5.2 Perennials

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PERENNIALS 43 Celastrus scandens L. American bittersweet, false bittersweet, climbing bittersweet, bourreau des arbres, cdlastre grimpant per. zone 3b Jul-Sep vine-like, to 60 cm Value for honey: bees work freely on this 72 . Notes: yellow clusters open to disclose red berries; often used for decoration 95 ; thickets, river banks and woods, s. Que. to s. Man., S. to s. N.E. and beyond Can. limits 23 . Centaurea dealbata Willd. Persian centaurea, Persian knapweed per. -37° to -29° C Jun-Sep 60 cm Value for honey: said to be particularly attractive to honeybees 72 ; see Centaurea. Honey: see Centaurea. Notes: solitary flower heads, white and rosey-white; a compact bushy plant. Chionodoxa luciliae Boiss. glory of the snow, gloire de neige per. (bulb) Apr-May 7-15 cm N(P) 36 Value for pollen: a useful early source of P 35 . Notes: needs full sun; will naturalize; among the first spring bulbs to bloom; small blue and white bell-shaped flowers in a cluster, foliage is grass-like. Cichorium intybus L. common chicory, blue daisy, blue sailors, wild succory, chicoree, chicotin, barbe du capuchin, chevaux de paysan per. -37° to -29° C 90-180 cm Value for honey: HP3 16 ; plants may close up in the afternoons and so yields N in the mornings only 3'; surplus H has been obtained where this is grown on a field scale for roots or seeds (e.g. England and Mich.) 35,72; one of the most attractive plants to bees 72 . Honey: is yellowish-green in colour; flavour is pleasant and has a coffee-chicory taste ? . Notes: cultivated as a crop for roots or green fodder in some countries 35, but is a noxious weed is some provinces of Canada'. Cirsium Mill. thistle, plume thistle, chardon per. (bienn.) Jul-frost 30-150 cm Value for honey: HP3 16 ; most of these are excellent sources of N; however, some thistles have very long flower tubes so that the N is out of reach of the honeybee, or rarely available 3'; C. arvense (L.) Scop., Canada thistle, is one of the best thistles for N, but is a serious introduced pest or noxious weed in several provinces 35.72 ; C. crispus (welted thistle) is also a weed but is eagerly visited by honeybees 3s Value for pollen: may be eagerly collected (especially from C. arvense). Honey: light in colour; good flavour; no pronounced aroma 16; has been compared to basswood (Tilia) H in characteristics and quality 72 ; some state that it is the finest available source of H 72 . Notes: most of these are serious weeds due to their invasive nature, and are usually unwelcome intruders in the garden. Flowers are not unattractive and are made up of hundreds of tiny tubular florets in tight globular clusters.
44 PERENNIALS Claytonia virginica L. Virginia spring beauty, spring beauty, claytonie per. (bulb) -21° to -15° C Apr-May 10-15 cm NP Value for honey and pollen: valuable only because they are so early flowering when little else is in bloom 72 . Notes: .pink flowers, useful ground cover in part shade; moist soil; native to e. Canada 12 ; rich woods, thickets, and clearings, sw. Que., and w. and s. N.E. to s. Ont. and beyond Can. limits 23 . Clematis L. clematis, virgin's bower, leather flower, vase vine, clematite per. vine (MP Value for honey and pollen: only some offer N, but all are sources of P except in the case of some of the garden hybrids (e.g. x Jackmanii T. Moore which is useless for bees 35); C. virginiana L. (white clematis, woodbine, virgin's bower, devil's-darningneedle, herbe aux gueux) is not often seen in gardens, but produces abundant N 72 and is common in N.S., Que., Man. and locally in other provinces. Notes: The clematis flower has no true petals, but the brilliantly coloured sepals serve instead. This large group of useful vines are not as widely appreciated in N. America as they are in Europe where many of the smaller flowered spp. (unknown in most N. American gardens) are popular. Many clematis spp. are probably popular with honeybees, but there are few records indicating the value of particular spp. to beekeepers. Clematis armandii Franch. Armand clematis, clematite du Pere Armand per. -15° to -12° C May-June vine to 12 m NP Value for honey: observed to "hum" with bees. Notes: white fragrant flowers in showy panicles; blooms on previous year's wood 95 ; thrives in coastal B.C., but is too tender in most other parts of Canada. Clematis ligustictfolia Nutt. western virgin's bower, western white clematis per. -23° to -21° C Aug-Sep vine to 6 m NP Value for honey: a 3.6 tonne surplus reported from wild clematis (likely C. ligusticifolia) in B.C. in the 1930's 72 ; N sugar concentration 48%, but bees observed to obtain very little N from each blossom 94. Notes: white flowers in plumose heads; climbing over bushes in Man. to B.C., S. beyond Can. range 23 . Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC. anemone clematis, clematite des montagnes per. -21° to -15° C Jul 2.4 m NP Value for honey and pollen: attractive. Notes: grows best on s. or sw. walls; white flowers.
Page 1 and 2: 36 5.2 Perennials PERENNIALS Agasta
Page 3 and 4: 38 Anemone blanda Schott R. Kotschy
Page 5 and 6: 40 PERENNIALS Lindl. (w. Nfld., Gas
Page 7: 42 PERENNIALS Aurina saxatilis (L)
Page 11 and 12: 46 PERENNIALS Dictamnus albus L. bu
Page 13 and 14: 48 PERENNIALS Honey: usually mixed
Page 15 and 16: 50 PERENNIALS Helianthus salicifoli
Page 17 and 18: 52 PERENNIALS Liatris pychnostchya
Page 19 and 20: 54 waste land, locally N. to N.E.,
Page 21 and 22: 56 PERENNIALS Mentha spicata L. (sy
Page 23 and 24: 58 and beyond Can. lirnits 23 . PER
Page 25 and 26: 60 Notes: includes about 250 spp. o
Page 27 and 28: 62 PERENNIALS Solidago L. goldenrod
Page 29 and 30: 64 PERENNIALS on calcareous ledges
Page 31 and 32: 66 PERENNIALS Trifolium repens L. w
Page 33 and 34: 5. DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 5.1 Annua
Page 35 and 36: 18 Value for pollen: P protein is h
Page 37 and 38: 20 Honey: is greenish-yellow to dar
Page 39 and 40: 22 Coriandrum sativum L. coriander,
Page 41 and 42: 24 This is one of the few plants th
Page 43 and 44: 26 Isatis tinctoria L. dyer's woad,
Page 45 and 46: 28 vanilla 16 ; excellent 35 . Note
Page 47 and 48: 30 Origanum majorana L. (syn. Major
Page 49 and 50: 32 flavour 16 . Notes: self-seeds f
Page 51 and 52: 34 form); is a legume and so fixes

5.2 Perennials

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