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the information in this presentation to gain a perspective that will help you make this adaptation. I am not offering an automated tool to do this for you; you will have to think and plan and test and refine, but the result will be valuable to your users. Many cues that have evolved with print media can be adapted to hypertext documents: title, heading, table of contents, index, glossary, diagram, and map. The challenge is to adapt them well, in a way that will be as intuitive as possible to your users. Before proceeding, please recognize that effective organization of the information in the documents and of the documents in the web site is more important than the navigation tools. Just as good documentation cannot "save" a poorly designed and implemented product, good navigation tools cannot save a disorganized web site! The site analysis I will recommend may help you improve the organization of your web site, but the purpose of this paper is to help you design good navigation tools. So here are two important characteristics of effective navigation tools. Navigation Tools Must Be Predictable In this paper, I assume that your web site exists to provide valuable information to your users. Navigation tools exist to help users find needed information and to keep them from becoming confused or disoriented while visiting your web site. Well-designed navigation tools are predictable: after a very small amount of experience with the tools, your users should understand how each tool will behave every time they use it. Each navigation tool must be consistent in how it is used and the result it produces, or it could confuse your users instead of helping them. Multiple Navigation Tools Should Be Offered Different people have different perceptual styles, and you can satisfy their differing needs by offering them multiple ways to access your information. Also, your users will have different levels of skill and experience, so their preferences for using your navigation tools will vary. You must first consider the size, content, and purpose of your web site to decide which navigation tools are appropriate. If your web site is large enough to benefit from any navigation tools, then you will help your users by providing more than one type. Develop a Model of Your Web Site's Organization This is the critical part of the work: you must develop a simplified but revealing model of the information in your web site, then you can prepare navigation tools that clarify its organization. (Please recall that I define a web site as a collection of related documents.) An interconnected web of documents can express information and ideas with new depth and richness, but it also has the potential to confuse and intimidate users. An intimidated user will not receive full value from your site. Well-designed navigation tools will highlight your site's benefits to users and help them access the information they need. The following steps are the most difficult part of the process. I recommend that you assemble a team of interested people with diverse viewpoints to participate in this process and help keep your creativity and insight fresh. Teamwork can lead to conflict, but conflict can also generate the fire that forges useful new ideas. Identify a Single Sequence for Your Documents Your first attempt to simplify your web site should be to define a linear sequence for every document in it. Review the organizing principles you had in mind when you created the site, and think about how you would arrange a table of contents for it. If you didn't create your site, or if it evolved in some less-than-logical fashion, then analyze the files in your site and determine what organizing principles can improve its usefulness to its users. Determine which documents provide overview information, which provide supporting information, and which provide results or concluding information. Then make numerous attempts to establish a sequence of documents within each of those three groups. Examples of sequential structures that go beyond a plain sequence include sequences with alternate paths, side notes, shortcuts, backtracking, and loops.
Organize the Contents of Your Site into a Table or Grid If you can't reduce the contents of your site to a simple sequence, try to map it onto a grid of rows and columns. The table is a familiar organizing structure in Western culture. A command reference manual--UNIX man pages for example--map conveniently onto a grid: each command has sections titled Name, Synopsis, Description, Options, and so on. Define the Contents of Your Site as a Hierarchy Your site may be conceptualized as a hierarchy. The hierarchy is a common and powerful way of organizing information and people. Research has shown that users prefer a hierarchical to a linear organization of menus. They make fewer errors in a hierarchical structure, and hierarchical structures result in clearer mental maps. Finally, technical users especially prefer hierarchical organizations [Horton 1994]. Examples of hierarchy diagrams include tree diagrams, flow charts, and the star configuration. Create a Picture of Your Site as a Web If all of the preceding ways to simplify the organization of your site escape you, create a picture of it as a web. To start, cut up some sheets of colored paper into rectangular cards. Each card represents a document. Write the file names of the documents on the cards. Use the different colors of paper to organize the documents into related groups. Use string to represent the links between your documents and connect the cards. Don't try to represent all of the links between your files, just indicate the most important relationships. Determine which files belong together, then decide which ones make sense at the beginning of a group and which ones make sense at the end of a group. Determine how the groups relate to each other. If you still can't make sense of your site's organization, your users have no chance! After graphically representing your site as a web, start mapping it onto the simpler structures. Now can you draw a picture of it as a hierarchy, or a grid, or a sequence? A diagram of a web is unlikely to help users recognize and remember the organization of your site; I only recommend that you design navigation tools based on the simpler models. You can also use the colored-card strategy to structure your documents according to any of the other models. Break Through to a Fresh Viewpoint If you have seriously attempted to create a simple model of your site but are still having trouble, it's time for you to refresh yourself by taking a break. Consider this analogy: if you shine a bright light on a three-dimensional object, it casts a two-dimensional shadow. The shadow is a simplified projection of the physical object: it is just an outline. A simple model of your web site is also an outline! Let's say our three-dimensional object is an ordinary pair of scissors. Now consider this: if you close the scissors and point its tip directly at the light, the shadow will not reveal much information about the shape or the size of the scissors. In fact, most people who see only the shadow probably won't even recognize what kind of object is casting it. But if you open the scissors and shine the light at it broadside, its shadow will be immediately recognizable to almost any observer. So bear in mind that some simplified models of your site will be more revealing than others. You can dramatically improve a model just by using a different perspective. This is how a team of people with diverse viewpoints can help you model your website. Some models should include more detail than others. And the individual differences between users will give them contrasting preferences, so it is best to develop more than one model. Create a Suite of Navigation Tools from Your Models The difficult work is now complete. All you need to do now is select the models that work best for your site and your users, render those models as text and/or graphics, then install the links in the navigation tools, and install the links to
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of WebNet 96— WebNet
Page 3 and 4: FULL PAPERS BRIAN BEVIRT Designing
Page 5 and 6: THIERRY LEVOIR & REMI BASTIDE SADS:
Page 7 and 8: MASAYASU AOTANI Distance education
Page 9 and 10: IAIN LANGDON Education for Changing
Page 11 and 12: PANELS M J MCALISTER, P COMER & MIS
Page 13: Designing Hypertext Navigation Tool
Page 17 and 18: multiple hierarchy charts have to b
Page 19 and 20: Developing Structured WWW-Sites wit
Page 21 and 22: Links refer to Templates. From the
Page 23 and 24: typing tool, which on the one hand
Page 25 and 26: and implement commercial Web-sites.
Page 27 and 28: constraints. It is important to rem
Page 29 and 30: A three-rowed "desktop" was used as
Page 31 and 32: All assignments were tracked, and s
Page 33 and 34: Figure 5: Student Information Toolb
Page 35 and 36: positive values to the course: 1. F
Page 37 and 38: 2. Problem Areas We have identified
Page 39 and 40: in our system is quite large, and p
Page 41 and 42: map information for display into th
Page 43 and 44: - whether these new applications co
Page 45 and 46: 4.3. The Production Phase The produ
Page 47 and 48: Requests 2500000 2000000 1500000 10
Page 49 and 50: information systems. Since late 199
Page 51 and 52: QuestWriter, which will be availabl
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Typical Study Approaches
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2: Feedback Loop for Questio
Page 57 and 58: educational Web page design. We hav
Page 59 and 60: Identifying and Meeting Needs of In
Page 61 and 62: Two new forms-driven templates, one
Page 63 and 64: What We Learned About Coaching Web
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Introduction The WWW as a Primary S
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Processing the Order Once users hav
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documentation, report a problem to
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VRML and the Web: A Basis for Multi
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Plate 2: Three users represented by
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Figure 2: Interfae components to ex
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Avatar Distribution Figure 3: Avata
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Introduction Tracking WWW Users: Ex
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etween subsequent requests, and an
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server not to cache that object. Ho
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[Benford et al. 1996] Benford, S.D.
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Published on the Web from the WebNe
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current state of knowledge represen
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Figure 1: Textook and Glossary wind
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Part of this work is supported by a
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Database 2. Review of Related Work
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Display Password Screen Check User
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Recently, Java has changed the way
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To meet our requirements, we have o
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Using the WebSM the creation of a q
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store its result in a variable, usi
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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Chapter One: The Web Marketplace Gr
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4) Advertising Subsidy growing dram
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effectiveness of the ad with any on
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3) Server Performance The Web commu
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Chapter Three: Andromedia’s Aria
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3) Distributed Design Although Obje
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Aria.monitor is comprehensive with
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The Aria.recorder is also capable o
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is being used to create real-time r
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The Reporter user interface provide
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Aria.reporter takes advantage of th
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Introduction Automating Hypermedia
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Figure 3: 2: Add Course Graphic Cre
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Longevity of the HTML Course Creato
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Methodological Issues in Studying a
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4. Complexity of User Interaction:
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automatically, in a reliable and pe
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web users (i.e., scrolling list of
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the NSF EXPRES project. In [Galeghe
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Astronomy and Space Science Relevan
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surface of Pluto - assembled throug
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The Web as Process Tool and Product
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collaboratively produced report abo
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In the AIT course, key satisfaction
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Explorations: the Cornell Theory Ce
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version of Netscape 2.0 (Netscape w
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from video tape) and compromised on
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Designing a Course on the WEB : the
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charge of a training institute, we
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Another way of supporting "point to
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References [Derycke and D’Halluin
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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MRTSpace is based on MRT, a Minimal
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2.3 Geometric and visual ‘continu
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IP Multicast messages do not work o
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came into common use. A number of e
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probably to human culture as a whol
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3D Visualization of WWW Semantic Co
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2.1 Extracting and Organizing WWW S
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mantic space comes from exploring r
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Introduction Interactive Justice Th
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presented by both public prosecutor
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A different communication mode allo
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Convergence to the Information High
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over 9 million at the beginning of
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unreliable electronic components co
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in an integrated model which has th
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Crane, D. (1972). Invisible College
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discourse does not mean that it is
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Figure 2 Communities within the lay
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The major services classified are:-
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Spears, R. and Lea, M. (1994). Pana
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presents relevant items to the user
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ProFusion's main process creates mu
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Managing Interdisciplinary Project
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influencing the study. To ensure th
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ANALYSIS The introduction of new co
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to be combined; this integration ac
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On receiving the information that a
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4.1.4 SPS-SCS delivery system This
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Aster Servers - How to make Aster m
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Another approach we have tested as
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information available on the web. W
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Project Based Learning - Global Vil
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http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Softwa
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Web. It is tailored to the needs of
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Views of the Solar System - http://
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Gatherers and Brokers. The Gatherer
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(Uniform Resource Locators) are pre
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References Figure 6: Document Displ
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The RealAudio (http://www.realaudio
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For educators, this combination of
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The practical components of this pr
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typologize communication and media
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egistration pattern (in the reverse
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the Internet, in terms of informati
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Fig. 10: 3-dimensional pattern matr
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structure of the courses adheres to
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applications manage chat sessions,
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6. Evaluation Figure 4: Example
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Introduction Windows to the Univers
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Figure 1: The main navigation panel
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Our Planet Interior & Surface Atmos
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I. Introduction What is a browser?
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(1) [Baggett, Ehrenfeucht, & Guzdia
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Node display. In addition to enforc
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On-demand Multi-lingual Font Servic
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One of the advantages by using Java
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The directory can be an alias defin
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Real Audiences—Worldwide: A Case
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outstandingly successful authors re
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usually jumps over the keyboard --
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Introduction Web Conceptual Space R
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conceptual knowledge processing, kn
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and the 'Top' view for all applicat
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An Information Broker for Adaptive
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the worst case, we can make a rough
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These simple parameters significant
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[Weider 96] Weider, C. , Fullton, J
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experiments, listen to sound, run l
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The administration and management s
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Educational packages: the current i
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Embedded Interactive Concept Maps i
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eading and understanding informal c
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Every Smart Ideas document has a de
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and used an index into the HTML doc
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Introduction Building Internet-Base
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comments from others or newly assig
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Figure 3: Author profile Conclusion
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The major features are: Figure 1 Me
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Figure 3 FrameMaker requirements do
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5 Conclusions This article has pres
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On-the-Fly Web Pages Minus the HTML
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Scannell, Ted (1996). Steve Jobs In
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originator. Thus, the collaborative
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preferences, circumstances and task
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development concerns the previously
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Abstract: Aspects of Large World Wi
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Structuring data The unstructured a
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say on a LAN with a hypermedia serv
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Halasz, 1988 Halasz, F. (1988). Ref
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One of the CNES' goals is to make s
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Archived Files Start Time 1 End Tim
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HELP-EXCHANGE: An Arbitrated System
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Since the Help-Exchange system is e
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system avoids spamming since the qu
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From a Set of Technical Documents t
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“The machine that would perform t
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In the case of the link with commen
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[Glushko 89] Glushko, R. (1989). De
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• SWOOP [Hunter et al. 95] provid
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also planned for implementing this
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storage structures already establis
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Every S-collection (instance) has a
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do not map S-collections onto a glo
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The operator JOIN is applied to a c
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Internet India Suzanne McMahon Univ
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published in Bombay, includes shopp
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INDIA-E@INDNET.BGSU.EDU Economic Fo
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Instructional Materials The first c
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Reminder Robot For the Q&A section
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[Wusage 1994] Cold Spring Harbor La
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succeed, is also social in origin,
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Other ships may also appear on the
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An Intelligent Tutoring System on t
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Figure 1. Viewer Control Mechanism
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input and clickable map as the ways
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Designing Digital Libraries for Pos
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Layer HOSS allows an open set of st
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contradictory to produce a well-def
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[Chartier 1994] Chartier, R. (1994)
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much of the value on the Net “wil
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did nothing but slow down processin
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Bundling has been studied extensive
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The software industry relies on dif
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that is not accepted by society exi
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[Richardson & Radner 1996] Richards
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European Economic Area agreement. S
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Figure 2: Components of the learnin
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5. Concluding Remarks Figure 4: The
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A Distance Education How-To Manual:
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usually required. This can take pla
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piece, or of the whole piece. A CD
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Indexes, Keys: these tables define
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following, we discuss basic types o
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long: in the music database, the co
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The MARBLE 1 Project: A Collaborati
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available, as described above, help
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Feedback and Analysis Fig 2: Extrac
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Open Net and the Australian On-Line
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speeds, download times, changing br
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our audience, fall into one of the
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server change. When we had our own
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Structuring and classification of d
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would not have the rights to change
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5 Current Electronic Publications W
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WebGrid: Knowledge Elicitation and
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annotation form shown in Figure 2 t
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Figure 4 WebGrid form for rating el
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Figure 7 Main status screen of WebG
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As a final element, the realtor has
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WebGrid provides many additional fa
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Media, Multimedia and Meaningful La
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One question which arises in a disc
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about the medium. In studies in whi
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Schwerin advocates mediation as “
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The wider implications of this perc
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Internet, that quality may be seen
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The most frequently discussed probl
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3.2 Developer viewpoint A MicroWeb
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We anticipate that the complete Mic
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Database for employment information
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Figure 1 System Structure Figure 2
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Figure 5(b) Results of Searching
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ClassNet is a CGI-Script running un
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Current Uses Dr. Doug Yarger at Iow
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Introduction Modelling Alter Egos i
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Let us further suppose that the cyb
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• NEC to indicate that the action
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for example impossible to define an
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[vdRiet 95] R.P. van de Riet, A. Ju
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or "anchors." The anchors are stori
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Figure 1: Excerpt from SMART WWWeb
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there is less dissolved oxygen in t
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CS20 will provide students with new
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EPIC : Building a Structured Learni
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expects. The EPIC exercises are emb
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interactive courses around Scotland
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This paper begins by briefly survey
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must supply such information, the s
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Building the collection The lowest
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size is bounded by the size of a st
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the choice should be. It may be tha
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Introduction Supporting Provision a
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A visual resource base comprises a
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• Web browser: It performs the se
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POSTER / DEMONSTRATION
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integration of presentations create
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Science Technology Entry Program: I
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ID Comm: Building a Virtual Communi
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Preservice Teacher Education and th
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Un Meurtre a Cinet (Un homicidio en
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The Human Brain: A Frames-based Ima
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Collaborative Learning/Teaching on
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SHORT PAPERS
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system look for email from the mail
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Converting a Large Introductory Cou
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Bringing Instructional Design Princ
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Watermarking for the HyperWave Hype
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Impact of the Introduction of Web-B
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Owen, J.M. (1993). Program Evaluati
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(d) Low cost to students (e) Easier
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Introduction Robots And The Web: An
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Figure 2. BargainBot Search Results
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Conclusions and Future Work Figure
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Introduction Active Messaging in Ja
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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The effective development of web-ba
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telecollaboration. This work aims t
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Introduction Internet for Teachers:
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Creating Educational Webmasters: Cy
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Acknowledgments I would like to tha
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The College of Human Ecology, which
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The screen dumps below show a large
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can also open and close levels of t
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Venice and Vienna, iconographic col
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Introduction: Cyberschool - Singapo
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1. Overview US Information Superhig
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Collaborative Design: A Cognitive A
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A Web Based Decision Support System
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addition to participating in teache
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communication between students, bet
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• Exploring Libraries introduces
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Design for Web-Based Learning Phili
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The effin factor concerns the appea
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Introduction The Web is not a Distr
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WEB-EDD: Electronic Document Delive
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Walker, G. L. & Thoma, G. R. (1995)
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3. Evaluation of Link Annotation fo
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Based on the needs addressed above,
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The Presentational use of the inter
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named-thing2(thing-type (parameters
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Integrating the use of the Web into
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linking within the web page is also
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Providing Medical Education Resourc
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logons by PPP/home access, Informat
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indeed create considerable turbulen
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Introduction Homeland: An Integrate
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[Frega and Volpentesta 94] Frega N.
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Summary: Our culture often thinks o
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Implementing Engineering Education
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Reorganised by the Web: Bringing th
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content providers--collaborative te
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Table 1: Sample items from the BEM
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Health Care Information on the Web:
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Abstract Shame and War Revisited Ad
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left to do? Style sheets don't let
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In this case, the Los Alamos Nation
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Differing Cultures: Bringing Minds
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Web of Thought: Ways to Make the Wo
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On Teaching and Collaborative Devel
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I.- History Distance Education on D
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But there is much more to this pict
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in Treemaps. In contrast, the Docuv
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Figure 2: Webview The Webview is us
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Figure 3: Intradocument View showin
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Using a WWW Server to Access and Ma
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W3Client Figure 1 : The Co-Learn WW
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Avoiding Vendor Lock-in: An Open Ap
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Web Courses for Northern B.C.: Virt
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Harvesting the Internet: Creating a
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School Participation in the Co-Deve
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a basic framework for adopting tech
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COMMUNITY WEB PROJECTS TO SUPPORT H
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Overview: Automatically Generated W
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Introduction Computer Aided Informa
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[Bloomfield 1994] Bloomfield, H. (1
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A Generic Learning Platform: From t
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etween Moscow and Western Europe, S
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Creating A Presence On The World Wi
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References [Hill 1993] Hill, Terry
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many of the students likewise had f
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DeRose, Steven and Durand, David, M
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{1} http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/drz/g
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significantly different. Analysis f
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3. The Web Based Solution Most CBT
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A Virtual Campus on the World Wide
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A unified NBCC-wide (and hopefully
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Start Your Search Engines! Authenti
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Observations on Web-Based Course De
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espond to at least four other discu
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examples of the many good discussio
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instructor intervention (to prevent
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Using the World Wide Web To Creativ
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In summary, the goals of the PTK ar
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like SGMLS or SP [Clark 95]. The WW
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All relevant information and links
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Introducation A Virtual Classroom i
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Introduction Put Your Experience on
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Domeshek, E.A. & Kolodner, J.L. 199
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• provide IP address • provide
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Incorporating World Wide Web techno
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1 Introduction Non-Invasive Improve
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The first author acknowledges CNPq
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order to make the students feel tha
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World Band: K-12 Music Education on
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PITS (Populated Information Terrain
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The big central landmark VRML Some
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SEEWeb - An Internet Solution Steve
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Archive.edu: A Storehouse of Classr
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[O’Haver 1995] O’Haver, M. (199
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Module Three The third module explo
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The development of a new journal ne
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Implementation The tool is a Web-ba
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Providing Real Time Instruction on
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first was a single free text field
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the project as contributors of stud
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knowledge-acquisition have to be ac
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instead of contributing a lengthy r
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1. Introduction WWW3D: A 3D Multi-U
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6. Summary In this paper we have de
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collaborative programs. At the same
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and continued challenges of the pas
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In order to cater for the this latt
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Some lectures have pre-lecture assi
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Some Issues. T. of Japanese Society
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MENTOR: Internet Search Advisor and
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acquisition to be followed.- Repres
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Web in order to supplement the main
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When installed at the user end, stu
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These and other lessons learned hav
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some other details about the enviro
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Interactive Teaching Material for t
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The applet is organised around two
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esult, the new search queries not o
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Introduction Distant Education Mate
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Information. The Internet resources
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1 Introduction The Virtual Universi
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on-line, an audio and/or video conn
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Finally, if you are preparing lesso
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The user accessing the database (at
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Figure 2: The HTML page of Esther,
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PANEL
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TUTORIALS
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Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
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specifications like the Initial Gra
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Low end digital cameras do not at a
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To display images correctly the gam
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• PCD: Photo Compact Disc. Kodak.
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3.1 Database Types There are differ
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There are a lot of (hierarchical) k
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the user. The drawback of dynamic c
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types. These are used to restrict t
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-18-
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If you would like to modify the app
Page 861 and 862:
4.4 Database versus Information Ret
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HARVEST [29,30] is a more complicat
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• Access speed: 10% with 9,6 Kbit
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17. Proceedings of the 3rd Internat
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50. Poynton CA. Frequently Asked Qu
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