The history of the popes, from the close of the middle ages : drawn ...

232 HISTORY OF THE POPES.
no time in remonstrating with Duke William IV., but was
very cautious in doing so. This was very necessary, as the
Duke was out of temper on account of the hesitation of Pius IV.
to grant permission for the foundation of the university at
Duisburg.^ As a change of religion on the part of the Duke
of Cleves might have incalculable consequences, on account
of the position of his country, Commendone endeavoured to
pacify him and advised Rome to make ?11 possible advances.^
In the matter of the Council, Duke William showed very good
will as to the sending of envoys, expressing at the same time
the wish that the chalice might be granted to the laity, and
permission given to priests to marry. ^
From Cleves, Commendone visited the Netherlands, starting
for Utrecht on April 29th, where he arrived on the 30th.
Thence he travelled by Dordrecht to Antwerp, which he
reached on May 3rd, remaining there until the 12th. Here
he received Cardinal Borromeo's instructions that he should
also visit the King of Denmark and hand him personally
the invitation to the Council.* If he should be successful in
winning over this prince, the most powerful in the north,
who was also related to the two most important courts of the
^ Upon this affair cf. Susta, Kurie, log seq.
^ The affair dragged on till 1562. On June 15, 1562, the bull
for the erection of the university of Duisburg was sent to the
Duke, antedated April loth ; see Lacomblet, Urkundenbuch, IV.,
n. 564; Susta, Kurie, II., 211.
^ To the accounts already noted, and profitably treated of by
Reimann, Commendone, 264 seq., and Lossen, Masius' Briefe,
331 seq., must be added the *Viaggio of Ruggieri, where we read
of the religious conditions of the country : *Quanto alia religione
il duca non mostra di dissentire in altro della fede cattolica che
nella communione sub utraque specie eh' egli riceve apertamente ;
la sua corte e quasi tutta lutherana. Nei stati si vive per ii pid
alia cattolica, ma per tutti i luoghi sono molto heretici (Chigi
Lib., Rome).
* *Letter of Borromeo of March 4-7, 1561, Lett, di princ,
XXII., 113 (Papal Secret Archives). Cf. Susta, Kurie, I., 199,
and Ehses, VIII. , 169 seq.