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Alexander de Grand, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The ‘Fascist’ Style of Rule, (Routledge, London, 1995). Emilio Gentile, The Sacralization of the State in Fascist Italy, (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1996) Roger Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (Routledge, London, 1993) Roger Griffin, Fascism (OUP, Oxford, 1995) Stanley Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914-45, (UCL, London, 1995). Eugen Weber, ‘Revolution? Counter-revolution? What revolution’, in Walter Laqueur (ed.), Fascism: A Reader’s Guide, (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1976). 26 Notes 1. Ernst Bloch, ‘Inventory of a Revolutionary Façade’, The Heritage of our Time (Polity, Cambridge, 1991), p. 64. . R. Palme Dutt, Fascism and Social Revolution, (Martin Lawrence, London, 1933), p. 225.
. Hermann Rauschning, Germany’s Revolution of Destruction, (Heinemann, London, 1939): the title of the US edition was The Revolution of Nihilism (Alliance Books, 1939). 4.. Robert Soucy, ‘Drieu la Rochelle and the Modernist Anti-modernism in French Fascism’, Modern Language Notes, Vols. 95, No. 4, 1980. . Jeffrey Herf, Reactionary Modernism (Cambridge University Press, London, 1984). 6. Eugen Weber, ‘Revolution? Counter-revolution? What revolution’, in Walter Laqueur (ed.), Fascism: A Reader’s Guide, (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1976), p. 509. Weber’s essay is a telling critique of the unscientific assumptions behind the Marxist concept of revolution and counter-revolution. . For further elaboration of the concept ideal type see Roger Griffin, The Nature of Fascism, (Routledge, 1993), pp.8-12. . For a fuller account of this definition see Griffin, International Fascism, (Arnold, London, 1998), p. 14. For independent corroboration that such a consensus exists see Stanley Payne, ‘Review Article. Historical Fascism and the Radical Right’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 35, No. 1 (2000), pp. 109-11. 9. Benito Mussolini, Il discorso di Napoli, [The Naples speech], 24 October 1922, Il Popolo d’Italia, No. 255, 25 October, 1922 Omnia Opera di Benito Mussolini (op.cit.), XVIII, 453-58, in Roger Griffin, Fascism, (Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 43-4. 10. For a penetrating analysis of the psychological effect which the Exhibition was designed to have on those attending it see Jeffrey Schnapp, ‘Epic demonstrations: Fascist Modernity and the 1932 Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution’ in Richard Golsan (ed.), Fascism, Aesthetics, and Culture, (University Press of New Hampshire, 1992). Such events were part of an elaborate bid to ‘sacralize’ the state, so that the entire Fascist regime and its leader became the object of a substitute religion: see Emilio Gentile, The Sacralization of the State in Fascist Italy, (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1996). The Nazis made parallel efforts to create a cult of the Third Reich and its leader on the basis of a ritual and theatrical style of politics, and did so with even greater intensity and success. 11. See Griffin, The Nature of Fascism, op.cit., ch. 5 for an overview of inter-war European authoritarianism in the light of these distinctions. . It should be noted that a number of major scholars operate ideal types of fascism which preclude Nazism from being considered a manifestation of generic fascism, e.g. Zeev Sternhell, Renzo de Felice, James Gregor. 27
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