5.2 Perennials

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PERENNIALS much more sprawling in habit". Oenothera L. evening primrose, sundrops, oenothere per. -37° to -23° C Jun-Sep 30-120 cm Value for pollen: an early morning source of P (blossoms fade toward noon) 35 ; in most spp. new blossoms open in the evening (moth pollinated) but a few spp. are day openine. Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. sainfoin, holy clover, esparcette per. not quite as hardy as alfalfa Jun-Aug 10-80 cm NP Value for honey: HP16 Hp6 17 ; H yield 20-54 kg/colony/season 17; N sugar concentration up to 60% 1'i ; sugar concentration increased by 25% after a rise in temperature of 1° C at night 17 ; secretion optimum at 22-25° C, but continues from 14-30° C and is increased with the addition of a full mineral fertilizer to the soil 17 ; bees begin working sainfoin an hour before they begin foraging on Trifolium hybridum (alsike) or Trifolium repens (white clover) 72; blooms for 10-14 days at an opportune time between fruit bloom (Prunus, Pyrus) and white clover (T. repens) 72 or between dandelion (Taraxacum of cinale) and sweet clover (Melilotus) 35 , and 2 weeks before alfalfa (Medicago sativa) 2 ; seems more attractive to bees than Trifolium repens (white clover) 72 . Honey: yellow in colour, classed as water-white to light amber; granulates rapidly, finely, and to a solid consistency; flavour is less sweet than most other H; aroma faint, delicate 17 ; probable source of famous French Gatinais H 72 . Notes: cultivated forage crop; valuable pasturage plant that is only cut once; not longlived in all areas; deep tap root and is drought resistant; pink flowers on a spike; see Table 18. Opuntia polyacantha Haw. prickly pear cactus, plains prickly pear cactus, Indian fig per. -37° to -29° C Jun-Jul 20 cm (N)P Value for honey: N flow is very short (4-5 days) 72 ; bees may collect red juices of the fruits"; other Opuntia are also attractive to bees /2 . Honey: reddish, classed as light amber, granulates to large crystals in clear liquid; heavy body and is described as stringy; fair to rank flavours 72. Notes: large yellow flowers; useful for a hot dry position. Origanum vulgare L. wiklinatjoram_potam_ marjoram n origano, organy, marjolaine sauvage, origan per. -37° to -29° C Jul-Aug 75 cm Value for honey: HP4 16 ; N sugar concentration of 76% has been recorded, making this N one of the most concentrated known 16 ; H yield of 22 kg/colony/season reported where marjoram is a common weed 50; blooms at the same time as fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) 72 . Honey: is considered to improve the flavour of milder H's when blended with them 35 ; a major source of H from Mt. Hymettus in Greece which is famous from classical times 16 . Notes: a cultivated culinary herb that also has medicinal uses; woolly aromatic leaves, purplish or white flowers; roadsides, old fields and thin woods, sw. Que. and s. Ont. 57
58 and beyond Can. lirnits 23 . PERENNIALS Paeonia L. peony per. Jun-Jul 45-180 cm P 35 Value for honey: single cvs. (only) are an excellent P source 35 . Notes: remarkably free of pests and diseases and also very hardy; will grow in any well-drained soil (slightly acid soil is best); does not like to be disturbed, and should not be transplanted more frequently than is necessary. Papaver orientale L. Oriental poppy, pavot de Toumefort per. -50° to -29° C late May-Jun 60-120 cm Value for pollen: P is highly attractive to bees (not unusual to see 3 or more bees gathering P at the same time in one blossom) 35 ; P may have a narcotic effect on bees 72; P from P. somnifertun (opium poppy, pavot somnifere) has been implicated in serious mortality of foraging bees': see Section 10. Notes: among the longest lived poppies; should not be transplanted more than is strictly necessary. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (syn. Vitis parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Lamb.; Ampelopsis quinquefolia (L.) Michx.) Virginia creeper, vigne vierge grimpante per. zone 3 Aug less than 17 m (clinging vine) Value for honey: H yield of 7-11 kg/colony/season 17 ; highly attractive to bees 72 . Honey: slightly reddish in colour, classed as light amber, flavour distinctive 17. Notes: rapidly growing vine with ornamental foliage and inconspicuous flowers; also a good ground cover for slopes and banks; woods and rocky banks, N. to se. Me., Vt., sw. Que., N.Y. and S. beyond Can. limits 23 . Penstemon barbatus (Cay.) Roth. bearlip penstemon per. -50° to -29° C Jun-Jul 90-120 cm N 35 Value for honey: valuable to help bridge the June gap in N flow. Notes: loose panicles of bright red flowers. Penstemon grandiflorus Nutt. large flowered beard tongue per. -37° to -29° C Jun 60-150 cm Value for honey: similar to P. barbatus (bearlip penstemon) Notes: thrives on a hot dry bank in full sun. Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. false dragonhead, obedience per. -50° to -29° C Aug-Sep 90-120 cm N(P?) Value for honey: attractive to honeybees /2 . Notes: soft tubular pink flowers in close spike; moist, slightly acid soil; useful ornamental for borders and wild gardens; river banks, damp thickets and waste land, s. Que., s. N.B., N.E. and beyond Can. limits23.
Page 1 and 2: 36 5.2 Perennials PERENNIALS Agasta
Page 3 and 4: 38 Anemone blanda Schott R. Kotschy
Page 5 and 6: 40 PERENNIALS Lindl. (w. Nfld., Gas
Page 7 and 8: 42 PERENNIALS Aurina saxatilis (L)
Page 9 and 10: 44 PERENNIALS Claytonia virginica L
Page 11 and 12: 46 PERENNIALS Dictamnus albus L. bu
Page 13 and 14: 48 PERENNIALS Honey: usually mixed
Page 15 and 16: 50 PERENNIALS Helianthus salicifoli
Page 17 and 18: 52 PERENNIALS Liatris pychnostchya
Page 19 and 20: 54 waste land, locally N. to N.E.,
Page 21: 56 PERENNIALS Mentha spicata L. (sy
Page 25 and 26: 60 Notes: includes about 250 spp. o
Page 27 and 28: 62 PERENNIALS Solidago L. goldenrod
Page 29 and 30: 64 PERENNIALS on calcareous ledges
Page 31 and 32: 66 PERENNIALS Trifolium repens L. w
Page 33 and 34: 5. DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 5.1 Annua
Page 35 and 36: 18 Value for pollen: P protein is h
Page 37 and 38: 20 Honey: is greenish-yellow to dar
Page 39 and 40: 22 Coriandrum sativum L. coriander,
Page 41 and 42: 24 This is one of the few plants th
Page 43 and 44: 26 Isatis tinctoria L. dyer's woad,
Page 45 and 46: 28 vanilla 16 ; excellent 35 . Note
Page 47 and 48: 30 Origanum majorana L. (syn. Major
Page 49 and 50: 32 flavour 16 . Notes: self-seeds f
Page 51 and 52: 34 form); is a legume and so fixes

5.2 Perennials

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