黑龍江西北部嫩江頁岩中的葉肢介化石*

第 5 卷第4期古生物学报 Vol. 5, No. 4 

1957 年 12 月 ACTA PALAEONTOLOGICA SINICA December, 1957 

黑龍江西北部嫩江頁岩中的葉肢介化石 * 

張文堂 

(中國科學院古生物研究所) 

嫩江頁岩是 1928 年譚錫鑄和王恆升兩教授在黑龍江嫩江附近調查時所命名。頁岩 

多為灰褐色緻密的凝灰質物質所組成,微細層理發育,代表着內陸的湖相沉積,風化後 

多呈灰白色或淺灰色。嫩江頁岩在嫩江縣城附近大都被冲積層所掩蓋,究有多厚不得而 

知。露頭多零星分佈在縣城四週,各處露頭所見岩性完全一致,岩層傾角都很平緩。在 

嫩江區域,嫩江頁岩不整合地位於前寒武紀的石英岩或片麻岩之上。譚、王兩教授曾在 

頁岩中採獲葉肢介化石,並由計榮森先生作了鑑定,當時定名為 Estheria middendorfi 

Jones var. sinensis Chi 及 Estheria nengkiangensis Chi 兩種,並且確定為下白堊紀。 

1950 及 1951 兩年間俞建章教授、鄭直同志和筆者曾在嫩江縣城四週的嫩江頁岩內 

採獲了更多的葉肢介、介形蟲、昆蟲、脊椎動物骨片及植物化石。這些化石中除昆蟲及 

骨片比較破碎無法鑑定外,葉肢介化石共有 14 種包括在 7 屬和 1 亞屬內。植物化石僅 

有 Pagiophyllum 一屬。介形蟲化石經侯祐堂鑑定有 Candona,Ilyocypris, Cypridea 及一 

種未確定的屬。嫩江頁岩的時代,葛利普及計榮森原定為下白堊紀。1942 年小林貞一研 

究松花江統的葉肢介化石後,認為嫩江頁岩的時代是中部白堊紀至上部白堊紀。嫩江頁 

岩內的葉肢介化石與松花江統的葉肢介化石相同的較多,但与著名的熱河含魚層內的葉 

肢介有顯著的不同。筆者贊同小林貞一的意見,即嫩江頁岩內或松花江統的葉肢介動物 

群要晚於熱河所產者。熱河含魚層原來亦認為是下白堊紀,近來國內及日本有許多學者 

認為熱河含魚層屬侏羅紀,究屬哪一時代,如今尚無肯定的結論。嫩江頁岩內除葉肢介 

化石較多外,介形類亦很多,其分佈在北满相當普遍。究與熱河含魚的地層關係怎樣, 

值得今後多加注意,仔細研究,以便對嫩江頁岩的時代作出確定。在沒有更多生物證據 

的情况下,筆者暫從小林貞一的意見,將嫩江頁岩列為中部白堊紀或上白堊紀。 

嫩江頁岩中的葉肢介化石原為俞建章教授、鄭直同志和筆者所採集,俞教授囑咐筆 

者加以研究,並得到俞教授的多方鼓勵和在野外工作上的指導和幫助。本文寫完之後, 

* 1957 年 8 月 27 日收到。

480 古生物学报 5卷 

曾請蘇聯科學院古生物研究所諾沃日洛夫教授(N. I. Novojilov)閱讀英文稿,並在分類等 

多方面提供許多寶貴的建議和修正。俞建章,盧衍豪、王鈺等教授曾抽暇閱讀文稿,提 

出許多寶貴意見,又黄寶玉及蔣福新兩同志亦給予許多幫助,筆者在此向他們表示深刻 

的謝意。 

目名 Conchostraca 

科名 Cyclograptidae Novojilov,1957 

屬名 Rhombgrapta Novojilov,1954 

Rhombgrapta(?) quadrata Chang(新種) 

(圖版 IV,圖 9) 

殼瓣近於正方形,殼長略長於殼高;背緣相當於殼長的 2/3 且略微彎曲,前緣較直, 

頂端雖向內彎曲但大致与背緣成直角相交;前腹与後腹邊緣都較圓。殼頂位於殼瓣前方 

2/5 殼長的地位,此處在背緣中間或中間略前方。殼頂附近有密集生長綫 15 條,靠近腹 

部一方有不清楚的生長綫 8—9 條。因標本保存不好,生長綫間的裝飾多未保存。 

比較:與 Rhombgrapta rhombica 之區別在於該新種有近於正方形的殼瓣。 

產地及地層:嫩江縣北內蒙海力圖嫩江頁岩內。登記號碼:8547。採集號碼:72。 

屬名 Ellipsograpta Chang (新屬) 

Cyclograptidae 的葉肢介具有橢圓形的殼瓣和直的背緣,前後緣均甚圓,殼頂位

4 期张文堂:黑龙江西北部嫩江页岩中的叶肢介化石 481 

於背緣中間或中間前方,有很多同心圓形生長綫,有放射綫狀裝飾。 

Ellipsograpta 与 Cyclograpta 兩屬很相似,但在外形上前者是橢圓形,後者則是圓形 

或近似圓形。新屬 Ellipsograpta 与 Estherites 亦有區別,因 Estherites 有近似正方形,長 

方形或近似橢圓形的殼瓣,多少帶有彎曲的背緣,殼頂向上伸出並有平緩凸起的殼瓣。 

屬型:Ellipsograpta elliptica Chang(新種) 

Ellipsograpta elliptica Chang(新種) 

(图版 IV,圖 3) 

殼瓣平且呈椭圓形,背緣直且約有 3/5 殼長,前後緣均甚圓有相同彎曲度。殼頂較 

大且平,位於前方 2/5 殼瓣長的地位。生長綫亦呈同心橢圓狀,殼瓣上有 25 條生長綫可 

數。生長綫的間距在殼瓣中間部分較寬,近腹部邊緣處間距較窄。有細的放射綫狀裝飾。 

產地及地層:嫩江三合村西南甘琴石溝嫩江頁岩內。 

登記號碼:8548。採集號碼:181。 

Ellipsograpta subelliptica Chang (新種) 

(圖版 I,圖 13—14;圖版 III,圖 3;圖版 VI,圖 3) 

殼瓣保存較平,近似橢圓形且略微在後腹部擴大。背緣直且略長於殼長之半,後緣 

甚圓,前緣上部似被截切或向後彎曲甚巨,腹緣對稱彎曲。殼頂較大且位於背緣中間前 

方。生長綫有 12 條。有放射綫的裝飾。 

比較:該新種有近似橢圓形的外殼,生長綫較少,殼瓣前緣頂端似被截切,殼高与 

長之比值等各點与 Ellipsograpta elliptica 有別。 


登記號碼:8550—8553。採集號碼:181。 

屬名 Pseudocyclograpta Chang (新屬) 

Cyclograptidae 葉肢介具有近圓形的殼瓣,背緣較直或略為拱起,前緣及腹緣均


甚圓,后緣略向後擴大,殼頂位於背緣中間或背緣中間的略前方。殼頂附近鼓漲,生長 

綫細而密。殼瓣他處甚平,其生長綫較少且間距亦較寬。有放射綫狀裝飾。 

討論在葉肢介化石中殼頂附近特別鼓漲者僅 Estheriina 一屬,關於這一現象, 

Jones 曾指出在分類上雖不像腹足類或頭足類或瓣鰓類的胎殼那麼重要,但至少在葉肢 

介化石方面可以認為是構成屬的或亞屬的特點。Estheriina 一屬自 1897 年發表以後,一 

直到現在都是一個很好的屬名。Pseudocyclograpta 一新屬雖在殼頂附近鼓漲這一點与前 

屬相似,但近圓形的殼瓣、放射綫裝飾,殼頂附近密集的生長綫及殼瓣平坦部分生長綫 

少且間距較寬等各方面都舆 Estheriina 有所不同,並且与 Cyclograpta 及 Cyclograptina 

兩亞屬亦不相同。 

屬型:Pseudocyclograpta convexa Chang (新種) 

Pseudocyclograpta convexa Chang (新種) 

(圖版 III,圖 1—2;圖版 IV,圖 1) 

殼瓣近似圓形,殼長略長於殼高。背緣直或微略拱起並相當於殼長的 3/5,前緣和腹 

緣甚圓,後緣微向後擴大。殼頂位於背緣中間。殼頂附近特別鼓漲很似瓣鳃類中的胎殼, 

其上至少有 15 條密集的生長綫。在殼瓣平坦部分有 11 條生長綫且間距較寬。有放射綫 

的裝飾。 

產地及地層:嫩江六信村嫩江頁岩內。 


屬名 Cyclograpta Novojilov,1954 

亞屬 Cyclograptina Novojilov,1954 

Cyclograptina sp. 

(圖版 IV,圖 2) 

殼瓣保存較平,近圓形或近似卵形;背緣較短且短於殼長之半,或因保存關係背緣 

微微下凹;殼瓣後腹部較圓且微向外擴大。殼頂位於背緣中間;有 21 條生長线,偶有 3 

或 4 條較密集的生長綫在腹部邊緣。生長綫間不見有裝飾。 

討論:由於這一標本保存較差,因而生長綫間的裝飾多不存在。若單由外形上看, 

這一標本似可列入 Cyclograptina 一亞屬內,並且其殼瓣略短於 Cyclograptina magnifica。


產地及地層:嫩江三合村甘琴石溝嫩江頁岩內。 


屬名 Estherites Kobayashi and Huzita,1943 

1943. Estherites Kobayashi and Huzita,Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan,Vol.50, No.598. 

1954.Estherites Kobayashi and Huzita, Jour. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sec. II, Vol. IX, Pt. I, p.133. 

自從 Estherites 一屬建立以後,長期被許多日本古生物學家用來代替已經廢棄的 

Estheria 一屬名並且被廣泛地用來代表葉肢介化石。最近小林貞一將 Estherites 与 

Asmussia Pacht , 1852 Quadriasmussia Kobayashi , 1954 兩屬置放於 Lioestheriidae 

Raymond,1946 科的 Asmussiinae Kobayashi,1954 亞科內。 

Estherites 有近似橢圓形或近似長方形的殼瓣,比 Asmussia 殼瓣較寬,背緣微微拱 

起。由於這些特性,小林貞一考慮 Orthothemos 及 Palaeolimnadia 兩屬是 Estherites 的 

同義屬名。根據萊蒙的意見前一屬的生長线間有點狀裝飾,後一屬的特點是殼頂周圍光 

滑且生長綫很少。因此他們與 Estherites mitsuishii 彼此間的差别甚多。Estherites 的殼瓣 

多平緩凸起,有 20 條生長綫,間或亦有超過 30 條者。殼瓣高長之比為 1/1.1—1/1.3, 

背緣与腹緣多近於平行,後腹邊緣多微微向後扩大。殼頂較大且向上伸出背緣,且位於 

背緣的近中間部分,這一位置恰好在殼瓣的中間部位。生長綫間的装飾是輕微的瘤狀物 

且多呈放射线狀排列,偶而亦有放射綫裝飾。 

Estherites 是目前僅知的一屬,廣泛分佈於我國東北中部及北部內陸盆地式的白堊紀 

沉積地層內,此外在黑龍江上游亦有分佈。Estherites 是組成嫩江頁岩內葉肢介化石羣最 

多而且亦最重要的動物羣之一。關於嫩江頁岩內的葉肢介化石,早年譚錫鑄及王恆升兩 

教授曾有過採集,並經計榮森先生鑑定有 Estheria middendorfi Jones var.sinensis Chi 及 

Estheria nengkiangensis Chi 兩種 , 前一種無疑地屬於 Estherites ,後一種屬於 

Brachygrapta。 

關於E. middendorfi Jones var.sinensis Chi 這一變種,在後來萊蒙、諾沃日洛夫及 

小林貞一訂正中國的葉肢介化石時,曾分别為它定出了三個不同的名字,即 

Bairdestheria sinensis (Chi), Cyclograpta (Cyclograptina) tingi Novojilov 及 Estherites 

mitsuishii Kobayashi et Huzita。這一變種似不應屬於 Bairdestheria,因為殼頂較大位於背


緣中間並向上伸出背緣。又這一變種雖與 Cyclograptina 很相似,但這一变種在裝飾方面, 

在有較長的背緣及有向上伸出的殼頂,並有平緩凸起的以及近於長方形的殼瓣等方面又 

与這一亞屬不同。因此筆者認為 Estherites 是一較好的屬名,並應置於 Cyclograptidae 科 

內。原來計榮森先生的標本,其殼頂處有些破損,因而在該圖(計榮森,圖版 I 圓 4,1931) 

的前上方劃上虛綫以設想其外形,實際上這一虛綫是不太正確的。 

属型“Estheria” mitsuishii Kobayashi and Huzita,1942 

Estherites mitsuishii Kobayashi and Huzita 

(图版 I, 图 1-8; 图版 II, 图 1-4) 

1931. Estheria middendorfi Jones var. sinensis Chi, Bull. Geol. Soc. China, Vol.10, p.213, Pl. I, fig.4. 

1942. “Estheria” mitsuishii Kobayashi and Huzita, Jour. Fac. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, Sec.2, Vol. VI, Pl.7; Pl. I, 

figs.3,5; Pl. II, figs.1,2. 

1946. Bairdestheria sinensis (Chi), Raymond, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll., Vol.96, No.3, p.229. 

1954. Estherites mitsuishii K. & H., Jour. Fac. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, Sec.2, Vol. IX, Pl. I, p.133. 

1954. Cyclograptina tingi, Novojilov, Trans. Palaeon. Inst. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., Vol. XLVIII, p.65. 

殼瓣平緩凸起,近似長方形或近似橢圓形。背緣直或微微拱起,後腹緣微微擴大。 

殼頂較大且向上伸出背緣。生長綫呈同心橢圓狀且彎曲度較小,生長綫間距逐漸由殼頂 

向腹緣加寬,在殼瓣中間或有 2 條或 3 條間距較寬。一般有 15—25 條生長綫,最常見 

者有 23—24 條。有一標本(圖版 I 圖 1),其幾丁質外殼仍然保存,其顏色為鉻黄色。多 

數標本的生長綫間都很光滑,有一些在中間顯示出放射狀的縐紋。 

產地及地層:嫩江科洛东 5 公里公路旁,百根里北魏家窩鋪及三合村西南甘琴石溝 

等處的嫩江頁岩內。 

登記號碼:8555—8566。採集號碼:208,209,181。


Estherites liushinensis Chang(新種) 

(圖版 I,圖 9—10) 

殼瓣平緩凸起,近似橢圓形或卵形;有 25 條生長綫,但在另一標本上因殼頂破損 

的緣故只有 18—19 條。殼頂與 Estherites mitsuishii 相比,其位置更近前方。因標本保存 

不好,裝飾多未保存。這一新種与此屬他種的主要區別在於其殼頂位於背緣的前方。 

產地及地層:嫩江百根里北六信村嫩江頁岩內。 

登記號碼:8567,8568。採集號碼:162。 

Estherites weichiawopuensis Chang(新種) 

(圖版 I,圖 11;圖版 II,圖 5) 

殼瓣平緩凸起,後腹側微略擴大;殼長略長於殼高。背緣和前緣較短,腹緣向前斜 

伸。後緣較長。殼頂較大位於背緣中間且向上伸出背緣。有 20—30 條生長线。近殼頂 

附近生長綫間有放射綫狀裝飾,后腹部有与生長綫平行的成排的小瘤狀裝飾,這些小瘤 

狀裝飾多呈放射狀。 

比較:這一新種的主要特徵是殼瓣較短,殼頂較大,背緣和前緣都比較短,有瘤狀 

裝飾。上述這些特點是這一新種舆 Estherites mitsuishii 及 Estherites liushinensis 兩種不同 

之處。 

產地及地層:嫩江百根里北魏家窩铺嫩江頁岩內。 

登記號碼:8569,8570。採集號碼:209。 

Estherites shanhoensis Chang(新種) 

(圖版 VI,圖 1—2) 

殼瓣呈長椭圓形緩緩凸起,背緣近於平直,前後緣均甚圓且有相等彎曲度,殼頂較 

大,平緩凸起且位於背緣中點的前方。生長綫呈同心圓狀且近似半圓形,其彎曲度較 

Ellipsograpta elliptica 生長綫之彎曲度為小。生長綫不少於 24 條且在殼瓣中間部分間距


較大,其中有 2 條或 3 條位於殼瓣腹部邊緣處,其生長綫的間距較窄且亦多不規則。整 

個殼瓣上都佈满着裝飾,在殼頂附近的 7 個間距中佈满了簡單的放射綫狀裝飾,這些綫 

有時向上分叉,有時則向下分叉,並且多少都與生長綫近於垂直,在放射线条間則形成 

許多長方形的小的平台。殼瓣中間 8 個間距多為分枝或呈樹枝狀的放射綫裝飾。在細綫 

之間則多佈满了呈鏈狀排列的瘤狀物。在後兩間距之前有兩較窄的間距,其中每一間距 

之間僅有一排與生長綫平行的瘤狀物。最後 5—8 個間距代表殼瓣生長的老年期,其裝 

飾為擁擠的成放射狀排列的瘤狀物。 

比較:此一新種與 Ellipsograpta elliptica 在外形上很相似,但此新種有比較特殊的 

裝飾,殼頂向上凸起及其生長綫的彎曲度較小。該種殼瓣較長,与 Estherites mitsuishii 

相比亦不相同。 



Estherites(?) orthothemoides Chang(新種) 

(圖版 I,圖 12;圖版 II,圖 6) 

殼瓣平緩凸起,向横向延長;背緣近於平直且略長於殼長之半,殼瓣後上角偶被截 

切。前緣及後緣逐漸向下彎曲,腹緣呈對稱彎曲。殼頂較大且位於背緣中間,生長綫清 

楚,常見有 9—10 條。有輕微的放射狀皺紋裝飾。 

比較:此新種在外形上與 Orthothemos draperi (Jones and Woodward)很相似,但他們 

之間的裝飾多不相同。該新種與此屬其他各種區別點在於此新種有較少的生長綫,有横 

向延長的殼瓣及有輕微的放射狀皺紋的裝飾。 

產地及地層:嫩江百根里北魏家窩鋪嫩江頁岩內。 

登記號碼:8571,8572。採集號碼:209。 

科名 Bairdestheriidae Novojilov,1954 

屬名 Bairdestheria Raymond,1946 

Bairdestheria(?) pokenliensis Chang(新種) 

(圖版 IV,圖 4—8) 

殼瓣平缓凸起且较长;背缘较直且長於殼長之半,後緣較圓,前緣較斜,腹緣呈和


緩的弓形彎曲。殼頂位於背緣中間前方或前端後方,約位於殼瓣前端 1/4 殼長的位置。 

生長綫清楚,殼瓣前方較為密集,有 14—16 條生長綫。生長綫間的裝飾未保存。 

筆者特別留心觀察每一標本,可是在所有的標本上都沒有裝飾存在。如果此種確 

無裝飾,則就很難確定其確屬何屬,裝飾的不存在可能是由於標本保存不佳所致,這樣 

此種或可置放於 Bairdestheria 一屬,因為這一種在外形上與“Estherites” nengkiangensis 

Chi var.kutsangkouensis Kobayashi et Kusumi 及“Estheria” aff. amurensis Chernyshev (小 

林貞一,1942,圖版 II,圖 3)很相似,並且後一種具有放射綫裝飾。 

產地及地層:嫩江百根里北魏家窩鋪及三合村西南甘琴石溝的嫩江頁岩內。 

登記號碼:8585—8589。採集號碼:209,181。 

屬名 Brachygrapta Novojilov,1954 

Brachygrapta(?) ovata Chang(新種) 

(圖版 IV,圖 10—11) 

殼瓣凸起較高,外形呈卵形;背緣短且直,約長於殼長之半;殼頂位於背緣前端; 

生長线甚多且排列間距相同,通常有 30 條可數;前緣及後緣均甚圓。有微細的呈放射 

狀排列的小點狀裝飾,與諾沃日洛夫的 Polygrapta 的裝飾非常相似。這一屬与此屬的其 

他種的不同之處在於有凸起較高的卵形殼瓣和放射狀小點的裝飾。 



屬名 Sphaerograpta Novojilov,1957 

Sphaerograpta yüi Chang(新種) 

(圖版 V,圖 1—10;圖版 III,圖 4—6;圖版 VI,圖 4—6) 

殼瓣保存很平,近於圓形;背緣較直約相當殼長的 2/3;前緣、後緣及腹緣均甚圓。 

殻頂位於背緣中間前方或前端後方,約在殼瓣前方 1/3 殼長的地位。生長綫清楚且呈同 

心圓狀,生長綫的數目變化較大,有一些標本只有 19—20 條,另一些則有 30—34 條。


殼瓣中間部分,生長綫的間距較寬。有放射綫狀裝飾。殼瓣多呈白色。 

產地及地層:嫩江東北 50 公里六信村;嫩江北嫩江西岸內蒙海力圖;嫩江西 15 公 

里大石磖子;嫩江東北 40 公里魏家窩鋪;嫩江東北三合村甘琴石溝;嫩江西北 20 公里 

柳屯等地的嫩江頁岩內。 

登記號碼:8573—8582。採集號碼:162,72,64,209,181,212。 

Sphaerograpta subtermina Chang(新種) 

(圖版 I,圖 15) 

殼瓣很平,近於圓形;背緣很直約相當於殼長的 2/3;殼長略長於殼高;高長之比 

為 1/1.1—1/1.2;殼頂位於背緣前端或前端後方,約在殼瓣前方 1/5 殼長的位置。前後緣 

均甚圆,腹緣呈半圓形。有 17 條生長綫,其間距逐漸由殼頂處向腹緣方向加寬。生長 

綫之間有放射綫狀的裝飾。 

比較:此新種在外形上更接近於圓形,殼頂位於背緣更前方,這些特點舆 Sphae- 

rograpta yüi 有别。Euestheria halobiformis (Kobayashi and Kusumi)亦有位於前方的殼頂及 

放射綫裝飾,似與 Sphaerograpta subtermina 很相近,但我們的新種其殼瓣略高於前一種, 

在外形上亦有區別。 



References cited 

[1] Chi, Y. S. (1931). On the Occurrence of fossil Estheria in China and its geological significance. Bull. 

Geol. Soc. China, Vol. 10. 

[2] Jones, T. R. (1862). A Monograph of fossil Estheriae. Paleont. Soc. London. 

[3] ——, (1897). On Fossil Entomostraca from Brazil. Geol. Mag. Dec. IV, Vol. IV.


[4] ——, (1897). On some fossil Entomostraca from South America. Geol. Mag. Dec. IV, Vol. IV. 

[5] Kobayashi, T. (1942). Estheriae in Cretaceous Sungari Series in “Manchoukuo”. Jour. Fac. Sci. Univ. 

Tokyo, Sec. II, Vol. VI, Pt.7. 

[6] ——, (1943). Estherites and its relations to the genera of living Estherids. Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo, Vol. 

XIX, No.3. 

[7] ——, (1943). On Estherites, new genus, Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, Vol.50, p.246. 

[8] ——, & Kido, Y. (1947). Cretaceous Estherites from the Kyongsang Group in the Tsushima Basin. 

Japan. Jour. Geol. Geogr., Vol.20, p.83—90. 

[9] ——, (1947). Cretaceous Estherites from the Province of Chientao, Manchuria. Japan. Jour. Geol. 

Geogr., Vol.20, p.91—95. 

[10] ——, & Kusumi, H. (1953). Younger Mesozoic Estherians from Tunghua region of S. Manchuria. 

Japan. Jour. Geol. Geogr., Vol.23. 

[11] ——, (1953). A study on Estherites middendorfi (Jones). Japan. dour. Geol. Geogr., Vol.23. 

[12] ——, (1954). Fossil Estherians and allied fossils, Jour. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sec. II, Vol. IX, Pt.1. 

[13] Новожилов, Н. И. (1954). Листоногие ракообразные верхней юры и мела монголии. 

Труды палеонтологического института том XLVIII, Академия Наук СССР. 

[14] ——, (1957). Основы палеонтологии, том VIII (Branchiopoda). Геолтехиздат. 

[15] ——, (1957). Nouveaux Conchostraca fossiles. Annales du Centre d’Etudes et de Documentation 

Paleofologiques, n°26. 

[16] Ozawa, Y. & Watanabe, T. (1923). On two new species of Estheria from the Mesozoic shale of Korea. 

Japan. Jour. Geol. Geogr. Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 40. 

[17] Raymond, P. E. (1946). The genera of fossil Conchostraca—An Order of bivalved Crustacea. Bull. 

Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 96, No. 3. 

[18] Tani, K. (1943). Additional Notes on Estherites from Sungari Series in “Manchoukuo”. Jour. Geol. Soc. 

Japan, Vol. 50, p. 246. 

[19] Tan, H. C. & Wang, H. S. (1929). Geology along the valley of the Nengkiang River, Heilungkiang. 

Bull. Geol. Surv. China, No. 13. 

FOSSIL CONGHOSTRAGA FROM THE NENGKIANG 

SHALE, NW HEILUNGKIANG 

W. T. CHANG 

(Institute of Palaeontology, Academia Sinica) 

The name, Nengkiang shale, was proposed by Tan and Wang as early as in 1928, for a 

grey, blackish grey or bluish grey tuffaceous shale of a rather fine and uniform texture. The 

shale which represents the lacustrine deposit unconformably overlies on the Pre-Cambrian 

gneiss and quartzite. From it Tan and Wang collected fossils which were formerly described 

by Chi as Estheria middendorfi Jones var. sinensis Chi and Estheria nengkiangensis Chi and 

assigned to the Lower Cretaceous in age. 

Later investigation was made by Prof. C. C. Yu and the writer in1951—1952, when


they collected Conchostraca and Ostracods in association with fragments of plant and insects 

from Nengkiang shale at 8 localities in the vicinity of Nengkiang city. The fossil bivalved 

Conchostracans comprise the following: 

Rhombgrapta(?) quadrata (sp. nov.) 

Ellipsograpta elliptica (gen. et sp. nov.) 

Ellipsograpta subelliptica (sp. nov.) 

Pseudocyclograpta convexa (gen. et sp. nov.) 

Cyclograpta (Cyclograptina) sp. 

Estherites mitsuishii Kobayashi et Huzita 

Estherites liushinensis (sp. nov.) 

Estherites weichiawopuensis (sp. nov.) 

Estherites shanhoensis (sp. nov.) 

Estherites(?) orthothemoides (sp. nov.) 

Bairdestheria(?) pokenliensis (sp. nov.) 

Brachygrapta(?) ovata (sp. nov.) 

Sphaerograpta yüi (sp. nov.) 

Sphaerograpta subtermina (sp. nov.) 

The Ostracods have been identified by Y. T. Hou as belonging to species of Candona, 

Ilyocypris and Cypridea and the fossil plant is a species of Pagiophyllum. Judging from these 

fossils the present writer is inclined to believe that the age of Nengkiang shale may perhaps be 

referred to the Upper or Middle Cretaceous rather than Lower Cretaceous. 

The writer wishes to offer his hearty thanks to Prof. C. C. Yu by whom these materials 

had been forwarded the writer for study, and from whom the writer has received many 

encouragement, and much advice in the field work. The writer wishes also to express his 

indebtedness to Dr. N. I. Novojilov, of the Institute of Palaeontology, Academy of Science, 

U.S.S.R. for his valuable suggestions and careful reading the manuscript; to Profs. C. C. Yu, Y. 

H. Lu and Y. Wang for also reading this paper in manuscript. To Huang Pao-yu and Chiang 

Fu-shin sincere thanks are also due for their assistance. 

Super-order Phyllopoda 

Order Conchostraca 

Family Cyclograptidae Novojilov, 1957 

Genus Rhombgrapta Novojilov, 1954 

Rhombgrapta(?) quadrata Chang (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. IV, fig. 9) 

Carapace valve a little longer than high and roundly quadrate; dorsal margin 

somewhat arcuate, about 2/3 the length of the carapace, anterior margin nearly straight and 

the two margins disposed rectangularly, but the latter abruptly incurved near the top. Both 

antero-ventral and posteroventral margins rounded. Umbo central or subcentral, at about 2/5 

the length from the anterior end of the carapace.


Fifteen growth-lines counted on the umbonal side, 8—9 lines of growth on the 

peripheral side faintly observed. The sculpture can hardly be observed because the specimen 

is poorly preserved. 

Comparison: This species differs from Rhombgrapta rhombica Novojilov in its 

quadratic outline of the carapace valve. 

Horizon and Locality: Nengkiang shale, Hailitoo, north of Nengkiang city. 

Cat. No.8547. Field No.72. 

Genus Ellipsograpta Chang (gen. nov.) 

Diagnosis: Cyclograptidae with elliptical carapace, straight dorsal margin, both anterior 

and posterior margins well rounded, sub-central umbo, numerous concentric growth-lines. 

Sculpture of radial lirae or small tubercles aligned radially. 

Remarks: Ellipsograpta and Cyclograpta are much alike, the former differs from the 

latter in the outline of the carapace, of which Cyclograpta has a circular or subcircular outline 

and Ellipsograpta has a typical elliptical outline. The genus Estherites also differs from 

Ellipsograpta in its subelliptical or subquadrate and gently convex carapace, more or less 

arcuate dorsal margin, the projected umbo and its characteristic sculpture. 

Genotype: Ellipsograpta elliptica Chang (sp. nov.) 

Ellipsograpta elliptica Chang (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. IV, fig.3) 

Carapace valve flattened, elongately elliptical; dorsal margin straight, about 3/5 the 

length of the carapace; both anterior and posterior margins well rounded, almost with the 

same curvature; umbo relatively large, flattened, and located at about 2/5 the length from the 

anterior end of the valve. 

Growth-lines elliptically concentric, more than 25 counted on the valve, more widely 

spaced in the intermediate region and narrower toward the periphery. Very fine radial lines 

crossing the interspaces, rows of tubercles aligned parallelly to the growth-line near the 

peripheral region. 

Horizon and Locality: Nengkiang shale, Kanchinshihkou, SW Shanho village, 

Nengkiang city, Heilungkiang.


Cat. No. 8548. Field No. 181. 

Ellipsograpta subelliptica Chang (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. I, figs. 13—14; Pl. III, fig. 3; Pl. VI, fig. 3) 

Carapace-valve flattened, subelliptical in outline and slightly dilated postero-ventrally; 

dorsal margin straight, a little longer than half length of the carapace; posterior margin well 

rounded, anterior margin somewhat truncated or strongly incurved near the top corner, ventral 

margin symmetrically curved; umbo large and a little forward from the middle of the dorsal 

margin. 

Growth-lines numbering 12, subelliptically concentric. Sculpture of radial lirae type. 

Comparison: This species differs from Ellipsograpta elliptica in its subelliptical 

carapace, less number of growth-lines, strongly incurved anterior margin and the 

height-length proportion of the carapace. 


Nengkiang city, Heilungkiang. 

Cat. No. 8550, 8551, 8552, 8553. Field No. 181. 

Genus Pseudocyclograpta Chang (gem. nov.) 

Diagnosis: Cyclograptidae with subcircular carapace; straight or slightly arched dorsal 

margin; both anterior and ventral margins rounded, posterior margin slightly protruded 

backward; central or subcentral umbo, umbonal region swollen; the ventral portion flattened. 

On the umbonal region the lines of growth are feeble, numerous and so closely spaced, 

whereas on the flattened area they are strongly marked and widely spaced. Sculpture of radial 

lirae type. 

Remarks: So far as the writer knows that a swollen umbonal region is present only in 

the genus, Estheriina Jones, with regard to this features Jones stated that although neither the 

“protoconch” in Gastropoda and Cephalopoda, nor the “prodissoconch” in Lamellibranchiata, 

consitutes a classificatory feature in their genera or even their species, yet the persistent 

enlargement of the early part of the valves in bivalved Conchostraca is peculiar, and may be 

conveniently recognized as distinctive of a genus, or at least of a subgenus, in this group of 

Phyllopoda. Estheriina is a valid genus since Jones' publication in 1897, although our new 

genus has the similar swollen umbonal region as well as Jones' genus, it differs from Jones’ 

Estheriina in many aspects, i.e. the subcircular outline of the carapace, the radial lirae 

sculpture, the growth-lines close-set on the convex umbonal region and widely spaced on the 

flattened area, from what has been said above this new genus, Pseudocyclograpta, also


differentiated from the subgenera, Cyclograpta and Cyclograptina. 

Genotype: Pseudocyclograpta convexa Chang (sp. nov.) 

Pseudocyclograpta convexa Chang (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. III, figs.1—2; Pl. IV, fig.1) 

Carapace valve longer than high and roundly subcircular; dorsal margin straight or 

slightly arched, about 3/5 the length of the carapace; both anterior and ventral margins 

smoothly rounded, posterior margin slightly protruded backward; subcentral umbo, umbonal 

part of the valve more convex than the other part of the surface, and looking like a 

prodissoconch in Pelecypoda. No less than 15 feeble, close-spaced lines of growth are marked 

on the limited umbonal convexity; whilst on the flattened area 11 lines of growth are strongly 

marked and widely spaced. Sculpture of radial lirae ornamented interspaces on the flattened 

area, interspaces near the peripheral part of the umbonal convexity are also sculpture of radial 

lirae type. 

Horizon and Locality: Nengkiang shale, Liushin village, northern Pokenli, Nengkiang. 


Genus Cyclograpta Novojilov, 1954 

Subgenus Cyclograptina Novojilov,1954 


(Pl. IV, fig. 2) 

Carapace valve flattened, subcircular or subovate; dorsal margin short and somewhat 

sinuated (this probably due to distortion), and a little shorter than the half length of the valve; 

postero-ventral margin well rounded and slightly dilated; central umbo; 21 lines of growth, 

usually three or four close-set near the peripheral region. No sculpture seen in the interspaces. 

Remarks: The sculpture of this species can hardly be observed in the interspaces, 

because the specimen is badly preserved and slightly displaced. 

With respects to the general outline, this specimen is tentatively referred to 

Cyclograptina and much resembles Cyclograptina magnifica Novojilov, but it differs from 

the latter in its shorter carapace valve. 

Horizon and Locality: Nengkiang shale, Kanchinshihkou, SW Shanho village, 35 km.


northeastern Nengkiang. 


Genus Estherites Kobayashi and Huzita, 1943 

1943. Estherites Kobayashi and Huzita, Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, Vol.50, No. 598. 

1954. Estherites Kobayashi and Huzita, Jour. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sec. II, Vol. IX, P1. I, p. 

133. 

Since the publication of the genus, Estherites, it has long been widely used in this group 

of fossils by Kobayashi and other Japanese paleontologists as to be desirable to adopt the 

invalid name Estheria. Estherites in association with the genera Asmussia Pacht, 1852 and 

Quadriasmussia Kobayashi, 1954 were put into the subfamily Asmussiinae Kobayashi, 1954 

under the family Lioestheriidae Raymond, 1946 in a recent published monograph by 

Kobayashi. 

The diagnosis regarding to this genus has been given by Kobayashi as follows: 

subelliptical or subquadrate carapace, much broader than Asmussia; dorsal margin more or 

less arcuate. Judging from these diagnositic characteristics, Kobayashi considered also that 

the genera Palaeolimnadia Raymond, Orthothemos Raymond are synonymous with 

Estherites. While looking over the diagnositic features of these two genera given by Raymond, 

the large smooth umbonal region and few growth-lines of Palaeolimnadia and punctate 

interspaces of Orthothemos are characteristics which are different from Estherites mitsuishii, 

type species of this genus. 

The carapaces of Estherites are usually gently convex and have some 20 growth-lines 

but some have more than 30. The height-length proportion ranges from 1:1.3 to 1: 1.4; dorsal 

and ventral margins are usually subparallel to each other; postero-ventral margin is usually 

slightly dilated backward and downward; umbo is fairly large, projected a little above the 

dorsal margin and located at a subcentral position relative to the margin as well as the valve. 

Its sculpture is a kind of fine nodes or tubercles which are more or less radially aligned in the 

interspaces tending to be radial lirae. 

So far as the writer is aware that Estherites is the only known genus and is widely 

distributed in the Cretaceous lacustrine deposits of the inland basins throughout the central 

and northern part of northeastern China and perhaps these regions of the upper Amur River. 

Estherites also occurred in the Nengkiang shale with maximum numbers, consistutes the chief 

element of the Nengkiang-fauna in which two species had been formerly collected by Tan and 

Wang and once described by Chi (1931) as Estheria middendorfi Jones var. sinensis Chi and 

Estheria nengkiangensis Chi. The former is undoubtedly a species of Estherites and the latter 

a species of Brachygrapta after the examination of Chi’s type specimens. 

In the later revisions of these Chinese Conchostraca fossils, with regard to E. 

middendorfi Jones var. sinensis Chi (Chi’s PI. I, fig. 4) different specific names under 

different genera have been given as: Bairdestheria sinensis (1946), Cyclograptina tingi (1954) 

and Estherites mitsuishii (1954) by Raymond, Novojilov and Kobayashi respectively. This


variety from Nengkiang should not belong to Bairdestheria for it has a relatively large and 

projected umbo, which is located at a central or subcentral position of the valve. This variety 

seems more or less much alike Cyclograptina (a gubgenus of Cyclograpta), but it differs also 

from this subgenus in the characteristic sculpture, relatively longer dorsal margin, convex 

carapace, projected umbo and subquadratic outline of the carapace valve. Therefore, the 

writer suggests that Estherites is a valid genus assigning to the family Cyclograptidae 

Novojilov. The umbo on the carapace of Chi’s specimen is more or less crushed and the 

dotted line enclosing the antero-dorsal part of the carapace as shown on Chi’s figure (P1. I, fig. 

4) is imaginary. 

Estherites can be made to serve a useful purposes in correlation of the Cretaceous 

lacustrine deposits in the central and northern part of northeastern China. 

Genotype: “Estheria” mitsuishii Kobayashi and Huzita, 1942 


(Pl. I, figs. 1-8; Pl. II, figs. 1-4) 

1931. Estheria middendorfi Jones var. sinensis Chi, Bull. Geol. Soc. China, Vol. 10, p. 213, 

Pl. I, fig. 4. 

1942. “Estheria” mitsuishii, Kobayashi and Huzita, Jour. Fac. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, Sec. II 

Vol. VI, Pl.7; Pl. I, figs. 3, 5; Pl. II, figs. 1, 2. 

1946. Bairdestheria sinensis, Raymond, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. Vol. 96, No. 3, 

p. 229. 

1954. Cyclograptina tingi, Novojilov, Trans. Palaeont. Inst. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., Vol. 

XLVIII, p. 65. 

1954. Estherites mitsuishii, Kobayashi and Huzita, Jour. Fac. Sci. Imp. Univ., Tokyo, Sec. II, 

Vol. IX, Pl. I, p. 133. 

All the specimens which have been collected from many localities in the vicinity of 

Nengkiang, show gently convex carapace valve, elongateiy subquadrate or sub-elliptical 

outline, dorsal margin straight or slightly arched, posteroventral margin slightly projected, 

umbo generally large and somewhat projected beyond the dorsal margin; growth-lines 

concentric with feeble curvature, and gradually widely spaced from the umbonal side toward 

the periphery, occasionally two or three broad interspaces occurred a little behind the middle 

part of the height, usually 15-25 lines of growth counted, mostly with 23-24. 

One specimen with its chitinous test preserved shows chrome-yellow color. Many 

specimens show smooth interspaces, and some with feebly indistinct irregular radial wrinkles.


Horizon and Locality: Nengkiang shale,5 km east of Koolo, eastern Nengkiang; 

Weichiawopu, north of Pokenli, northern Nengkiang; Kanchinshihkou, SW Shanho village, 

northern Nengkiang. 

Cat. No. 8555-8566. Field No. 208, 209, 181. 

Estherites liushinensis Chang (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. I, figs. 9-10) 

Carapace valve gently convex, subelliptical or oval in outline; one specimen has 25 

lines of growth, another with crushed umbo shows 18-19 lines of growth. Umbo seems more 

forward than Estherites mitsuishii. No sculpture can be observed because of the condition of 

preservation of the carapace. 

Comparison: This new species resembles closely Estherites mitsuishii in the general 

outline of the carapace, but it is distinguished from the latter by its prominent forward umbo. 

Horizon and Locality: Nengkiang shale, Liushin village, northern Pokenli, Nengkiang. 

Cat. No. 8567, 8568. Field No. 162. 

Estherites weichiawopuensis Chang (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. I, fig.11; Pl. II, fig. 5) 

Carapace valve convex, slightly dilated postero-ventrally, length of the carapace valve 

only a little longer than the height; both the dorsal and the anterior margins relatively short; 

posterior margin long; ventral margin curved anteriorly upward; large and projected central 

umbo, more lines of growth counted. Near the umbonal region interspaces show simple radial 

lirae type of sculpture which become rows of radial tubercles aligned parallelly to the 

growth-line in the lower half of each interspaces toward the peripheral region. 

Comparison: The prominent features of this species, i.e. its shorter carapace, relatively 

larger umbo, shorter dorsal and anterior margins and the tuberculated sculpture, are 

characteristics for the distinction from Estherites mitsuishii and E. liushinensis. 

Horizon and Locality: Nengkiang shale, Weichiawopu, northern Pokenli, Nengkiang, 

Heilungkiang. 

Cat. No. 8569, 8570. Field No. 209.


Estherites shanhoensis Chang (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. VI, figs. 1-2) 

Carapace valve gently convex, elongately elliptical; dorsal margin nearly straight; both 

the anterior and posterior margins well rounded and almost with the same curvature; umbo 

relatively large, gently convex, and located at the place a little forward from the middle. 

Growth-lines sub-semicircularly concentric, and with less curvature as compared with 

that of Ellipsograpta elliptica, more than 24 counted on this specimen; growth-lines in the 

middle stage are widely spaced than those before and after. Two or three, or more lines near 

the periphery are sometimes close-set with irregular interspaces. 

Sculptures of different types ornamented throughout the whole carapace,7 or more 

interspaces near the umbonal region show the sculpture of simple radial lirae type which is 

occasionally bifurcated upward or downward and more or less perpendicular to the 

growth-lines. The space between the radial lirae is small rectangular platform. In the 8 

interspaces of the later growth of the shell it shows sculpture of bifurcated or dendroitic radial 

lirae, and spaces between the radial lirae are irregular chains of small nodes or tubercles. In 

front of the last two interspaces of this stage of growth there are two narrower interspaces 

which show the sculpture of tubercles aligned parallelly to the growth-line. Sculpture in the 

last 5-8 interspaces of the senile stage of growth shows crowded radial granules. 

Comparison: This species is quite similar to Ellipsograpta elliptica in the outline of 

the carapace, but it differs in the prominent sculpture, protruded umbo and curvature of the 

growth-lines. It also differs from Estherites mitsuishii in its elongated carapace valve and its 

sculpture. 


Nengkiang city, Heilungkiang. 


Estherites(?) orthothemoides Chang (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. I, fig. 12; Pl. II, fig. 6) 

Carapace valve gently convex, suboblong; dorsal margin nearly straight and a little 

longer than half the length of the valve; occasionally posterodorsal margin slightly truncated; 

anterior and posterior margins curving down gradually and regularly toward the ventral 

margin which is gently and symmetrically curved; umbo relatively large and located at the 

middle of the dorsal margin; growth-lines distinct, parallel to one another, usually9 or 10; 

sculpture of irregular radial wrinkles feebly ornamented in the interspaces of the carapace.


Remarks: This new species is closely similar to Orthothemos draperi (Jones and 

Woodward) in the general outline of the carapace, but they are different in types of sculpture. 

It differs also from other species referred to the genus Estherites in its less number of 

growth-lines, transversely elongated valve and feebly wrinkled radial lirae sculpture. 

Novojilov has informed the writer that a new generic name should be given for this new 

species. Owing to meagreness of material, it seems unnecessarily for the erection of a new 

genus until some new material is collected. The writer refers provisionally this species to 

Estherites. 

Horizon and Locality: Nengkiang shale, Weichiawopu, northern Pokenli, Nengkiang, 

Heilungkiang. 

Cat. No. 8571, 8572. Field No. 209. 

Family Bairdestheriidae Novojilov,1954 

Genus Bairdestheria Raymond,1946 

Bairdestheria(?) pokenliensis Chang (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. IV, figs. 4-8) 

Carapace valve gently convex, suboblong; dorsal margin nearly straight and longer than 

half the length of the valve; posterior margin well rounded; anterior margin somewhat oblique; 

ventral margin gently and symmetrically curved; umbo subterminal, at about 1/4 the length 

from the anterior end of the carapace. Growth-lines distinct, closely spaced near the anterior 

part, usually 14 lines counted, sometimes others with 16 lines of growth. Sculpture obscure. 

Remarks: The writer pays special attention to the observation of the sculpture in each 

specimen, but he finds nothing in the interspaces. If really the sculpture of this species is 

absent, it will be a troublesome species to be ascertained. If this species has sculpture and the 

absence of sculpture on these specimens at hand is only probably due to preservation, thus 

this species perhaps may be referred to Bairdestheria because it is similar to “Estherites” 

nengkiangensis Chi var. kutsangkouensis Kobayashi and Kusumi and “Estheria” aft. 

amurensis Cheryshev (1942, Kobayashi, Pl. II, fig. 3) which have sculpture of radial lirae type 

and perhaps may also be referred to Bairdestheria.


Horizon and Locality: Nengkiang shale, Weichiawopu, northern Pokenli; 

Kanchinshihkou, SW Shanho village, Nengkiang. 

Cat. No. 8585-8589. Field No. 209, 181. 

Genus Brachygrapta Novojilov,1954 

Braehygrapta(?) ovata Chang (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. IV, figs. 10-11) 

Carapace valve highly convex, oval in outline; dorsal margin short, straight and a little 

longer than half the length of the valve; umbo located at the anterior end of the dorsal margin; 

growth-lines numerous, regularly arranged, usually 30 counted; both ventral, posterior and 

anterior margins well rounded. Minutely punctate sculpture shows a distinct radial 

appearance, which looks so much alike the sculpture of Polygrapta as given by Novojilov 

(Novojilov, 1954, Pl. I, fig. 4). 

its sculpture. 

Remarks: This new species is characterized by its highly convex valve, oval outline and 


Nengkiang, Heilungkiang. 


Genus Sphaerograpta Novojilov,1957 

Sphaerograpta yüi Chang (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. V, figs.1-10; Pl. III, figs.4-6; Pl. VI, figs. 4-6) 

Carapace valve flatly preserved, subcircular in outline; dorsal margin nearly straight, 

about 2/3 the length of the carapace; anterior and posterior margins well rounded, ventral 

margin also rounded; umbo subcentral to subterminal, at about 1/3 the length from the 

anterior end of the carapace. 

Growth-lines distinct, subcircularly concentric. Different specimens vary in number of 

growth line, some specimens have 19-20 lines of growth, others usually have 30-34. 

Sometimes several broader interspaces situated in the middle part of the carapace. Sculpture 

of fine radial lirae. Test, if preserved, always white in color. 

This new species is named in honor of Prof. C. C. Yü.


Horizon and Locality: Nengkiang shale, Liushin village, northern Pokenli, 50 km 

northeastern Nengkiang; Hailitoo, 20 km northern Nengkiang; Tashihlatze, 15 km western 

Nengkiang; Weichiawopu, northern Pokenli, 40 km northeastern Nengkiang; Kanchinshihkou, 

SW Shanho village, Nengkiang; southeastern Liutun, 20 km northwestern Nengkiang. 

Cat. No. 8573-8582. Field No. 162, 72, 64, 209, 181, 212. 

Sphaerograpta subtermina Chang (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. I, fig.15) 

Carapace-valve flattened, nearly circular; dorsal margin straight, twothirds as long as 

the carapace; length only slightly longer than the height; the length-height proportion being 

1:1.1 to 1.2; umbo subterminal, at about1/5 the length from anterior end of the carapace; both 

anterior and posterior margins well rounded; ventral margin semicircularly curved. 

Growthlines about 17, gradually widely spaced from the umbonal side toward the peripheral 

region; interspaces ornamented by fine radial lirae. 

Comparison: It resembles closely Euestheria halobiformis (Kobayashi et Kusumi) 

(Kobayashi, 1953, Pl. I, Fig. 21) in the subterminal umbo and the radial lirae sculpture, but it 

differs, however, in its taller carapace valve. This differs from Sphaerograpta yüi in the nearly 

circular outline of the valve and very anterior umbonal position. 


Nengkiang, Heilungkiang. 

Cat. No. 8583. Field No. 181.



圖1.右殼(8555),放大 5 倍。 

圖2.前圖右殼的外模(8556),放大 5 倍。 

圖3.右殼(8557),放大 5 倍。 

圖4.右殼的外模(8558),放大 5 倍。 

圖5. 右殼(8559),放大 5 倍。 

圖6.左殼外模(8560),放大 5 倍。 

圖7.右殼外模(8561),放大 5 倍。 

圖8.左殼外模(8562),放大 5 倍。 

Estherites liushinensis Chang(新種) 

圖9-10.右殼外模(8567,8568),放大 5 倍。 


圖11.左殼(8569),放大 5 倍。 

Estherites orthothemoides Chang(新種) 

圖12.左殼(8571),放大 5 倍。 

Ellipsograpta subelliptica Chang(新屬新種) 

圖13.右殼(8550),放大 10 倍。 

圖版 I 說明 

圖14.左殼瓣上的放射綫裝飾(8551),放大 15 倍。 

Sphaerograpta subtermina Chang(新種) 

圖15.左殼(8583),放大 5 倍。 


Fig.1. right valve, Cat. No. 8555, ×5. 

Explanation of Plate I. 

Fig.2. external mould of the preceding valve, Cat. No. 8556, ×5. 


Fig.4. external mould of right valve, Cat. No. 8558, ×5. 


Fig.6. external mould of a left valve, Cat. No. 8560, × 5. 

Fig.7. external mould of a right valve, Cat. No. 8561, × 5. 

Fig.8. external mould of a left valve, Cat. No. 8562, × 5. 

Estherites liushinensis Chang (sp. nov.) 

Fig.9—10. external moulds of right valve, Cat. No. 8567, 8568, ×5. 


Fig.11. left valve, Cat. No. 8569, ×5. 

Estherites orthothemoides Chang (sp. nov.) 

Fig.12. left valve, Cat. No. 8571, ×5. 

Ellipsograpta subelliptica Chang (Gen. et sp. nov.) 

Fig.13. Holotype, right valve, Cat. No. 8550, ×10. 

Fig.14. radial lirae in the interspaces of a left valve, Cat. No. 8551, ×15. 

Sphaerograpta subtermina Chang (sp. nov.) 

Fig.15. left valve, Cat. No. 8583, ×5.



圖版 II 說明 

圖1-4.殼瓣上的裝飾(8563,8564,8565,8566),放大 30 倍。 


圖5.突起裝飾(8570),放大 30 倍。 

Estherites orthothemoides Chang(新種) 

圖6. 放射狀的皺紋裝飾(8572),放大 30 倍。 


Explanation of Plate II. 

Fig.1-4. sculptures in the interspaces, Cat. No.8563,8564,8565,8566, ×30. 


Fig.5. tuberculated sculpture in the interspaces, Cat. No.8570, ×30. 

Estherites orthothemoides Chang (sp. nov.) 

Fig.6. sculpture of radial wrinkles in the interspaces, Cat. No.8572, ×30. 

Pseudocyclograpta convexa Chang(新屬新種) 

圖1. 左殼外模(8554),放大 15 倍。 

圖版 III 說明 

图 2. 前圖殼瓣的细的放射线裝飾,放大 20 倍。 


圖 3. 放射线裝飾(8552),放大 30 倍。 


圖4. 圖版 V 图 3 殼瓣上的放射綫裝飾(8574),放大 20 倍。 

圖5. 圖版 V 圖 1 殼瓣上的装飾(8573),放大 30 倍。 

图6. 放射线裝飾(8582),放大 30 倍。 

Pseudocyclograpta convexa Chang (Gen. et sp. nov.) 

Explanation of Plate III. 

Fig.1. external mould of left valve, Cat. No.8554, ×15. 

Fig.2. fine radial lirae in the interspaces on the preceding valve, ×20. 


Fig.3. radial lirae sculpture, Cat. No.8552, ×30. 


Fig.4. fine radial lirae in the interspaces of the valve in fig.3, on Plate V, Cat. 

No.8574, ×20. 

Fig.5. fine radial lirae or rows of fine tubercles aligned perpendicularly to the 

growth-line on the peripheral region of the valve in fig.1, on Plate V, Cat. 

No.8573, ×30. 

Fig.6. fine radial lirae, Cat. No.8582, ×30.


Pseudocyclograpta convexa Chang(新屬新種) 

圖1. 左殼外模(8554),放大 5 倍。 


圖2. 右殼外模(8584),放大 5 倍。 

Ellisograpta elliptica Chang(新屬新種) 

圖3.左般(8548),放大 10 倍。 

Bairdestheria(?) pokenliensis Chang(新種) 

圖4.移動過的右般(8585),放大 5 倍。 

圖5.右殼外模(8586),放大 5 倍。 

圖6. 左殼(8587),放大 5 倍。 

圖7.移動過的左殼(8588),放大 3.9 倍。 

圖8. 移動過妁右殻(8589),放大 5 倍。 

Rhombygrapta(?) quadrata Chang(新種) 

圖9.左殼外模(8547),放大 5 倍。 

Brachygrapta(?) ovata Chang(新種) 

圖10.左殼外模(8590),放大 5 倍。 

圖11. 前圖殼瓣的裝飾,放大 20 倍。 

Pseudocyclograpta convexa Chang (Gen. et sp. nov.) 

圖版 IV 說明 

Explanation of Plate IV. 



Fig.2. external mould of right valve, Cat. No.8584, ×5. 

Ellipsograpta elliptica Chang (Gen. et sp. nov.) 

Fig.3. Holotype, left valve, Cat. No.8548, ×10. 

Bairdestheria (?) pokeliensis Chang (sp. nov.) 

Fig.4. displaced right valve, Cat. No.8585, ×5. 


Fig.6. right valve, Cat. No.8587, ×5. 

Fig.7. displaced left valve, Cat. No.8588, ×3.9. 

Fig.8. displaced right valve, Cat. No.8589, ×5. 

Rhombgrapta (?)quadrata Chang (sp. nov.) 


Brachygrapta (?) ovata Chang (sp. nov.) 


Fig.11. fine radial lirae or rows of very fine tubercles aligned perpendicularly to 

the growth-line of the preceding valve, ×20.



圖1.右殼外模(8573),放大 5 倍。 

圖版 V 說明 

圖2.前圖殼瓣殼頂附近的放射綫裝飾,放大 20 倍。 

圖3.右殼外模(8574),放大 5 倍。 

圖4.不全的右殼(8575),放大 5 倍。 

圖5.右殼外模(8576),放大 5 倍。 

圖6.右殼(8577),放大 5 倍。 

圖7.左殼(8578),放大 5 倍。 

圖8.右殼外模(8579),放大 5 倍。 

圖9.右殼(8580),放大 5 倍。 

圖10.右殼(10a,8581a)及許多的殼瓣(8581),放大 5 倍。 


Explanation of Plate V. 


Fig.2. radial lirae in the interspaces on the umbonal side of the preceding valve, ×20. 


Fig.4. crushed right valve, Cat. No.8575, ×5. 



Fig.7. left valve, Cat. No.8578, ×5. 



Fig.10. Holotype, right valve (10a, Cat. No.8581a), valves on a slab of shale, Cat. 

No.8581 (8581a, 8581b), ×5.


Estherites shanhoensis Chang(新屬及新種) 

圖1. 左殼外殼(8549),放大 10 倍。 

圖 2. 前圖殼瓣上裝飾,放大 30 倍。 


圖 3. 放射綫裝飾(8553),放大 30 倍。 


图版 VI 說明 

圖4. 圖版 III 圖 6 殼瓣上的裝飾(8582),放大 20 倍。 

圖5. 圖版 V 圖 1 殼瓣上的裝飾(8573),放大 20 倍。 

圖6. 图版 V 圖 4 殼瓣上的裝飾(8575),放大 20 倍。 

Estherites shanhoensis Chang (Gen. et sp. nov.) 

Explanation of Plate VI. 


Fig.2. simple radial lirae on the umbonal side (U. R.), dendroitic or bifurcated 

radial lirae on the intermediate region (I. R.) and crowded radial tubercles 

on the peripheral side (P.R.) in the interspaces of the preceding valve,×30. 


Fig.3. radial lirae sculpture, Cat. No.8553, ×30. 


Fig.4. fine radial lirae in the interspaces of the same valve in fig.6, on Pl. III, 

Cat. No.8582, ×20. 

Fig.5. rows of fine tubercles aligned radially in the interspaces of the valve in 

fig.1, on Pl. V, Cat. No.8573, ×20. 

Fig.6. fine radial lirae in the interspaces of the valve in fig.4, on Pl. V, Cat. 

No.8575, ×20.

黑龍江西北部嫩江頁岩中的葉肢介化石*

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