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CAPITOLO DUODECIMO. _67<br />

con i quali avevano da temere della perdita, non del guad-<br />

agno loro; come intervenne poi a Vail/_, dove in una<br />

giornata perderono quello che in ottocento anni con tanta<br />

fatica avevano acquistato ; perch6 da queste armi nascono<br />

solo i lenti, tardi e deboli acquisti, e le subite e miracolose 5<br />

perdite. E perch6 io sono venuto con questi esempi in<br />

Italia, la quale _ stata governata gi_ molti anni dall' armi<br />

mercenarie, le voglio discorrere pih da alto, acciocch6,<br />

veduta l'origine e progressi di esse, si possa meglio<br />

correggerle. Avete dunque da intendere come, tosto ehe _o<br />

in questi ultimi tempi l'Imperio cominci6 ad essere ribu-<br />

tatto d' Italia, e che il papa nel temporale vi prese pih<br />

riputazione, si divise 1' Italia in pitl Staff, perch_ molte<br />

disturbed by the movements of Cesare Borgia, he was sent by the<br />

Venetians with iooo cavalry to Ravenna [Legaz. al duca Val. Op. vi.<br />

2232] and in 15o9, he was joint commander of the Venetian forces<br />

at the disastrous battle of Vail/t. He died on January 27, i51o.<br />

2. VailS] See Histormal Abstract, 15o9. In the ' Rltratti di Francia,'<br />

Op. iv. 136, after drawing attention to the ' furore Francese' and the<br />

excellence of the French soldiers ' in un primo impeto,' Machlavelh<br />

remarks that whoever can protract a war against them is likely to<br />

prove victorious, as the Spaniards were at the Garigliano, ' sarebbe<br />

intervenuto il medesimo a' Viniziani, che non avrebbero perduta la<br />

giornata di Vailh, se fossero iti s<strong>ec</strong>ondando i Francesi almeno di<strong>ec</strong>i<br />

giorni; mail furore di Bartolommeo d'Alviano troy6 un maggior<br />

furore.' Cf. also Disc. i. 6; Op. 3. 31 : 'Vinegia... perdette m una<br />

giornata ogni cosa' : Ist. Fior. lib. i. Op. I. 47 : 'in un giorno fu tolto<br />

loro quello stato, che si avevano in molti anni con infiniti spendii<br />

guadagnato.'<br />

IO. Avete dunquo da intendere, &c.] The following account of the<br />

origin of the mercenary system m Italy is best illustrated by Ricotti's<br />

Introduction, vol. i. p. xiii. foll. Machlavelll_s dmcussion is corr<strong>ec</strong>t as<br />

far as it goes, but it is by no means the whole truth. The questions<br />

which suggest themselves to us as the most interesting he has not<br />

investigated; why, for example, did the 'cittA grosse' take arms<br />

against the nobles ? why, with the rise of the Despots, did the militia<br />

of the Communes d<strong>ec</strong>ay? and how was it that, whereas in other<br />

countries the mercenaries were merely a passing phenomenon, in<br />

Italy alone they gained a permanent footing ? For the answers of<br />

these questions Machiavelli merely gives a few hints.

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