Results of Invasive Species Research
Results of Invasive Species Research
Results of Invasive Species Research
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Phytosanitary Irradiation for Export <strong>of</strong><br />
Fresh Produce from Hawaii<br />
Commercial Use and Current Issues<br />
Peter Follett, USDA-ARS, Pacific Basin Agricultural<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Center, Hilo, Hawaii, peter.follett@ars.usda.gov
Overview<br />
• Irradiation in Hawaii<br />
advantages and drawbacks<br />
• Generic Treatments<br />
• <strong>Invasive</strong> species<br />
• Big Issues<br />
• Sweet potato irradiation<br />
Video
Phytosanitary radiation treatment<br />
Insect disinfestation<br />
• Insects • Fresh<br />
horticultural<br />
products
The Technology<br />
Gamma, e-beam, or x-ray<br />
Ionizing radiation breaks chemical bonds within<br />
DNA and other molecules, disrupting normal<br />
cellular function. Insect response varies with<br />
species and life stage.
Irradiation<br />
Hawaii Pride<br />
Surebeam, San Diego, California<br />
Opened August 2000<br />
13,600 mt capacity (30 million lbs)<br />
Electron linear accelerator 5 MeV, model<br />
TB-5/15<br />
X-ray irradiation<br />
Privately owned by Calavo Growers, Inc.
Export approvals using irradiation<br />
Hawaii: 17 fruits, 7 vegetables<br />
• Sweet potato*<br />
(12 million lbs)<br />
• Papaya*<br />
• Longan*<br />
• Rambutan<br />
• Dragon fruit<br />
• Banana*<br />
• Mango<br />
• Mangosteen<br />
• Melons*<br />
• Lychee<br />
• Carambola<br />
• Sapodilla<br />
• Jackfruit<br />
• Breadfruit<br />
• Abiu<br />
• Atemoya<br />
• Guava<br />
• Pineapple*<br />
• Capsicums*<br />
• Eggplant*<br />
• Cucurbits*<br />
• Tomato*<br />
• Cowpea*<br />
• Moringa*<br />
* year-round<br />
Hawaii Pride<br />
Kea’au, HI
Hawaii Pride X-ray Irradiator
Irradiation<br />
Drawbacks<br />
• Not organic<br />
• Not accepted everywhere,<br />
e.g. Japan,<br />
Taiwan, Europe<br />
• Anti-irradiation<br />
groups<br />
• Labeling and signage<br />
(FDA rule pending)<br />
• 1 kGy limit<br />
• High initial costs<br />
• 12-months <strong>of</strong> product<br />
Pseudo-drawback<br />
• Acute mortality is low<br />
• “Live” pests after<br />
treatment, but nonviable<br />
• Effective if it prevents<br />
reproduction<br />
• Inspection is<br />
redundant
Irradiation<br />
Advantages<br />
• Broadly effective<br />
• Good product<br />
tolerance<br />
• Extend shelf-life<br />
• Competitive cost<br />
• Treatment is fast<br />
• Treat in final<br />
packaging<br />
• Alternative to<br />
MeBr<br />
• Generic treatments
Generic Radiation Treatments<br />
Pioneering rule<br />
• USDA-APHIS approval January 27,<br />
2006<br />
• Tephritid fruit flies – 150 Gy<br />
• All other insects – 400 Gy<br />
(except Lepidoptera pupae and adults)<br />
• Fresh fruits, vegetables, and cut<br />
flowers and foliage
Generic Doses<br />
International use<br />
India, Pakistan – mango, pomegranate – 400 Gy<br />
Thailand – 6 tropical fruits – 400 Gy<br />
Vietnam – dragon fruit – 400 Gy<br />
Mexico – mango, guava, citrus, carambola – 150<br />
or 400 Gy<br />
Malaysia – papayas – 400 Gy<br />
Vietnam – rambutan – 400 Gy<br />
South Africa – sweet cherries, apricot, plucot,<br />
table grapes, lychee – 400 Gy
<strong>Invasive</strong> species research<br />
Melon fly 3 rd instars
Generic doses – next steps<br />
Why lower the dose?<br />
• Use <strong>of</strong> 400 Gy generic dose is<br />
most common – during treatment<br />
some fruit may receive 700-800<br />
Gy!<br />
• Close to phytotoxic threshold for<br />
many commodities<br />
• If dose can be lowered, will help<br />
ensure high quality is maintained<br />
• And, will lower costs and increase<br />
capacity
Hawaii irradiation research<br />
Establishing safe doses<br />
Pest<br />
Fruit flies (3)<br />
Sweet potato pests (3)<br />
Mango seed weevil<br />
Litchi fruit moths (2)<br />
Armored scales (2)<br />
Banana moth<br />
Ants (2)<br />
Light brown apple moth<br />
Spotted wing drosophila<br />
European grapevine moth<br />
Irradiation dose (Gy)<br />
150<br />
150<br />
300<br />
250<br />
150<br />
150<br />
100<br />
150<br />
40-50<br />
in progress
Light brown apple moth*<br />
New pest<br />
• Native to Australia<br />
• Since 2006,<br />
spreading in<br />
California<br />
• Regulated pest in<br />
Canada, Chile, Korea,<br />
Mexico, Peru, Thailand,<br />
and South Africa<br />
• Leafroller, but may<br />
feed on fruit surface<br />
• All stages: irradiated at<br />
0, 30, 60 ,<br />
90, 120, and<br />
150 Gy<br />
• 5 th instars: 35,000<br />
tested at 150 Gy with no<br />
adult emergence<br />
• Pupae: 300-400 Gy
Spotted wing drosophila*<br />
New pest<br />
• Native to Southeast<br />
Asia, found in 2008<br />
• Attacks berry crops,<br />
grapes and stone fruits<br />
• Australia, New Zealand<br />
and Mexico restrict fruit<br />
from infested areas<br />
• Feeds on fruit pulp,<br />
introduces rots, 10<br />
gens/yr<br />
• All life stages irradiated<br />
at 0, 20, 30, 40,<br />
and 50 Gy<br />
• Pupae most tolerant<br />
stage in fruit<br />
• 40-50 Gy applied to<br />
pupae causes sterility as<br />
adults
European grapevine moth*<br />
New pest<br />
• Native to southern Italy<br />
• Discovered in Napa<br />
vineyards in 2009<br />
• APHIS quarantine<br />
restrictions, exports<br />
fumigated with MeBr<br />
• Webs and feeds within<br />
grape bunches, 3<br />
gens/yr, introduces<br />
Botrytis<br />
• <strong>Research</strong> forthcoming<br />
• USDA APHIS-Otis lab<br />
has a EGVM colony<br />
• They will follow methods<br />
developed for LBAM
Big Issues<br />
1 kGy limit<br />
Europe, Japan, Taiwan, etc.<br />
Labeling – phytosanitary vs. sanitary<br />
MAP packaging…<br />
Non-regulated imports Arnold Hara, Univ. Hawaii<br />
Potato psyllid
Pa’ina Hawaii<br />
Michael Koehn<br />
•At old Del Monte<br />
pineapple canning site<br />
on Oahu<br />
•Genesis irradiator -<br />
cobalt source<br />
•Scheduled start<br />
summer 2012<br />
•Sweet potato, papaya,<br />
herbs
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