The history of the popes, from the close of the middle ages : drawn ...

nection with the Council ;
CREATION OF CARDINALS. 163
in the case of the others, considera-
tions of another kind led to their elevation. The appointments
of Bernardo Salviati, and of the French ambassador, Babou
de la Bourdaisiere, were made to please the French govern
ment, while the elevation of liiigo de Avalos de Aragon and of
Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle testified to a desire to please
Philip II. It is very remarkable that Cosimo I. only suc-
ceeded in getting a very distant relative, the Spaniard, Fran-
cisco Pacheco, appointed. The lion's share in the creation
was carried off by the party of the Gonzaga, who were inimical
to the Carafa. Besides the nephew of Cardinal Ercole, the
twenty-four-year-old Francesco Gonzaga, the following received
the purple on February 26th : Ludovico Madruzzo, Luigi
d'Este and the Pope's nephew, Mark Sittich von Hohenems,
as well as Alfonso Gesualdo and Pier Francesco Ferreri, then
nuncio in Venice, who were related to the Pope's nephew. On
the other hand, however, the opponents of Gonzaga, the
Farnese, who were so powerful owing to their connection with
the court of Philip, received due consideration. Their
interests were already served by the appointment of Granvelle
and Ifiigo de Avalos, but in addition to these, the new Car-
dinals, Girolamo da Correggio and the Bishop of Brescia,
Francesco Gambara, were also among their faithful adherents.^
On February 27th, 1561, the last period allowed by the law
of those days to the prisoners for their further defence, had
expired. When the Pope went to the consistory on that date
an advocate of the Carafa cast himself at the feet of His Holi-
1 C/. HiLLiGER, 18 seq. ; Susta, Kurie, XL, 409; Herre,
66 seq. ; Q. BiGi. Vita del card. G. da Correggio, 47 seq., Milan,
1864. The red hat had already been prophesied for Francesco
Gonzaga in 1558 (see Giorn. ligustico, 1887, 436 seq.). Pius IV.
had, in an autograph letter, as early as June 18, 1560, secretly
intimated to Luigi d'Este that he would create him cardinal
(*OriginaI in State Archives, Modena). In Min. bred., Arm.,
44
t. 10, n. 30-40, are the *briefs to the newly appointed cardinals
dated February 27, 1561 ; in that to Avalos the petition of
Philip II. is remembered, and in that to Salviati, that of Catherine
de' Medici (Papal Secret Archives].