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Maria-Jesus Martinez-Argüelles et al. generation of personalized feedback. Moreover, it must be considered that this is directly related to the size of the group. Over 40 students, timely-costs in the elaboration of feedback go far beyond the time teachers must dedicate to it. This forces us to opt for several strategies. Reducing the number of people in the classroom leading to an optimal size could be an example, or also cost-reducing strategies can be raised, starting with the creation of generic messages (oriented to solve concrete doubts and errors which are common to several students). 50,0 45,0 40,0 35,0 30,0 25,0 20,0 15,0 10,0 5,0 0,0 Training, Multimedia personalised feedback Correction Multimedia implementation Personalized feedback 01.520 01.500 01.508 01.501 01.510 Figure 1: Hours destined to correction and personalized feedback, by type of work (ource: Own elaboration from surveys to teachers). One element that has not been taken into account when implementing the pilot test and could add some significant distortion to the analysis is the fact that in the subject Statistics Essentials there was, at the same time, another pilot test incorporating important changes to the structure of the student's classroom being carried out. This fact reduced our frame of reference to work with when making the comparison. That is to say, whereas comparison between classrooms can be analysed with no fear, comparative analysis with previous semesters is difficult because they would not be strictly comparable. Moreover, in this case, the teacher did not manage two small-sized groups but only one. 4. Conclusions Implementation of multimedia personalized feedback arises as a need to improve the student's learning capacity and performance, making the best out of generalization and spreading of multimedia tools, beyond the feedback in text. From this element and after developing a set of pilot tests in several subjects of the Degree of Business Administration the following conclusions can be drawn: Firstly, with the aim to make multimedia feedback more efficient and to make the best of its options, teachers need specific training both technological and pedagogical, as well as to develop communication abilities through video. Secondly, it has been proved that personalized feedback requires an important time investment by the teacher, therefore it is necessary to plan the intensity and frequency in which inputs will take place both regarding students and PACs. Thirdly, the effectiveness of feedback and accuracy of using one or another channel, one or another type of feedback depends a lot on the typology of the subject and the teachers' communication and technological abilities. Fourthly, it can be stated that personalized feedback brings a closer relationship between learner and teacher, this having favourable and encouraging effects on learning on the students. It is also certain that, on the other hand, this more personalized relationship between learner and teacher is to the detriment of the relationship classroom-group. Fifthly, it is apparent that personalization of feedback changes the way PACs are corrected and, therefore, lastly we can conclude that using other ways to give feedback different from the written one, does not reduce the 462
Maria-Jesus Martinez-Argüelles et al. teachers' dedication and makes it hard to be implemented generally in groups of 70 students with the current contractual relationship of dedication. These conclusions must be compatible with the fact that students judge very positively the personalized feedback and has a facilitating as well as motivating effect on learning. Nevertheless, according to what the teacher suggests, the most important element is what is said rather than the tool that is used to say it. On the other hand, in order for this feedback to be implemented by teachers, a technical training on communication and pedagogy is needed. This personalization requires additional dedication and new ways to correct PACs that make it difficult to be extrapolated to a 70-student classroom-group, particularly taking into account that the longer this personalized feedback takes place, the more demanding students become and the teacher-student interaction increases. Finally, from this study several lines of future investigation arise. Data analysis regarding academic performance between pilot classrooms and monitoring classrooms is a key element to be valued when considering that the academic performance of the over effort that personalized feedback means. In this sense, it must also be considered, when assessing its possible spreading to the rest of subjects within the context, whether or not different types of subjects correspond to different types of feedback. Acknowledgements This article is the result of a collective work resulting from the project “TOWARDS AN IMPROVEMENT OF THE E-FEEDBACK”, funded by AGAUR (Catalan Goverment), leaded by María Jesús Martínez Argüelles (2010MQD00145), We are grateful to the work done by the rest of members of the project: Marc Badia-Miró, Carolina Hintzmann, Dolors Plana-Erta, Muriel Garreta Domingo, David Trelles Bertran and Antoni Mangas. We also want to thank the collaboration of Anna Espasa Roca when improving the methodological work around feedback. Lastly, we want to thank the economic support given by the Economy and Business Department of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. References Alvarez, and., Espasa, A. & Guasch, T. (in press). “The value of feedback in improving collaborative writing assignments in an online learning environment”. Studies in Higher Education. Buchanan, T. (2000). “The efficacy of a World-Wide Web mediated formative assessment”. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 16, 193-200. Dempsey, J.V. & Wager, S.U. (1988). “A taxonomy for the timing of feedback in computer-based instruction”. Educational Technology, 28(10), 20–25. Espasa, A. & Meneses, J. (2010). “Analysing feedback processes in an online teaching and learning environment: An exploratory study”. Higher Education, 59-3, 277-292. Espasa, A. (2008). “El Feedback en el marc de la regulació de l’aprenentatge: caracterització i anàlisi en un entorn formatiu en línia”. Doctoral Thesis. On line, available at:http://www.tdx.cat/browse?value=Espasa+Roca%2C+Anna&type=author Espasa, A. (2010). “Temporal and assessment dimension: characterisation of feedback after assignments”. eLearn Center Research Paper Series, Issue 1. Time factor in eLearning and assessment. http://elcrps.uoc.edu/ojs/index.php/elcrps/article/view/issue1-espasa Gibbs, G. & Simpson, C. (2004). “Conditions under which assessment supports students’ learning”. Learning and Teaching in Higher Education, 1, 3-31. Guasch, T.; Espasa, A. & Álvarez, and.(2010). “Formative e-feedback in collaborative writing assignments: the effect of the process and time”. eLearn Center Research Paper Series, Issue 1. Time factor in eLearning and assessment. http://elcrps.uoc.edu/ojs/index.php/elcrps/article/view/issue1-guasch-espasaalvarez/issue1-guasch-espasa-alvarez Hyland, F. (2001). “Providing Effective Support: Investigating feedback to distance language learners”. Open Learning, 16(3), 233-247. Hyland, F. (2003). “Focusing on form: Student engagement with teacher feedback”. System, 31, 217-230. Kluger, A.N. & DeNisi, A. (1996). “The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory”. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 254-284. Kramarski, B. & Zeichner, O. (2001). “Using technology to enchance mathematical reasoning: Effects of feedback and self-regulation learning”. Educational Media International, 38 (2-3), 77-82. Kulhavy, R.W. & Stock, W.A. (1989). “Feedback in written instruction: the place of response certitude”. Educational Pyschology Review, 1(4), 279-308. Ley, K. (1999). “Providing feedback to distance students”. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 16(2), 63-69. 463
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Maria-Jesus Martinez-Argüelles et al.<br />
teachers' dedication and makes it hard to be implemented generally in groups of 70 students with the<br />
current contractual relationship of dedication.<br />
These conclusions must be compatible with the fact that students judge very positively the<br />
personalized feedback and has a facilitating as well as motivating effect on <strong>learning</strong>. Nevertheless,<br />
according to what the teacher suggests, the most important element is what is said rather than the<br />
tool that is used to say it.<br />
On the other hand, in order for this feedback to be implemented by teachers, a technical training on<br />
communication and pedagogy is needed. This personalization requires additional dedication and new<br />
ways to correct PACs that make it difficult to be extrapolated to a 70-student classroom-group,<br />
particularly taking into account that the longer this personalized feedback takes place, the more<br />
demanding students become and the teacher-student interaction increases.<br />
Finally, from this study several lines of future investigation arise. Data analysis regarding academic<br />
performance between pilot classrooms and monitoring classrooms is a key element to be valued<br />
when considering that the academic performance of the over effort that personalized feedback<br />
means. In this sense, it must also be considered, when assessing its possible spreading to the rest of<br />
subjects within the context, whether or not different types of subjects correspond to different types of<br />
feedback.<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
This article is the result of a collective work resulting from the project “TOWARDS AN<br />
IMPROVEMENT OF THE E-FEEDBACK”, funded by AGAUR (Catalan Goverment), leaded by María<br />
Jesús Martínez Argüelles (2010MQD00145), We are grateful to the work done by the rest of members<br />
of the project: Marc Badia-Miró, Carolina Hintzmann, Dolors Plana-Erta, Muriel Garreta Domingo,<br />
David Trelles Bertran and Antoni Mangas. We also want to thank the collaboration of Anna Espasa<br />
Roca when improving the methodological work around feedback. Lastly, we want to thank the<br />
economic support given by the Economy and Business Department of the Universitat Oberta de<br />
Catalunya.<br />
References<br />
Alvarez, and., Espasa, A. & Guasch, T. (in press). “The value of feedback in improving collaborative writing<br />
assignments in an online <strong>learning</strong> environment”. Studies in Higher Education.<br />
Buchanan, T. (2000). “The efficacy of a World-Wide Web mediated formative assessment”. Journal of Computer<br />
Assisted Learning, 16, 193-200.<br />
Dempsey, J.V. & Wager, S.U. (1988). “A taxonomy for the timing of feedback in computer-based instruction”.<br />
Educational Technology, 28(10), 20–25.<br />
Espasa, A. & Meneses, J. (2010). “Analysing feedback processes in an online teaching and <strong>learning</strong><br />
environment: An exploratory study”. Higher Education, 59-3, 277-292.<br />
Espasa, A. (2008). “El Feedback en el marc de la regulació de l’aprenentatge: caracterització i anàlisi en un<br />
entorn formatiu en línia”. Doctoral Thesis. On line, available<br />
at:http://www.tdx.cat/browse?value=Espasa+Roca%2C+Anna&type=author<br />
Espasa, A. (2010). “Temporal and assessment dimension: characterisation of feedback after assignments”.<br />
eLearn Center Research Paper Series, Issue 1. Time factor in eLearning and assessment.<br />
http://elcrps.uoc.edu/ojs/index.php/elcrps/article/view/issue1-espasa<br />
Gibbs, G. & Simpson, C. (2004). “Conditions under which assessment supports students’ <strong>learning</strong>”. Learning and<br />
Teaching in Higher Education, 1, 3-31.<br />
Guasch, T.; Espasa, A. & Álvarez, and.(2010). “Formative e-feedback in collaborative writing assignments: the<br />
effect of the process and time”. eLearn Center Research Paper Series, Issue 1. Time factor in eLearning<br />
and assessment. http://elcrps.uoc.edu/ojs/index.php/elcrps/article/view/issue1-guasch-espasaalvarez/issue1-guasch-espasa-alvarez<br />
Hyland, F. (2001). “Providing Effective Support: Investigating feedback to distance language learners”. Open<br />
Learning, 16(3), 233-247.<br />
Hyland, F. (2003). “Focusing on form: Student engagement with teacher feedback”. System, 31, 217-230.<br />
Kluger, A.N. & DeNisi, A. (1996). “The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a<br />
meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory”. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 254-284.<br />
Kramarski, B. & Zeichner, O. (2001). “Using technology to enchance mathematical reasoning: Effects of feedback<br />
and self-regulation <strong>learning</strong>”. Educational Media International, 38 (2-3), 77-82.<br />
Kulhavy, R.W. & Stock, W.A. (1989). “Feedback in written instruction: the place of response certitude”.<br />
Educational Pyschology Review, 1(4), 279-308.<br />
Ley, K. (1999). “Providing feedback to distance students”. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 16(2), 63-69.<br />
463