5.2 Perennials

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PERENNIALS 59 Polemonium caerulum L. Jacob's ladder, Greek valerian, charity, echelle de Jacob, valeriane Grecque per. -50° to -29° C Jun-Jul NP 36 Value for honey: HP3/4 17 . Notes: attractive blue flowers with prominent yellow stamens; rich soil preferred; not native, but spread from cultivation to roadsides and waste land, e. Canada, N.E. and elsewhere 23 . Polygonum amplexicaule D. Don mountain fleece per. -21° to -15° C Jul 90 cm NP 36 Value for honey: HP4 (for Polygonum) 16. Honey: light amber in colour, flavour is pronounced and unpleasant; very white cappings Notes: profuse white flowers. Polygonum aubertii L. Henry silver lace vine, silver fleece vine, China fleece vine per. zone 6 Aug-Sep less than 3 m Value for honey: HP4 (for Polygonum) 16 ; "bees work this so eagerly that at times it sounds as if there may be a swarm of bees in the air" 72 . Honey: see P. amplexicaule (mountain fleece). Notes: dense panicles of white fragrant flowers; excellent on chain link fences; very vigorous growth; not native, spread from cultivation to waste land 23 . Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc. (syn. Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) Japanese knotweed, fleece flower, Mexican bamboo per. -37° to -29° C Aug-Sep 1.8-2.4 m Value for honey: HP4 (for Polygonum) 1'; said to "swarm" with bees 72 . Honey: see P. amplexicaule (mountain fleece) Notes: an extremely vicious spreader and should be grown in waste land only; found in waste land and neglected gardens, rapidly spreading and becoming obnoxious, Nfld. to Ont. and S. 23 ; Sakhalin knotweed (P. sachalinense Friedr. Schmidt ex Maxim.) also attracts bees in large numbers and is likewise a vicious spreader. Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Pers. basil, mountain mint, pycnantheme per. NP Notes: unusually large amounts of bloom on each plant; needs no special care; native to parts of USA including centr. Me. to N.D. on gravelly shores, in meadows and dry to wet thickets etc. 23 . Ranunculus L. buttercup, crowfoot, renoncule per. Jun-Aug Value for pollen: P and plant juices contain highly toxic substance, protoanemonin 7 ; nurse bees were observed to die when buttercup P was collected 7 ; toxicity is retained in stored P for at least 3 years 7 ; damage to bees is influenced by the prevalence of buttercup in pastures, competition from other sources and the weather 7 . See Section 10.
60 Notes: includes about 250 spp. of widely distributed herbs. PERENNIALS Rudbeckia laciniata L. cut leaf coneflower, rudbeckie lacinee per. hardy Jul-Sep 2.2-4 m N" Value for honey: sometimes freely worked for N 35 ; see Rudbeckia . Notes: Even single flowers provide only a small amount of N 35 ; yellow flowers found growing wild from Que. to B.C., especially in rich low ground, w. Que., to Mont. S. to N.S., N.E. and beyond Can. range 23 . Salvia L. (see individual spp. for more detail) salvia, sage, ramona, sauge per. (bienn.) Jun-Jul Value for honey: HP4/6 16 ; S. mellifera Greene (black sage) is not often cultivated, but is usually credited as the principal source of sage H in N. America 72 ; S. nemorosa L. (wood sage) has a reported HP5 17 and occurs naturally in parts of the Okanagan and Fraser Valleys of B.C. Local opinion in B.C. holds that bees never collect anything from the common sage brush' in B.0 b. Honey: probably most of the many spp. of wild and cultivated sages give H with similar characteristics 72 ; considered to be some of the finest H on the market 72 ; classed as water-white; granulates extremely slowly (in some cases it has been known to stay liquid for years); heavy body; delightful flavour 1632 . Notes: includes more than 750 spp. of herbs, subshrubs and shrubs usually growing in dry to stony sites; flowers mostly large and showy in spiked racemes or panicled whorls 23 . Salvia officinalis L. garden sage, common sage, sauge, grand sauge, the de France per. -37° to -29° C Jun-Jul 20-70 cm N(P?) Value for honey: HP5/6 16; N sugar concentration 30-60% 17 . Honey: light and pale yellow in colour; classed as amber to white; granulates slowly, like most Salvia; aromatic flavour 17 ; Notes: much grown as a pot-herb or spice; commercially cultivated in the USA 51 . Salvia pratensis L. meadow sage, meadow clary, sauge des pres, sauge sauvage per. -37° to -29° C 60 cm N 35 Value for honey: see Salvia. Notes: commonly cultivated; whorled racemes of (typically) bright violet blue or pink or white flowers; in cultivation flowers are extremely variable; naturalized in waste land, fields etc., Mass. and S. beyond Can. range 23 . Salvia x superba Stapf (: S. x sylvestris x S. villicaulis Both.) (syn. Salvia virgata Hort. not Jacq.; S. virgata nemorosa Hort.; S. nemorosa Mottet and auth., not L.) per. -23° to -21° C mid Jun-late Aug N 36 Value for honey: HP4 (for Salvia x superba vars.) 16 ; see Salvia. a The common sage brush may refer to an Artemisia sp. b McCutcheon, D. (1986). Personal communication:
Page 1 and 2: 36 5.2 Perennials PERENNIALS Agasta
Page 3 and 4: 38 Anemone blanda Schott R. Kotschy
Page 5 and 6: 40 PERENNIALS Lindl. (w. Nfld., Gas
Page 7 and 8: 42 PERENNIALS Aurina saxatilis (L)
Page 9 and 10: 44 PERENNIALS Claytonia virginica L
Page 11 and 12: 46 PERENNIALS Dictamnus albus L. bu
Page 13 and 14: 48 PERENNIALS Honey: usually mixed
Page 15 and 16: 50 PERENNIALS Helianthus salicifoli
Page 17 and 18: 52 PERENNIALS Liatris pychnostchya
Page 19 and 20: 54 waste land, locally N. to N.E.,
Page 21 and 22: 56 PERENNIALS Mentha spicata L. (sy
Page 23: 58 and beyond Can. lirnits 23 . PER
Page 27 and 28: 62 PERENNIALS Solidago L. goldenrod
Page 29 and 30: 64 PERENNIALS on calcareous ledges
Page 31 and 32: 66 PERENNIALS Trifolium repens L. w
Page 33 and 34: 5. DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 5.1 Annua
Page 35 and 36: 18 Value for pollen: P protein is h
Page 37 and 38: 20 Honey: is greenish-yellow to dar
Page 39 and 40: 22 Coriandrum sativum L. coriander,
Page 41 and 42: 24 This is one of the few plants th
Page 43 and 44: 26 Isatis tinctoria L. dyer's woad,
Page 45 and 46: 28 vanilla 16 ; excellent 35 . Note
Page 47 and 48: 30 Origanum majorana L. (syn. Major
Page 49 and 50: 32 flavour 16 . Notes: self-seeds f
Page 51 and 52: 34 form); is a legume and so fixes

5.2 Perennials

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