“MONSTROUS AND ILLEGAL PROCEEDINGS”: LAW ...

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largely prospered by supplying the allied forces fighting in Paraguay. This temporarily eased political pressures. 34 Yet, as the 1868 national elections approached, the political violence in the interior began to spill over into Río de la Plata borderlands as well. Urquiza himself made preparations to run for national office. He secured support from federalist allies throughout the littoral provinces for his candidacy. In Corrientes, however, tensions over Urquiza’s campaign exploded into open violence. Recall that Mitre and Urquiza had both maneuvered to exploit the struggles between the provincial government and departmental heads in the southern correntino borderlands. Mitre had backed a revolution by Nicanor Cáceres and others against José María Rolón in 1861. Seven years later, the federalist Evaristo López held the governorship largely with the continued backing of Cáceres and other prominent correntino ranchers. Evaristo López also appeared likely to support Urquiza in the coming elections. Seeking to check the power of the federalists in the province and secure support for their own electoral slate, the opposition liberals overthrew the governor. Cáceres quickly organized his own forces and marched towards the correntino capital. The liberals in the capital urgently requested that Mitre send national forces to support their still tenuous position. Cáceres issued similar calls for aid from the federalists in Entre Ríos. In effect, Cáceres now reached out to Urquiza in an effort to check the power of the national government. The long-simmering conflict between the provincial federalists and the national liberals that Urquiza had worked to contain now appeared to be finally boiling over. It did so along the old fault lines between local borderlands leaders and their provincial and national rivals. 35                                                          34 Rock, State Building, 42. 35 Newton, Ricardo López Jordán, 84-85. 312     
The national government sent an “observation force” of some 2,000 men under Emilio Mitre’s command. Urquiza ordered López Jordán to the correntino border, but with strict orders not to enter the province. Gathering a force of dissident federalists and emigrant blancos, López Jordán eagerly awaited orders to assist Cáceres. When Urquiza hesitated, again trying to avoid a confrontation between the federalists in his province and the national government, López Jordán grew irate. He wrote to several allies: I have been disillusioned by my joy to see . . . our general and friend on the terrain we have long wished for, but from the news today, the man has returned to his calm, killer of his true interests, those of his party and of the country as a whole, God help him. 36 López Jordán and his fellow dissidents had been discussing a rebellion against Urquiza throughout the past year. Now, as outside national and federalist forces converged on the province, López Jordán took his first openly defiant step. As Cáceres and the correntino liberals prepared to meet around Arroyo Garay, López Jordán invaded Corrientes. He soundly defeated the correntino liberal forces. He then advanced towards the national observation army. A confrontation between the national government and the dissident federalists in Entre Ríos and Corrientes appeared imminent. While triumphant on the battlefield, the correntino conflict and the struggles in the interior had successfully limited Urquiza and the federalists’ influence in the national elections. Urquiza carried only the delegates from his native Entre Ríos, Santa Fe and besieged Salta. Elsewhere, after some electoral maneuvering, Domingo Sarmiento, the strident critic of provincial governors like Urquiza, emerged as Mitre’s successor. Recognizing the danger of an open civil war, Urquiza immediately worked to broker a peace with Sarmiento’s new government. Once again, the negotiations produced terms that appeared extremely favorable to the national government. Liberals remained in power in                                                          36 Duarte, Urquiza y López Jordán, 141. 313     
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“MONSTROUS AND ILLEGAL PROCEEDING
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ABSTRACT This dissertation explores
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ACKN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Like the wandering
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Upon returning to the United States
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INTRODUCTION IN EARLY 1828, A FRENC
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Juan Manuel de Rosas and Facundo Qu
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By moving between stories of law an
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in the continental interior. They d
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the fluid character of borderlands
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and geographic conceptions. Extendi
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local legal norms and practices in
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that has greatly expanded the space
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along rivertine trading corridors.
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strains articulated by men like Art
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Bringing the courts back into the s
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of borderlands leaders to negotiate
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Removing the old colonial order, ho
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the city remained a sparsely popula
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smugglers and other imperial outlaw
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Imperial Collapse and Fragmentation
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ivers, deserts and a few vagrant an
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defend its possessions, peninsular
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They requested that the Junta appoi
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manufactured products for the Andea
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The Paraguayan government proposed
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Montevideo in January of 1811, he i
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Ríos. From there, he continued to
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easoning. 25 They had rejected the
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military headquarters along the ban
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sovereignty rooted in borderlands p
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Artigas’ defeat did not spell the
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economy. By 1822, the powerful merc
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universal laws that would further r
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Pedro abdicated the throne in 1831,
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CHAPTER 2 THE (RE)EMERGENCE OF BORD
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operate throughout the borderlands
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and staple exports instead of the o
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Ríos in particular witnessed a dra
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goods as far north as the cities of
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simmering struggles. By 1840, local
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merchants, traders and landowners.
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earning the faction’s colorado ti
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Guarch’s deal with Carvalho revea
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web of reciprocal relationships tha
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the border in Brazil. In this way,
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In short, over the course of a deca
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that he had employed to first arran
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opposite direction from Porto Alegr
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Pinto sought to have the property d
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dealings with Vázquez and the Carv
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Ríos or by ship to Montero’s out
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alliances with the blancos to open
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connections up and down the river t
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With his money now in limbo and his
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honorable merchant. His associates
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meant more than establishing a docu
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Uruguaiana and Salto. 80 Chaves and
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complex laws “that they only unde
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were considered suspect, particular
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status. Public recognition of one
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They reasoned that “one has to re
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unanimous and respected testimony o
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powerful figures like Urquiza, depe
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CHAPTER 3 SOVEREIGN CONFLICTS THE R
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conflicts between peripheral ranche
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further agreed to provide payments
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Sosa almost immediately responded.
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funds, the imperial government took
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Throughout the early 1830s, the Uru
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Fernandes Braga, the provincial pre
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Frustrated by the lack of progress,
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cataloguing illegal property confis
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also provided prominent local elite
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As the 1850s dawned, the persistent
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traffic along the Uruguay. Rosas fi
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would order, they intend to be resp
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economic and political relationship
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fed back into broader political dis
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advance their visions for a new nat
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Estado Oriental and had fought at C
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Brazilian officials opened secret n
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The 1855 occupation reinvigorated e
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end political violence in the inter
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important) but also dealt with defi
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Ribeiros, Prado Lima possessed land
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move to Alegrete were unclear. Duri
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verification of filings in his foru
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“intimate friend and relative.”
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men. They were capable of protectin
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Nolasco and Vianna responded that t
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in 1834. Joaquim dos Santos Prado L
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Vital de Oliveira, securing his ele
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controlled the appointment of distr
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military control. By engaging in th
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faction’s strength. In particular
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mattered greatly to their own power
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the parties and the public, with ea
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matter, he was an outsider. Tristan
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Tristani then attempted to attack h
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litigation in Alegrete, questions o
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throughout the country that his wor
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his wife. He claimed that she “wa
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and the titles of each litigant in
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judgment declaring their rival’s
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CHAPTER 5 POLITICAL POWER AND PROPE
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property of Joaquim dos Santos Prad
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acknowledged by both court and poss
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Paulo, Sá Brito was one of the few
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Teixeira claimed that Prado Lima ha
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the trial court’s judgment. The c
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lands in question in 1833. The cour
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The appearance of testimony by Prad
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of cattle from the da Silva’s lan
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[Lima] contracted with an untrained
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that department, Colonel Diego Lama
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vizinho” in Alegrete’s courts o
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Brigadier Don David Canavarro . . .
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assistance, Garces won her case aga
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Brazil. Berro ended a decade of fre
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coexistence of these provincial and
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Urquiza’s efforts to placate his
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and elites now supported Urquiza’
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province within the national framew
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porteño cavalry at Cepeda and Pav
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The correntino merchants responded
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assembling witnesses (in this case,
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etween himself and Abendaño, howev
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complete the exchange, however, Bic
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side sought to dictate the distribu
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Bica had used commercial and politi
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The incident also revealed how impe
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positioned the Ribeiro faction to g
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Borderlands inhabitants in the earl
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neatly encapsulated the ongoing con
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Page 273 and 274: anchers operating throughout the bo
Page 275 and 276: Brazilian slave laws followed them
Page 277 and 278: familial connections on the Brazili
Page 279 and 280: defined their respective places in
Page 281 and 282: supply his troops. 26 By the time o
Page 283 and 284: Brazilian masters that resulted in
Page 285 and 286: pursue further rights. They would p
Page 287 and 288: in the Estado Oriental. At the hear
Page 289 and 290: was also a personal enemy of Canaba
Page 291 and 292: part of a broader narrative of conf
Page 293 and 294: anything, Orientales.” 56 Gomez
Page 295 and 296: anchers, like that of local Uruguay
Page 297 and 298: “complete proof of oriental natio
Page 299 and 300: Uruguayan notaries. These included
Page 301 and 302: Republic over issues of rivertine t
Page 303 and 304: his cattle in 1858. 79 Recall also
Page 305 and 306: of warfare in the borderlands furth
Page 307 and 308: In effect, he hoped to exchange loy
Page 309 and 310: guarantee their commercial relation
Page 311 and 312: governments in Montevideo and Brazi
Page 313 and 314: nineteen in the provincial militia
Page 315 and 316: authority to contain the more radic
Page 317 and 318: captured the city of Corrientes. To
Page 319 and 320: Urquiza struggled to reorganize his
Page 321: attle in March of 1870. 29 By the e
Page 325 and 326: the reciprocal trading relationship
Page 327 and 328: splintered into “traditional” a
Page 329 and 330: country’s ranching elites. In res
Page 331 and 332: these absurd and unwarranted charge
Page 333 and 334: protect “the development of those
Page 335 and 336: police forces to better protect cat
Page 337 and 338: conspiracies, the steady stream of
Page 339 and 340: matter was overblown and that repor
Page 341 and 342: CHAPTER 8 NEGOTIATING NATIONS ALTHO
Page 343 and 344: Local Legal Practices and National
Page 345 and 346: pointed link between the “honor
Page 347 and 348: personal interests, Guarch’s fact
Page 349 and 350: Guarch first sought to tip the scal
Page 351 and 352: following the order designated by t
Page 353 and 354: history in 1877. 24 Salto’s first
Page 355 and 356: twenty-five peso fine. 29 Leal prom
Page 357 and 358: serves?” 36 He continued: “Does
Page 359 and 360: abuses “no doubt flowed from the
Page 361 and 362: political allegiances. Within the f
Page 363 and 364: Operating within this relationship,
Page 365 and 366: By the dawn of the 1880s, national
Page 367 and 368: ejected this evidence, however, fin
Page 369 and 370: with his son-in-law Alexander da Cr
Page 371 and 372: not only to affirm these local find
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olster the positions of important l
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CONCLUSION IN 1887, THE GREAT URUGU
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elationships and secure local court
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economies to the forces of global c
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ARGENTINA ARCHIVES CONSULTED BIBLIO
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PUBLISHED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MAT
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Cárcano, Ramón J. Guerra del Para
Page 387 and 388:
Flores, Mariana Flores da Cunha Tho
Page 389 and 390:
Lasso, Marixa. Myths of Harmony: Ra
Page 391 and 392:
Piccolo, Helga I. L. "A Política R
Page 393 and 394:
Schultz, Kirsten. Tropical Versaill
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