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Formulas
uu-uu-u, for example, fall at the verse-end where formulas shaped
uu-uu must be located. Outside the sentence patterns that determine
this distribution there is evidence of improvisation in an increased
proportion of unique expressions; nevertheless large numbers of formulas
that can be moved are moved: 29 out of 68 shaped uu-uu-u at the
verse-end, 92 out of 163 shaped — uu —u at the verse-end.
Moving a formula may often require its modification. Techniques here
are mostly opportunist: 5Ia Oedcov > 6Ia 8e&, dAAd KOCI EUTTTIS > dAA J 2H"TTT|SJ
KETTO TavuaOeis > KEITO TaOeis, EATTETO Ouuos > Ouuos EEATTETO. Verbformulas
add or drop prepositional prefixes. Noun-epithet formulas usually
invert the order of words with or without further modification: f)epa TroAAf]v
> TTOAAT)V f)£p' and fjepcc TTOUAUV, OCTUOC KsAaivov > KeAoavecpes alua.
Adjustment to length without movement: ETTIEIUEVOS dAi eijjievos
AAKTJV, vr)uai 8of)ai > vf|£(jcri Oorjai; to initial sound: GOAECTE OUUOV > Ouuov
OAECKTE. Lengthening is otherwise achieved by adding a redundant element,
epithet or synonym: 5OAIX6CJKIOV eyx°S | (3pi0u iJieya aTi^apov KEKopuOusvov
(16.801-2, an extreme case).
Splitting the formular word-group illustrates the close connexion between
cola and phrase pattern. If an epithet fills the final colon, the noun
easily floats free of it: SETTCCS ... aucpiKUTTeAAov, VEES ... ducpieAiaaai, do-mSa
... TT&VTOCJ' ETOT|V, usually to admit a verb; likewise if the epithet falls neatly
between caesura and diaeresis: TrepiKaAAea ... 8i9pov, u£yaAf|Topi... Ouucp,
XpuadiiTTUKas .. • ITTTTOUS; or with the noun brought back into the first half:
eyx°S •. • 8oAix6(JKiov, Acb(3r|v ... OuuaAyea, 8copa ... TrepiKAirrd. Other cases
do violence to phrase patterns and their relation to the cola: vfjes
Ooai 2.619 with word-break between the shorts of the second foot.
(xvi) Clustering 26
In every book of the Iliad there are a number of repeated lines which
occur nowhere else in the poem. In book 11 we have ocuTdp 6 TGOV dAAcov
eTTETrcoAelTO OTIXOCS dvSpcov I iyx^i T' dopi TE lisydAoicri TE x 6 P^ a 5^ oiaiv
(264-5 = 540-1), ES 8i9pov 6' dvopoucTE, Kai TJVIOXCO ETTETEAAE | vr|uaiv
ETTI yAacpuprjcJiv EAauvE^EV TIX^TO yap K^p (273-4 = 399-400), ?), Kai
TTEiaavSpov (GupippaTov) UEV 09* ITTTTCOV (has xot|id^E (143 = 320), ES 6 J dy£
Xeipos EACOV, KaTa 8' ISpidaaOai dvcoyE (646 = 778). These repetitions occur
in unrelated passages and are not the result of messages being repeated or
commands executed. The verses incorporate formulas and are normally
26 See Hainsworth, Studies Palmer 83-6, Janko, Mnem. 34 (1981) 251-64, F. X. Strasser,