5.2 Perennials

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PERENNIALS 37 Original prairie flora included wild onions which were known to be an important source of H for the early beekeeping settlers 72 . Except where vegetable Allium are grown for seed, these crops are harvested before flowering and are of no use to the beekeeper. Value for pollen: less attractive for P than N. Honey: light amber in colour, good quality; oniony flavour present only in freshly extracted H and disappears during storage 16 . Notes: strong scented and pungent herbs; several ornamental Allium have been specifically noted to be attractive to honeybees, but many other native or naturalized spp. are probably also valuable for N; see also A. porrum var porrum51 (leek, poireau), A. sativum (garlic, ail), and A. schoenoprasum (chive, ciboulette) listed in Table 19. Allium giganteum Regel giant onion per. -23° to-21° C Jun 120 cm N(P) Value for honey: yields N copiously over a 2-3 week period; see Allium. Honey: see Allium. Notes: needs staking; moist sites; some material grown under this name is A. ameloprasum L.; see Allium. Althaea officinalis L. marshmallow, white mallow, guimauve officinale per. -23° to -20° Jul-Oct 1-1.8 m NP Value for honey: HP3/4 16; attractive for N 35; probably similar to Alcea rosea (hollyhock). Notes: large pinkish flowers on a stalk; root yielding the original non-synthetic mucilaginous marshmallow paste 23 ; naturalized along borders of saline or fresh marshes, especially in E., very local, Co. Deux-Montagnes, Que., also sw. beyond Can. range 23 . Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. common pearly everlasting, pearly everlasting, immortelle, anaphalide nacrde per. -37° to -29° C Jul-Aug 90 cm NP Value for honey: H yield of 9 kg/colony/season reported 72; surplus usually obtained when this sp. is near colonies sited on fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) and the fireweed main N flow fails 50; main N flow follows the fireweed flow 72 . Honey: dark in colour, may be thin; flavour is fair to bitter, acceptable for overwintering 5"2 Notes: widespread in N. America; extremely variable appearance. Anchusa azurea Mill. (syn. A. italica Retz.) Italian bugloss, Italian alkanet, bugloss, alkanet, buglosse per. -37° to -29° C Jun-Sep 90-150 cm N 36 Value for honey: may be similar to A. officinalis (alkanet, bugloss) which has an HP of 2/6 16, but values for A. azurea have not been measured. Notes: beautiful blue flowers; easy to grow, roadsides and waste land, local N.E. to sw. beyond Can. range 23.
38 Anemone blanda Schott R. Kotschy Greek anemone, anemone per. -21° to -15° C May 10-15 cm Notes: sun or part shade; well-drained site. Anemone nemorosa L. European wood anemone, anemone, anemone sylvie per. -37° to -29° C Apr-May 20 cm Notes: white or purple single flowers p36 PERENNIALS Anemone patens L. (syn. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill.) spreading Pasque flower, prairie crocus, anemone pulsatille per. -23° to -21° C Apr-May 30 cm Value for pollen: one of the first herbaceous plants to supply P on the prairies (found from Man. to Alta.) 72 . Notes: not commonly cultivated; has been used medicinally; prairies and exposed slopes, Arct., nw. USA. and Can., S. to beyond Can. limits 23 . Arabis caucasica Schlechtend. wall rock cress, arabette du Caucase per. -37° to -29° C Mar-Jul 15-25 cm NP Value for honey and pollen: one of the earliest flowering plants to yield N and P so freely. Notes: useful as a ground cover plant; needs sun or part shade. Armeria maritima (Mill.) Wild. (syn. Statice maritima Mill., S. armerica L. in part; Armeria vulgaris Wild.) common thrift, anndrie maritime per. -37° to -29° C mid May-mid Jun 15-30 cm Notes: grows well in waste land; requires sun. Asclepius L. milkweed, locoweed, silkweed, herbe a ouate, asclepiade per. Jun-Oct N(P?) Value for honey: HP1/2 1 ; many of these are considered valuable N sources 28 '72 ; important where persistent in fields, ditches, roadsides etc.; capable of contributing a significant amount of N to the honey flow when most other summer blooming plants are at an end 28 . Sometimes N collecting bees fatally trapped in flowers by strands attached to pairs of "pollinia" (P structures), characteristic of milkweeds. Several masses of pollinia may be inadvertently carried on a bee's body from flower to flower. Bees may be unable to remove the pollinia from their bodies and strands may become entangled in a milkweed flower. As a result, bees that are unable to escape starve to death 28 . Value for pollen: P grains are bound together in a waxy mass and probably not actively collected 50; P may be in a form that makes it unavailable for storing by bees 50and P structures may fatally entangle bees 50(see Value for honey above). Honey: light in colour, water-white from some spp. 16 ; excellent and mild flavour, cappings pearly-white and ideal for comb H production 28 ; hot thy weather makes pure H very thick and difficult to extract unless, warmed first in combs 8.
Page 1: 36 5.2 Perennials PERENNIALS Agasta
Page 5 and 6: 40 PERENNIALS Lindl. (w. Nfld., Gas
Page 7 and 8: 42 PERENNIALS Aurina saxatilis (L)
Page 9 and 10: 44 PERENNIALS Claytonia virginica L
Page 11 and 12: 46 PERENNIALS Dictamnus albus L. bu
Page 13 and 14: 48 PERENNIALS Honey: usually mixed
Page 15 and 16: 50 PERENNIALS Helianthus salicifoli
Page 17 and 18: 52 PERENNIALS Liatris pychnostchya
Page 19 and 20: 54 waste land, locally N. to N.E.,
Page 21 and 22: 56 PERENNIALS Mentha spicata L. (sy
Page 23 and 24: 58 and beyond Can. lirnits 23 . PER
Page 25 and 26: 60 Notes: includes about 250 spp. o
Page 27 and 28: 62 PERENNIALS Solidago L. goldenrod
Page 29 and 30: 64 PERENNIALS on calcareous ledges
Page 31 and 32: 66 PERENNIALS Trifolium repens L. w
Page 33 and 34: 5. DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 5.1 Annua
Page 35 and 36: 18 Value for pollen: P protein is h
Page 37 and 38: 20 Honey: is greenish-yellow to dar
Page 39 and 40: 22 Coriandrum sativum L. coriander,
Page 41 and 42: 24 This is one of the few plants th
Page 43 and 44: 26 Isatis tinctoria L. dyer's woad,
Page 45 and 46: 28 vanilla 16 ; excellent 35 . Note
Page 47 and 48: 30 Origanum majorana L. (syn. Major
Page 49 and 50: 32 flavour 16 . Notes: self-seeds f
Page 51 and 52: 34 form); is a legume and so fixes

5.2 Perennials

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