canopy management in fruit crops - Department of Agriculture & Co ...

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active radiation. Such conditions not only affect the photosynthetic rate but also facilitate proliferation of pests. Consequently, for want of due care of tree canopy architecture and pressures of pest abundance and poor photosynthetic efficiency over the years, the trees turn senile (unproductive). The development of unproductive orchards in vast stretch in fruit belts has become a common sight. There is a great concern as they have a telling impact on socio-economic condition as well as livelihood status of farmers in the country. vi Considering the severity of problem of increased acreage of such senile orchards, emphasis is laid upon canopy management and tree architectural engineering, and management of orchards right from their establishment stage. The advantage with this technology is that every individual tree in the orchard is subject to proper care for development of ideal architecture with outward spread of canopy to facilitate more penetration of active radiation in canopy, thus enhancing the photosynthetic efficiency and yield. Besides, tree growth is regulated to manageable height which makes it amenable to pesticidal spray, training and pruning of branches, and also harvesting of fruits. A sound architecture of trees with open and outward spread canopy is critical for healthy plantation for sustainable fruit production. I am happy to note that, this practical manual on Canopy Management in Fruit Crops will serve the purpose for a wider dissemination of related information to the target audience. It is high time to adopt scientific canopy management as an important component in package of cultural practices of orchard management to promote desired tree canopy, since establishment of the orchards. I compliment Dr Gorakh Singh, Horticulture Commissioner, for bringing out this publication timely which will be beneficial to all those engaged in cultivation of fruit crops. (T. Nanda Kumar)
xksj[k flag ckxokuh vk;qDr Gorakh Singh Horticulture Commissioner Preface India is endowed with varying climatic conditions, providing ample opportunities for the development of fruit industry. In the era of open economy, it has become increasingly necessary that our produce is competitive, both in the domestic as well as in international markets. This demands infusion of technology for an efficient utilization of resources for deriving higher output per unit of input with excellent quality of the produce. This would be possible only through deployment of high-tech application and precision farming methods. Canopy management has attracted the attention of developed countries for increasing the productivity and quality of fruits. The concept of tree canopy management is not so popular since inception of orchard establishment needs appropriate attention to achieve higher yield with quality fruits in a given time. Hkkjr ljdkj Ñf"k ea=kky; Ñf"k ,oa lgdkfjrk foHkkx Government of India Ministry of Agriculture Department of Agriculture & Cooperation The canopy development in perennial fruit crops has a seasonal and lifetime development pattern. The sum of development over individual season results in the final canopy dimension and form. In general, most of the fruit orchards are not managed by initial training and pruning, that is why with ageing, the trees attain taller size and huge structure, thereby leading to higher cost towards orchard management. The basic problems with overcrowded orchards are non availability of sufficient light, more incidence of pests, etc. There are several systems vii
Page 1 and 2: CANOPY MANAGEMENT IN FRUIT CROPS DR
Page 3 and 4: Contents Foreword .................
Page 5: Vh- uUn dqekj] vkbZ-,-,llfpo T. Nan
Page 9 and 10: Introduction Canopy management is o
Page 11 and 12: Principles of Canopy Management Can
Page 13 and 14: Almond In many physiological charac
Page 15 and 16: • Before rejuvenation pruning, br
Page 17 and 18: Apple The plants are trained accord
Page 19 and 20: • • • To check excessive vigo
Page 21 and 22: Apricot Apricot fruits are produced
Page 23 and 24: Avocado Young avocado trees should
Page 25 and 26: Banana In most banana growing regio
Page 27 and 28: • • • • narrow crotches are
Page 29 and 30: Cashew Canopy in cashew, a fast gro
Page 31 and 32: • The yield of bush pruned plants
Page 33 and 34: • If plants are properly protecte
Page 35 and 36: Cherry Cherry plants require more c
Page 37 and 38: Grapefruit The grapefruit plants ar
Page 39 and 40: Pruning Tips • Pruning should be
Page 41 and 42: Sweet Orange Sweet orange trees are
Page 43 and 44: Custard apple Custard apple require
Page 45 and 46: Fig Fig plants require annual pruni
Page 47 and 48: Grape Canopy of grapevine includes
Page 49 and 50: • • • than the requirement. H
Page 51 and 52: Establishing Meadow Orchard • In
Page 53 and 54: • • • The multiple shoots dev
Page 55 and 56: Jamun Jamun plants need to be train
Page 57 and 58:
• • • • • • To achieve
Page 59 and 60:
Litchi Management of optimum statur
Page 61 and 62:
• growth around the bottom of tru
Page 63 and 64:
Mango Tree canopy management, espec
Page 65 and 66:
• • • • During removal of b
Page 67 and 68:
• • • could cause significant
Page 69 and 70:
• • • • • Young non beari
Page 71 and 72:
Peach Peach fruit is mainly borne o
Page 73 and 74:
Pear Proper training and pruning of
Page 75 and 76:
Persimmon Persimmon plants are trai
Page 77 and 78:
Plum Plum plants are slower than th
Page 79 and 80:
Pomegranate Pomegranate has wide ra
Page 81 and 82:
Sapota Sapota being an evergreen tr
Page 83 and 84:
Walnut Modified central leader syst
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