5.2 Perennials

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PERENNIALS 53 Lupinus L. lupine, lupin per. (ann.) Value for pollen: generally considered to be nectarless and of little value to the beekeeper, even for P 35 ; L. angustifolia L. (narrow leaved or blue lupine) is grown on a field scale for grazing or soil improvement and is an attractive source of P (and N?) for honeybees 72 . Notes: a legume which thrives on any well-drained soil, even poor sandy loams; Latin name from lupus, wolf, because of an erroneous belief that this sp. destroys the soil. L. perennis L. var. occidentalis S. Wats. 23 is more common than other sp. in s. Ont.; L. polyphyllus Lind1. 23 is most common along dry roadsides and banks in P.E.I. and N.S.; L. nootkatensis Donn. ex Sims. 23 is common to roadsides and open banks Avalon Pen., Nfld. to N.E. 23 . Lythrum salicaria L. purple loosestrife, spiked loosestrife, salicaire, bouquet violet per. -37° to -29° C Jun-Sep 50-150 cm NP Value for honey: HP5 16 ; H yield 23 kg/colony/season 17 ; an Ont. beekeeper reported a 117 kg surplus near a 200 ha field growing mostly this plant 72; N sugar concentration 30-72% 16 Value for pollen: found to be dominant P in H sampled from the n. bank of the St. Lawrence R. (H was sampled on a regional basis) 22. Honey: differing reports on quality of H: colour given as light, dark yellow and as yellowish gren; classed as extra-light amber, flavour strong, aromatic, sharp 17 . Notes: long dense spikes of purple flowers; moist sites; sun; naturalized in N. America, wet meadows and river flood-plains etc., locally abundant; often aggressive, choking out native vegetation, Nfld., Que., N.S. 23 , P.E.I. and probably in other provinces. Malva moschata L. musk mallow, mauve musquee per. -37° to -29° C Jul-Aug 75 cm NP Notes: naturalized in N. America and common in limestone soils of e. Canada and B.C. 95 ; fields and roadsides, often old gardens; one or more forms abundant from Nfld. to n.N.E., less common W. to Ont. and beyond 23 ; white, pink or blue showy flowers; seeds freely; tincture made from leaves can be applied to stings for relief (place leaves in jar, cover with methylated spirit, seal for 2-3 weeks, strain, dab leaf on stings as required. Fresh leaves may also be effective) a. Marrubium vulgare L. white horehound, common horehound, marrube Blanc per. -37° to -29° C 45 cm Value for honey: HP2/5 16 ; N sugar concentration 27-37% 17 ; bees will often prefer this herb to other attractive sources 3) ; Ballota nigra L. (black horehound, ballote noire) is not such a good bee plant since its corolla is rather long (17 mm) for honeybees 35 . Honey: has a greenish tinge; classed as amber to dark amber, when granulated, appears dark and dirty; flavour is strong like horehound candy 17 . Notes: small whitish flowers in axillary clusters; leaves and stems are used in cough medicines or for flavouring candy 95 ; grows in poor soil; naturalized in N. America, a The author cannot personally vouch for this remedy.
54 waste land, locally N. to N.E., N.Y., s. Ont. 23 . PERENNIALS Medicago falcata L. 51 (syn. Medicago falcata (L.) Mill.; M. intermedia Schuh.; M. silvestris Fries; M. sativa L. var. falcata (L.) DM; M. sativa L. ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang; M. subfalcata Sinsk.; M. sativa ssp. vicosa (Reichb.) G.R. Gunn) lucerne, Siberian yellow flowered alfalfa, sickle medic, yellow lucerne, luzeme jaune, luzeme sauv age per. very hardy cvs. available May-Aug NP Value for honey: HP1/2 17 . Notes: was considered as a candidate for roadside planting in B.C. in the past 73 ; roadsides and waste land, in local areas, Mass. to Man., S. to Mich. and beyond Can. limits 23 . Medicago sativa L. alfalfa, lucerne, lentine, sainfoin, grand trefle per. hardiness dependent on cv. May-Sep 60-100 cm NP Value for honey: HP5 16 ; H yield 45-163 kg/colony/season 17 ; at a rate of 4 colonies/ha, 22 kg of H stored, but a rate of 12 colonies/ha gave little or no surplus 54 ; N sugar concentration 15-64% 17 ; alfalfa does not yield well under all conditions, and vigorous growth promoted by very wet springs (or irrigation) followed by hot dry conditions, gives very good to excellent yields ' 4 (for instance in the Interior of B.C.); seldom yields in humid weather, and therefore is an undependable source in the Maritimes 54 ; generally conditions that favour seed production favour N secretion 17 .54 ; N secretion is severely reduced by pests on this crop'''. An increase in alfalfa and a decrease in alsike and sweet clover acreage in Ont. in recent years, has resulted in lower average H production in that province 88 . Notes: most important legume grown in Canada and is cultivated in all provinces; important to grow the cvs. recommended for the particular area; low tolerance for poor drainage. Blossoms open from base to tip in one week and each floret remains open for about a week 17 .54 . More or less naturalized or persistent along roadsides, in old fields and waste areas 23 . See Table 18. Melissa officinalis L. lemon balm, bee balm, melisse citronelle, piment des abeilles per. -29° to -23° C 60 cm NP Value for honey and pollen: limited value for N and P 35 . Once commonly used to rub on the insides of bait hives to help attract swarms'. Also thought to ward off stings if rubbed between the hands before working with bees 3s Notes: common garden ornamental; needs shearing during the summer to keep it neat; leaves can be used to spice beverages; naturalized in e. USA; roadsides, open woods and waste land, escaped from cultivation, local, N.E. and S. and W. chiefly beyond Can. range 23 . a The author noted a similar herb cultivated in East Africa for the same purpose.
Page 1 and 2: 36 5.2 Perennials PERENNIALS Agasta
Page 3 and 4: 38 Anemone blanda Schott R. Kotschy
Page 5 and 6: 40 PERENNIALS Lindl. (w. Nfld., Gas
Page 7 and 8: 42 PERENNIALS Aurina saxatilis (L)
Page 9 and 10: 44 PERENNIALS Claytonia virginica L
Page 11 and 12: 46 PERENNIALS Dictamnus albus L. bu
Page 13 and 14: 48 PERENNIALS Honey: usually mixed
Page 15 and 16: 50 PERENNIALS Helianthus salicifoli
Page 17: 52 PERENNIALS Liatris pychnostchya
Page 21 and 22: 56 PERENNIALS Mentha spicata L. (sy
Page 23 and 24: 58 and beyond Can. lirnits 23 . PER
Page 25 and 26: 60 Notes: includes about 250 spp. o
Page 27 and 28: 62 PERENNIALS Solidago L. goldenrod
Page 29 and 30: 64 PERENNIALS on calcareous ledges
Page 31 and 32: 66 PERENNIALS Trifolium repens L. w
Page 33 and 34: 5. DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 5.1 Annua
Page 35 and 36: 18 Value for pollen: P protein is h
Page 37 and 38: 20 Honey: is greenish-yellow to dar
Page 39 and 40: 22 Coriandrum sativum L. coriander,
Page 41 and 42: 24 This is one of the few plants th
Page 43 and 44: 26 Isatis tinctoria L. dyer's woad,
Page 45 and 46: 28 vanilla 16 ; excellent 35 . Note
Page 47 and 48: 30 Origanum majorana L. (syn. Major
Page 49 and 50: 32 flavour 16 . Notes: self-seeds f
Page 51 and 52: 34 form); is a legume and so fixes

5.2 Perennials

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