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conceptual knowledge processing, knowledge representation is extended by the two techniques of knowledge inference
and knowledge acquisition. In conceptual space, knowledge inference is formally represented by: (1) view order
closure; (2) view extent/intent relational closure; and (3) inclusion constraint between extent/intent composition and
incidence. Knowledge acquisition is formally represented by: (1) any initialization construction from a tree (forest or
directed acyclic graph) hierarchy; (2) interactive view definitions; and (3) the structural operations of (a) producting
(apposition and subposition) and (b) summing. Conceptual browsing is navigation through conceptual space.
Considering the dualistic extent/ intent structure of a concept, it has two temporally disjoint modes; in extentional
mode we browse over concepts with respect to their extents, whereas in intentional mode we use conceptual intents in
a strictly dual manner. Conceptual browsing has both a local and a global scope. Browsing in the global scope means
browsing over the entire concept lattice, whereas browsing in a local scope means browsing over a local neighborhood
concept lattice. There are two dual senses or modes for the idea of a local neighborhood of a formal concept within a
concept lattice. The extentional neighborhood of a concept regards the concept as an attribute; it fuses the intent of the
concept as a collective attribute and distributes the extent downward over a local neighborhood lattice. The intentional
neighborhood is strictly dual. Conceptual browsing is based upon a notion of conceptual similarity. The extentional
similarity, which is used in the extentional mode, is a measure of the similarity of any two concepts according to their
common extent cardinality. Again, the intentional similarity is strictly dual.
WWW Conceptual Space
In order to illustrate the ideas for organizing conceptual knowledge which have been introduced in this paper, we here
discuss a familiar conceptual knowledge universe, the universe of World Wide Web conferences; in particular, the
concept space of the proceedings documentation of WWW’95 (http://www.igd.fhg.de/www95.html). At the top level,
these proceedings consist of papers, posters, tutorial notes/slides, and workshop proceedings. The WWW'95
proceedings encompass a diverse range of topics (e.g., WWW protocol enhancements, resource discovery, retrieval,
web security, etc.). But in order to provide an effective user-interface, the metadata from the Web documentation needs
to be conceptually scaled according to the needs and interests of the user. Such conceptual scaling can be
accomplished by user-defined conceptual views.
Obtaining meaningful descriptive document data is a crucial step. Descriptive information can be encoded in
document markup. The online version of the proceedings of WWW’95 uses the tag in HTML, in order to
augment documents with metadata such as title, names of authors, or keywords. [Tab. 1] shows a document header
with embedded metadata. The information stored as attribute/value pairs can easily be extracted, and postprocessed to
provide a machine parsable interchange format. As interchange format [Tab. 2], currently we are using a BibTeXderived
format compatible with the Harvest Summary Object Interchange Format (SOIF) [Bowman et al. 1994a] and
the Synopsis File System synopsis [Bowman 1996]. Later we intend to structure metadata in terms of the entityrelationship
data model.
WWW'95: Towards an Intelligent Publishing Environment
Table 1: Metadata in HTML Documents
@Paper {
UID = pap72,
URI = "/www/www95/proceedings/papers/72/publish/publishing.html",
TITLE = "WWW'95: Towards an Intelligent Publishing Environment",
SIZE = "33447",
SESSION = "Living Documents",
KEYWORDS = {"Internet tools", "electronic publishing", "hyperlink databases"}
AUTHORS = {"James E. Pitkow", "R. Kipp Jones"}
}