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HISTORICAL ABSTRACT. 91
them from Franceschetto Cib6, to Virginio Orsini as a check upon 1493
the Pope. Alexander, urged by Ludovico Moro, demands their
immediate surrender. Virginio Orsini refuses. First definite outbreak
between Alexander VI and the l_oman barons. V1rginio
Orsini is supported by Ferdinand, by the Colonna family [principally
Prospero and Fabrizio], and by Giuliano della Rovc_-e. By
the agency of Ludovieo Moro an alliance is concluded, April 25,
between himself, Alexander VI, and Venice. Ferdlnand of Naples
feels the dangers to which he is thus exposed, and by his instrumentality
a reconciliation is effected between the Orsini and the
Pope. The agreement signed August 15 : Don Gloffre is to marry
Dona Sancia [the marriage takes place May 7, 1494]- Hence
Ludovico Moro, seeing the league of April 25 thus broken, and
feeling his own position still insecure, sends ambassadors to
Charles VIII of France to reduce him to assert his rights to the
kingdom of Naples. The proposal is eagerly accepted by Charles
VIII [sentimental reasons], but opposed by the leading men in
France, and by the general sense of the nation. Charles is urged
to invade Italy by Giuliano della Rovere. [After the election of
Alexander, Ginliano had withdrawn to Ostia, and attempted to stop
the provisions sent up the Tiber to Rome: summoned by Alexander
to appear at Rome to answer for his conduct, he took refuge
at Savona; thence proceeded to Genoa, and finally joined the
French army: cf. Frammenti Istorici, Op. ii. 280: 'Ogni cosa fu
ferma da S. Piero in vincula con il cicalare che fece, tanto che il Re
disse ; Andiamo adunque dove ci chiama la gloria della guerra, la
discordia dei 2bof_oli,e gli aiuti degli amici.' Cf. Suetonius, Jul. Caes
§ 32.] Confusion in Italy at the prospect of a French invasion.
The relations of Charles VIII to the great European powers.
i. l_.ngland. The treaty of Etaples [November 3, I492], by which
Charles agrees to pay an annual sum of money (,£x49,ooo) to Henry
VII in compensation for the provinces of Normandy and Guienne,
saves Charles from the fear of English intervention.
ii. Germany and the Empire. By the treaty of Senlis [May 23,
1493] Charles VIII secures himself on the side of Germany, ceding
to Maximihan some of the conquests of Louis XI [Artois : Franche-
Corot6], and sending back home Marguerite of Flanders, who since
her divorce had been detained in France.
iii. Spain. Treaty of Barcelona [January 19, i493], by which
Charles VIII hands over to Ferdinand the Roussillon, thus giving the
Spaniards a footing on the French side of the Pyrenees ; Ferdinand,
in return, is to assist Charles against all enemies, 'vicario Chrtsti
excejblo:
Savonarola.--Preaches at Bologna during Lent. On May 22, St. Mark
is separated from the Lombard Congregation. Savonarola reforms