spirit and healing in africa - University of the Free State
spirit and healing in africa - University of the Free State spirit and healing in africa - University of the Free State
and instead use beneficent powers to become united with God and one another in the power of the Spirit” (Cooke 2004:189). The relationship between Spirit, power and healing draws attention to the theme of justice. The work of the Spirit is not a-political, but fully involved in the enhancement of love, mercy and justice. Welker’s God the Spirit is an important source for understanding the Spirit’s agency regarding power and healing, because it offers an indispensable socio-political perspective on the Spirit’s presence in this world. In Welker’s terminology (1994:228ff), the outpouring of the Spirit is the power by which God accomplishes the divine will of love and righteousness. This means that the Spirit inspires people to influence both their proximate and their distant environments in ways that lead to the extension of God’s people, to the unity of people with Christ, and to their deliverance from lostness, powerlessness and dejection (Welker 1994:229). The link Spirit/justice has been recognized as a crucial perspective in the development of Reformed theology and pneumatology in Africa. Particularly with respect to the development of healing theologies, it is important to accept that theological and pneumatological reflection ought to be shaped and influenced by social, economic and political realities. In this light, the challenge of epistemological transformation of Reformed theology must be mentioned. Rian Venter (2012a:1-21) argues that doing theology in a South-African post-apartheid context requires new approaches that include the existing social realities and conflicts. He emphasizes that new modes of knowledge production are necessary for theological education, and identifies ‘space-making’ as the keyword in the transformation of doing theology. Space-making is about epistemic compassion, and stands for deliberately extending the focus to Others, for including the excluded and the neglected, and for valuing the notions of memory and recognition (Venter 2012a:9). Doing theology with space-making as its leitmotif has notions as justice, compassion and resistance to existing social power relations at heart. Sensitivity to the socio-political work of the Spirit, the establishment and enhancement of justice and mercy, creates an epistemological and hermeneutical challenge for the entire community of believers: “a community that is obligated to practice mercy thus becomes committed to constant self-change and self-renewal, to self-critical rethinking and reorientation. (…) [M]ercy is to go hand in hand with the establishment of justice” (Welker 1994:119). Once again the tale of Grace Bande provides an appropriate example for this debate on power and resurrection: Grace Banda grew up with the understanding of power as an existential force of life. Power was something that had its origin in God, and was mediated through spiritual and 270
interpersonal relations. Everyone she knew was involved in acquiring power and influence. Power permeated all of life. Being fertile implied power; being wealthy implied power; being healthy implied power. It meant that life was highly hierarchical, and that everyday life was an existential power play between people. She used to ask herself: ‘who did this to me?’ when she sometimes was weak or ill, because it meant that someone had tried to take her life force through a spiritual medium. At a later stage in life, when she moved from her village to the capital city, Grace Banda became a Christian, and started visiting the Reformed Church that was close to her house in the compound. She learnt about the power of God, and the power that God had bestowed upon the children of God. God was an almighty God who sees everything, and who knows every sinful deed, and who hears every prayer. In church, she was confronted with a God who became weak, and even died on a cross. This aspect of God’s life was difficult to understand, yet the power of this God is obvious: He defeats death by his resurrection power, and is victorious. She wanted to belong to this God, who is so powerful, and who promises to share this kind of power with his children. That is why Grace Banda thought that the book of Revelation is the most powerful part of the bible: its impressive images allowed Grace Banda to envisage herself with a white robe, a crown, and the victory over all her suffering. When her husband and her daughter passed away, and when her own illness was disclosed to her, she did not wonder about which one of her relatives and friends tried to weaken her life force, because she was convinced that so much suffering had to be the work of the devil, trying to lead her away from her God. Grace Banda focused on Jesus Christ, the Son of the powerful God, because she needed his kind of power in order to survive. She started to place all her hope in Jesus, who had suffered on the cross so that she would be resurrected and live with him. She longed to be relieved from this predator in her body. She wanted to be like Lazarus, whom Jesus had called out of the grave. How would such a resurrection experience be? What would it be like, to be strong again, to live without sores, and to be fit enough to radiate vitality and to find an occupation again? In what sense would her life be changed? Grace Banda started to think about the meaning of resurrection. When she asked her friends about their understanding of resurrection life, they talked about surviving a terrible road accident, about overcoming an illness, about knowing how to deal with an addiction. They had experienced resurrection moments, and they praised Jesus Christ for his resurrection power which He had infused in their lives. Grace Banda loved these testimonies about the powerful Christ, the Lion of Juda. They made her realize that, with this God, she was safe. Still, her search for healing was linked more closely to her cross-like experiences. She knew that she was dying, despite the medicine. Yet she had the feeling that God would be faithful, just as Christ had been faithful by returning from the dead. His death preceded her death. Grace Banda began to see that ín Christ’s victory, there was his death, his non-survival. Before Christ’s victory, there was death’s victory. God had to 271
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<strong>in</strong>terpersonal relations. Everyone she knew was <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> acquir<strong>in</strong>g power <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fluence.<br />
Power permeated all <strong>of</strong> life. Be<strong>in</strong>g fertile implied power; be<strong>in</strong>g wealthy implied power; be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
healthy implied power. It meant that life was highly hierarchical, <strong>and</strong> that everyday life was an<br />
existential power play between people. She used to ask herself: ‘who did this to me?’ when she<br />
sometimes was weak or ill, because it meant that someone had tried to take her life force through<br />
a <strong>spirit</strong>ual medium. At a later stage <strong>in</strong> life, when she moved from her village to <strong>the</strong> capital city,<br />
Grace B<strong>and</strong>a became a Christian, <strong>and</strong> started visit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Reformed Church that was close to<br />
her house <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> compound. She learnt about <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> God, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> power that God had<br />
bestowed upon <strong>the</strong> children <strong>of</strong> God. God was an almighty God who sees everyth<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> who<br />
knows every s<strong>in</strong>ful deed, <strong>and</strong> who hears every prayer. In church, she was confronted with a God<br />
who became weak, <strong>and</strong> even died on a cross. This aspect <strong>of</strong> God’s life was difficult to<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>, yet <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> this God is obvious: He defeats death by his resurrection power,<br />
<strong>and</strong> is victorious. She wanted to belong to this God, who is so powerful, <strong>and</strong> who promises to<br />
share this k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> power with his children. That is why Grace B<strong>and</strong>a thought that <strong>the</strong> book <strong>of</strong><br />
Revelation is <strong>the</strong> most powerful part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bible: its impressive images allowed Grace B<strong>and</strong>a to<br />
envisage herself with a white robe, a crown, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> victory over all her suffer<strong>in</strong>g. When her<br />
husb<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> her daughter passed away, <strong>and</strong> when her own illness was disclosed to her, she did<br />
not wonder about which one <strong>of</strong> her relatives <strong>and</strong> friends tried to weaken her life force, because<br />
she was conv<strong>in</strong>ced that so much suffer<strong>in</strong>g had to be <strong>the</strong> work <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> devil, try<strong>in</strong>g to lead her away<br />
from her God. Grace B<strong>and</strong>a focused on Jesus Christ, <strong>the</strong> Son <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> powerful God, because she<br />
needed his k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> power <strong>in</strong> order to survive. She started to place all her hope <strong>in</strong> Jesus, who had<br />
suffered on <strong>the</strong> cross so that she would be resurrected <strong>and</strong> live with him. She longed to be<br />
relieved from this predator <strong>in</strong> her body. She wanted to be like Lazarus, whom Jesus had called<br />
out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> grave. How would such a resurrection experience be? What would it be like, to be<br />
strong aga<strong>in</strong>, to live without sores, <strong>and</strong> to be fit enough to radiate vitality <strong>and</strong> to f<strong>in</strong>d an<br />
occupation aga<strong>in</strong>? In what sense would her life be changed? Grace B<strong>and</strong>a started to th<strong>in</strong>k about<br />
<strong>the</strong> mean<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> resurrection. When she asked her friends about <strong>the</strong>ir underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
resurrection life, <strong>the</strong>y talked about surviv<strong>in</strong>g a terrible road accident, about overcom<strong>in</strong>g an<br />
illness, about know<strong>in</strong>g how to deal with an addiction. They had experienced resurrection<br />
moments, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y praised Jesus Christ for his resurrection power which He had <strong>in</strong>fused <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
lives. Grace B<strong>and</strong>a loved <strong>the</strong>se testimonies about <strong>the</strong> powerful Christ, <strong>the</strong> Lion <strong>of</strong> Juda. They<br />
made her realize that, with this God, she was safe. Still, her search for <strong>heal<strong>in</strong>g</strong> was l<strong>in</strong>ked more<br />
closely to her cross-like experiences. She knew that she was dy<strong>in</strong>g, despite <strong>the</strong> medic<strong>in</strong>e. Yet she<br />
had <strong>the</strong> feel<strong>in</strong>g that God would be faithful, just as Christ had been faithful by return<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong><br />
dead. His death preceded her death. Grace B<strong>and</strong>a began to see that ín Christ’s victory, <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was his death, his non-survival. Before Christ’s victory, <strong>the</strong>re was death’s victory. God had to<br />
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