5.2 Perennials

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PERENNIALS 63 Solidago occidentalis (Nutt.) T. & G. 65 western goldenrod, verge d'or per. 50-100 cm NP Value for honey: HP4/5 (for Solidago L.) 16 ; N sugar concentration 33% 94; an important secondary source of fall N (and P) in Alta. and B.C."; see Solidago. Honey: see Solidago. Notes: yellow flowers crowded into small daisy-like heads; clusters of flowers are flat topped; grows in wet meadows, river-banks, lakes and sloughs, found naturally in B.C. and Alta. 65 ; see Solidago. Stachys byzantina C. Koch (syn. Stachys lanata Jacq., not Crantz; S. olympica of auth. not Poir.) lamb's ears, woolly betony, woolly groundwort, epaire, dpairie laineuse per. -29° to -23° C Jul-Oct 30-45 cm Value for honey: HP5 16. Notes: usually grown for its attractive foliage; pink to purplish flowers on stalks are long lasting; a much cultivated ornamental. Taraxacum Wiggers and Taraxacum officinale Wiggers dandelion, lion's tooth, blowballs, dumble d'or, pissenlit per. -37° to -29° C May-Sep NP Value for honey: HP4 16 ; H yield 9-95 kg/colony/season 17 ; N sugar concentration 18- 74% 17 ; N secretion 1.0-1.9 mg/flower/day; but none if temperatures are greater than 24° C 17 ; flowers close on cloudy days 7 ; no other N source of greater value for honeybees during the short main bloom period, but most H consumed during brood rearing because majority of colonies are not strong enough to take advantage of early flow 11,72 ; flowers intermittently from spring to autumn; may be more attractive to honeybees than apple (Males) when it blooms in orchards 35 ; provides a major H flow in late May and June in the Eastern Townships, Montreal and Ottawa Valleys of Que. 12 ; useful for colony build up in B.C.a and Alta. Value for pollen: P yield is 1.2 mg/flower/day with approximately 6.2 mg/load 17 ; protein content is high 83 ; under-represented" in H 17 ; load is dull yellow to orange 17 ; considered a very valuable source of P; may be more attractive to honeybees than apple P when it occurs in orchards 35 . Honey: intense yellow to pale yellow in colour 17 ; classed as light amber to golden amber 17 ; granulates rapidly to a coarse solid 16; flavour is sharp 91 , but can be mild"; aroma pronounced 16 . Notes: Taraxacum includes many cosmopolitan weeds native to Europe, Asia and N. America (T. officinale is one sp. introduced to N. America); bright yellow flower-heads up to 3 cm across; pernicious lawn weed, but is also grown as edible greens; flowers intermittently all summer after main bloom in late spring. The following spp. and var. are common in certain parts of Canada and may contribute significantly to the H flow in their own areas, but no specific information has been recorded: T. officinale var. palustre (Sm.) Blytt. 23 is found in damper soils, Nfld. and Que. to s. N.E.'; T. phymatocarpum Vah1. 23 , Greenl. and Arct. America, limestone crevices, Pistolet Bay, Nfld. (Jul) 23 ; T. ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC. 23 , Lab. to B.C., S. a Mitchell, S. (1987). Personal communication. b This means that the percentage of pollen grains of this species to the total pollen grains in honey will be characteristically low even if most of the honey surplus originates from this species.
64 PERENNIALS on calcareous ledges and cliffs to w. Nfld., Gaspe and Rimouski Cos., Que. (Jun- Aug) 23 ; T. laurentianum Fern.23 , calcareous ledges and meadows, shores and ledges, w. Nfld. and Mingan Ids. and Anticosti I., Que. (Jul-Aug) 23 ; T. ambigens Fem. 23 on calcareous meadows, shores, ledges, se. Lab. to Ung. S. to Nfld. and Gaspe Pen., Que. (Jun-early Aug) 23 ; and var. fultius Fem. 23 , w. Nfld. and Sickshock Mts., Que. 23 ; T. latilobum DC. 3 , rich, often calcareous slopes and talus, Nfld. to w. Me., adv. to w.N.E. 23 ; T. dumetorum Greene 23 , meadows and calcareous ledges, B.C. and Alta., to Colo., Slate Ids., L. Sup., Ont. 23 ; T. lacerum Greene 23 , calcerous turf and gravel, nw. Nfld., and Gaspe Co., Que. (late Jun-early Aug) 23 ; T. erythrosperum Andrz. 23 , thin dray soil, s. Que. to s. B.C., S. to N.S., N.E. and S. (Apr-Jul) 23 ; T. lapponicum damp meadows, ledges and shores, Greenl. to Alaska, S. to Nfld., Gaspe Pen., Que., Ung. along Rocky Mts. (Jun-Aug) 23 . Thalictrum L. meadow rue, pigamon per. some very hardy Jun-Jul Value for pollen: bees work this assiduously for P 35 . Notes: ornamental blue-green foliage and insignificant flowers; blossoms have no true petals. Thymus serpyllum L. mother of thyme, wild thyme, creeping thyme, lemon thyme, serpolet, thym sauvage per. -37° to -29° C Jun-Aug 49 cm Value for honey: HP4 16 ; H yield of 57 kg/colony/season 17 ; N sugar concentration 27- 45% 17 ; N flow is usually dependable 72; said to begin blooming at the same time as the basswood (Tilia) N flow is ending 72 ; excellent pasture for honeybees 72 . Honey: very light in colour, classed as light amber to amber, flavour and aroma strong and minty; very good quality, but not ideal for over-wintering 17.72; the famous H from Mt Hymettus (Greece) is derived largely from the wild thyme of that region 72 . Notes: excellent, low evergreen ground-cover, rosy purple flowers in terminal heads; used in rockeries or between stepping stones; sometimes found naturalized along roadsides; much material offered incorrectly as T. serpyllum L.; old fields etc., Que. and in Ont., S. to N.S. and S. to s. Thymus vulgaris L. garden thyme, common thyme, faligoule, frigoule, thym, pote per. -23° to -21° C Jun 10-30 cm Value for honey: HP6 16 ; H yield of 19 kg/colony/season 17 ; N sugar concentration 36- 45% 17. Honey: golden amber in colour; classed as amber to medium amber, granulates slowly; flavour fairly strong, minty and does not fade on storage 17. Notes: culinary herb; pink flowers on upright spikes; used omamentally as an edging plant or as ground cover between stones. Trifolium L. (see individual spp. for more detail) true clover, clover, trefle per. bienn. ann. mid summer NP Value for honey: most of the true clovers seem attractive to bees, but 4 spp. make up the bulk of the acreage and are of primary importance to the beekeeper (T. incarnatum, crimson clover; T. pratense, red clover; T. hybridism, alsike clover, and T. repens, white
Page 1 and 2: 36 5.2 Perennials PERENNIALS Agasta
Page 3 and 4: 38 Anemone blanda Schott R. Kotschy
Page 5 and 6: 40 PERENNIALS Lindl. (w. Nfld., Gas
Page 7 and 8: 42 PERENNIALS Aurina saxatilis (L)
Page 9 and 10: 44 PERENNIALS Claytonia virginica L
Page 11 and 12: 46 PERENNIALS Dictamnus albus L. bu
Page 13 and 14: 48 PERENNIALS Honey: usually mixed
Page 15 and 16: 50 PERENNIALS Helianthus salicifoli
Page 17 and 18: 52 PERENNIALS Liatris pychnostchya
Page 19 and 20: 54 waste land, locally N. to N.E.,
Page 21 and 22: 56 PERENNIALS Mentha spicata L. (sy
Page 23 and 24: 58 and beyond Can. lirnits 23 . PER
Page 25 and 26: 60 Notes: includes about 250 spp. o
Page 27: 62 PERENNIALS Solidago L. goldenrod
Page 31 and 32: 66 PERENNIALS Trifolium repens L. w
Page 33 and 34: 5. DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 5.1 Annua
Page 35 and 36: 18 Value for pollen: P protein is h
Page 37 and 38: 20 Honey: is greenish-yellow to dar
Page 39 and 40: 22 Coriandrum sativum L. coriander,
Page 41 and 42: 24 This is one of the few plants th
Page 43 and 44: 26 Isatis tinctoria L. dyer's woad,
Page 45 and 46: 28 vanilla 16 ; excellent 35 . Note
Page 47 and 48: 30 Origanum majorana L. (syn. Major
Page 49 and 50: 32 flavour 16 . Notes: self-seeds f
Page 51 and 52: 34 form); is a legume and so fixes

5.2 Perennials

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