“MONSTROUS AND ILLEGAL PROCEEDINGS”: LAW ...

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struggled to hold the empire together as it enacted economic and political reforms. Renewed violence in the southern borderlands was out of the question. 20 With the empire’s stability very much in doubt, the Regency’s new leaders were particularly alarmed by the growing connections between Lavalleja and Rosas. Upon crossing the border, Lavalleja had in fact immigrated to Buenos Aires to secure federalist support for a renewed campaign against Rivera. Seeking to avoid becoming further embroiled in the Río de la Plata’s struggles, the Brazilian government adopted a position of strict neutrality in Uruguayan affairs. Consistent with this policy, it again ordered Gonçalves to cease sheltering and disband Lavalleja’s small army. The growing rift between imperial policy and Gonçalves’ personal interests in maintaining his political allegiances across the border, in no small part to bolster his substantial economic interests throughout the borderlands, threatened to boil over. Desperate to avoid renewed warfare along its southern periphery, officials in Rio de Janeiro summoned Gonçalves to the capital in an effort to reduce tensions in late 1833. While Gonçalves maintained his loyalty to the emperor, accusations of treason continued to poison the waters. For the moment, the weak imperial government managed to preclude an open break largely by guaranteeing Gonçalves autonomy in his command along the border. The deepening tensions with figures like Gonçalves, however, continued to reflect the underlying conflicts between borderlands identities and efforts from imperial and national cores to impose boundaries on cross-border relationships and allegiances. By 1834, the strains between the Brazilian empire and the inhabitants in its southern borderlands had finally proved too great to avoid a direct confrontation. In April, Antônio                                                          20 For a general overview of the Regency period, see Paulo Pereira Castro, "A Experiéncia Republicana, 1831-1840," in História Geral da Civilização Brasileira, ed. Sergio Buarque de Holanda (São Paulo: Difusão Européia do Livro, 1963-1972).   130   
Fernandes Braga, the provincial president, accused Gonçalves of conspiring to incorporate Rio Grande do Sul into the Uruguayan Republic. Braga then attempted to strip Gonçalves of his command. At the same time, Braga also removed Bento Manoel Ribeiro from his frontier command around Alegrete for likewise violating imperial mandates by openly aiding Fructuoso Rivera. Ribeiro’s own activities linked up closely to the commercial chains established by Agustín Guarch and others from Montevideo across the borderlands to Alegrete and Uruguaiana. Braga threatened to undermine the entire reciprocal system of which Rivera and Ribeiro were key participants. In effect, Braga’s actions towards Gonçalves and Ribeiro amounted to an open invitation to revolt. The two commanders rallied support throughout the borderlands. In 1835, they marched on Porto Alegre, taking the provincial capital on 20 September 1835. They quickly deposed Braga and requested that the imperial government appoint a new president. The Farrapos Revolution was underway. 21 The initial movements against Braga ostensibly aimed only to end the abuses of his administration. This included restoring the relative autonomy of borderlands commanders like Ribeiro and Gonçalves to conduct their cross-border economic and political operations without undue interference from provincial or imperial officials. Even at this stage, the Regency government in Rio de Janeiro moved to placate the rebels by appointing a new provincial president, José de Araújo Ribeiro, with substantial ties to the borderlands.                                                          21 The literature on the Farrapos Revolution is truly vast. Important works include Alfredo Varela, Historia da Grande Revolução: O Cyclo Farroupilha no Brasil (Porto Alegre: Oficinas Graficas da Livraria do Globo, 1933), Varela, Revoluções Cisplatinas e Republica Riograndense, Padoin, Federalismo Gaúcho, Helga Piccolo, Décio Freitas, José Hildebrando Dacanal, Margaret Marchiori Bakos, Sandra Pesavento, and Spencer Leitman, ed. A Revolução Farroupilha: História e Interpretação (Porto Alegre: Mercado Aberto, 1985), Dante de Laytano, História da República Rio-Grandense (1835-1845), 2d ed. (Porto Alegre: Ed. Globo, 1983), Moacyr Flores, Modelo Político dos Farrapos: As Idéias Políticas da Revolução Farroupilha (Porto Alegre: Editora Mercado Aberto, 1978).   131   
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“MONSTROUS AND ILLEGAL PROCEEDING
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ABSTRACT This dissertation explores
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ACKN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Like the wandering
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Upon returning to the United States
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INTRODUCTION IN EARLY 1828, A FRENC
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Juan Manuel de Rosas and Facundo Qu
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By moving between stories of law an
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in the continental interior. They d
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the fluid character of borderlands
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and geographic conceptions. Extendi
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local legal norms and practices in
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that has greatly expanded the space
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along rivertine trading corridors.
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strains articulated by men like Art
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Bringing the courts back into the s
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of borderlands leaders to negotiate
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Removing the old colonial order, ho
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the city remained a sparsely popula
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smugglers and other imperial outlaw
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Imperial Collapse and Fragmentation
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ivers, deserts and a few vagrant an
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defend its possessions, peninsular
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They requested that the Junta appoi
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manufactured products for the Andea
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The Paraguayan government proposed
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Montevideo in January of 1811, he i
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Ríos. From there, he continued to
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easoning. 25 They had rejected the
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military headquarters along the ban
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sovereignty rooted in borderlands p
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Artigas’ defeat did not spell the
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economy. By 1822, the powerful merc
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universal laws that would further r
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Pedro abdicated the throne in 1831,
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CHAPTER 2 THE (RE)EMERGENCE OF BORD
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operate throughout the borderlands
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and staple exports instead of the o
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Ríos in particular witnessed a dra
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goods as far north as the cities of
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simmering struggles. By 1840, local
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merchants, traders and landowners.
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earning the faction’s colorado ti
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Guarch’s deal with Carvalho revea
Page 89 and 90: web of reciprocal relationships tha
Page 91 and 92: the border in Brazil. In this way,
Page 93 and 94: In short, over the course of a deca
Page 95 and 96: that he had employed to first arran
Page 97 and 98: opposite direction from Porto Alegr
Page 99 and 100: Pinto sought to have the property d
Page 101 and 102: dealings with Vázquez and the Carv
Page 103 and 104: Ríos or by ship to Montero’s out
Page 105 and 106: alliances with the blancos to open
Page 107 and 108: connections up and down the river t
Page 109 and 110: With his money now in limbo and his
Page 111 and 112: honorable merchant. His associates
Page 113 and 114: meant more than establishing a docu
Page 115 and 116: Uruguaiana and Salto. 80 Chaves and
Page 117 and 118: complex laws “that they only unde
Page 119 and 120: were considered suspect, particular
Page 121 and 122: status. Public recognition of one
Page 123 and 124: They reasoned that “one has to re
Page 125 and 126: unanimous and respected testimony o
Page 127 and 128: powerful figures like Urquiza, depe
Page 129 and 130: CHAPTER 3 SOVEREIGN CONFLICTS THE R
Page 131 and 132: conflicts between peripheral ranche
Page 133 and 134: further agreed to provide payments
Page 135 and 136: Sosa almost immediately responded.
Page 137 and 138: funds, the imperial government took
Page 139: Throughout the early 1830s, the Uru
Page 143 and 144: Frustrated by the lack of progress,
Page 145 and 146: cataloguing illegal property confis
Page 147 and 148: also provided prominent local elite
Page 149 and 150: As the 1850s dawned, the persistent
Page 151 and 152: traffic along the Uruguay. Rosas fi
Page 153 and 154: would order, they intend to be resp
Page 155 and 156: economic and political relationship
Page 157 and 158: fed back into broader political dis
Page 159 and 160: advance their visions for a new nat
Page 161 and 162: Estado Oriental and had fought at C
Page 163 and 164: Brazilian officials opened secret n
Page 165 and 166: The 1855 occupation reinvigorated e
Page 167 and 168: end political violence in the inter
Page 169 and 170: important) but also dealt with defi
Page 171 and 172: Ribeiros, Prado Lima possessed land
Page 173 and 174: move to Alegrete were unclear. Duri
Page 175 and 176: verification of filings in his foru
Page 177 and 178: “intimate friend and relative.”
Page 179 and 180: men. They were capable of protectin
Page 181 and 182: Nolasco and Vianna responded that t
Page 183 and 184: in 1834. Joaquim dos Santos Prado L
Page 185 and 186: Vital de Oliveira, securing his ele
Page 187 and 188: controlled the appointment of distr
Page 189 and 190: military control. By engaging in th
Page 191 and 192:
faction’s strength. In particular
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mattered greatly to their own power
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the parties and the public, with ea
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matter, he was an outsider. Tristan
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Tristani then attempted to attack h
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litigation in Alegrete, questions o
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throughout the country that his wor
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his wife. He claimed that she “wa
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and the titles of each litigant in
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judgment declaring their rival’s
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CHAPTER 5 POLITICAL POWER AND PROPE
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property of Joaquim dos Santos Prad
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acknowledged by both court and poss
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Paulo, Sá Brito was one of the few
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Teixeira claimed that Prado Lima ha
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the trial court’s judgment. The c
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lands in question in 1833. The cour
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The appearance of testimony by Prad
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of cattle from the da Silva’s lan
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[Lima] contracted with an untrained
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that department, Colonel Diego Lama
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vizinho” in Alegrete’s courts o
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Brigadier Don David Canavarro . . .
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assistance, Garces won her case aga
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Brazil. Berro ended a decade of fre
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coexistence of these provincial and
Page 243 and 244:
Urquiza’s efforts to placate his
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and elites now supported Urquiza’
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province within the national framew
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porteño cavalry at Cepeda and Pav
Page 251 and 252:
The correntino merchants responded
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assembling witnesses (in this case,
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etween himself and Abendaño, howev
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complete the exchange, however, Bic
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side sought to dictate the distribu
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Bica had used commercial and politi
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The incident also revealed how impe
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positioned the Ribeiro faction to g
Page 267 and 268:
Borderlands inhabitants in the earl
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neatly encapsulated the ongoing con
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for Brazilian ranchers. In the best
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anchers operating throughout the bo
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Brazilian slave laws followed them
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familial connections on the Brazili
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defined their respective places in
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supply his troops. 26 By the time o
Page 283 and 284:
Brazilian masters that resulted in
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pursue further rights. They would p
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in the Estado Oriental. At the hear
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was also a personal enemy of Canaba
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part of a broader narrative of conf
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anything, Orientales.” 56 Gomez
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anchers, like that of local Uruguay
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“complete proof of oriental natio
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Uruguayan notaries. These included
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Republic over issues of rivertine t
Page 303 and 304:
his cattle in 1858. 79 Recall also
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of warfare in the borderlands furth
Page 307 and 308:
In effect, he hoped to exchange loy
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guarantee their commercial relation
Page 311 and 312:
governments in Montevideo and Brazi
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nineteen in the provincial militia
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authority to contain the more radic
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captured the city of Corrientes. To
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Urquiza struggled to reorganize his
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attle in March of 1870. 29 By the e
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The national government sent an “
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the reciprocal trading relationship
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splintered into “traditional” a
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country’s ranching elites. In res
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these absurd and unwarranted charge
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protect “the development of those
Page 335 and 336:
police forces to better protect cat
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conspiracies, the steady stream of
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matter was overblown and that repor
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CHAPTER 8 NEGOTIATING NATIONS ALTHO
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Local Legal Practices and National
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pointed link between the “honor
Page 347 and 348:
personal interests, Guarch’s fact
Page 349 and 350:
Guarch first sought to tip the scal
Page 351 and 352:
following the order designated by t
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history in 1877. 24 Salto’s first
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twenty-five peso fine. 29 Leal prom
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serves?” 36 He continued: “Does
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abuses “no doubt flowed from the
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political allegiances. Within the f
Page 363 and 364:
Operating within this relationship,
Page 365 and 366:
By the dawn of the 1880s, national
Page 367 and 368:
ejected this evidence, however, fin
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with his son-in-law Alexander da Cr
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not only to affirm these local find
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olster the positions of important l
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CONCLUSION IN 1887, THE GREAT URUGU
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elationships and secure local court
Page 379 and 380:
economies to the forces of global c
Page 381 and 382:
ARGENTINA ARCHIVES CONSULTED BIBLIO
Page 383 and 384:
PUBLISHED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MAT
Page 385 and 386:
Cárcano, Ramón J. Guerra del Para
Page 387 and 388:
Flores, Mariana Flores da Cunha Tho
Page 389 and 390:
Lasso, Marixa. Myths of Harmony: Ra
Page 391 and 392:
Piccolo, Helga I. L. "A Política R
Page 393 and 394:
Schultz, Kirsten. Tropical Versaill
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