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INTRODUCTION i. Formulas The creation of the Iliad on the assumptions that underlie this commentary is not easily described, for our knowledge of doi8f| is limited and, it must be said, speculative. The Iliad, said Aristotle {Poetics ch. 23), was jiia upa^is TroAuuepfjs; it had a unity but a great many parts. Aristotle admired the unity, and he was quite right to do so. For an
Formulas Parry's typical formulas were expressions like KUUCC KeAccivov (9.6) or |3of]V dyaOos Aio|jf|8r|S (9-30? nouns or personal names with a perpetual ('ornamental') epithet. These served well for his primary argument. Such expressions typically fall into sets: there will be an expression filling each of the principal cola of the verse, especially those in its second half, and only exceptionally will there be more than one expression for each colon. It must be accepted that such a pervasive yet economical provision of metrical diction is an aspect of the evolution of doi8f|. However, that sort of diction is not the whole nor even a major part of what Homer sang, and when Parry proposed (in HSCP 1930 = MHV 266ff.) as a model of Homeric composition (which he took to be oral composition in performance) one of formulas falling into sentence-patterns, it was necessary to understand 'formula' in a wider sense, as any sort of repeated word-group, and to presume the formular status of expressions where it was not demonstrable. The model implied that any verses composed in this way would contain very little non-formular diction. Methodologically the distinctive feature of the Parry model is that it assigns to the formula an absolute priority. In its stark form such a model does not commend itself for aesthetic reasons, being inimical to the freedom of thought and expression which the poetry of Homer seems to exemplify; but it tackled an aspect of Homeric diction that does not yield to normal critical methods and invited refinement. Even for scholars who accepted its implications the model posed two important problems: (1) how to integrate into the model of composition the many expressions which were not formulas in the sense Parry had defined, and (2) how to describe exactly what a formula is (as opposed to defining a class of expressions in the text which the scholar wished to study). No solution to either of these problems has yet been propounded to general satisfaction. 2 For a tradition of heroic narrative poetry that is long extinct how much diction could be non-formular without invalidating the model cannot be known, but the very nature of the Parry model stimulated attempts to describe the formula in such a way as to embrace, it was hoped, material that on a strict definition was not formular at all by showing that the non-formular diction was similar to indisputable formulas. Hence the invention of the 'formular phrase' and the 'formula by analogy'. 3 the craft of using and adapting formulas and systems of formulas, to be acquired only by long experience' (Page, Odyssey 139). This model is strongly criticized by Foley, Traditional Oral Epic 52-120. 2 See the discussion in Austin, Archery 14-26. 3 A. B. Lord, The Singer of Tales (Cambridge, Mass., i960) 4 ('formular phrase'), J. A. Notopoulos, AJP 83 (1962) 337-68 ('formula by analogy'). M. N. Nagler's 'pre-verbal Gestalt', TAP A 98 (1967) 269-311, is the ultimate extension of this line of argument.
Page 2: This is the third volume in the maj
Page 6 and 7: THE ILIAD: A COMMENTARY GENERAL EDI
Page 8: This volume is dedicated to the mem
Page 11 and 12: Contents COMMENTARY Book 9 55 Book
Page 14 and 15: PREFACE Students of Altertumswissen
Page 16 and 17: ABBREVIATIONS Books Adkins, Merit a
Page 18 and 19: Abbreviations Friedrich, Verwundung
Page 20 and 21: Abbreviations OCT Oxford Classical
Page 22: Abbreviations West, Ptolemaic Papyr
Page 27 and 28: Formulas |j£Ta 9peai(v) (nx //., 8
Page 29 and 30: Formulas and basic ideas of heroic
Page 31 and 32: Formulas verse. 7 The units need no
Page 33 and 34: Formulas fixed and repetitious, but
Page 35 and 36: Formulas of the verse, sentence bou
Page 37 and 38: Formulas (ocop < deipco; for 'hange
Page 39 and 40: Formulas TTOVTCO, £UpccA£/£|iTrE
Page 41 and 42: Formulas difficult if only by contr
Page 43 and 44: Formulas For verses introducing spe
Page 45 and 46: Formulas subordinate and youthful c
Page 47 and 48: Formulas construe are real enough.
Page 49 and 50: Formulas analogical, of no great an
Page 51 and 52: Formulas constructed; their context
Page 53 and 54: Formulas with ocAs at Od. 8.111. Ar
Page 55 and 56: 2. The Iliad as heroic poetry Compa
Page 57 and 58: The Iliad as heroic poetry stichic
Page 59 and 60: The Iliad as heroic poetry and Serb
Page 61 and 62: The Iliad as heroic poetry The vign
Page 63 and 64: The Iliad as heroic poetry William
Page 65 and 66: The Iliad as heroic poetry Heroic s
Page 67 and 68: The Iliad as heroic poetry was what
Page 69 and 70: The Iliad as heroic poetry 91A0S. I
Page 71 and 72: The Iliad as heroic poetry been spe
Page 73 and 74:
The Iliad as heroic poetry disrespe
Page 75 and 76:
The Iliad as heroic poetry Where fo
Page 78 and 79:
INDEX An index of Greek words appea
Page 80 and 81:
atrocity, 50, 73, 139, 197-8, 241,
Page 82 and 83:
ditch, Achaean, 166, 172, 188, 317,
Page 84 and 85:
Herodotus, 124 heroine, 48-9, 113 h
Page 86 and 87:
Mazon, P., 107, 126 meal, 71, 91, 2
Page 88 and 89:
pity, 81, ioo, 119, 127, 261, 295 P
Page 90 and 91:
suppliant, supplication, 127, 128,
Page 92 and 93:
COMMENTARY BOOK NINE How the Iliad
Page 94 and 95:
Book Nine is the best of the Achaea
Page 96 and 97:
Book Nine horror of drowning (Od. 5
Page 98 and 99:
Book Nine 8.521, and 16.191 (where
Page 100 and 101:
Book Nine one that worries Agamemno
Page 102 and 103:
Book Nine (5X //., ix Oct.). Diomed
Page 104 and 105:
Book Nine ignores it; what is needf
Page 106 and 107:
Book Nine picture has changed by 8.
Page 108 and 109:
Book Nine spite of its adumbration
Page 110 and 111:
Book Nine 114-61 Agamemnon's respon
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Book Nine Homerus (Assen 1951) 74-8
Page 114 and 115:
Book Nine 145 Homer does not mentio
Page 116 and 117:
Book Nine this does not seem very p
Page 118 and 119:
Book Nine draw attention to the fac
Page 120 and 121:
Book Nine bT opine that the heralds
Page 122 and 123:
Book Nine 34, 54), which may be bro
Page 124 and 125:
Book Nine quietly tolerated, for th
Page 126 and 127:
Book Nine would have waited ev TTpo
Page 128 and 129:
Book Nine 206-21 The theme of the e
Page 130 and 131:
Book Nine conceived in Homer. It is
Page 132 and 133:
Book Nine Odysseus to say 'Akhilleu
Page 134 and 135:
Book Nine taken either as middle of
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Book Nine modern reading which pres
Page 138 and 139:
Book Nine announces that Agamemnon
Page 140 and 141:
Book Mine indifferently by (in the
Page 142 and 143:
Book Nine — [iaoraK (a) would be
Page 144 and 145:
Book Nine when it has been soiled.
Page 146 and 147:
Book Nine possibility and (for some
Page 148 and 149:
Book Nine 367 This is the only poin
Page 150 and 151:
Book Nine lying waste, cf. 2.505).
Page 152 and 153:
Book Nine Bridge') is exceptional (
Page 154 and 155:
Book Nine 18.95-6 Thetis affirms th
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Book Nine yociav (i6x //., 12X Od.)
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Book Nine 438-9 The sense of TTEUTT
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Book Nine grandson, cf 488 and Od.
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Book Nine compare the 'cities of re
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Book Nine with bibliography. The 9p
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Book Nine "follows" Achilles, and i
Page 168 and 169:
Book Nine his purposes. The heroic
Page 170 and 171:
Book Nine a common noun with propar
Page 172 and 173:
Book Nine Ares Thestios Molos (11.7
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Book Nine passage, is clearly brood
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Book Nine conjectural: in Hsch. the
Page 178 and 179:
Book Nine 612 Akhilleus is consciou
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Book Nine world of the epic the rel
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Book Nine was first adumbrated in b
Page 184 and 185:
Book Nine i.e. the Achaean army, bu
Page 186 and 187:
Book Nine according to Szemerenyi,
Page 188 and 189:
BOOK TEN In the scholia to book 10
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Book Ten and a trophy. The death of
Page 192 and 193:
Book Ten The commentary follows in
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Book Ten 2 = 24.678. 585ur|U£VOi O
Page 196 and 197:
Book Ten portrayal of the Trojans g
Page 198 and 199:
Book Ten give Menelaos the same out
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Book Ten Askalaphos and Ialmenos, c
Page 202 and 203:
Book Ten 75—8 The poet perhaps fo
Page 204 and 205:
Book Ten 110-12 The swift Aias is A
Page 206 and 207:
Book Ten conversational tone. The f
Page 208 and 209:
Book Ten 170 TraT8es: only two of N
Page 210 and 211:
Book Ten Hektor, the Argives, or th
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Book Ten 226 = 23.590. PP&CTCTCOV (
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Book Ten fj TO irdpos irep | ur)TT|
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Book Ten Figure i. The boar's tusk
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Book Ten straight (Amuntor was fath
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Book Ten ages past...' — aiyioxoi
Page 222 and 223:
Book Ten temper, with 40 instances
Page 224 and 225:
Book Ten return to this point when
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Book Ten narrative for the first an
Page 228 and 229:
Book Ten beam are in one piece, see
Page 230 and 231:
Book Ten 385-6 = 82-3 (Nestor distu
Page 232 and 233:
Book Ten 418*20 According to Leaf O
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Book Ten 436-41 The horses are ment
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Book Ten For the contraction -|3co-
Page 238 and 239:
Book Ten them at second hand from s
Page 240 and 241:
Book Ten from action. Similar langu
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Book Ten addressing the hero. In ne
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Book Ten nonsense that Rhesos' anim
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Book Ten vowed by Diomedes at 292,
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BOOK ELEVEN The previous day of fig
Page 250 and 251:
Book Eleven 5-21). In view of the f
Page 252 and 253:
Book Eleven 'AOrjvocicov IOTCCVTO c
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Book Eleven a hundred oxen for the
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Book Eleven B ideogram 162 j|, but
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Book Eleven epithet of something na
Page 260 and 261:
Book Eleven 43 A unique verse, surp
Page 262 and 263:
Book Eleven 55 = x -3 but with KS90
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Book Eleven 12.463 (Hektor again),
Page 266 and 267:
Book Eleven The vulgate reading ixo
Page 268 and 269:
Book Eleven but once committed to a
Page 270 and 271:
Book Eleven fight from a chariot (5
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Book Eleven 96 vu£(e): gx with eli
Page 274 and 275:
Book Eleven pairs see Reinhardt, Iu
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Book Eleven describe, nor does the
Page 278 and 279:
Book Eleven 143-7 The slaying follo
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Book Eleven together in this Book a
Page 282 and 283:
Book Eleven empty: now, 179, they a
Page 284 and 285:
Book Eleven does not conceal himsel
Page 286 and 287:
Book Eleven 221 The poet answers th
Page 288 and 289:
Book Eleven factual tone of the pre
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Location Head Neck Trunk Arms Legs
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Book Eleven accouchement - but like
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Book Eleven of his exploits should
Page 296 and 297:
Book Eleven with a short in the per
Page 298 and 299:
Book Eleven they will find themselv
Page 300 and 301:
Book Eleven Catalogue - both are to
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Book Eleven have been banished from
Page 304 and 305:
Book Eleven 368 T7aiovi6r|v: Agastr
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Book Eleven e.g. at 8.2i5ff. is muc
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Book Eleven who found their intende
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Book Eleven 437-8 Athene's action i
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Book Eleven 15.386), liouvcoae (Od.
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Book Eleven archery. To keep the ep
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Book Eleven battlefield is strictly
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Book Eleven ever, what was special
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Book Eleven round-shield bearer wou
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Book Eleven 571-4 =15.314-17 but wi
Page 324 and 325:
Book Eleven Apisaon, and was then w
Page 326 and 327:
Book Eleven there is no such thing
Page 328 and 329:
Book Eleven that the Achaeans retre
Page 330 and 331:
Book Eleven B. Schweitzer (Stuttgar
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Book Eleven of the wounded doctor a
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Book Eleven For a similar tale see
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Book Eleven Peloponnesos are the 'E
Page 338 and 339:
Book Eleven (2 x ), as is u(3piaTT|
Page 340 and 341:
Book Eleven can always be resolved
Page 342 and 343:
Book Eleven make a formula for Agam
Page 344 and 345:
Book Eleven say if he knew how badl
Page 346 and 347:
Book Eleven the breastplate, cf. 19
Page 348 and 349:
Book Eleven 6fo|Jiai), then back to
Page 350 and 351:
BOOK TWELVE The twelfth Book contai
Page 352 and 353:
Book Twelve with the failure of Asi
Page 354 and 355:
Book Twelve region of Troy (the tom
Page 356 and 357:
Book Twelve (5.524, Od. 5.478, 19.4
Page 358 and 359:
Book Twelve in this case and positi
Page 360 and 361:
Book Twelve 49-50 Delebecque, Cheva
Page 362 and 363:
Book Twelve metrically convenient f
Page 364 and 365:
Book Twelve of one principal with t
Page 366 and 367:
Book Twelve 16.211-17 where the tro
Page 368 and 369:
Book Twelve and its danger: the Tro
Page 370 and 371:
Book Twelve the undergrowth' (Rise
Page 372 and 373:
Book Twelve 156-8 This neat simile
Page 374 and 375:
Book Twelve premature mention of fi
Page 376 and 377:
Book Twelve (= 16.418 = 8.277 *f ge
Page 378 and 379:
Book Twelve 211-29 For Pouludamas'
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Book Twelve 'OAUHTTIOU), Z. epiPpe|
Page 382 and 383:
Book Twelve it, or hack it with axe
Page 384 and 385:
Book Twelve as an intensive or iter
Page 386 and 387:
Book Twelve warrior (Sarpedon) enco
Page 388 and 389:
Book Twelve Age warrior going into
Page 390 and 391:
Book Twelve is not mentioned by Hom
Page 392 and 393:
Book Twelve isolated from that of t
Page 394 and 395:
Book Twelve 356 uivuvOd Tiep: 'if o
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Book Twelve 386 Cf. Od. 12.414 Komr
Page 398 and 399:
Book Twelve SVTOS implies Trap' ETr
Page 400 and 401:
Book Twelve battlements, but the cl
Page 402 and 403:
Book Twelve passage and down to 470
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