The history of the popes, from the close of the middle ages : drawn ...

THE EPISCOPAL OFFICE. 3OI
into prominence during the proceedings of the General Con-
gregation between October 13th and 20th, which concerned
the drafting of the doctrinal decree, and of the seven canons
which pronounced an anathema in connection with the
sacrament of Holy Orders. At the very beginning of the
proceedings, on October 13th, the Archbishop of Granada
made a formal proposal that it should be defined that the
episcopal office rested on divine right. ^ The dispute which
arose on this point, during which the position of the Pope,
with reference to the whole Church, and also with reference
to the Council, was debated, drove everything else into the
background, and prevented the deliberations from making
any progress. ^ Much learning and theological acumen was
displayed on both sides during these stormy debates. The
General of the Jesuits, James Lainez, who differed from most
of his Spanish compatriots on this point, distinguished himself
above all the rest. The speech which he made on October
20th, before the taking of the vote, was a masterpiece, dis-
tinguished alike by its vast learning, its clearness, and its
pertinency.^ It created an impression such as was scarcely
made by any other address during the whole course of the
Council.^ Many, even of his opponents, were convinced by
the force of the arguments brought forward by Lainez, while
1 SeeTHEiNER, II., 153 seq. : Paleotto in Theiner, II., 593 seq. ;
Pallavicini, 18, 12 and 14 ; Grisar, Primat, 463 seq. ; Disput, I.,
34*56^., II., 410 seq. ; Susta, III., 23 seq., 384, 391 seq.
*Ehses has published in the Hist. Jahrbuch, XXXVII.,
72 seq., the strong letter in which, as early as June 13, 1562,
Morone rebuked his nephew, Girolamo Gallarate, Bishop of
Sutri-Nepi, for his declaration in favour of the definition of the
ius divinum, by which the whole activity of the Council would have
been paralysed.
' Lainez wrote out his speech. It is preserved in the Papal
Secret Archives, *Concilio, V., 98 seq., but is not yet printed.
Pallavicini (18, 15) knew of the manuscript, but it was over-
looked by Grisar (Primat, 460). Theiner has abridged the
reports at this point. See Astrain, II., 180.
* The opinion of Sarpi (7, 20).