416: Bundling has been studied extensive
Page 417 and 418: The software industry relies on dif
Page 419 and 420: that is not accepted by society exi
Page 421 and 422: [Richardson & Radner 1996] Richards
Page 423 and 424: European Economic Area agreement. S
Page 425 and 426: Figure 2: Components of the learnin
Page 427 and 428: 5. Concluding Remarks Figure 4: The
Page 429 and 430: A Distance Education How-To Manual:
Page 431 and 432: usually required. This can take pla
Page 433 and 434: piece, or of the whole piece. A CD
Page 435 and 436: Indexes, Keys: these tables define
Page 437 and 438: following, we discuss basic types o
Page 439 and 440: long: in the music database, the co
Page 441 and 442: The MARBLE 1 Project: A Collaborati
Page 443 and 444: available, as described above, help
Page 445 and 446: Feedback and Analysis Fig 2: Extrac
Page 447: Open Net and the Australian On-Line
Page 451 and 452: our audience, fall into one of the
Page 453 and 454: server change. When we had our own
Page 455 and 456: Structuring and classification of d
Page 457 and 458: would not have the rights to change
Page 459 and 460: 5 Current Electronic Publications W
Page 461 and 462: WebGrid: Knowledge Elicitation and
Page 463 and 464: annotation form shown in Figure 2 t
Page 465 and 466: Figure 4 WebGrid form for rating el
Page 467 and 468: Figure 7 Main status screen of WebG
Page 469 and 470: As a final element, the realtor has
Page 471 and 472: WebGrid provides many additional fa
Page 473 and 474: Media, Multimedia and Meaningful La
Page 475 and 476: One question which arises in a disc
Page 477 and 478: about the medium. In studies in whi
Page 479 and 480: Schwerin advocates mediation as “
Page 481 and 482: The wider implications of this perc
Page 483 and 484: Internet, that quality may be seen
Page 485 and 486: The most frequently discussed probl
Page 487 and 488: 3.2 Developer viewpoint A MicroWeb
Page 489 and 490: We anticipate that the complete Mic
Page 491 and 492: Database for employment information
Page 493 and 494: Figure 1 System Structure Figure 2
Page 495 and 496: Figure 5(b) Results of Searching
Page 497 and 498: ClassNet is a CGI-Script running un
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Current Uses Dr. Doug Yarger at Iow
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Introduction Modelling Alter Egos i
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Let us further suppose that the cyb
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• NEC to indicate that the action
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for example impossible to define an
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[vdRiet 95] R.P. van de Riet, A. Ju
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or "anchors." The anchors are stori
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Figure 1: Excerpt from SMART WWWeb
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there is less dissolved oxygen in t
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CS20 will provide students with new
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EPIC : Building a Structured Learni
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expects. The EPIC exercises are emb
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interactive courses around Scotland
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This paper begins by briefly survey
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must supply such information, the s
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Building the collection The lowest
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size is bounded by the size of a st
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the choice should be. It may be tha
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Introduction Supporting Provision a
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A visual resource base comprises a
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• Web browser: It performs the se
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POSTER / DEMONSTRATION
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integration of presentations create
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Science Technology Entry Program: I
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ID Comm: Building a Virtual Communi
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Preservice Teacher Education and th
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Un Meurtre a Cinet (Un homicidio en
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The Human Brain: A Frames-based Ima
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Collaborative Learning/Teaching on
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SHORT PAPERS
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system look for email from the mail
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Converting a Large Introductory Cou
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Bringing Instructional Design Princ
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Watermarking for the HyperWave Hype
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Impact of the Introduction of Web-B
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Owen, J.M. (1993). Program Evaluati
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(d) Low cost to students (e) Easier
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Introduction Robots And The Web: An
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Figure 2. BargainBot Search Results
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Conclusions and Future Work Figure
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Introduction Active Messaging in Ja
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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The effective development of web-ba
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telecollaboration. This work aims t
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Introduction Internet for Teachers:
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Creating Educational Webmasters: Cy
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Acknowledgments I would like to tha
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The College of Human Ecology, which
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The screen dumps below show a large
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can also open and close levels of t
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Venice and Vienna, iconographic col
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Introduction: Cyberschool - Singapo
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1. Overview US Information Superhig
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Collaborative Design: A Cognitive A
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A Web Based Decision Support System
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addition to participating in teache
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communication between students, bet
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• Exploring Libraries introduces
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Design for Web-Based Learning Phili
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The effin factor concerns the appea
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Introduction The Web is not a Distr
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WEB-EDD: Electronic Document Delive
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Walker, G. L. & Thoma, G. R. (1995)
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3. Evaluation of Link Annotation fo
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Based on the needs addressed above,
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The Presentational use of the inter
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named-thing2(thing-type (parameters
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Integrating the use of the Web into
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linking within the web page is also
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Providing Medical Education Resourc
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logons by PPP/home access, Informat
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indeed create considerable turbulen
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Introduction Homeland: An Integrate
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[Frega and Volpentesta 94] Frega N.
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Summary: Our culture often thinks o
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Implementing Engineering Education
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Reorganised by the Web: Bringing th
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content providers--collaborative te
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Table 1: Sample items from the BEM
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Health Care Information on the Web:
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Abstract Shame and War Revisited Ad
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left to do? Style sheets don't let
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In this case, the Los Alamos Nation
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Differing Cultures: Bringing Minds
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Web of Thought: Ways to Make the Wo
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On Teaching and Collaborative Devel
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I.- History Distance Education on D
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But there is much more to this pict
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in Treemaps. In contrast, the Docuv
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Figure 2: Webview The Webview is us
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Figure 3: Intradocument View showin
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Using a WWW Server to Access and Ma
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W3Client Figure 1 : The Co-Learn WW
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Avoiding Vendor Lock-in: An Open Ap
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Web Courses for Northern B.C.: Virt
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Harvesting the Internet: Creating a
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School Participation in the Co-Deve
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a basic framework for adopting tech
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COMMUNITY WEB PROJECTS TO SUPPORT H
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Overview: Automatically Generated W
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Introduction Computer Aided Informa
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[Bloomfield 1994] Bloomfield, H. (1
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A Generic Learning Platform: From t
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etween Moscow and Western Europe, S
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Creating A Presence On The World Wi
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References [Hill 1993] Hill, Terry
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many of the students likewise had f
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DeRose, Steven and Durand, David, M
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{1} http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/drz/g
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significantly different. Analysis f
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3. The Web Based Solution Most CBT
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A Virtual Campus on the World Wide
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A unified NBCC-wide (and hopefully
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Start Your Search Engines! Authenti
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Observations on Web-Based Course De
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espond to at least four other discu
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examples of the many good discussio
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instructor intervention (to prevent
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Using the World Wide Web To Creativ
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In summary, the goals of the PTK ar
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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All relevant information and links
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Introducation A Virtual Classroom i
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Introduction Put Your Experience on
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Domeshek, E.A. & Kolodner, J.L. 199
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• provide IP address • provide
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Incorporating World Wide Web techno
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1 Introduction Non-Invasive Improve
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The first author acknowledges CNPq
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order to make the students feel tha
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World Band: K-12 Music Education on
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PITS (Populated Information Terrain
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The big central landmark VRML Some
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SEEWeb - An Internet Solution Steve
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Archive.edu: A Storehouse of Classr
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[O’Haver 1995] O’Haver, M. (199
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Module Three The third module explo
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The development of a new journal ne
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Implementation The tool is a Web-ba
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Providing Real Time Instruction on
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first was a single free text field
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the project as contributors of stud
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knowledge-acquisition have to be ac
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instead of contributing a lengthy r
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1. Introduction WWW3D: A 3D Multi-U
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6. Summary In this paper we have de
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collaborative programs. At the same
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and continued challenges of the pas
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In order to cater for the this latt
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Some lectures have pre-lecture assi
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Some Issues. T. of Japanese Society
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MENTOR: Internet Search Advisor and
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acquisition to be followed.- Repres
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Web in order to supplement the main
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When installed at the user end, stu
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These and other lessons learned hav
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some other details about the enviro
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Interactive Teaching Material for t
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The applet is organised around two
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esult, the new search queries not o
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Introduction Distant Education Mate
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Information. The Internet resources
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1 Introduction The Virtual Universi
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on-line, an audio and/or video conn
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Finally, if you are preparing lesso
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The user accessing the database (at
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Figure 2: The HTML page of Esther,
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PANEL
Page 837 and 838:
TUTORIALS
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Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
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specifications like the Initial Gra
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Low end digital cameras do not at a
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To display images correctly the gam
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• PCD: Photo Compact Disc. Kodak.
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3.1 Database Types There are differ
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There are a lot of (hierarchical) k
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the user. The drawback of dynamic c
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types. These are used to restrict t
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-18-
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If you would like to modify the app
Page 861 and 862:
4.4 Database versus Information Ret
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HARVEST [29,30] is a more complicat
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• Access speed: 10% with 9,6 Kbit
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17. Proceedings of the 3rd Internat
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50. Poynton CA. Frequently Asked Qu
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