Final Report - Ohio Department of Transportation
Final Report - Ohio Department of Transportation Final Report - Ohio Department of Transportation
List of Figures, Tables and Notation List of Figures Fig. 1 – Nutrient Poor Oxisol (left) and Terra Preta Oxisol (right) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Fig. 2 – Terra Preta Formations in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Fig. 3 - Examples of “Production” Carbonization Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Fig. 4 – CWRU Bench and Pilot-Scale Carbonization Research Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Fig. 5 – Example Yard Waste Fractions Before and After Carbonization . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Fig. 6 – Soybean Plants Growing in Biochar-Amended Soil at CWRU’s ValleeVue Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Fig. 7 - Corn Growing in Biochar-Amended Soil at CWRU’s ValleeVue Farm . . . . . . 10 Fig. 8 – Bitumen Generated During the Carbonization of Shredded Yard Waste . . . . . 11 Fig. 9 – Yard Waste in “Lawn and Leaf” Bags Staged for Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Fig. 10 – Yard Waste Brush Pile (Oak Branches) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Fig. 11 – Yard Waste Log Pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Fig. 12 – Rhododendron Leaves Prepared for Carbonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Fig. 13 – Oak Branches Prepared for Carbonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Fig. 14 – Dried Willow Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Fig. 15 – Black Locust Leaves After Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Fig. 16 – Sealed Carbonization Reactor Attached to Off Gas Discharge Piping . . . . . . . 25 Fig. 17 – Heated Off Gas Piping and Thermocouples to Regulate Discharge Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Fig. 18 – Secondary Collection Flask with Water-Cooled Condenser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Fig. 19 – Secondary Collection Flask Filled with Dense Off Gas During the Initial Stages of Carbonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Fig. 20 – Maple Branches Before Carbonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Fig. 21 – Maple Branches After Carbonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Fig. 22 – Maple Samaras Before Carbonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Fig. 23 – Maple Samaras After Carbonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Fig. 24 – Off Gas Products Collecting in Glass Fittings Above the First Collection Flask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 vi
Fig. 25 – The Impact of Moisture Content on Byproduct Collection Efficiency . . . . . . 36 Fig. 26 – Improvement of Byproduct Collection Efficiency Over the Course of the Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Fig. 27 - Comparison of Organic Content in Deciduous and Conifer Branch Samples . . 37 Fig. 28 – Liquid Phase Carbonization Byproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 List of Tables Table 1 – Examples of Organizations Promoting Biochar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Table 2 – Examples of Feed Stocks that Have Been the Object of Pyrolysis Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Table 3 – Results of Initial Carbonization of Yard Waste Components . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Table 4 – Previous Research Examining the Use of Bio-Oils in Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Table 5 - Moisture, Organic and Char Content, and Byproduct Collection Efficiency. . . 32 Table 6 – Types of Branches Carbonized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Table 7 – Leaf Components Carbonized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Table 8 – Comparison of the Yield from Un-dried and Dried Carbonization Feed Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Table 9 – Preliminary Chemical Characterization of Yard Waste Carbonization Off Gas Condensate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Table 10 – National Asphalt Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Table 11 – State-Wide Asphalt Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Table 12 – Institutes with Possible Interest in or Experience with Bioasphalt or Biochar . 41 Table 13 – Asphalt Manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Table 14 – Tree Care Companies and Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Table 15 – Composting Organizations and Companies with Composting Facilities . . . . . . 43 Table 16 – Example State Municipalities with Yard Waste Collection Programs . . . . . . . . 43 vii
- Page 1: Final Report Bioasphalt from Urban
- Page 4 and 5: Credit This document was prepared i
- Page 8 and 9: 1. Introduction The research projec
- Page 10 and 11: Fig. 1 - Nutrient Poor Oxisol (left
- Page 12 and 13: Table 2 - Examples of Feed Stocks T
- Page 14 and 15: CWRU’s carbonization reactors fal
- Page 16 and 17: Table 3 - Results of Initial Carbon
- Page 18 and 19: The results of the growth studies w
- Page 20 and 21: The Shell Oil Company has experimen
- Page 22 and 23: of the windrows for aeration. The c
- Page 24 and 25: implementing the tests for which OD
- Page 26 and 27: (8) Apply YWC to a sufficient volum
- Page 28 and 29: Fig. 10 -Yard Waste Brush Pile (Oak
- Page 30 and 31: 3.3 Testing Methods Drying - To mea
- Page 32 and 33: Fig. 16 - Sealed Carbonization Reac
- Page 34 and 35: interior temperature of the furnace
- Page 36 and 37: Fig. 22 - Maple Samaras Before Carb
- Page 38 and 39: 3.4 Data Analysis In order to calcu
- Page 40 and 41: 2009 Buckeye Fruit 10.37 51.64 37.9
- Page 42 and 43: 2010 Rhododendron Leaves 57.36 18.9
- Page 44 and 45: Fig. 26 - Improvement of Byproduct
- Page 46 and 47: One task of the research project wa
- Page 48 and 49: Table 10 - National Asphalt Organiz
- Page 50 and 51: Table 15 - Composting Organizations
- Page 52 and 53: had a significant aqueous fraction.
- Page 54 and 55: Bishara, S.W.,Robertson, R.E. and M
Fig. 25 – The Impact <strong>of</strong> Moisture Content on Byproduct Collection Efficiency . . . . . . 36<br />
Fig. 26 – Improvement <strong>of</strong> Byproduct Collection Efficiency Over the<br />
Course <strong>of</strong> the Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />
Fig. 27 - Comparison <strong>of</strong> Organic Content in Deciduous and Conifer Branch Samples . . 37<br />
Fig. 28 – Liquid Phase Carbonization Byproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Tables<br />
Table 1 – Examples <strong>of</strong> Organizations Promoting Biochar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4<br />
Table 2 – Examples <strong>of</strong> Feed Stocks that Have Been the Object <strong>of</strong><br />
Pyrolysis Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />
Table 3 – Results <strong>of</strong> Initial Carbonization <strong>of</strong> Yard Waste Components . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<br />
Table 4 – Previous Research Examining the Use <strong>of</strong> Bio-Oils in Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />
Table 5 - Moisture, Organic and Char Content, and Byproduct Collection Efficiency. . . 32<br />
Table 6 – Types <strong>of</strong> Branches Carbonized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
Table 7 – Leaf Components Carbonized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
Table 8 – Comparison <strong>of</strong> the Yield from Un-dried and Dried<br />
Carbonization Feed Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35<br />
Table 9 – Preliminary Chemical Characterization <strong>of</strong> Yard Waste Carbonization<br />
Off Gas Condensate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40<br />
Table 10 – National Asphalt Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41<br />
Table 11 – State-Wide Asphalt Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41<br />
Table 12 – Institutes with Possible Interest in or Experience with Bioasphalt or Biochar . 41<br />
Table 13 – Asphalt Manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />
Table 14 – Tree Care Companies and Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />
Table 15 – Composting Organizations and Companies with Composting Facilities . . . . . . 43<br />
Table 16 – Example State Municipalities with Yard Waste Collection Programs . . . . . . . . 43<br />
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