spirit and healing in africa - University of the Free State
spirit and healing in africa - University of the Free State spirit and healing in africa - University of the Free State
worldwide Reformed family, there will always be different positions regarding Scripture, confessions, traditions and spirituality. The awareness that controversies and changes within the Reformed story create many stories, implies a modest approach when trying to identify a Reformed frame of reference. The same evidently goes for intimating a matrix of Reformed pneumatology. The term ‘matrix’ suggests some kind of general or overall perspective representing the Reformed perspective on the Holy Spirit, but it should be emphasized that there is no such thing as ‘the’ Reformed pneumatological perspective, and that the term ‘matrix’ refers to a rather dynamic collection of various strands of Reformed approaches to the work of the Holy Spirit. It is about gathering these conflicting and corresponding strands in the assumption that some particular marks can be identified as Reformed representations of pneumatology. Smit’s reference to the Reformed complex tale of multiple stories transpires in the methodology of this chapter: the exploration of the contours of Reformed pneumatology is defined by the fact that there are many Reformed pneumatologies, and that they all represent a Reformed profile. In the following section (6.2) some prominent Reformed peumatologies will be presented. They differ in scope and content, but what they do have in common is that they have been developed by Reformed theologians who had an impact on Reformed theology, including Reformed theological discourse in Africa. Besides the gathering of different strands of systematic approaches to the work of the Holy Spirit, it is also important to pay attention to the role of the Holy Spirit in the Reformed confessions. Reformed confessionalism, as a trajectory of Reformed theology, has had a great impact in Southern Africa. The confessional perspective on the Holy Spirit should thus be taken into consideration in the search for a Reformed pneumatological profile. After the overview of various Reformed pneumatologies, I will address the question of which role is appropriated to the Holy Spirit in the Heidelberg Catechism. It is my understanding that the gathering of these different stories and strands regarding the work of the Holy Spirit cannot lead to a complete and basic Reformed pneumatological matrix, but that it will generate sensitivity to the richness and potential of Reformed pneumatological thought: while offering a kaleidoscopic view on the doctrine of the Holy Spirit, some contours of a Reformed matrix might emerge, possibly also presenting productive avenues for speaking about God and healing in the African context. It is within this pattern of cohesion and controversy that I want to search for particular motifs that appear regularly in Reformed pneumatological thought, in order to find new ways of speaking about Spirit and healing from a Reformed perspective. 156
6.2 REFORMED PNEUMATOLOGIES The following is a brief overview of pneumatological approaches by various Reformed scholars. The overview starts with the pneumatology of John Calvin. Most of his ideas about the work of the Holy Spirit can also be found in the pneumatological approaches of other influential Reformed theologians, as will be shown at a later stage in this chapter. It thus seems viable to start with Calvin’s pneumatology, and to complement it with the pneumatological proposals of Reformed theologians like Abraham Kuyper, Karl Barth, Arnold Van Ruler, Jürgen Moltmann, Michael Welker and Jan Veenhof. I have chosen these theologians because they have had a significant influence on the course of Reformed theology. Some of these approaches were of particular significance for Reformed theology in South Africa (and thus also in Southern Africa). Another reason for the selection is the fact that each of these Reformed theologians has offered rather distinctive and outlined ideas pertaining to the work of the Holy Spirit. This makes it feasible to present their pneumatological proposals in broad terms 35 . It is not my intention to suggest that this brief overview will do justice to the rich and extensive pneumatological approaches of the above mentioned Reformed scholars. However, it is my hope that the synopsis will give an adequate impression of Reformed pneumatological thought. The systematic approaches to the work of the Holy Spirit will be followed by a presentation of the pneumatological perspective found in the Heidelberg Catechism. Finally the question will be asked whether there are notions, motifs and themes emerging from this discussion that can offer a matrix of Reformed pneumatology. 35. In the description of the pneumatological proposals presented in this chapter as well as in the rest of this thesis, I will refer to the Holy Spirit as ‘She’. The deliberate use of this feminine pronoun is motivated by the challenge of the faulty nature of human language about God. Speaking God requires constant awareness of the unknown side of God, the transcendent life of God that can never be confined by human speech. The use of the feminine pronoun in this thesis is thus not meant as a plain correction of traditional speech about God, because the use of ‘she’ instead of ‘he’ will obviously lead to overcorrection and thus to a shift of the problem. By referring to the Spirit as ‘She’ I try to find language about God the Spirit, while I try to avoid the pitfall of taking words about God for granted. The use of the feminine pronoun functions as a kind of speed hump: it helps to slow down and to notice the flaws in our language about God. For example, when God is expressed as male, in a sense maleness becomes divine; when God is pictured as white, somehow whiteness becomes divine. Despite firm resistance to these projections, there is a twothousand year tradition that seems to have taken these projections for granted. Precisely by naming the opposite of these projections (‘she’ instead of ‘he’, ‘black’ instead of ‘white’, ‘disabled’ instead of ‘able’, ‘weak’ instead of ‘strong’, ‘unhealthy’ instead of ‘healthy’), one can at least detect the flaws in our language. As long as the use of the feminine pronoun for God the Spirit evokes questions (whether positive or negative), its relevance for pointing to God’s transcendence is proven. 157
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worldwide Reformed family, <strong>the</strong>re will always be different positions regard<strong>in</strong>g Scripture,<br />
confessions, traditions <strong>and</strong> <strong>spirit</strong>uality.<br />
The awareness that controversies <strong>and</strong> changes with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Reformed story create many stories,<br />
implies a modest approach when try<strong>in</strong>g to identify a Reformed frame <strong>of</strong> reference. The same<br />
evidently goes for <strong>in</strong>timat<strong>in</strong>g a matrix <strong>of</strong> Reformed pneumatology. The term ‘matrix’ suggests<br />
some k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> general or overall perspective represent<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Reformed perspective on <strong>the</strong> Holy<br />
Spirit, but it should be emphasized that <strong>the</strong>re is no such th<strong>in</strong>g as ‘<strong>the</strong>’ Reformed pneumatological<br />
perspective, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> term ‘matrix’ refers to a ra<strong>the</strong>r dynamic collection <strong>of</strong> various str<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong><br />
Reformed approaches to <strong>the</strong> work <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Holy Spirit. It is about ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se conflict<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
correspond<strong>in</strong>g str<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> assumption that some particular marks can be identified as<br />
Reformed representations <strong>of</strong> pneumatology.<br />
Smit’s reference to <strong>the</strong> Reformed complex tale <strong>of</strong> multiple stories transpires <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> methodology<br />
<strong>of</strong> this chapter: <strong>the</strong> exploration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> contours <strong>of</strong> Reformed pneumatology is def<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> fact<br />
that <strong>the</strong>re are many Reformed pneumatologies, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>y all represent a Reformed pr<strong>of</strong>ile. In<br />
<strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g section (6.2) some prom<strong>in</strong>ent Reformed peumatologies will be presented. They<br />
differ <strong>in</strong> scope <strong>and</strong> content, but what <strong>the</strong>y do have <strong>in</strong> common is that <strong>the</strong>y have been developed<br />
by Reformed <strong>the</strong>ologians who had an impact on Reformed <strong>the</strong>ology, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Reformed<br />
<strong>the</strong>ological discourse <strong>in</strong> Africa. Besides <strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> different str<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> systematic<br />
approaches to <strong>the</strong> work <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Holy Spirit, it is also important to pay attention to <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Holy Spirit <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Reformed confessions. Reformed confessionalism, as a trajectory <strong>of</strong> Reformed<br />
<strong>the</strong>ology, has had a great impact <strong>in</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Africa. The confessional perspective on <strong>the</strong> Holy<br />
Spirit should thus be taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> search for a Reformed pneumatological<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>ile. After <strong>the</strong> overview <strong>of</strong> various Reformed pneumatologies, I will address <strong>the</strong> question <strong>of</strong><br />
which role is appropriated to <strong>the</strong> Holy Spirit <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Heidelberg Catechism.<br />
It is my underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se different stories <strong>and</strong> str<strong>and</strong>s regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> work<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Holy Spirit cannot lead to a complete <strong>and</strong> basic Reformed pneumatological matrix, but<br />
that it will generate sensitivity to <strong>the</strong> richness <strong>and</strong> potential <strong>of</strong> Reformed pneumatological<br />
thought: while <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g a kaleidoscopic view on <strong>the</strong> doctr<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Holy Spirit, some contours <strong>of</strong><br />
a Reformed matrix might emerge, possibly also present<strong>in</strong>g productive avenues for speak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
about God <strong>and</strong> <strong>heal<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> African context. It is with<strong>in</strong> this pattern <strong>of</strong> cohesion <strong>and</strong><br />
controversy that I want to search for particular motifs that appear regularly <strong>in</strong> Reformed<br />
pneumatological thought, <strong>in</strong> order to f<strong>in</strong>d new ways <strong>of</strong> speak<strong>in</strong>g about Spirit <strong>and</strong> <strong>heal<strong>in</strong>g</strong> from a<br />
Reformed perspective.<br />
156