5.2 Perennials

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temperatures between 23° to 25° C, RH 60-70 17 ; maximum secretion occurs between 1800 and 0600h, but sugar content is highest from 1000 to 1400 h 17 ; heaviest yields are likely in the first few years following a forest fire, and before the plants are crowded out by other more competitive pioneer spp. 73 ; grows luxuriantly in the Fraser Valley, B.C. but not abundant enough to be valuable to beekeepers' ; yields well and is a major source of surplus, in West Kootenay area of B.C. and some parts of Vancouver 1. 73 ; no other major H plant grows as far north in Canada 72 . Honey: white in colour 17 ; granulates to a fine to medium grain 17 , but may remain liquid for several years; flavour described as mild, rich and almost none, but always very sweet 17 . Notes: variable boreal spp. 23 ; handsome plant with rosey flowers on a tall spike; spreads by underground rhizomes; growth and spread can be encouraged by applying nitrogen fertilizers (at certain application rates this may also increase N secretion); full sun; does not compete well with other invasive plants; found in recent clearings, burned woodlands, damp ravines, subarct. America. S. .to Nfld., N.S. and across Canada and beyond Can. limits 23 ; several var. of the spp. are recognized (e.g. var. macrophyllum (Haissk.) Fem. 23 , local w. Nfld., M.I.; var. intermedium (Worrnsk.) Fem. 23 , Greenl. and Lab. to Nfld., E. to Que., L. Mistassini and James Bay ; var. platyphyllum (Daniels) Fem. 23 , Shicshock Mts., Que., B.C. and S. 23 ); see Table 18. Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. winter aconite, hellebore d'hiver, eranthus d'hiver per. (tuber) -29° to -23° C Feb-Mar 10 cm (N)P Value for pollen: an excellent source of early P if planted near colonies. Notes: blooms last 4-6 weeks, beginning before crocuses 35 ; grows well under deciduous trees and shrubs, but not in grass; once established needs little attention; yellow buttercup-like flowers; naturalized in N. America. Erigeron speciosus (Lindl.) DC. fleabane, Oregon fleabane, vergerette per. -58° to -37° C 60-90 cm Value for honey: freely visited by bees 35 . Notes: an outstanding flowering per. for the border; violet purple flowers in aster-like clusters; native to s. B.C. and Alta. to s. Ore. and S. beyond Can. range 23 . Eryngium maritimum L. sea holly, panicaut de mer, panicaut marin per. -23° to -21° C Jul 30 cm Value for honey: very attractive to honeybees when massed 35 . Notes: flowers are blue and thistle-like; will tolerate poor soil; full sun preferred; naturalized along the Atlantic coast; E. giganteum Bieb. is not commonly cultivated but is noted to be very attractive to honeybees 3s Eupatorium perfoliatum L. boneset, thoroughwort, eupatoire per. -37° to -29° C Jul-Oct 150 cm NP Value for honey: said to be one of the best Eupatorium for H in Canada 72 ; an important late source of N. a Mitchell, S. (1987) Personal communication.
48 PERENNIALS Honey: usually mixed with other autumn sources 72 . Notes: white flowers in loose terminal clusters; occurs wild across Canada and is sometimes grown in gardens; native to e. N. America 49; found in low woods or thickets, swales, wet shores and prairies; usually common in Que to se. Man., S. to N.S. and beyond Can. limits 23 . Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (syn. F. officinale All.) fennel, common fennel, fenouil per., grown as an ann. in Canada Jul-Sep 150 cm Value for honey: intensely visited by bees 54 ; suspected to yield a more concentrated N in dry climates. Notes: commercially grown for seeds used as a condiment; commonly grown in herb gardens; feathery foliage makes an attractive addition to the flower border, found naturally in dry fields and along roadsides 23 . Galanthus nivalis L. common snowdrop, perce neige, clochette d'hiver per. -37° to -29° C Mar-Apr NP Value for honey: bees visit these eagerly 35 . Notes: white flowers; among the earliest bulbs to bloom; they usually increase themselves (by seed) if left alone; partial shade is best; blooms last about 3-4 weeks 95 ; spreads very slightly from cultivation 23 . Geranium ibericum Cay. meadow cranesbill, meadow geranium, geranium per. -23° to -21° C May-Jul 30-80 cm NP Value for honey: HP3 16 ; N sugar concentration 57-71% 17; a very good source 35 ; G. phaeum L. (dusky cranesbill, geranium livide) and G. sanguineum L. (blood red geranium, sanguinaire, herbe a becquet) are also noted to be attractive to honeybees 35 , but are not described here since they are not commonly cultivated in N. America. Notes: purplish coloured flowers and deeply incised handsome foliage; not to be confused with the common garden geranium that is often grown as a house plant (i.e. Pelargonium); introduced sp.; G. pratense (meadow geranium, geranium des pres) is also an exotic, and has spread more widely than meadow cranesbill but its value to bees is unrecorded. Geum L. avens, ben6itre per. -37° to -15° C May-Jun 25-90 cm P 36 Notes: brilliant flowers; some may bloom to frost; well-drained soil; many native spp. Gladiolus L. gladiolus, glads, corn flag, glaieul per. (corm) very tender 60-120 cm N(P) Value for honey: N is very dilute, but abundant and bees gather it readily 72 ; where commercially grown, it can be an important source 72 . Value for pollen: P is collected; P is purplish 72 . Notes: colourful flowers borne on a long stalk, blooming successively from base to tip; corms must be lifted to prevent exposure to frosts.
Page 1 and 2: 36 5.2 Perennials PERENNIALS Agasta
Page 3 and 4: 38 Anemone blanda Schott R. Kotschy
Page 5 and 6: 40 PERENNIALS Lindl. (w. Nfld., Gas
Page 7 and 8: 42 PERENNIALS Aurina saxatilis (L)
Page 9 and 10: 44 PERENNIALS Claytonia virginica L
Page 11: 46 PERENNIALS Dictamnus albus L. bu
Page 15 and 16: 50 PERENNIALS Helianthus salicifoli
Page 17 and 18: 52 PERENNIALS Liatris pychnostchya
Page 19 and 20: 54 waste land, locally N. to N.E.,
Page 21 and 22: 56 PERENNIALS Mentha spicata L. (sy
Page 23 and 24: 58 and beyond Can. lirnits 23 . PER
Page 25 and 26: 60 Notes: includes about 250 spp. o
Page 27 and 28: 62 PERENNIALS Solidago L. goldenrod
Page 29 and 30: 64 PERENNIALS on calcareous ledges
Page 31 and 32: 66 PERENNIALS Trifolium repens L. w
Page 33 and 34: 5. DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS 5.1 Annua
Page 35 and 36: 18 Value for pollen: P protein is h
Page 37 and 38: 20 Honey: is greenish-yellow to dar
Page 39 and 40: 22 Coriandrum sativum L. coriander,
Page 41 and 42: 24 This is one of the few plants th
Page 43 and 44: 26 Isatis tinctoria L. dyer's woad,
Page 45 and 46: 28 vanilla 16 ; excellent 35 . Note
Page 47 and 48: 30 Origanum majorana L. (syn. Major
Page 49 and 50: 32 flavour 16 . Notes: self-seeds f
Page 51 and 52: 34 form); is a legume and so fixes

5.2 Perennials

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