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supports (papers, audio and video tapes, software), but they are also indistinguishable. Communication modes and collaborative activities are responsibilities of the tutor. However in this case, we encounter a lot of difficulties when transferring our supports to other institutes, since they are dedicated to a particular model of learning. In our case the model is "learning by doing". The institute which wants to integrate our materials into its practice has to agree with this theoretical model, such an agreement is a condition of the transfer. By distinguishing communication and then information and action spaces, a multiplicity of approaches to the same content are possible : entering by the information space proposes a transmissive practice ; entering by the action space refers to the constructivist learning model ; entering by the communication space between learners enhances a collaborative and social training. Action and information spaces should be re-used by another institute if services are proposed in the communication space. The two way communication between server and client and the possibility to manage author rights at different levels for each component of the initial proposed structure, make it possible for an institute to transform links and structure courseware to its own practice. That means transforming the interactivity between spaces to propose new routes, to enter another objective table, to modify or to enrich the information space in the aim of increasing coherence between spaces and between courseware and practice. What finally makes consistency of the whole are the services proposed by the institute in the communication space. Those services organise the user's learning activities which necessarily develop themselves through the three spaces. From the learner’s point of view, the user often has to move from one space to another to develop his learning activity, and may need to open two spaces simultaneously. For example : the learner needs this flexibility to pick out files or pages from the information space and to transfer them into his own library in the action space ; to research information to solve a problem ; to transfer personal work to other users from the action space through communication space ; to display their objective table or personal map while navigating in the information space ; to discuss at a distance with the tutor about personal work. So must this distinction between spaces be transparent or visible to the learner ? We chose to make it visible . The roles and activities of the user are different in each space. In the first space we identified, they are a reader who receives information, annotates, classifies information, etc.. In the action space, they are an individual learner who solves problems, trains themselves, tests themselves, directs themselves, etc.. In the communication space, they are a social learner who learns academic knowledge with and from others (students and tutors) in a socially organised structure, by debating, by submitting work for the analysis of the others, by proposing hypotheses and so on. Therefore, making the structure visible may help the user to structure his own learning activity which is so important in all individualised or distance learning. A metaphor still needs to be defined to provide the best possible usability of the global system without a long period of training. Conclusion In this paper we have dealt with conditions to develop an open and flexible course. Several points have arisen, like the accessibility of resources to a user - some can be free, others require fees. It would be useful to put a virtual tutor on line to guide each learner. The implementation is evolving from a dedicated solution (Co-Learn project) to a standard solution using second generation systems like Hyper-G which provide a good interface with existing training institution administrative databases with a SQL gateway. Moreover, we are also working to define the interface between the course delivery platform and the production team which also includes teachers. What we mean by an open and flexible course is a course based on adaptability of available resources, adaptability of communications and a more adaptable structure. We want the course to be adaptable to different pedagogical strategies (constructivist, transmissive, collaborative and mixtures of them), to different subjects (kinds of knowledge other than mathematics), to different technologies (particularly interoperability problems), to provisions and delivery systems of different institutes. One should be able to measure the efficiency of system in measuring their degree of adaptability.
References [Derycke and D’Halluin 1995] Derycke, A., D'Halluin, C.(1995). Co-operative learning in the distance education of adults: why, how and first results from the CO-Learn project, in Innovative Adult Learning with new Technologies (A-61) B. Collis and G. Davies Editors, IFIP 1995. [D'Halluin and Poisson 1988] D’Halluin, C., Poisson, D.; (1988) Une statégie d’enseignement des mathématiques : la mathématisation de situations, Thèse de doctorat, Lille,France [Kaye 1992] Kaye, A.(1992). Identification of Educational Situations, in Co-Learn project D2005, Representation models for collaborative educational situations and collaborative learning activities . [Paquette 1994] Paquette, G.(1994), Modélisation des connaissances à des fins de formation, LICEF, tele- Universite, Quebec. [Vanhille 1995] Vanhille, B.(1995). un apprentissage à distance fondé sur la résolution de situations problèmes Entretiens Internationaux EAD, Futuroscope Poitiers, France. [Derycke and Kaye 1993] Derycke, A., Kaye, A. (1993). Participative modelling and design of collaborative distance learning tools in the CO-LEARN project, Teleteaching (A-29) G. Davies Editor, Trondheim, Norway. [Andrews et al. 1995] Andrews, K., Nedoumov, A., Scherbakov, N. (1995). Embedding courseware into the Internet : problems and solutions, Proceedings of Ed-Media 95 , Graz, Austria, pp 69-74. [D'Halluin 1995b] D’halluin, C. (1995) La présence à distance, c’est possible ou d’un bon usage des medias, Entretiens Internationaux EAD, Futuroscope Poitiers, France. [D'Halluin and Vanneste 1995a] D’halluin, C., Vanneste, A. (1995). Benefits of a distance mode within an open and flexible system, 17th ICDE, Birmingham, Vol 2, pp 404-407. [Hiltz and Turroff 1985] Hiltz, S., Turroff, M. (1985). Structuring Computer-Mediated Communication Systems to Avoid Information Overload, Comm. ACM, Vol. 28, N°7, pp 680-689. [Viéville 1995] Viéville C. (1995). Structuring conversation in asynchronous communication systems to support collaborative learning at a distance. Telematics for Education and Training, Held & Kugemann.
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Proceedings of WebNet 96— WebNet
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FULL PAPERS BRIAN BEVIRT Designing
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THIERRY LEVOIR & REMI BASTIDE SADS:
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MASAYASU AOTANI Distance education
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IAIN LANGDON Education for Changing
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PANELS M J MCALISTER, P COMER & MIS
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Designing Hypertext Navigation Tool
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Organize the Contents of Your Site
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multiple hierarchy charts have to b
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Developing Structured WWW-Sites wit
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Links refer to Templates. From the
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typing tool, which on the one hand
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and implement commercial Web-sites.
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constraints. It is important to rem
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A three-rowed "desktop" was used as
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All assignments were tracked, and s
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Figure 5: Student Information Toolb
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positive values to the course: 1. F
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2. Problem Areas We have identified
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in our system is quite large, and p
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map information for display into th
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- whether these new applications co
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4.3. The Production Phase The produ
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Requests 2500000 2000000 1500000 10
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information systems. Since late 199
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QuestWriter, which will be availabl
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Figure 1: Typical Study Approaches
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Figure 2: Feedback Loop for Questio
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educational Web page design. We hav
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Identifying and Meeting Needs of In
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Two new forms-driven templates, one
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What We Learned About Coaching Web
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Introduction The WWW as a Primary S
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Processing the Order Once users hav
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documentation, report a problem to
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VRML and the Web: A Basis for Multi
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Plate 2: Three users represented by
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Figure 2: Interfae components to ex
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Avatar Distribution Figure 3: Avata
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Introduction Tracking WWW Users: Ex
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etween subsequent requests, and an
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server not to cache that object. Ho
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[Benford et al. 1996] Benford, S.D.
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Published on the Web from the WebNe
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current state of knowledge represen
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Figure 1: Textook and Glossary wind
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Part of this work is supported by a
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Database 2. Review of Related Work
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Display Password Screen Check User
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Recently, Java has changed the way
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To meet our requirements, we have o
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Using the WebSM the creation of a q
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store its result in a variable, usi
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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Chapter One: The Web Marketplace Gr
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4) Advertising Subsidy growing dram
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effectiveness of the ad with any on
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3) Server Performance The Web commu
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Page 131 and 132: Introduction Automating Hypermedia
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Page 145 and 146: the NSF EXPRES project. In [Galeghe
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Page 153 and 154: collaboratively produced report abo
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Page 165 and 166: charge of a training institute, we
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Page 171 and 172: like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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Page 183 and 184: 3D Visualization of WWW Semantic Co
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Page 187 and 188: mantic space comes from exploring r
Page 189 and 190: Introduction Interactive Justice Th
Page 191 and 192: presented by both public prosecutor
Page 193 and 194: A different communication mode allo
Page 195 and 196: Convergence to the Information High
Page 197 and 198: over 9 million at the beginning of
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Page 201 and 202: in an integrated model which has th
Page 203 and 204: Crane, D. (1972). Invisible College
Page 205 and 206: discourse does not mean that it is
Page 207 and 208: Figure 2 Communities within the lay
Page 209 and 210: The major services classified are:-
Page 211 and 212: Spears, R. and Lea, M. (1994). Pana
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influencing the study. To ensure th
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ANALYSIS The introduction of new co
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to be combined; this integration ac
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On receiving the information that a
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4.1.4 SPS-SCS delivery system This
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Aster Servers - How to make Aster m
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Another approach we have tested as
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information available on the web. W
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Project Based Learning - Global Vil
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http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Softwa
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Web. It is tailored to the needs of
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Views of the Solar System - http://
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Gatherers and Brokers. The Gatherer
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(Uniform Resource Locators) are pre
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References Figure 6: Document Displ
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The RealAudio (http://www.realaudio
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For educators, this combination of
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The practical components of this pr
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typologize communication and media
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egistration pattern (in the reverse
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the Internet, in terms of informati
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Fig. 10: 3-dimensional pattern matr
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structure of the courses adheres to
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applications manage chat sessions,
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6. Evaluation Figure 4: Example
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Introduction Windows to the Univers
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Figure 1: The main navigation panel
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Our Planet Interior & Surface Atmos
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I. Introduction What is a browser?
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(1) [Baggett, Ehrenfeucht, & Guzdia
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Node display. In addition to enforc
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On-demand Multi-lingual Font Servic
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One of the advantages by using Java
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The directory can be an alias defin
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Real Audiences—Worldwide: A Case
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outstandingly successful authors re
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usually jumps over the keyboard --
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Introduction Web Conceptual Space R
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conceptual knowledge processing, kn
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and the 'Top' view for all applicat
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An Information Broker for Adaptive
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the worst case, we can make a rough
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These simple parameters significant
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[Weider 96] Weider, C. , Fullton, J
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experiments, listen to sound, run l
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The administration and management s
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Educational packages: the current i
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Embedded Interactive Concept Maps i
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eading and understanding informal c
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Every Smart Ideas document has a de
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and used an index into the HTML doc
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Introduction Building Internet-Base
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comments from others or newly assig
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Figure 3: Author profile Conclusion
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The major features are: Figure 1 Me
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Figure 3 FrameMaker requirements do
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5 Conclusions This article has pres
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On-the-Fly Web Pages Minus the HTML
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Scannell, Ted (1996). Steve Jobs In
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originator. Thus, the collaborative
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preferences, circumstances and task
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development concerns the previously
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Abstract: Aspects of Large World Wi
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Structuring data The unstructured a
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say on a LAN with a hypermedia serv
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Halasz, 1988 Halasz, F. (1988). Ref
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One of the CNES' goals is to make s
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Archived Files Start Time 1 End Tim
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HELP-EXCHANGE: An Arbitrated System
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Since the Help-Exchange system is e
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system avoids spamming since the qu
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From a Set of Technical Documents t
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“The machine that would perform t
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In the case of the link with commen
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[Glushko 89] Glushko, R. (1989). De
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• SWOOP [Hunter et al. 95] provid
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also planned for implementing this
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storage structures already establis
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Every S-collection (instance) has a
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do not map S-collections onto a glo
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The operator JOIN is applied to a c
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Internet India Suzanne McMahon Univ
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published in Bombay, includes shopp
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INDIA-E@INDNET.BGSU.EDU Economic Fo
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Instructional Materials The first c
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Reminder Robot For the Q&A section
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[Wusage 1994] Cold Spring Harbor La
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succeed, is also social in origin,
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Other ships may also appear on the
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An Intelligent Tutoring System on t
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Figure 1. Viewer Control Mechanism
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input and clickable map as the ways
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Designing Digital Libraries for Pos
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Layer HOSS allows an open set of st
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contradictory to produce a well-def
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[Chartier 1994] Chartier, R. (1994)
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much of the value on the Net “wil
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did nothing but slow down processin
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Bundling has been studied extensive
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The software industry relies on dif
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that is not accepted by society exi
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[Richardson & Radner 1996] Richards
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European Economic Area agreement. S
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Figure 2: Components of the learnin
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5. Concluding Remarks Figure 4: The
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A Distance Education How-To Manual:
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usually required. This can take pla
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piece, or of the whole piece. A CD
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Indexes, Keys: these tables define
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following, we discuss basic types o
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long: in the music database, the co
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The MARBLE 1 Project: A Collaborati
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available, as described above, help
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Feedback and Analysis Fig 2: Extrac
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Open Net and the Australian On-Line
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speeds, download times, changing br
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our audience, fall into one of the
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server change. When we had our own
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Structuring and classification of d
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would not have the rights to change
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5 Current Electronic Publications W
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WebGrid: Knowledge Elicitation and
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annotation form shown in Figure 2 t
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Figure 4 WebGrid form for rating el
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Figure 7 Main status screen of WebG
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As a final element, the realtor has
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WebGrid provides many additional fa
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Media, Multimedia and Meaningful La
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One question which arises in a disc
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about the medium. In studies in whi
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Schwerin advocates mediation as “
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The wider implications of this perc
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Internet, that quality may be seen
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The most frequently discussed probl
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3.2 Developer viewpoint A MicroWeb
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We anticipate that the complete Mic
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Database for employment information
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Figure 1 System Structure Figure 2
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Figure 5(b) Results of Searching
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ClassNet is a CGI-Script running un
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Current Uses Dr. Doug Yarger at Iow
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Introduction Modelling Alter Egos i
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Let us further suppose that the cyb
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• NEC to indicate that the action
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for example impossible to define an
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[vdRiet 95] R.P. van de Riet, A. Ju
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or "anchors." The anchors are stori
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Figure 1: Excerpt from SMART WWWeb
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there is less dissolved oxygen in t
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CS20 will provide students with new
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EPIC : Building a Structured Learni
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expects. The EPIC exercises are emb
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interactive courses around Scotland
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This paper begins by briefly survey
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must supply such information, the s
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Building the collection The lowest
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size is bounded by the size of a st
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the choice should be. It may be tha
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Introduction Supporting Provision a
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A visual resource base comprises a
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• Web browser: It performs the se
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POSTER / DEMONSTRATION
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integration of presentations create
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Science Technology Entry Program: I
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ID Comm: Building a Virtual Communi
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Preservice Teacher Education and th
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Un Meurtre a Cinet (Un homicidio en
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The Human Brain: A Frames-based Ima
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Collaborative Learning/Teaching on
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SHORT PAPERS
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system look for email from the mail
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Converting a Large Introductory Cou
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Bringing Instructional Design Princ
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Watermarking for the HyperWave Hype
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Impact of the Introduction of Web-B
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Owen, J.M. (1993). Program Evaluati
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(d) Low cost to students (e) Easier
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Introduction Robots And The Web: An
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Figure 2. BargainBot Search Results
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Conclusions and Future Work Figure
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Introduction Active Messaging in Ja
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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The effective development of web-ba
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telecollaboration. This work aims t
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Introduction Internet for Teachers:
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Creating Educational Webmasters: Cy
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Acknowledgments I would like to tha
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The College of Human Ecology, which
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The screen dumps below show a large
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can also open and close levels of t
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Venice and Vienna, iconographic col
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Introduction: Cyberschool - Singapo
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1. Overview US Information Superhig
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Collaborative Design: A Cognitive A
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A Web Based Decision Support System
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addition to participating in teache
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communication between students, bet
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• Exploring Libraries introduces
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Design for Web-Based Learning Phili
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The effin factor concerns the appea
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Introduction The Web is not a Distr
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WEB-EDD: Electronic Document Delive
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Walker, G. L. & Thoma, G. R. (1995)
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3. Evaluation of Link Annotation fo
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Based on the needs addressed above,
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The Presentational use of the inter
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named-thing2(thing-type (parameters
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Integrating the use of the Web into
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linking within the web page is also
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Providing Medical Education Resourc
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logons by PPP/home access, Informat
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indeed create considerable turbulen
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Introduction Homeland: An Integrate
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[Frega and Volpentesta 94] Frega N.
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Summary: Our culture often thinks o
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Implementing Engineering Education
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Reorganised by the Web: Bringing th
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content providers--collaborative te
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Table 1: Sample items from the BEM
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Health Care Information on the Web:
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Abstract Shame and War Revisited Ad
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left to do? Style sheets don't let
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In this case, the Los Alamos Nation
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Differing Cultures: Bringing Minds
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Web of Thought: Ways to Make the Wo
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On Teaching and Collaborative Devel
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I.- History Distance Education on D
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But there is much more to this pict
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in Treemaps. In contrast, the Docuv
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Figure 2: Webview The Webview is us
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Figure 3: Intradocument View showin
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Using a WWW Server to Access and Ma
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W3Client Figure 1 : The Co-Learn WW
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Avoiding Vendor Lock-in: An Open Ap
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Web Courses for Northern B.C.: Virt
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Harvesting the Internet: Creating a
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School Participation in the Co-Deve
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a basic framework for adopting tech
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COMMUNITY WEB PROJECTS TO SUPPORT H
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Overview: Automatically Generated W
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Introduction Computer Aided Informa
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[Bloomfield 1994] Bloomfield, H. (1
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A Generic Learning Platform: From t
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etween Moscow and Western Europe, S
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Creating A Presence On The World Wi
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References [Hill 1993] Hill, Terry
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many of the students likewise had f
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DeRose, Steven and Durand, David, M
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{1} http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/drz/g
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significantly different. Analysis f
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3. The Web Based Solution Most CBT
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A Virtual Campus on the World Wide
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A unified NBCC-wide (and hopefully
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Start Your Search Engines! Authenti
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Observations on Web-Based Course De
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espond to at least four other discu
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examples of the many good discussio
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instructor intervention (to prevent
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Using the World Wide Web To Creativ
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In summary, the goals of the PTK ar
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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All relevant information and links
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Introducation A Virtual Classroom i
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Introduction Put Your Experience on
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Domeshek, E.A. & Kolodner, J.L. 199
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• provide IP address • provide
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Incorporating World Wide Web techno
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1 Introduction Non-Invasive Improve
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The first author acknowledges CNPq
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order to make the students feel tha
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World Band: K-12 Music Education on
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PITS (Populated Information Terrain
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The big central landmark VRML Some
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SEEWeb - An Internet Solution Steve
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Archive.edu: A Storehouse of Classr
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[O’Haver 1995] O’Haver, M. (199
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Module Three The third module explo
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The development of a new journal ne
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Implementation The tool is a Web-ba
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Providing Real Time Instruction on
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first was a single free text field
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the project as contributors of stud
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knowledge-acquisition have to be ac
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instead of contributing a lengthy r
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1. Introduction WWW3D: A 3D Multi-U
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6. Summary In this paper we have de
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collaborative programs. At the same
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and continued challenges of the pas
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In order to cater for the this latt
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Some lectures have pre-lecture assi
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Some Issues. T. of Japanese Society
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MENTOR: Internet Search Advisor and
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acquisition to be followed.- Repres
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Web in order to supplement the main
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When installed at the user end, stu
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These and other lessons learned hav
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some other details about the enviro
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Interactive Teaching Material for t
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The applet is organised around two
Page 819 and 820:
esult, the new search queries not o
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Introduction Distant Education Mate
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Information. The Internet resources
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1 Introduction The Virtual Universi
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on-line, an audio and/or video conn
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Finally, if you are preparing lesso
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The user accessing the database (at
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Figure 2: The HTML page of Esther,
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PANEL
Page 837 and 838:
TUTORIALS
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Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
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specifications like the Initial Gra
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Low end digital cameras do not at a
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To display images correctly the gam
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• PCD: Photo Compact Disc. Kodak.
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3.1 Database Types There are differ
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There are a lot of (hierarchical) k
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the user. The drawback of dynamic c
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types. These are used to restrict t
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-18-
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If you would like to modify the app
Page 861 and 862:
4.4 Database versus Information Ret
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HARVEST [29,30] is a more complicat
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• Access speed: 10% with 9,6 Kbit
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17. Proceedings of the 3rd Internat
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50. Poynton CA. Frequently Asked Qu
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