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Formulas However, the scenes are by no means typical and further restrict their application by naming Nestor. Runs occur as follows in the first hundred verses of book n: 1-2 = Od. 5.1-2; 5-9 = 8.222-6; 11 —14 = 2.451-4 (where c&paev for lu^aA'); ^-^ = 3-330-2 = 16.131-3 = 19.369-7 1 ; 4 J ~3 = 3-33^-8 = 16.137-9 (with variants); 47-9 = 12.77 + 84—5; 84-5 = 8.66-7; 97-8 = 12.185- 6 = 20.399-400 (with variants in the first verse). The variations found in typical scenes, even in those as regular as the sacrifice-meal and the arming, suggest that the cohesion of a run of verses is fragile. This observation is important, though disturbing, for the question of the stability of a poem and its constituent episodes in a truly oral milieu even in the mouth of the same &0160S. (xi) Ornamental epithets Epithets are typical of most narrative styles. 20 What distinguishes their use in Homer is that their advantages to the story-teller are put to the service of the versifier. Inevitably it is the 'ornamental' epithet that makes the most conspicuous contribution both to amplitude and utility. Amplitude has its aesthetic advantages, but so has stark simplicity, especially at moments when words are inadequate, cf. bT at 22.61 'It is marvellous how he briefly brings this scene into view, using his words without superfluity. He doesn't say uyopocpous or 8ai8aA6Ous OaAauous or OuyaTpas KOCAAIKOUOUS or KCcAAiacpOpous, but strips the disasters of epithets', a perceptive comment. An 'ornamental' epithet is appropriate to the noun considered in isolation and to the themes to which the noun belongs. It completes and sharpens the idea expressed by the noun, just as similes sharpen a scene in the narrative. So much is evident; what it adds to the noun, however, in a particular verse is still controversial. Parry dared to affirm that it was no more than a touch of heroic colour; Vivante maintains that valuable meaning is always present. 21 Rather it is the case that relevance and redundancy are the ends of a spectrum: the epithet in a whole-verse formula with a highly predictable use will be semantically superfluous in a particular context, e.g. TOV 8* O0T£ TrpoaesniEv ava£ v 'Ayaueuvcov (9.114 etc.), but significant in a less formalized context, e.g. 'ATpei8r|s TE ava£ dvSpcov Kori 8Tos 'AxiAAeus (1.7); an epithet that is neutral in most contexts acquires force when sense and context chime together: TTETTWUEVOS is the epithet of 20 Bowra, Heroic Poetry 225-6; even when the medium is prose, K. O'Nolan, CQ, 19 (1969) 1-19. 21 Parry, MHV118-72, P. Vivante, The Epithet in Homer: a Study in Poetic Values (New Haven 1982). Neither position gives enough weight to the historical factor (§xvii). 21
Formulas subordinate and youthful characters and appropriate generally, but appropriate specifically to Antilokhos (whom Menelaos has just called TrpocrOev TTETTVVUEVE) at 23.586; the raging Hektor at 11.295 * s PpoToAoiyco Taos 'April (4X elsewhere in conventional use), see also 9.255^, 19.408^, 20.497-8^ A clash of sense and context may have the same effect, as in the juxtaposition rTccTpOKAoio OOCVOVTOS cxuuuovos 17.379, c f- 17-10. Yet a certain caution is necessary; in a line such as 9.625 ccypiov kv orfjOscjcn OETO uEyaAfjTOpa duuov the use of the predicate ocypiov shows how far u6yaAf|Topoc dvuov is a single idea ('heroic heart' - heroes' hearts ipso facto are 'great-souled'). Outside the themes where it is at home there is a risk that context may contradict epithet. The surprising thing is that this happens so rarely: having just cursed Meleagros Althaie is still uT)Tpl
Page 2: This is the third volume in the maj
Page 6 and 7: THE ILIAD: A COMMENTARY GENERAL EDI
Page 8: This volume is dedicated to the mem
Page 11 and 12: Contents COMMENTARY Book 9 55 Book
Page 14 and 15: PREFACE Students of Altertumswissen
Page 16 and 17: ABBREVIATIONS Books Adkins, Merit a
Page 18 and 19: Abbreviations Friedrich, Verwundung
Page 20 and 21: Abbreviations OCT Oxford Classical
Page 22: Abbreviations West, Ptolemaic Papyr
Page 25 and 26: Formulas Parry's typical formulas w
Page 27 and 28: Formulas |j£Ta 9peai(v) (nx //., 8
Page 29 and 30: Formulas and basic ideas of heroic
Page 31 and 32: Formulas verse. 7 The units need no
Page 33 and 34: Formulas fixed and repetitious, but
Page 35 and 36: Formulas of the verse, sentence bou
Page 37 and 38: Formulas (ocop < deipco; for 'hange
Page 39 and 40: Formulas TTOVTCO, £UpccA£/£|iTrE
Page 41 and 42: Formulas difficult if only by contr
Page 43: Formulas For verses introducing spe
Page 47 and 48: Formulas construe are real enough.
Page 49 and 50: Formulas analogical, of no great an
Page 51 and 52: Formulas constructed; their context
Page 53 and 54: Formulas with ocAs at Od. 8.111. Ar
Page 55 and 56: 2. The Iliad as heroic poetry Compa
Page 57 and 58: The Iliad as heroic poetry stichic
Page 59 and 60: The Iliad as heroic poetry and Serb
Page 61 and 62: The Iliad as heroic poetry The vign
Page 63 and 64: The Iliad as heroic poetry William
Page 65 and 66: The Iliad as heroic poetry Heroic s
Page 67 and 68: The Iliad as heroic poetry was what
Page 69 and 70: The Iliad as heroic poetry 91A0S. I
Page 71 and 72: The Iliad as heroic poetry been spe
Page 73 and 74: The Iliad as heroic poetry disrespe
Page 75 and 76: The Iliad as heroic poetry Where fo
Page 78 and 79: INDEX An index of Greek words appea
Page 80 and 81: atrocity, 50, 73, 139, 197-8, 241,
Page 82 and 83: ditch, Achaean, 166, 172, 188, 317,
Page 84 and 85: Herodotus, 124 heroine, 48-9, 113 h
Page 86 and 87: Mazon, P., 107, 126 meal, 71, 91, 2
Page 88 and 89: pity, 81, ioo, 119, 127, 261, 295 P
Page 90 and 91: suppliant, supplication, 127, 128,
Page 92 and 93: COMMENTARY BOOK NINE How the Iliad
Page 94 and 95:
Book Nine is the best of the Achaea
Page 96 and 97:
Book Nine horror of drowning (Od. 5
Page 98 and 99:
Book Nine 8.521, and 16.191 (where
Page 100 and 101:
Book Nine one that worries Agamemno
Page 102 and 103:
Book Nine (5X //., ix Oct.). Diomed
Page 104 and 105:
Book Nine ignores it; what is needf
Page 106 and 107:
Book Nine picture has changed by 8.
Page 108 and 109:
Book Nine spite of its adumbration
Page 110 and 111:
Book Nine 114-61 Agamemnon's respon
Page 112 and 113:
Book Nine Homerus (Assen 1951) 74-8
Page 114 and 115:
Book Nine 145 Homer does not mentio
Page 116 and 117:
Book Nine this does not seem very p
Page 118 and 119:
Book Nine draw attention to the fac
Page 120 and 121:
Book Nine bT opine that the heralds
Page 122 and 123:
Book Nine 34, 54), which may be bro
Page 124 and 125:
Book Nine quietly tolerated, for th
Page 126 and 127:
Book Nine would have waited ev TTpo
Page 128 and 129:
Book Nine 206-21 The theme of the e
Page 130 and 131:
Book Nine conceived in Homer. It is
Page 132 and 133:
Book Nine Odysseus to say 'Akhilleu
Page 134 and 135:
Book Nine taken either as middle of
Page 136 and 137:
Book Nine modern reading which pres
Page 138 and 139:
Book Nine announces that Agamemnon
Page 140 and 141:
Book Mine indifferently by (in the
Page 142 and 143:
Book Nine — [iaoraK (a) would be
Page 144 and 145:
Book Nine when it has been soiled.
Page 146 and 147:
Book Nine possibility and (for some
Page 148 and 149:
Book Nine 367 This is the only poin
Page 150 and 151:
Book Nine lying waste, cf. 2.505).
Page 152 and 153:
Book Nine Bridge') is exceptional (
Page 154 and 155:
Book Nine 18.95-6 Thetis affirms th
Page 156 and 157:
Book Nine yociav (i6x //., 12X Od.)
Page 158 and 159:
Book Nine 438-9 The sense of TTEUTT
Page 160 and 161:
Book Nine grandson, cf 488 and Od.
Page 162 and 163:
Book Nine compare the 'cities of re
Page 164 and 165:
Book Nine with bibliography. The 9p
Page 166 and 167:
Book Nine "follows" Achilles, and i
Page 168 and 169:
Book Nine his purposes. The heroic
Page 170 and 171:
Book Nine a common noun with propar
Page 172 and 173:
Book Nine Ares Thestios Molos (11.7
Page 174 and 175:
Book Nine passage, is clearly brood
Page 176 and 177:
Book Nine conjectural: in Hsch. the
Page 178 and 179:
Book Nine 612 Akhilleus is consciou
Page 180 and 181:
Book Nine world of the epic the rel
Page 182 and 183:
Book Nine was first adumbrated in b
Page 184 and 185:
Book Nine i.e. the Achaean army, bu
Page 186 and 187:
Book Nine according to Szemerenyi,
Page 188 and 189:
BOOK TEN In the scholia to book 10
Page 190 and 191:
Book Ten and a trophy. The death of
Page 192 and 193:
Book Ten The commentary follows in
Page 194 and 195:
Book Ten 2 = 24.678. 585ur|U£VOi O
Page 196 and 197:
Book Ten portrayal of the Trojans g
Page 198 and 199:
Book Ten give Menelaos the same out
Page 200 and 201:
Book Ten Askalaphos and Ialmenos, c
Page 202 and 203:
Book Ten 75—8 The poet perhaps fo
Page 204 and 205:
Book Ten 110-12 The swift Aias is A
Page 206 and 207:
Book Ten conversational tone. The f
Page 208 and 209:
Book Ten 170 TraT8es: only two of N
Page 210 and 211:
Book Ten Hektor, the Argives, or th
Page 212 and 213:
Book Ten 226 = 23.590. PP&CTCTCOV (
Page 214 and 215:
Book Ten fj TO irdpos irep | ur)TT|
Page 216 and 217:
Book Ten Figure i. The boar's tusk
Page 218 and 219:
Book Ten straight (Amuntor was fath
Page 220 and 221:
Book Ten ages past...' — aiyioxoi
Page 222 and 223:
Book Ten temper, with 40 instances
Page 224 and 225:
Book Ten return to this point when
Page 226 and 227:
Book Ten narrative for the first an
Page 228 and 229:
Book Ten beam are in one piece, see
Page 230 and 231:
Book Ten 385-6 = 82-3 (Nestor distu
Page 232 and 233:
Book Ten 418*20 According to Leaf O
Page 234 and 235:
Book Ten 436-41 The horses are ment
Page 236 and 237:
Book Ten For the contraction -|3co-
Page 238 and 239:
Book Ten them at second hand from s
Page 240 and 241:
Book Ten from action. Similar langu
Page 242 and 243:
Book Ten addressing the hero. In ne
Page 244 and 245:
Book Ten nonsense that Rhesos' anim
Page 246 and 247:
Book Ten vowed by Diomedes at 292,
Page 248 and 249:
BOOK ELEVEN The previous day of fig
Page 250 and 251:
Book Eleven 5-21). In view of the f
Page 252 and 253:
Book Eleven 'AOrjvocicov IOTCCVTO c
Page 254 and 255:
Book Eleven a hundred oxen for the
Page 256 and 257:
Book Eleven B ideogram 162 j|, but
Page 258 and 259:
Book Eleven epithet of something na
Page 260 and 261:
Book Eleven 43 A unique verse, surp
Page 262 and 263:
Book Eleven 55 = x -3 but with KS90
Page 264 and 265:
Book Eleven 12.463 (Hektor again),
Page 266 and 267:
Book Eleven The vulgate reading ixo
Page 268 and 269:
Book Eleven but once committed to a
Page 270 and 271:
Book Eleven fight from a chariot (5
Page 272 and 273:
Book Eleven 96 vu£(e): gx with eli
Page 274 and 275:
Book Eleven pairs see Reinhardt, Iu
Page 276 and 277:
Book Eleven describe, nor does the
Page 278 and 279:
Book Eleven 143-7 The slaying follo
Page 280 and 281:
Book Eleven together in this Book a
Page 282 and 283:
Book Eleven empty: now, 179, they a
Page 284 and 285:
Book Eleven does not conceal himsel
Page 286 and 287:
Book Eleven 221 The poet answers th
Page 288 and 289:
Book Eleven factual tone of the pre
Page 290 and 291:
Location Head Neck Trunk Arms Legs
Page 292 and 293:
Book Eleven accouchement - but like
Page 294 and 295:
Book Eleven of his exploits should
Page 296 and 297:
Book Eleven with a short in the per
Page 298 and 299:
Book Eleven they will find themselv
Page 300 and 301:
Book Eleven Catalogue - both are to
Page 302 and 303:
Book Eleven have been banished from
Page 304 and 305:
Book Eleven 368 T7aiovi6r|v: Agastr
Page 306 and 307:
Book Eleven e.g. at 8.2i5ff. is muc
Page 308 and 309:
Book Eleven who found their intende
Page 310 and 311:
Book Eleven 437-8 Athene's action i
Page 312 and 313:
Book Eleven 15.386), liouvcoae (Od.
Page 314 and 315:
Book Eleven archery. To keep the ep
Page 316 and 317:
Book Eleven battlefield is strictly
Page 318 and 319:
Book Eleven ever, what was special
Page 320 and 321:
Book Eleven round-shield bearer wou
Page 322 and 323:
Book Eleven 571-4 =15.314-17 but wi
Page 324 and 325:
Book Eleven Apisaon, and was then w
Page 326 and 327:
Book Eleven there is no such thing
Page 328 and 329:
Book Eleven that the Achaeans retre
Page 330 and 331:
Book Eleven B. Schweitzer (Stuttgar
Page 332 and 333:
Book Eleven of the wounded doctor a
Page 334 and 335:
Book Eleven For a similar tale see
Page 336 and 337:
Book Eleven Peloponnesos are the 'E
Page 338 and 339:
Book Eleven (2 x ), as is u(3piaTT|
Page 340 and 341:
Book Eleven can always be resolved
Page 342 and 343:
Book Eleven make a formula for Agam
Page 344 and 345:
Book Eleven say if he knew how badl
Page 346 and 347:
Book Eleven the breastplate, cf. 19
Page 348 and 349:
Book Eleven 6fo|Jiai), then back to
Page 350 and 351:
BOOK TWELVE The twelfth Book contai
Page 352 and 353:
Book Twelve with the failure of Asi
Page 354 and 355:
Book Twelve region of Troy (the tom
Page 356 and 357:
Book Twelve (5.524, Od. 5.478, 19.4
Page 358 and 359:
Book Twelve in this case and positi
Page 360 and 361:
Book Twelve 49-50 Delebecque, Cheva
Page 362 and 363:
Book Twelve metrically convenient f
Page 364 and 365:
Book Twelve of one principal with t
Page 366 and 367:
Book Twelve 16.211-17 where the tro
Page 368 and 369:
Book Twelve and its danger: the Tro
Page 370 and 371:
Book Twelve the undergrowth' (Rise
Page 372 and 373:
Book Twelve 156-8 This neat simile
Page 374 and 375:
Book Twelve premature mention of fi
Page 376 and 377:
Book Twelve (= 16.418 = 8.277 *f ge
Page 378 and 379:
Book Twelve 211-29 For Pouludamas'
Page 380 and 381:
Book Twelve 'OAUHTTIOU), Z. epiPpe|
Page 382 and 383:
Book Twelve it, or hack it with axe
Page 384 and 385:
Book Twelve as an intensive or iter
Page 386 and 387:
Book Twelve warrior (Sarpedon) enco
Page 388 and 389:
Book Twelve Age warrior going into
Page 390 and 391:
Book Twelve is not mentioned by Hom
Page 392 and 393:
Book Twelve isolated from that of t
Page 394 and 395:
Book Twelve 356 uivuvOd Tiep: 'if o
Page 396 and 397:
Book Twelve 386 Cf. Od. 12.414 Komr
Page 398 and 399:
Book Twelve SVTOS implies Trap' ETr
Page 400 and 401:
Book Twelve battlements, but the cl
Page 402 and 403:
Book Twelve passage and down to 470
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