PRESENTED PAPERS - Mwwd.org

ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 18 of 274 

MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA) 

PRESENTED PAPERS

ORAL PRESENTATIONS 



Oral presentations are foreseen in 

three parallel sessions, starting from 

tuesday 28 after the Keynote 

Session, as indicated in the general 

program. 

Each session of 1 ½ hr will host 

three papers. 

The length of each presentation is 

established in 15 minutes ± 5 

minutes; there will be therefore a 

sufficient “question time”, the 

possibility of discussion and some spare time to take care of the delays … or of the 

long‐winded speakers. 

The detailed program – session and time for each presentation ‐ will be available in 

the program booklet. 

INDEX (by author) 

Acornley, Richard (UK) ‐ Assessment of the effects of improvements to wastewater 

pipeline discharges on bacterial contamination of shellfisheries in England and Wales 

Al Barwani, Hamdi (Sultanate of Oman) ‐ Merging brine discharge plumes from 

desalination plants 

Al‐Enezi, Eqbal Hussain (Kuwait) ‐ Phosphorus Adsorption on Kaolinite clay 

Antequera, Manuel (Spain) ‐ Research on the behaviour of a brine discharge into a 

port using a 3D physical model 

Arasaki, Emilia (Brazil) ‐ Sea outfall plume dispersion –Physical modelling study with 

wind tunnel and computer modelling evaluation 

Avanzini, Carlo (Italy) ‐ Mersin outfall: a long story arriving to conclusion 

Bertolotto, Rosa Maria (Italy) ‐ Application of the biological index CARLIT on Ligurian 

Coastline 

Birmingham, Thomas (USA) ‐ Hilo Bay mixing zone study and dilution modeling 

Bjegovic, Dubravka (Croatia) ‐ Performance based durability design of coastal 

reinforced concrete structures 

Bojanić, Fani (Croatia) ‐ The Adriatic project: coastal cities water pollution control 

project 

Campos, Pedro (Chile) ‐ Theoretical design of outfall in comparison with real results 

Comino, Ana Paula (Argentina) ‐ Beach water quality of Mar del Plata (Argentina) 

previous to the outfall construction: ten years of bacterial control and virtual beach 

model prediction testing 

De Lorenz Santos, Fernando Jesus (Mexico) ‐ Evaluation of the Contamination by 

Heavy Metals in the Southwest of the Sound of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico 

Di Giovanni, Mirella (Italy) ‐ Interpreting and modelling field data for wastewater 

dispersion into sea trough dimensional analysis



Domenichini, Paolo (Italy) ‐ Real‐time water‐quality mesurements using an automatic 

profiler 

Doneker, Robert (USA) ‐ Site scale remote sensing of mixing zone water quality 

Dragovich, Jeff (USA) ‐ A Case Study in Marine Outfall Design: HDPE vs. Steel Pipe 

Duleba, Wania (Brazil) ‐ A multi‐proxy environmental study based on geochemistry of 

sediments and biological bioindicators (foraminifers) from the largest petroleum 

terminal of Brazil 

Erdelez, Anita (Croatia) ‐ Methodology of the environmental impact assessment of 

the coastal sewerage systems ‐ Jadran Project 

Figueira, Pedro (Portugal) ‐ Aspects of the design and construction of the sea outfall 

of Tangier Port 

Frick, Walter (USA) ‐ Model averaging and other issues surrounding environmental 

statistical models 

Hannoun, Imad A. (USA) ‐ Joint Water Pollution Control Plant Outfall Modeling 

Ivancic Aucina, Ana (Croatia) ‐ Installation of Stobrec, Sibenik and Zadar HDPE waste 

water outfalls 

Izdar, Erol (Turkey) ‐ Fokai (Foca) Waste Water Traetment Plant. An example for 

planning, projecting and constructing at the coast of a city in Aegean Region 

Kalaitzis, Evangelia (Greece) ‐ Correlation of Hydrodynamic and Qualitative 

Parameters for the Environmental Management of Marinas 

Kaneshiro, Jon (USA) ‐ Seismic Screening Considering Damage Scenarios, Mitigation 

Measures, and Cost Impacts for the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County’s 

(LACSD) Joint Water Pollution Control Plant (JWPCP) Tunnel and Ocean Outfall 

Project 

Kantharaj, Murali (India) ‐ Forces on twin tandem pipelines in the proximity of seabed 

Krivokapic, Sladjana (Montenegro) ‐ Trophic level indicators in the Boka Kotorska Bay 

Larsen, Ian (Belgium) ‐ 50 years of marine PE piping 

Linde, Lutz zur (Germany) ‐ Trenchless installation methods of sea outfalls 

Little, Michael (UK) ‐ Outfall design and fast ferry wash 

Lorenzoni, Carlo (Italy) ‐ Hydrodynamic laboratory tests on a dissipative submerged 

structure for beach protection 

Magdaong, Evangeline (Philippines) ‐ Modeling residence time and effluent dispersal 

in a mariculture area 

Mead, Christopher (UK) ‐ Timestep splitting in Lagrangian marine dispersion models 

Meiorin, Luciano (USA) ‐ Feasibility study for a new outfall for the Sanitation Districts 

of Los Angeles County, California 

Modabbernia, Roozbeh (Iran) ‐ An Analytical Model of the Mathematical Wave 

Equation for Sound Propagation in Sound Channel 

Mossa, Michele (Italy) ‐ Study of Waste Water Dilution in The Sea by Combined Use 

of Mathematical Modeling And Field Measurements 

Muhammetoglu, Ayse (Turkey) ‐ Uncertainties of Bacterial Inactivation in Marine 

Environment 

Niepelt, Anne (Germany) ‐ Desalination brine discharge modelling ‐ Coupling of 

Hydrodynamic Models for Brine Discharge Analysis



Ostoich, Marco (Italy) ‐ Integrated areal analysis of the biological impact in the 

coastal belt of Venice province (Italy‐Northern Adriatic sea) 

Ozcan, Merih (Turkey) ‐ Turkey‐Cyprus Water Pipeline Project 

Ozel, Tansel (Turkey) ‐ Bridging Potable Water service between Europe and Asia: A 

New Bosphorus Crossing with a Underwater PE Pipeline 

Pabion, Chrystel (France) ‐ Construction, installation and pigging system of a large 

diameter HDPE pipeline in Morocco 

Parsons, Gary (South Africa) ‐ Aspects of toxicology of estuarine sediments: The Port 

of Durban as a case study 

Pascual Barrera, Alina (Spain) ‐ Bacterial pollution due to marine outfalls in the coast 

of Valencia (Spain) 

Peleg, Miki (Cyprus) ‐ Emergency water supply from tankers for Cyprus 

Peleg, Miki (Cyprus) ‐ New Development in Flexible Connections 

Pinto Ortiz, Jayme (Brazil) ‐ Santos, Guarujá and Praia Grande 1 submarine outfalls: 

computational evaluation of the effluent dispersion process in the Santos Bay using 

CFD 

Pita Olalla, Eloy (Spain) ‐ Recent works in the construction of marine pipelines for 

desalination plants 

Pollio, Andrea (Italy) ‐ Current velocity measurements offshore Taranto (Italy): 

comparison between vessel‐mounted and moored current meter data 

Prem, Marko (Croatia)‐ Guidelines on Integrated Coastal Urban Water System 

Planning in Coastal Areas of the Mediterranean: a commented presentation 

Roberts, Philip (USA) ‐ Experimental Studies of Dense Jets 

Ruiz‐Mateo, Antonio (Spain) ‐ Mathematical models for estimation of dilution of 

brine discharges to the sea 

Ruiz‐Mateo, Antonio (Spain) ‐ Physical modelling of brine discharges to the sea 

Santos Malhadas, Maria Madalena (Portugal) ‐ Hydrodynamics downscaling for 

predicting the dynamics of Foz do Arelho submarine outfall plume 

Sasaki, Mikio (Japan) ‐ Artificial Headland Method for Beach Erosion 

Scroccaro, Isabella (Italy) ‐ Dispersion modeling of submarine waste water discharges 

in the Northern Adriatic Sea along Friuli Venezia Giulia and Veneto regions coasts 

Spyropoulos, Kyriakos (Greece) ‐ Design of Sea Outfalls for Constanta and Eforie 

WWTP's at Romania 

Swanson, Craig (USA) ‐ Use of a Lagrangian particle model to simulate the far field 

transport and fate of effluent discharged from the proposed new LACSD outfall 

Toscano, Paolo (Italy) ‐ Analysis and restoration of an aged marine outfall system: the 

Trieste sewer case 

Turkel, Veysel (Turkey) ‐ Offshore pipeline applications for natural gas supply to 

Princess Islands in Istanbul 

van Banning, Gijs (Netherlands) ‐ Evaluation of a shallow water outfall in a congested 

nearshore area: Mersin Project 

van Banning, Gijs (Netherlands) ‐ Intake / Outfall effects on harbour sedimentation, a 

practical case in a tidal environment



Varol, Ozgur Evren (Turkey) ‐ Case Study: Gemlik Wastewater Pretreatment Plant and 

Marine Outfall System 

Vukanic, Vera (Montenegro) ‐ Changes in the Zooplankton Biocenosis of Bay of Boka 

Kotorska due to Introduction of Alien Species in Ballast Waters 

Webb, Tony (Australia) ‐ Modelling of iron hydroxide settling from a desalination 

plant outfall 

Wood, Matthew (UK) ‐ Dense jet assessment procedure 

Zervou, Anneta D. (Greece) ‐ Aspects of Seismic Analysis of Long Sea Outfalls 

Zic, Kresho (Australia) ‐ Field monitoring and oceanographic modeling for a large 

desalination plant in Australia



Assessment of the effects of improvements to wastewater pipeline discharges on 

bacterial contamination of shellfisheries in England and Wales 

R.M. Acornley 1 and S.R. Kershaw 2 

Keywords: bacterial pollution, bivalve mollusc, Poole Harbour, sewage, shellfish, Teign 

Estuary 

ABSTRACT 

Filter‐feeding bivalve molluscs, such as oysters and mussels, can accumulate 

contaminants, including microbial pathogens, from sewage‐polluted waters. Sewage 

contamination can be a significant cause of shellfish‐related illness and control 

measures are required to protect public health from the microbiological impacts of 

wastewater pipeline discharges. In Europe, Directive 2006/113/EC on the quality 

required of shellfish waters (codified version), aims to reduce the contamination of 

waters in which shellfish live. The Directive sets standards for water quality in 

designated Shellfish Waters, including a Guideline standard for the level of faecal 

coliforms in shellfish flesh. Between 2000 and 2005, approximately €72M was 

identified for investment by water companies in sewage treatment and sewerage 

improvements targeted at improving water quality in Shellfish Waters in England and 

Wales. In this paper, case studies are used to assess the effectiveness of this 

investment in reducing bacterial contamination of shellfisheries. The implications for 

prioritising and planning future investments are discussed. 

1 Richard M. Acornley (Mr), Water Quality Scientist, Centre for Environment, Fisheries 

and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, 

Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; e‐mail: richard.acornley@cefas.co.uk 

2 Simon R. Kershaw (Mr), Water Quality Advisor, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and 

Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, 

Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; e‐mail: simon.kershaw@cefas.co.uk



Merging brine discharge plumes from desalination plants 

H.H. Al‐Barwani 1 , A. Purnama 2 

Keywords: Brine discharges, desalination plant, far field model, long term impact 

assessment, two sea outfalls 

ABSTRACT 

Seawater desalination is the long term water supply option to sustain and allow the 

continuing development in the arid climate countries. Most of the world's 

desalination plants are operated along the coasts of the Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman 

and Red Sea. As the projected demands for desalinated seawater is steadily 

increasing, not only are the number of new large scale desalination plants 

constructed growing, the existing plants are also gradually increasing their water 

production capacities. 

As the technology can produce up to 60% of desalinated water, desalination 

processes also produce reject brine, a highly concentrated salt solution up to more 

than two times the ambient seawater salinity. The practical method to dispose of 

brine is to continuously discharge into the sea via an outfall at some distance from 

the beach. Due to relatively shallow coastal water depth, it is observed that the 

elongated brine plumes are spreading towards the shoreline and may cause an 

increase in salinity in the coastal waters. Therefore, larger scale brine discharges can 

potentially have a significant impact on the marine life and coastal ecosystems. 

If desalination plants are closely clustered together along the coastlines, then the 

brine effluent discharges from plants such as these will surely make an adverse 

environmental impact in the long run. Moreover, when two or more sea outfalls are 

discharging brine into shallow coastal waters, the long term impacts are strongly 

inter‐dependent. Therefore, if a new large scale seawater desalination plant is to be 

built on a coastline where an existing plant is operated that complies with the 

imposed regulatory requirements and guidelines for protection of the marine and 

coastal environment, how can one calculate the compounded impacts? In particular, 

will a possible scenario ever arise in which the existing plant is no longer meeting the 

regulatory requirements? This is a situation which may have actually happened along 

1 Hamdi H. Al‐Barwani (Dr), hamdi@squ.edu.om – Department of Mathematics and 

Statistics, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Al‐Khod PC 123, 

Muscat, Sultanate of Oman – www.squ.edu.om 

2 Anton Purnama (Dr), antonp@squ.edu.om – Department of Mathematics and 

Statistics, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Al‐Khod PC 123, 

Muscat, Sultanate of Oman – www.squ.edu.om



the western coast of the Arabian Gulf shared by Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar 

and United Arab Emirates. 

In an attempt to answer these questions, a far field mathematical model for 

continuous brine discharges from two coastal seawater desalination plants to 

incorporate the effect of a tidal current is presented. The analytical solutions are 

illustrated graphically by plotting contour of salinity concentration to study the 

merging and interaction of two brine plumes. Finally, using the maximum shoreline 

salinity as a measure for assessing the impact of brine discharges into the sea, 

asymptotic approximation will be made to the shoreline's brine concentration to 

evaluate and minimize the long term compounded salinity build‐up in the coastal 

waters. 

سﻮـﺑﺎﻗ نﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ 

Sultan Qaboos University 

Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

ABSTRACT 

Phosphorus adsorption on Kaolinite clay 



E. Al‐Enezi 1 , B. Bockelmann‐ Evans, and R. Falconer 

Keywords: Phosphorus; Adsorption coefficient; Kaolinite 

The marine bio‐geochemical cycle of a nutrient element is initiated by its 

absorption from solution during plant growth. Phosphorus is a key element in the 

bio‐geochemical cycle, particularly since it is an essential nutrient for primary 

productivity. It is a unique component within the main bio‐geochemical cycling 

process since it has only a tiny gaseous component and thus has no biotic pathway 

that brings new phosphorus into the aquatic ecosystem. The interaction between 

dissolved phosphorus and sediments in aquatic systems is an important factor 

controlling the concentration of phosphorous in many natural water bodies and for 

determining the inorganic phosphorus levels in natural systems. Phosphorus is 

generally the main limiting factor in freshwater systems, whereas nitrogen is the 

limiting factor in seawater. 

The study reports on experiments to study the phosphorus adsorption coefficient and 

the adsorption isotherm for Kaolinite clay, with tests undertaken using distilled water 

and artificial seawater. Comparisons between both sets of results enable conclusions 

to be drawn with regard to the impact of salinity on phosphorus adsorption. The 

results showed that the phosphorus adsorption on Kaolinite was almost linear when 

plotted against the Freundlich isotherm, with different concentrations of phosphorus 

being measured for distilled and artificial seawater. The phosphorus adsorption 

Coefficient (K) was 1.2 and the slope constant (N) was 5.1 for distilled water and (K) 

and (N) were 0.8 and 2, respectively for the seawater. The phosphorus adsorption on 

Kaolinite for the distilled water was higher than that for artificial sea water. 

Therefore, the phosphorus adsorption rate was found to decrease with an increase in 

salinity. 

1 

Al‐Enezi Eqbal, Hydro‐environmental Research Centre, Cardiff University, The Parade 

Cardiff, U.K., e mail: alenezie@cf.ac.uk



Research on the behaviour of a brine discharge into a port using a 3D physical 

model 

ABSTRACT 

M. Antequera 1 , A. Álvarez 2 , F.J. González 3 , A. Ruiz‐Mateo 4 

Keywords: Desalination, brine discharge, physical model 

In order to palliate the water deficit suffered in the Southeast of Spain, it is planned 

to build several sea water desalination plants on the Mediterranean coast. 

The waste brine disposal generated during the desalination process is totally 

discharged into the sea. Therefore, a large number of experiments have been carried 

out over the last years in order to avoid or minimize the negative impacts that the 

concentrate discharges cause on marine ecosystems. Researches aimed to know and 

predict the effluent behaviour, lean towards the design and study of several 

discharge devices. 

The infralitoral zone of the Mediterranean coast is covered by a continuous meadow 

of the endemic sea grass P. oceanica whose ecosystem is protected by environmental 

regulations due to its great ecological value. For this reason, it is so necessary to 

discharge the brine disposal in a suitable area 

Up to now, many different experiments have been carried out in order to find out the 

most appropriate conditions. These conditions are normally associated with a 

discharge system from which a maximum dilution is obtained. The discharge system 

is located in a strong hydrodynamic area and, as far as possible from the nearest bank 

of Posidonia. 

However, depending on the characteristics of the environment in the discharge area, 

it may occur that these optimum conditions are not suitable for a specific 

desalination plant. Hence, it would be necessary to look for different alternatives. 

The main goal of this research is to investigate how the brine disposal of a 

desalination plant would behave if it was discharged in a bound mass of water, for 

example a port, and eventually, to conclude whether this way of disposal could be 

considered as a valid option among the different alternatives. 

1 Manuel Antequera , Pharmacist. Centre for Studies on Ports and Coasts of CEDEX. 

Madrid, Spain. manuel.antequera@cedex.es 

2 Ana Álvarez, Biologist. Centre for Studies on Ports and Coasts of CEDEX. Madrid, Spain. 

ana.alvarez@cedex.es 

3 Francisco J. González, Marine Scientist. Centre for Studies on Ports and Coasts of CEDEX. 

Madrid, Spain. francisco.j.gonzalez@cedex.es 

4 Antonio Ruiz‐Mateo, Civil Engineer. Centre for Studies on Ports and Coasts of CEDEX. 

Madrid, Spain. antonio.ruiz@cedex.es



In order to achieve this objective, the port of Denia (Alicante, Spain) has been 

reproduced on a physical model scaled 1/65, where a concentrated brine effluent 

was discharged from a discharge pit into the inner port. 

Different simulations changing the discharge conditions were tested to check 

whether the dilution, the dispersion or the transport phenomenon were modified. 

The evolution of the effluent was monitored from the discharge point to the entrance 

of the port. 

For an in‐depth study on the initial dispersion and dilution phenomenon (near‐field), 

the discharge pit and the adjacent area were reproduced in detail on a 3D reduced 

physical model scaled 1/10. 

The results obtained from the different experiments will provide information about 

the behaviour of a brine effluent in these specific conditions.



Sea outfall plume dispersion –Physical modelling study with wind tunnel and 

computer modelling evaluation 

E. Arasaki; P. Alfredini 1 ; J. P. Ortiz 2 

Keywords: Sea outfall, physical modelling, wind tunnel, computer modelling, Santos 

Bay, Southeastern Brazil 

ABSTRACT 

The ocean disposal via sea outfall for domestic sewage is the main system in 

operation in São Paulo State coast. The metropolitan region of Baixada Santista has 

many sea outfalls operating and the first built, the Santos outfall, is located in Santos 

Bay, Southeastern Brazil. The physical fixed bed model of Santos Estuary and Bay was 

built in the Coastal and Harbour Division of Hydraulic Laboratory, University of São 

Paulo. It can reproduce local tide, regular waves, wind and the effluent discharge. In 

this paper are presented the main results get with a wind tunnel, which was 

constructed to simulate the hydrodynamic effect of SW wind storm surge in the sea 

outfall plume dispersion. 

The model, with geometric scale horizontal ‐ 1:1200 and vertical – 1:200, reproduces 

near 1000 km 2 of the study area, including Santos and Praia Grande (coastal area of 

São Paulo State), region with 4 sea outfalls in operation. This facility is froudian, with 

total area of near 750 m 2 , can generate regular waves and local tide. 

At first, the physical model was calibrated and validated considering the present 

natural condition. Once calibrated and validated the model, it was carried out several 

tests to investigate the change of the currents and effluent dispersion. The study of 

effluent dispersion was simulated in spring tide, corresponding to the strongest 

intensity of tidal current circulation. 

Computer modelling results were compared with the physical modelling ones, in 

order to get a consolidated conclusion about the sea outfall dispersion performance. 

1 Hydraulic Laboratory, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Emilia 

Arasaki (Dr), earasaki@usp.br, earasaki@gmail.com, Paolo Alfredini (Professor), 

alfredin@usp.br, ‐ Avenida Professor Lúcio Martins Rodrigues, 120 – Cidade 

Universitária – 05508‐900 – São Paulo, Brazil – 

www.phd.poli.usp.br/phd/lab/HidraulicaMaritima 

2 Jayme Pinto Ortiz (Professor), jportiz@usp.br, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 

Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 2231 

‐ Cidade Universitária – 05508‐900 – São Paulo, Brazil



The main purpose of this research was to get initial conceptual data about the 

dispersion efficiency of sea outfalls to define adequate guidelines for Government 

Policies. The study was supported by São Paulo State Water Resources Fund. 

São Paulo State Hydraulic Laboratory – Coastal and Harbour Division is attached 

to Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo. The purposes are working in 

Education, Research and Technologies activities, keeping the track of tradition 

and up‐to‐date approach for the sea resources improvement in Brazil. Activities 

in harbor works, maritime navigation, coastal works, estuarine works, dredging 

and environmental evaluations.

SUMMARY 



Mersin outfall: a long story arriving to conclusion 

Carlo Avanzini 1 

The “long story” of the construction of an outfall in Mersin (Southern Turkey) goes 

back to the early 90s, with ups and downs, until in 2000 the real activity started, 

dragging slowly till mid 2006, when the tender has been issued. 

The paper examines and evaluates the chain of engineering decisions which has 

brought to the present executable design and to the installation of the new ND 1800 

outfall in GRP. 

1 Professional engineer, MWWD Chairman

ABSTRACT 



Application of the biological index CARLIT on Ligurian Coastline 

R.M. Bertolotto 1 , P. Moretto 2 , L. Mangialajo 3 , V. Asnaghi 4 , F.Gaino 5 

Macroalgae are a biological key element for the assessment of the ecological status in 

coastal waters in the frame of the European Water Framework Directive 

(2000/60/EC). The CARLIT index is based on the cartography of littoral and upper‐ 

sublittoral rocky‐shore macroalgal communities, and has been applied in 

Mediterranean coasts (Spain, from 1999 on, and France, from 2006) . In Italy the first 

application of this methodology has been tried on Ligurian rocky coasts, by the 

Ligurian regional Environmental Agency (ARPAL ) in collaboration with the University 

of Genoa. 

Ecological quality was assessed in Marine Protected Areas and in other coastal zones 

as a function of an urbanization gradient. Some specific studies on Ligurian rocky 

shore communities allowed to attribute a quality score to the most common species 

in our coasts. This index, which completely fulfils the requirements of the WFD, is 

thus expressed as a ratio between the observed values in the sector of shore that is 

being assessed and the expected value in a reference condition zone with the same 

substrate and coastal morphology (Ecological Quality Ratio, EQR). 

The CARLIT index responds correctly to the different levels of urbanization in Ligurian 

coast, where the ecological quality grows with distance from the major cities and 

ports. It highlights the most vulnerable or impacted areas, where human influence 

could favour potentially noxious phenomenon, like micro algal blooms or marine 

organisms death, allowing to put into effect the adequate prevention measures. 

1 

ARPAL, Agenzia Regionale Protezione Ambiente Ligure, Direzione Scientifica, Via 

Bombrini 8 , Genova 16100, Italy 

2 


Bombrini 8 , Genova 16100, Italy 

3 

DIPTERIS, Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16100, Italy 

4 

DIPTERIS, Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16100, Italy 

5 


Bombrini 8 , Genova 16100, Italy

ABSTRACT 



Hilo Bay mixing zone study and dilution modeling 

T.P Birmingham 1 , W.K Faisst 2 

Keywords: Mixing Zone Study, mathematical model, wastewater discharge 

Dye tracer and mathematical modeling studies were conducted on the Hilo 

Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) effluent outfall to characterize the dilution and 

dispersion of the treated wastewater plume in Hilo Bay. The dye tracer Rhodamine 

WT was released into the outfall for approximately 15 hours and tracked offshore 

using instruments mounted aboard a 55‐foot fishing boat for approximately eight 

hours under varying tidal conditions. The primary objective was to quantify the 

dilution of the Hilo WWTP wastewater plume in relationship to a 1,000‐foot‐radius, 

regulatory mixing zone around the outfall diffuser. Dye concentrations were 

measured for different effluent discharge rates and tidal conditions in receiving 

waters. 

All measured receiving water dye concentrations from the field survey were used to 

calculate effluent dilution and plotted against the distance from the diffuser. Critical 

measurements were the highest concentration measured with increasing distance 

from the diffuser. These points can be presumed to be the peak concentration along 

the center‐line of the plume and were used to plot a curve of minimum dilution 

versus distance. 

The field results were compared with the predictions of some commonly used near‐ 

and far‐field plume mathematical models: RSB and CORMIX. Inputs for the prediction 

models were based on effective real‐time in situ measurements of dye concentration, 

current speed and direction, and density stratification. Dilution of the outfall plume 

was found to be influenced by the blockage of diffuser ports and relatively strong 

stratification resulting from freshwater entering Hilo Bay from local rivers and 

subsurface springs. While most properties of the plume can be reasonably predicted 

by plume models, there are still many aspects which cannot, especially with regard to 

the non‐uniform nature of the waste field and receiving waters in Hilo Bay and in 

other field tests. 

1 Thomas P. Birmingham, tbirmingham@brwncald.com – Brown and Caldwell, Walnut 

Creek, Ca 94596, United States of America – www.brownandcaldwell.com 

2 William K. Faisst (Dr), bfaisst@brwncald.com – Brown and Caldwell, Walnut Creek, Ca 

94596, United States of America – www.brownandcaldwell.com



Brown and Caldwell is a full‐service environmental engineering and 

consulting firm. Founded in 1947, the firm expanded from a single 

engineering office in San Francisco to a nationwide firm servicing municipal 

and industrial clients – with more than 1,500 professionals in 45 offices. Our 

growth has resulted from our commitment to technical innovation, diversity, 

quality, and keeping at the forefront of changing environmental needs. Our 

focus on listening to our clients’ needs enables us to deliver the best possible 

combination of services and technology to resolve their problems. 

Our corporate headquarters is located in Walnut Creek, where we have 

more than 150 professional, technical, and administrative staff.



Performance based durability design of coastal reinforced concrete structures 

ABSTRACT 

D. Bjegović 1 , D. Mikulić 2 , I. Stipanović Oslaković 3 , M. Serdar 4 

Keywords: durability, concrete structures, marine environment 

Durability of a structure is defined as its ability to preserve functionality, stability and 

aesthetic properties under expected environmental influences without larger 

maintenance and repair costs during designed service life. Design service life of major 

concrete civil engineering structures, like bridges is usually 70, 100 or even 200 years. 

Numerous examples of early deterioration of reinforced concrete structures in 

marine environment have shown that this task is very difficult to achieve. That is why 

durability of civil engineering structures is today one of the key problems of 

structures worldwide. 

Premature loss in durability of structures is mainly caused by: poor quality of 

construction, wrong selection of building materials, poor design and non regular or 

absence of maintenance. All these are consequences of inadequate approach 

towards durability design. Procedures for bearing capacity design are well defined, 

mathematically precise, based on the principles of mechanics, standardized and 

commonly used in practice. On the other hand, durability design procedures of 

reinforced concrete structures in aggressive environment are for a large extent still 

empirical. It is based on deem‐to‐satisfy rules (e.g. minimum cover, maximum 

water/cement ratio) and the assumption that if these rules are met, then the 

structure will achieve an acceptably long but unspecified life. 

1 Dubravka Bjegovic, Ms, Professor PhD C.E., Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of 

Zagreb ‐ Kaciceva 26 ‐ 10000 Zagreb ‐ +385 1 4639 212 – dubravka@grad.hr – 

www.grad.hr & Civil Engineering Institute – Janka Rakuse 1 – 10000 Zagreb ‐ +385 1 

6152 393 – dubravka.bjegovic@igh.hr – www.igh.hr 

2 Dunja Mikulic, Ms, Professor PhD Physicist , Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of 

Zagreb ‐ Kaciceva 26 ‐ 10000 Zagreb ‐ +385 1 4639 119 – dmikulic@grad.hr – 

www.grad.hr 

3 Irina Stipanovic Oslakovic, Ms, M.Sc. C.E., PhD candidate, Civil Engineering Institute – 

Janka Rakuse 1 – 10000 Zagreb ‐ +385 1 6152 103 – irina.stipanovic@igh.hr – 

www.igh.hr 

4 Marijana Serdar, Ms, C.E., PhD candidate, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of 

Zagreb ‐ Kaciceva 26 ‐ 10000 Zagreb ‐ +385 1 4639 212 – mserdar@grad.hr – 

www.grad.hr



In this paper a performance based approach to durability design of reinforced 

concrete structures in aggressive marine environment is presented. Performance‐ 

based approach to the durability design of reinforced concrete structures means that 

it is based on durability indicators like materials parameters measured on laboratory 

and on site specimens and geometrical characteristic of cross section of reinforced 

concrete element. These durability parameters (chloride diffusion coefficient, gas 

permeability, water permeability, capillary absorption coefficient) are the input 

parameters for calculation models. In this paper mathematical modelling of materials 

degradation (corrosion of steel in concrete exposed to chlorides) based on materials 

performance parameters is presented. The result of such mathematical calculations is 

more realistic and reliable durability design of reinforced concrete structures. 

Materials Department at Faculty of Civil Engineering, is involved in educational, 

scientific and professional activities in the field of construction materials. The 

core research and expertises involve material testing, development of new 

materials, improvement of the manufacturing techniques, the structural 

performance, durability and reliability of structures. Researchers at department 

have a long experience in scientific projects (COST, EUREKA, LIFE and FP6). 

Civil Engineering Institute of Croatia (IGH) is one of the Eastern Europe's largest 

institutes for research and development in civil engineering. It has 20 renovated 

and well equipped testing laboratories and highly qualified and experienced 

technical staff. Laboratory for concrete is equipped for performing various 

chemical, physical and mechanical tests for building materials, and for providing 

technical‐technological solutions, modelling and monitoring activities to be 

conducted in existing concrete structures and on construction of new 

infrastructures.



The Adriatic project: coastal cities water pollution control project 

Fani Bojanić 1 

The Program is of a regional character and shall be realized on the coastal area with a 

high potential for tourism, important for the economic development of the Republic 

of Croatia, and it is planned to be realized on the principle of active participation of 

local authorities in cooperation with competent government agencies. 

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the 

Government of the Republic of Croatia have concluded a Loan Agreement (Loan no. 

APL 7226 HR) on July 2, 2004, in Zadar. 

The Project Agreement was signed in Zadar on the same day between the 

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and Hrvatske vode, by 

which Hrvatske vode have taken over the obligation towards the International Bank 

for Reconstruction and Development for the implementation of the Project. 

Implementation of the Program is planned in three stages, and the first stage of the 

Program shall be implemented in the period of four years (from 2005 to 2008). The 

total estimated cost of realization of the Program is ca € 280 million, and the value of 

the first stage is ca € 80 million. 

The primary objectives of the Program are: 

1. protection of seawater quality, 

2. creating conditions for a safe economic development in accordance with the 

objectives of environmental protection, 

3. protection and improvement of the achieved level of environmental protection 

The basic developmental objective of the Program is to improve the quality of coastal 

water in the Croatian Adriatic and meet EU standards regarding the quality of 

environment in local communities. 

Consistent with the scope and objectives identified above, the Program has three 

components: 

1. Coastal Environmental Infrastructure component to be financed according to the 

following principles: 

- The wastewater treatment and discharge systems 

- will be financed by Hrvatske Vode trough the SPSC Hrvatske vode Jadranski 

projekt d.o.o., using a combination of loan proceeds, funds from the HV water 

pollution fee, specific Project surcharges, and targeted subsidies from 

Government budgetary transfers; 

- Sewerage and like infrastructure will be financed using a combination of local 

sources, loan proceeds, specific Project surcharge, and possible contributions by 

Hrvatske vode and/or the Government in the form of direct subsidies 

2. Institutional Strengthening and Program Management Component, to finance 

equipment, technical assistance, training and studies to: 

1 Ms., Hrvatske Vode‐Croatian Waters, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, 

Croatia, www.voda.hr



− Devise and implement an institutional framework for water pollution control; 

− Complete engineering designs and environmental and social assessments for 

investments after the Phase I of the Program and supervise Project investments; 

− Ensure the capacity of the SPSC Hrvatske vode Jadranski projekt d.o.o. for 

Project implementation, evaluation and monitoring, including financial 

management; 

− Strengthen and bring utilities to reasonable levels of management, operational 

efficiency and financial viability and potentially facilitate private sector 

participation. 

3. Strengthening of the Coastal Waters Monitoring Network, to finance equipment, 

civil works and technical assistance to: 

− Improve the capacity of the Ministry of Environment network of laboratories for 

environmental monitoring to assess the impact of the Program on coastal waters 

quality; 

− Improve the capacity of laboratories of Hrvatske vode to assess the individual 

discharges of municipalities and industries, determine the overall pollutant load 

contributed by Croatia to the Adriatic, and evaluate and control the efficiency of 

the financed infrastructure; 

− Give the decision‐makers a decisive and reliable tool for achieving concordance 

of Croatian coastal waters quality monitoring with the relevant EU standards and 

adaptation of the degree of wastewater treatment so as to achieve concordance 

through target investments implemented in phases. 

The key elements of the first phase of the Program are: 

a) Expansion of the sewerage network, adequate treatment and disposal of 

sanitary wastewater; 

b) Improvement of operation and management in municipal water and 

sewerage companies; 

c) Reform of financial and control instruments for wastewater disposal 

infrastructure. 

The objective of the Coastal Cities Pollution Control Program (the Program) is to 

improve the quality of the Adriatic Sea through investments in wastewater 

services and technical assistance. 

Eleven municipalities participated in the first phase of the Coastal Cities Pollution 

Control Program, Phase 1. This included some of the largest municipalities, with 

the exception of Split. Phase 2 of the Project is expected to include over 30 

municipalities up and down the coast. Many have expressed an interest in 

participating, and some have almost completed their documentation and designs. 

Implementation of Phase 1 is progressing satisfactorily. Due to the success of Phase 

1, and the fact that the triggers to move to Phase 2 have been met by June 2008, the 

Ministry of Finance requested the Bank to proceed with preparation of Phase 2.



Theoretical design of outfall in comparison with real results 

Pedro Campos 1 

Keywords: outfall design, outfall hydraulics, diffuser hydraulics, materials, plume 

performance, pipeline stability 

ABSTRACT 

There are very few opportunities in which an outfall designer has the chance to check 

the theoretical calculations of a pipeline in respect to the real results. This in part, is 

because the design conditions, in particular the maximum flow rate, are normally 

reached close to the end of outfall usefulness. 

The outfall pipeline in La Serena (Chile) was designed in 1985 and built in 1996, 

making it the second most modern outfall pipeline in Chile. To check the remaining 

lifespan of the pipeline, a monitoring system was developed, which was successfully 

performed for two years. It has permitted us to compare the predictive results of the 

design (1985) in respect to the real performance of the pipe. 

Monitoring consisted in a series of samples, taken around the diffuser, at known 

distances, and with demarcations in respect to the north when unfavorable 

oceanographic conditions occurred. Additional series of samples were taken in the 

same direction of strongest the wind. Fecal coli form concentration was determined 

for each sample, all of which permitted us to draw iso‐concentration curves, using 

positions and demarcations taken with differential GPS. On the other hand, using 

actual parameters of the outfall, plume was modeled using 3‐Plumes and Visual 

Plumes of EPA and results obtained were compared with real results from samples. 

This paper describes the prediction capacity of the models mentioned above, in 

comparison with the real conditions of the bactericide capacity of the sea. A 

conservative prediction of models has been evident in verifying the sanitary 

treatment of waste waters produced by La Serena outfall. The bactericide treatment 

in the sea, is more efficient and effective than previous predictions showed, all of 

which have permitted us to extend the service life of the installation. 

1 Pedro Campos, Manager and Principal Engineer, pedrocampos@subsea.cl, SUBSEA 

Eng. Ltda., – Santiago, CHILE – www.subsea.cl



Beach water quality of Mar del Plata (Argentina) previous to the outfall 

construction: ten years of bacterial control and virtual beach model prediction 

testing 

Comino Ana Paula 1 , Frick Walter 2 , Ge Zhongfu 3 , Scagliola Marcelo 4 , Patat Laura 5 

Keywords: wastewater discharge, recreational water quality, bacterial levels, ocean 

outfall, submarine outfall, Virtual Beach 

ABSTRACT 

The water laboratory of Mar del Plata Public Works (Obras Sanitarias Mar del Plata‐ 

Batán Sociedad de Estado ‐ OSSE), responsible public enterprise for the city sanitation 

service, has been evaluating the impact on the marine environment produced by the 

sewage discharge through an Integrated Coastal Management Strategy for almost 20 

years. One of the main projects of this programme is the assessment of marine 

microbial recreational water quality. 

At the present time, the wastewater receives only primary treatment (filtration with 

milli‐screens with apertures of 0.5 mm) and is then discharged at a point directly on 

the shoreline in a cliff zone of the coast. The recreational sectors begin 2,5 km south 

of the discharge and the most popular beaches, situated near the center of the city, 

are 10 km south of the discharge. 

Microbial water quality results have shown the impact of the wastewater discharge 

on a wide section of the coast, affecting the recreational water quality of most 

populated beaches; however, the bacterial levels (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and 

enterococci) vary widely depending on wind conditions. 

The results based on the integrated coastal management strategy constitute the 

baseline before the imminent submarine outfall construction, and provide the 

fundamental tool to evaluate the environmental situation achieved after the outfall is 

operating. 

1 

Comino Ana Paula (Lic. In Chemistry),laboratorio@osmgp.gov.ar, Water Laboratory, 

Mar del Plata Public Work. Municipality of General Pueyrredón County, Argentina 

2 

Frick Walter (Ph.D Research Oceanographer), Frick.Walter@epamail.epa.gov, 

Ecosystems Research Division, NERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, 960 College Station Road, Athens, 

Georgia, 30605, USA. 

3 

Zhongfu Ge (Ph.D. Research Associate), Ge.Zhongfu@epamail.epa.gov, Nacional 

Research Council, Ecosystems Research Division, NERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, 960 College 

Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA. 

4 

Scagliola Marcelo (Lic. In Biology), laborat@osmgp.gov.ar, Chief of Water Laboratory, 

Mar del Plata Public Work, Municipality of General Pueyrredón County, Argentina 

5 ( 

Patat Laura Mg. Scientae in Biometry), mlpatat@mdp.edu.ar Mathematics Division, 

Mar del Plata National University



The present work shows some of the results obtained from the assessment project, 

with particular emphasis on the correlation between variables and Virtual Beach 

Empirical Model Testing. Virtual Beach, developed by the EPA Office of Research and 

Development, in collaboration with the USGS, NOAA, and others, is a useful tool for 

developing site‐specific predictive models for beaches using multiple linear 

regression techniques. The use of this programme tool will allow nowcasting of 

bacterial levels at our beaches. 

The relation between the results and the different compliance criteria also are 

presented in the work. Considering that Mar del Plata city is the principal Argentine 

seaside resort, it is of great importance to achieve the required water quality 

objective for the marine environment. 

Mar del Plata Public Works 

Obras Sanitarias Mar del Plata-Batán S.E. (OSSE) 

French 6150-7600 Mar del Plata-ARGENTINA.



Evaluation of the contamination by heavy metals in the Southwest of the Sound of 

Campeche, Gulf of Mexico 

F. J. De Lorenz 1 , F. Vázquez 2 , L. W. Daesslé 3 , G. Fernández 4 

Keywords: heavy metals, geochemistry, gulf, pollution history 

ABSTRACT 

This work focuses in the South of the Gulf of Mexico, exactly in the southwestern part 

of Sonda of Campeche, in the coastal coast that is in front of the unloading of the 

Coatzacoalcos river towards the Lagoon of Terms. This region is of great scientific and 

socioeconomic importance in the country. Also, an evaluation of the contamination 

was made in the site and the influence of the superficial currents, lagoons systems 

and estuaries, as well as the oil industry (in the southwest of Sonda of Campeche), by 

means of the identification of the concentration of heavy metals derived from 

petroleum, that they have been subject in previous studies in the site (PEMEX‐UNAM, 

1997, 1999; De Lorenz, 2002 y Rosales Hoz, 1992), which have altered the natural 

concentration of these metals (Rosales Hoz, 1992) and the evaluation of geoquímicos 

tracers. The evaluation was based on a sedimentologic and geoquímico analysis of 3 

nucleos of sediment, product of the erosion of the deltas and main currents of the 

Gulf of Mexico. Given to the possible diagenética re‐mobilization and the events of 

mixture of numerous chemical elements of environmental interest throughout the 

submarine sedimentario registry, indirect methods were applied (the determination 

of Fe and Mn in diverse geoquímicas phases of sediments) (PEMEX‐UNAM, 2004). 

The results that were obtained allowed to know the evolution the existing 

contamination and its origin, specially of a system influenced by superficial currents, 

1 Fernando J. De Lorenz S. (C. Dr.), fersin56200@yahoo.com.mx, University National 

Autonomous of México, Department of Sanitation Engineering and Environmental of the 

Division of Engineering Civil and Geomatic, Faculty of Engineering, Outer circuit s/n, 

University City, Mexico D. F. Coyoacán Delegation, C. P. 04510, Mexico 

2 Felipe Vázquez G. (Dr.), felipe@icmyl.unam.mx, University National Autonomous of 

México, Laboratory of Marine Fisicochemistry, Institute of Sciences of the Sea and 

Limnology, Outer circuit s/n, University City, Mexico D. F. Coyoacán Delegation, C. P. 

04510, Mexico 

3 Luis W. Daesslé H. (Dr), Walter@uabc.mx, University Autonomous of Baja California, 

Department of Geochemistry, Institute of Oceanologics Investigations, Faculty of Marine 

Sciences 

4 Georgina Fernández V. (Dra.), georginafernandez@cancun.fi‐a.unam.mx, University 

National Autonomous of México, Dearment of Sanitation engineering and 

Environmental of the Division of Engineering Civil and Geomatic, Faculty of 

Engineering, Outer circuit s/n, University City, Mexico D. F. Coyoacán Delegation, C. P. 

04510, Mexico



lagoons systems and estuaries with natural terrain features and human interventions 

of great importance, as it is it the oil industry. 

As complement studies of granulometric, humidity content and the determination of 

total carbon, organic carbon were made, total nitrogen and sulfide, with the purpose 

of sustaining better to the evaluation of the results obtained in field and laboratory.



Interpreting and modeling field data for wastewater dispersion into sea through 

dimensional analysis 

ABSTRACT 

M. Di Giovanni, 1 S. Nicosia 2 , E. Napoli 3 , G. Viviani 4 , G. Ciraolo 5 

Keywords: on‐shore discharge, wastewater discharge, pollutant dispersion, 

dimensional analysis. 

This paper deals with the mathematical and experimental characterization of a 

coastal urban wastewater discharge in the Palermo Gulf, western Sicily (Italy). 

The morphology of the Gulf strongly influences pollutants dispersion into sea, as a 

circle of mountains shields it from the winds blowing from W – SW sectors; this effect 

drives currents and waves in such a way that on several occasions the self‐depurative 

capacity of seawater is severely reduced. 

The stretch of water lying before the central part of the city receives the wastewaters 

originating from about 200 000 inhabitants. Raw sewage is still currently discharged 

on‐shore by a free‐surface outfall called “Porta Felice”. The outfall has square cross‐ 

section 2.20 meters wide. 

This outfall discharge has crucial importance in the coastal water quality and in any 

environmental preservation plan. For this reason the Municipality is implementing a 

plan featuring an intercepting pipe and some pumping stations to connect the 

sewerage system of these quarters of the town to the main wastewater treatment 

plant. 

At the moment, no mitigation measure has been applied yet and the quality of the 

Gulf is still largely affected by wastewater discharges. 

1 Mirella Di Giovanni (B.Sc.), Research fellow, mirydigiovanni@hotmail.com ‐ 

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni Ambientali (DIIAA), Università di 

Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italia – www.idra.unipa.it 

2 Salvatore Nicosia (Prof. eng.), nicosia@.idra.unipa.it; Dipartimento di Ingegneria 

Idraulica ed Applicazioni Ambientali (DIIAA), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 

Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italia – www.idra.unipa.it 

3 Enrico Napoli (prof. eng.); Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni 

Ambientali (DIIAA), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, 

Italia – www.idra.unipa.it 

4 Gaspare Viviani (prof. eng.); Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni 


Italia – www.idra.unipa.it 

5 Giuseppe Ciraolo (dr. eng.); Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni 


Italia – www.idra.unipa.it



In order to study the quality of seawater in the Gulf, in August and November, 2005, 

the Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni Ambientali (DIIAA), 

Università di Palermo, carried out two survey campaigns in which the most important 

seawater quality variables were investigated. 

These cruises were based on 25 measuring stations distributed along the coast in a 

stretch of water about 1 million sq.m. wide; a multi‐parametric probe was used to 

measure the standard parameters at two depths below sea level. Samples were also 

taken for laboratory analysis, both chemical and micro‐biological. 

The wastewater outfall was also characterized from the geometric standpoint; 

sewage flow data were deduced from served people and pro‐capita drink water 

volumes supplied. 

It is well known that the wastewater discharged into the sea can hydraulically behave 

like a “plume” or a “jet” with different implications on the wastewater mixing process 

contributing to pollutants dispersion. 

In order to simulate the sewage dilution, the Authors calibrated and applied a simple 

mathematical model based on dimensional analysis which implies the assessment of 

a) the discharge ideal behaviour and b) the physical parameters of the surrounding 

environment, once the features of the outlet are known. 

After the theory of diffusion, dimensional analysis lends itself to describe the 

behaviour of a jet or a plume flowing out from outfalls of typical shapes through 3 

dimensionless groups built from the primary variables. 

The factors of prime importance to jet dynamics are: the mass flux of the jet; the 

momentum flux; and the buoyancy flux. It is generally agreed that the initial values of 

them govern the dilution of round turbulent buoyant jets. 

It is possible to deduce almost all of the properties of jets that are of importance to 

engineers from simple dimensional arguments (involving the variables just defined) 

combined with experimental data. 

Since the outfall dealt with in this paper has a configuration other than circular, 

Authors first fitted the classical relations to the specific case defining the so‐called 

“equivalent diameter”. Under the assumption of Gaussian distribution of tracer 

concentration across the jet/plume axis, and choosing the variable “salinity” as 

tracer, it was then possible to calculate the predicted sewage dilution into seawater. 

The Authors focused their attention on the stretch of water surrounding the “Porta 

Felice” sewer discharge. From the information given by one of the monitoring 

campaigns, the model yielded the theoretical shape of the salinity plume which was 

then compared with measured values. 

The monitoring campaign and the applied analytical model led to a better knowledge 

of the dynamics of pollutants in the Gulf.



Real‐time water‐quality measurements using an automatic profiler 

P. Botti 1 , P. Buscarinu 1 , P. Domenichini 2 , L. Finotto 3 , G. Ortu 1 , E.Sicuranza 3 , A. 

Stagnaro 2 

ABSTRACT 

10 remote‐controlled systems that continuously profile several physical and chemical 

parameters of reservoirs have been installed and have been operating since 2005 in 

artificial lakes for drinking water supply. 

Sensors are comprehensive of Temperature, Depth, PH, Dissolved Oxygen and “A” 

Chlorophyll and are installed on pontoons. 

Those systems operate unattended during all weather conditions, and produce a 

large amount of data. 

The data presented here are provided for the monitoring of the water quality within 

the management system of the potable water supplies in Sardinia. 

A new automatic profiler system, addressed to the real time monitoring of water 

quality parameters in the open sea environment, has been designed and its design 

criteria will be described. 

1 ENAS, Italy 

2 Paolo Domenichini, Biubi Srl, Via Dei Devoto 79, Lavagna, 16033, paolo@biubi.it Italy 

3 CAE Spa, Italy

ABSTRACT 



Site scale remote sensing of mixing zone water quality 

Robert L. Doneker 1 , Todd Sanders 2 , Adi Ramachandran 3 

With USEPA Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II program support, 

MixZon has developed a low cost, rapidly deployable, aerial remote sensing 

platform and integrated data management system for monitoring water quality 

within mixing zones. Mixing zones are limited regions in water bodies where the 

initial dilution of point‐source wastewater discharge occurs. Regulatory mixing 

zones are an important component of National Pollution Discharge Elimination 

System (NPDES) permits in the within Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) water 

quality management programs in the USA. Our integrated sensor and data 

management system collects real‐time monitoring data for mixing zone model 

validation and regulatory compliance. 

We have demonstrated the technical feasibility of our system to obtain spatial 

water quality data at site scales in riverine mixing zones using infrared, visual, 

and sonar sensors. Our patent‐pending aerial remote sensing platform measures 

outfall mixing and focuses on temperature as a dilution tracer. We have verified 

that our system can collect continuous, real‐time, site scale, geo‐referenced 

mixing zone data for regulatory compliance. The cost of our system is expected 

to be ½ to 1/3 the cost of mixing zone monitoring alternatives. Application of the 

system is presented by several examples. We have recently added several 

additional sensors on a survey boat to gather comprehensive mixing zone data. 

1 

Robert L. Doneker, Prof., Dr., P.E., MixZon Inc. 1033 SW Yamhill St, Suite 301, Portland, 

OR 97205 USA, doneker@mixzon.com– http://www.mixzon.com 

2 

Todd Sanders Prof. Dr. Portland Community College, Portland, OR 97280‐ 

mailto:tsanders@pcc.edu 

3 

Adi Ramachadran Mr., Senior Software Engineer, MixZon Inc. 1033 SW Yamhill St, Suite 

301, Portland, OR 97205 USA, adiram@mixzon.com– http://www.mixzon.com

ABSTRACT 



A case study in marine outfall design: HDPE vs. steel pipe 

Jeff Dragovich 1 , Ade Bright 2 

Keywords: Steel Pipe, HDPE, Finite Element Analysis 

A design case study of a 1650 meter long marine outfall is presented. In the design of 

the outfall, two options were considered: A 1600 mm Outside Diameter (OD) x 76 

mm thick High‐Density PolyEthylene (HDPE) pipe and 1422mm OD x 19 mm thick 

steel pipe with ball joints. 

The design of the two pipe options utilized the nonlinear analysis program SAP2000 

for the large displacement installation and soil contact analysis. Details of the 

nonlinear analysis method employed are described including the development of the 

nonlinear soil‐spring properties. 

The development of an approximate method to estimate HDPE conformance to the 

ground profile and internal forces is presented. The benefit of the approximate HDPE 

analysis technique is that it can be implemented in a spreadsheet program. 

The results of the two analysis methods (nonlinear and approximate HDPE) are 

compared. 

1 Jeff Dragovich, Mr., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Seattle University, Department of Civil 

and Environmental Engineering ‐ 901 12 th Avenue ‐ Seattle, WA 98122 USA – (206) 296‐ 

5901 – jeffdrag@seattleu.edu 

2 Ade Bright, Mr., President, Bright Engineering ‐ 1809 7th Ave , Suite 1100 ‐ Seattle, WA 

98101 USA – (206) 625‐3777 – AB@BrightEng.com – www.brighteng.com



Jeff Dragovich 

Jeff Dragovich earned his Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering from Seattle 

University in 1988. He earned his Master of Science and Ph.D. from the University of 

Illinois at Urbana Champaign. He worked as a bridge engineer with Andersen 

Bjornstad Kane Jacobs and was a software developer with the Boeing Company. Prior 

to joining the faculty at Seattle University, he was a senior design engineer with the 

Magnusson Klemencic Associates, where he performed structural analysis and design 

on a wide variety of projects in the areas of earthquake engineering and blast 

analysis. His current research interests include earthquake engineering, engineering 

education and finite element analysis. In addition to his faculty position, he is an 

active consultant in the area of finite element analysis and earthquake engineering 

with a variety of engineering firms. 

Seattle University 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 

901 12 th Avenue 

Seattle, WA 98122 

USA 

Phone: (206) 296‐5901 

jeffdrag@seattleu.edu 

Ade Bright 

Ade Bright his BSCE in 1976 and his MSCE in 1977 from the University of 

Washington. He holds Civil and Structural Professional Registrations in Washington, 

Oregon, Colorado and Hawaii. He is the Founder and President of Bright 

Engineering, Inc., a structural engineering consulting service established in 1997. 

Ade Bright has over 26 years of structural engineering experience and has worked 

on a number of major international and regional projects. 

Bright Engineering 

1809 7th Ave, Suite 1100 

Seattle, WA 98101 

USA 

Phone: (206) 625‐3777 

ab@brighteng.com



A multi‐proxy environmental study based on geochemistry of sediments and 

biological bioindicators (foraminifers) from the largest petroleum terminal of Brazil 

W. Duleba 1 , S.M. Prada 2 , A.C Teodoro 3 , S. Gubitoso 4 , C.Lamparelli 5 , D. O. Moura 6 , J. 

E. Bevilacqua 7 , E. Oliveira 8 

Keywords: petrochemical discharges, marine sediments, bioindicators, heavy metals 

ABSTRACT 

The Centre South Ducts and Terminals (DTCS), located along the north coast of the 

State of São Paulo, is the site of one of the largest petroleum terminals in Brazil. The 

terminal produces two kinds of effluent that come from: i. tanks and the ships and ii. 

pluvial polluted water and industrial water with oil. Each kind of effluent is thrown in 

two different sewage lines into the Wastewater Treatment. The effluents receive 

physical‐chemical treatment in line 1. The other effluents are treated by oil 

separation using density variation. Subsequently, the effluents are sent to outfalls. 

To understand the biological setting of the area and to assess wastewater treatment 

efficiency, a detailed study of living benthic foraminifer assemblages and 

geochemistry analyses of the sediments have been performed in ten samples 

collected near of riser output of the submarine outfall. One background sample was 

taken in another area at the São Sebastião Channel. 

Sediments around the DTCS have nutrient enrichments, especially sulphur and 

phosphorus, which contain atypically high concentrations compared to background 

areas in the marine environment. The phosphorus speciation results showed that 

after ten yr of outfall operation, an altered sediment layer has developed that 

contains high concentration of labile species of phosphorus. The concentrations of 

Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni have values between TEL (threshold effect level) and PEL (probable 

1 

Wânia Duleba (Mrs) (Professor), wduleba@usp.br – Universidade de São Paulo, 

Instituto de Geociências Rua do Lago, 562 – São Paulo, SP Brazil 05508‐080 

http://www2.igc.usp.br/micropaleo/ 

2 

Sílvio Miranda Prada (Mrs) (Professor) UNIFIEO. Brazil. 

3 

Andréia Cristiane Teodoro (Mrs) (PhD Student), Instituto de Geociências, Brazil 

4 

Silas Gubitoso (Mr) (PhD Student) Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Geociências, 

Brazil 

5 

Claudia Lamparelli (Mrs) (Dr), CETESB Coastal Waters Sector – São Paulo Brazil 

6 

Debora Ogler Moura (Mrs), CETESB Coastal Waters Sector – São Paulo Brazil 

7 

José Eduardo Bevilacqua (Mr) (Dr) CETESB Coastal Waters Sector – São Paulo Brazil 

8 

Elisabeth Oliveira (Mrs) (Professor) Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 

Brazil



effect level), indicating potential toxicity to biota. These concentrations are strongly 

affecting the benthonic meiofauna, where 170 cm 3 of sediment were necessary in 

order to find 100 live specimens. 

These results allow us to infer that the Wastewater Treatment is not efficient to 

remove the nutrient content and some metals from the petrochemical waste liquids 

and may impact meiofauna around the DTCS in a potentially harmful manner. The 

high concentrations of heavy metals and sulphur and phosphorus in the sediment are 

a source of contamination that should be considered for the water quality 

management planning of the DTCS system.



Methodology of the environmental impact assessment of the coastal sewerage 

systems ‐ Jadran Project 

A. Erdelez 1 , Z. Perović 2 , N. Ravlić 3 , M. Lončar 4 

Keywords: environmental impact assessment, Adriatic coast, sewerage system, 

submarine outfall, Faecal Coliforms 

ABSTRACT 

Implementation of the Jadran Project, Coastal Cities Water Pollution Control 

Project that refers to improvement of public wastewater collection systems, 

transport and wastewater treatment in Adriatic coastal settlements is in process. 

The Project is carried out in three phases and currently subprojects from the 

second group are being prepared. Environmental Impact Assessment has very 

important role in this project since the project area is characteristic for diverse 

geologic‐hydrogeologic conditions, rich cultural heritage, and after all, it is of 

extreme importance to preserve cleanness of the sea, which is one of the most 

important resources. 

The paper gives overview of the used Environmental Impact Assessment 

methodology for the following subprojects: Nin‐Privlaka, Bol, Dugi Rat, Ploče and 

Gradac. The Environmental Impact Assessment includes impact analysis of 

wastewater treatment plants and submarine outfalls, as well as collectors and 

pumping station in the planned sewerage systems. 

Due to touristic character of the project area and need to satisfy criteria for the 

bathing sea quality in the protected‐coastal zone (200 m offshore distance), special 

accent is given to numerical analysis results of the impact of the future submarine 

outfalls. 

Obtained results of the numerical analysis at different locations have been 

interpreted in respect to physical and hydrodynamic characteristics of each marine 

area – in reality usually coastal channel with middle depth(



Also, the paper gives conclusions about optimal conditions and the effluent 

discharge dynamics via submarine outfalls which do not disturb ecological balance 

of the recipient neither result in bacteriological pollution at the protected zone 

boundary in these relatively narrow coastal aquatic areas. 

INSTITUT GRAĐEVINARSTVA HRVATSKE d.d. 

CIVIL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF CROATIA 

Janka Rakuše 1, 10 000 Zagreb, CROATIA 

Shareholding company for research and development in civil engineering.

ABSTRACT 



Aspects of the design and construction of the sea outfall of Tangier Port 

P. Figueira 1 , C. Afonso 1 , A. Afonso 2 , N. Ruivo 2 

Keywords: Submarine outfall, PE pipe 

In the end of 2007 the construction of a sea outfall was concluded at the west limit of 

Tangier Port, in the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The main goal of the outfall is to keep 

good water quality conditions along the beach front of the town. 

The effluent is pumped from a WWTP built in an earth fill coastal platform from 

where the outfall starts to attain depths of about 42 m, in a distance of 2152 m. 

The area is exposed to North Atlantic generated storms and detailed stability and 

resistance studies were carried on to guarantee the integrity and functionality of the 

whole system. The built solution was an alternative to the initial one which was 

conceived as a buried metallic pipe in the whole length of the structure. The plant 

position of the outfall and the general layout of the diffuser were kept from the initial 

design. The alternative solution was designed by WW and the construction was held 

by an association of Somagec, Etermar and Geocean. At the same time this group has 

built the sea outfall of Tétouan‐Azla, also with an alternative solution designed by 

WW. 

The design flow rate for Tangiers outfall was 1.62 m 3 /s for the year 2007 and 3.76 m 3 /s 

for the year 2027. The outfall 

material was changed from steel 

to PE100 pipe with an external 

diameter of 1400 mm with 

SDR22. The first section of the 

pipe was 450 m long and was 

buried in a trench until a depth 

of 12 m. The end part of the pipe 

was posed over the bottom and 

stabilized by means of ring 

concrete weights. The diffuser 

stays in depths of 42 m and is 

292.5 m long with 14 single port 

risers with elastomeric valves. In the coastal platform the link between the sea outfall 

and the pumping station is achieved with a metallic pipe where a metallic pipe was 

1 Pedro Figueira, Cristina Afonso, WW ‐ Consultores de Hidráulica e Obras Marítimas, 

S.A. Portugal; e‐mail: figueira@wwsa.pt , cafonso@wwsa.pt 

2 Alfredo Afonso, Norberto Ruivo, ETERMAR – Obras Terrestres e Marítimas, S.A. 

Portugal;e‐mail: a.afonso@etermar.pt , n.ruivo@etermar.pt

inserted for the entrance for a 

cleaning “pig”. 

The PE pipe was pulled from Norway 

by a tug in 8 sections with lengths 

from 200 m to 350 m to Tangier Med 

new port where the concrete weights 

were assembled. The sinking of the 

PE pipe was made in 4 sections from 

320 m to 800 m length without any 

major problem. 


MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)



Model averaging and other issues surrounding environmental statistical models 

ABSTRACT 

Walter Frick 1 , Zhongfu Ge 2 

The concentration of bacteria in beach water cannot be determined rapidly (samples 

requiring about 24 hours to analyze) but can be predicted using real‐time or 

forecasted surrogate explanatory variables and multiple linear regression (MLR) 

techniques. The program Virtual Beach affords the means to develop MLR models 

based on regressions of known bacteria concentrations and concomitant explanatory 

variable measurements. This application analyzes many different combinations of 

variables to identify the best potential models. The Mallows Cp value is used to find 

optimal models, including good variables while not overfitting to the data, yielding 

so‐called parsimonious models. Publically available bacteria and ambient and other 

data make it possible to develop and test MLR beach bacteria models. Data for 

Huntington Beach, Ohio (USA) were used in this study. The quality of the results 

obtained is a function of location (such as proximity to sources), climate, and many 

other factors. At Huntington Beach six separate models yielded adjusted R 2 measures 

that ranged from about



Joint water pollution control plant outfall modeling 

Li Ding 1 , E. John List 2 , Naomi Hicks 3 , Imad A. Hannoun 4 

Keywords: Three‐dimensional modeling, ocean outfall, CFD modeling, Palos Verdes 

Shelf 

ABSTRACT 

The County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County (LACSD) are in the preliminary 

stage of designing an ocean outfall to carry treated wastewater from the Joint Water 

Pollution Control Plant (JWPCP) in Carson, California, to an ocean discharge location 

off the southern California coast near the Palos Verdes Shelf. The proposed diffuser 

will have an average daily flow rate of 450 million gallons per day (20 m 3 /sec). As 

part of the engineering design process, Flow Science Incorporated (Flow Science) has 

used three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to evaluate the 

impact of this proposed ocean outfall. The near‐field effluent discharge model, 

NrField, was coupled with the far‐field hydrodynamic model, ELCOM, to simulate 

ocean concentrations of an effluent tracer and various indicator bacteria discharged 

from the outfall. The main goal of the analysis is to compare the relative water 

quality impacts of several proposed diffuser discharge sites, which are progressively 

farther from shore. The results of these studies will assist in the selection of a 

preferred discharge site that meets regulatory requirements. Due to the availability 

of extensive field data for the year 2005, this year was chosen as the analysis period 

for both the model calibration and the evaluation of alternative diffuser sites. 

The modeling technique known as data assimilation was used in conjunction with the 

CFD modeling to improve the simulation results. Data assimilation uses field data to 

“nudge” the solution of the hydrodynamic equations of motion toward measured 

flow velocities. However, even without data assimilation the modeling does a 

reasonable job of representing ocean current patterns in the Southern California 

Bight (SCB) region. Simulated annual mean flow and tidal currents agree reasonably 

well with measurements, and the simulation captures the main temporal and spatial 

characteristics of both sub‐tidal and tidal components of flow velocity in the vicinity 

of Palos Verdes. The large‐scale flow patterns in the Santa Monica and San Pedro 

Bays and off the Palos Verdes Peninsula are also well represented by the model, and 

1 Li Ding (Dr.) lding@flowscience.com 

2 E. John List (Dr.), ejlist@flowscience.com – Flow Science Incorporated,238 Mathis Ferry 

Road, Suite 102, Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464 – www.flowscience.com 

3 Naomi Hicks (Dr.), nhicks@flowscience.com, – Flow Science Incorporated, 370 Neff 

Avenue, Suite R, Harrisonburg, VA 22801 – www.flowscience.com 

4 Imad A. Hannoun (Dr.), hannoun@flowscience.com



model‐predicted water temperature profiles compare reasonably well with field 

measurements. 

Model runs were performed to evaluate each of the diffuser sites. The model 

predicted the level of dilution as a function of distance from each site. Simulation 

results were also examined at 59 locations within the model domain to assess the 

relative impact of the proposed diffuser sites on water quality in the entire region. 

These locations included shore stations, kelp beds, and other areas of interest. 

Various charts, statistical results, as well as flow animations, will be shown as part of 

the presentation. 

Flow Science Incorporated was formed by a group of graduate professional 

engineers to provide specialty‐consulting services for problems involving fluid 

motion and transport. Since its establishment in 1983, Flow Science has 

successfully completed more than 1,500 contracts.

ABSTRACT 



Installation of Stobrec, Sibenik and Zadar HDPE waste water outfalls 

Ana Ivancic Aucina 1 , Torstein Langgard 2 

Keywords: long length installation, S – configuration, outfall 

In the last five years, ten kilometers of HDPE pipe was installed as the final step in 

waste water treatment in three major coastal Croatian cities. Two out of three have 

operational waste water facility before them, and the third one in Zadar is in 

construction. 

Methodology of long length installation: 

• surface weighting of pipe with concrete blocks; 

• surface intermediate pipe joining – preparation of long string pipeline; 

• surface positioning along the layroute with boats; 

• installation in one continuous operation utilizing hdpe flexible properties; 

• submersion of pipeline by waterfilling and air evacuation; 

• fast practical sinking speed 500‐1.000 m/hour; 

• the installation can be reversed if required; 

• no sophisticated equipment required. 

To carry out an installation there must be a balance between the forces acting 

downward (concrete weights) and the forces acting upwards (buoyancy of the air 

filled section). The pipe is then transferred to the seabed with the S – configuration. 

Acceleration forces on the system are avoided by controlling the sinking speed (inlet 

valve) and regulating the internal pressure. If the speed is increasing, we can increase 

the air pressure and vice versa (regulation of air pressure by applying valves and 

compressor). The most critical situation regarding damage is buckling at the sea 

surface or at the bottom due to "exceeded" buckling radius. To secure a sufficient 

radius it is necessary to apply a pulling force at the end of the pipe. 

This paper presents experiences of long length installations. All three were done in 

one continuous operation with S – configuration. The pipes were delivered in length 

of apx. 500 m, and joints were mainly done offshore. 

1 

Ana Ivancic Aucina, anaivancic@mmhidro.hr – Montmontaza – hidroinzenjering 

d.o.o., Stinice 26B, Split, Croatia ‐ www.mmhidro.hr; 

2 

Torstein Langgard, post@tolmarine.no ‐ Tolmarine AS, Langgardsveien 26, N‐1621 

Gressvik, Norway



The Stobrec outfall (DN 1.000 mm) has a total length of 2.754,0 m (including the 204 

m long diffuser). Pipeline joined together with 4 offshore joints and installed together 

with 226m long land section. Waterfilling was arranged through an air chamber m 

inland. Diffuser was installed separately with pulldown method. 

The Sibenik outfall (1.200 mm) with total length of 5.047,0 m (including the 406 m 

long diffuser) was installed in three separate submersions (1‐1.589,0 m; 2‐2.627,0 m; 

3‐831,0 m) because of its length. Joints with installed pipe were done by pipe end 

surface recovery and suspension of S ‐ curve. Diffuser was installed together with the 

pipeline in the third submersion also with S – configuration, with diffuser reductions 

specially reinforced for installation in S‐configuration on great depths. Special towing 

arrangement was made for towing the diffuser end of DN 500 mm. 

The Zadar outfall (1.200 mm) with total length of 2.003,0 m (including the 352 m long 

diffuser) was also installed with the pipe in one submersion with the reinforced 

diffuser reductions and special towing arrangement for the diffuser end of DN 500 

mm.



Fokai (Foca) Waste Water Traetment Plant. An example for planning, projecting and 

constructing at the coast of a city in Aegean Region 

ABSTRACT 

M. Duman & E. Izdar 1 

Keywords: Marine survey, wastewater discharge, Aegean Sea 

Foça is a typical Mediterranean small sized coastal city, situated at eastern Aegean of 

Turkey and around seventy kilometers north, from the capital city of Izmir with four 

million habitants. 

City Foça has only 30,000 habitants in winter, but in summer season grows over 

150,000 through intensive tourism as well as additionally summer settlers together. 

Since more than a decade, the need of an efficient treatment facility with well 

studied marine wastewater discharging system was grown rapidly. 

In the years 2001‐2002 the planning started for 2020 for a treatment of 250,000 

population capacities. 

At the first stage, the location of the treatment plant and of a suitable nearshore 

section, selected for further survey. 

A hydrographic, oceanographic and geological/geophysical study has been carried 

out. The results achieved will be presented, depending on the existing oceanographic 

and bathymetric characteristics of the marine environment, for constructing designs. 

1 Muhammet Duman (Dr), m.duman@pirireis.org.tr 

Erol Izdar (Dr), e.izdar@pirireis.org.tr ‐ Pirireis International Applied Marine Research 

co ltd. 1642 Sok. 8/6, Bayrakli, Izmir, Turkey



Correlation of hydrodynamic and qualitative parameters for the environmental 

management of marinas 

ABSTRACT 

E.S. Kalaitzi 1 , C.D. Memos 2 

Keywords: Marina, Pollution prevention, Flushing time, Residence time 

The rising popularity of marine tourism creates the need for marinas infrastructure 

that can host a large number of boats, having as result the extended degradation of 

the coastal environment. In addition, the demand for an attractive and healthy area 

for the mooring of boats increases the need of preservation of a good water quality 

inside marinas. The main sources of pollution associated with recreational boating 

include the surface flows into the basin and sewage disposed off from boats. 

The means for maintaining the pollution under an acceptable level is the sufficient 

water circulation between the areas inside and outside the marina, assuming that the 

users adopt an environmentally friendly behavior. The tool that has been traditionally 

used to evaluate water quality is the flushing time defined as the time required to 

replace the whole water of the marina basin. Also, the residence time is used, 

calculated as the time required to reduce initial pollution concentration within a 

semi‐enclosed waterbody to a prescribed value. Nevertheless, both above 

parameters can be proved insufficient to give a realistic view of the water quality 

conditions since they do not account for the continuous nature of the pollution input 

in the marina basin. 

In this paper we examine several characteristic marina layouts and for each one of 

them we investigate the relation between hydrodynamic and qualitative parameters. 

To this purpose the modeling system for free‐surface flows MIKE21 is being used, 

simulating the hydrodynamic field and the processes of advection and dispersion that 

take place inside the marina. More specifically, we consider a continuous discharge 

of a specific conservative pollutant from boats in the basin, determining the pollution 

loads in accordance with the number of vessels that can be accommodated in the 

marina. Assuming that the tidal effects are negligible, several wind scenarios are 

being inserted in the combined hydrodynamic/advection‐dispersion model by which 

the modification of the tracer’s concentration during a single wind event is being 

derived. In this way we suggest a methodology for the provision of the pollutant’s 

1 

Evangelia S. Kalaitzi (MSc), evelina@itia.ntua.gr – National Technical University of 

Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 5, Athens, Greece 

2 

Constantine D. Memos (Prof), memos@hydro.ntua.gr – National Technical University 

of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 5, Athens, Greece – www.civil.ntua.gr



concentration at a certain moment, having as a basis the wind events that have 

preceded. Moreover, in order to have a comprehensive term for the representation 

of the hydrodynamic field developed in each case due to wind effects, we use the 

flushing time calculated through the flow rate that leaves the basin. As a result, we 

produce parametric diagrams connecting flushing time with the rate of removal of 

pollutant via the duration of each wind event. These results can be applied to 

practically any case, independently of the associated layout, to give a sound 

indication have an approximation of the water quality conditions. 

The produced information could serve as a management tool for the marina 

authorities as it would be feasible to predict the pollution levels by simply using the 

prevailing wind conditions along with the occupancy of the marina. They would then 

have to make sure that they are in accordance with the relevant water quality 

standards, and, if not, take the necessary measures to ensure the preservation of the 

coastal environment. 

National Technical University of Athens



Seismic screening considering damage scenarios, mitigation measures, and cost 

impacts for the sanitation districts of Los Angeles County’s (LACSD) joint water 

pollution control plant (JWPCP) tunnel and ocean outfall project 

Jon Kaneshiro 1 , Luciano Meiorin 2 , Craig White 3 , 

Manny Sinha 4 , Sangyoon Min 5 , and Calvin Jin 6 

Keywords: Scenario and Probable Loss, Planning, Tunnel, Ocean Outfall, Marine 

Facilities, Seismic 

ABSTRACT 

Several alternatives under consideration for the LACSD Joint Water Pollution Control 

Project (JWPCP) will include one of the world’s largest marine outfalls with a 6 m 

diameter tunnel coursing over 8 to 11 km of land outfall, 3.5 to 16 km of ocean 

outfall, and 1.5 to 3 km of sea floor diffuser and pipelines. The seismic methodology 

for evaluating the marine outfall alternatives and configurations utilized Scenario and 

Probable Loss analysis, a review of comparable case histories, and the International 

Building Code. Over 34 alternative alignments and project configurations were 

considered. 

Selection of the preferred alternative and establishing the seismic design criteria will 

depend on site and soil conditions. Complex geologic conditions confronting the 

project range from saturated, liquefiable alluvial soils to weak sedimentary rock, 

mixed face and squeezing ground conditions –potentially reaching up to 11 bars of 

water pressure, underlying seismically‐active faults and gaseous and contaminated 

ground conditions. 

Fundamental to establishing the seismic design criteria is determining local 

earthquake source(s) magnitude(s), and probability of exceedance in the design 

1 Jon Y. Kaneshiro (PE), Technology Leader–Tunnels, Parsons Corporation, San Diego, 

California, USA, jon.y.kaneshiro@parsons.com 

2 Luciano Meiorin (Dr. Eng.), Technology leader–Outfalls, Parsons Corporation, San Diego, 

California, USA, luciano.meiorin@parsons.com 

3 Craig White (PE), Project Engineer, Parsons Corporation, San Diego, California, USA, 

craig.white@parsons.com 

4 Manny Sinha (PE), Structural Engineer, Parsons Corporation, San Diego California, USA, 

manny.singha@parsons.com 

5 Sangyoon Min, Engineer, Parsons Corporation, San Diego, California, USA, 

sangyoon.min@parsons.com 

6 Calvin Jin (PE), Principal Engineer/Project Manager, Sanitation Districts of Los 

Angeles County, Whittier, California, USA, CJin@LACSD.org



return period. Three return periods were considered: 475 years, 975 years, and 2475 

years. The design life of the conveyance structures was selected as 100 years, and for 

the mechanical equipment – 50 years. The corresponding probability of exceedance 

for the three earthquake levels is 19.00%, 9.75%, and 4.76% in 100 years. The 

justifications for evaluating several return periods were to balance risk versus 

economics of the overall project, as well as to balance code and guideline 

expectations in order to evaluate the performance levels that can be achieved for 

alternative design strategies. 

Seismic design criteria for various tunnel and pipeline projects, and seismic design 

codes and guidelines were compiled. This provided the seismic design criteria 

framework to compare the JWPCP Tunnel and Ocean Outfall project relative to 

similar and contrasting codes and guidelines that apply to outfalls, sewer tunnels, 

ports, emergency and water resource pipelines, road and rail tunnel transportation 

projects, buildings, nuclear facilities, and dams. Risk tolerance of SDLAC, 

consequences to the proposed facility, mitigation measures, and order‐of‐magnitude 

costs were reviewed for the three return periods for each facility using the Scenario 

Loss and Probable Loss statistical methods. 

The greatest potential impacts to the marine facilities would be caused by 

seismically‐induced slope instability, liquefaction‐induced lateral spreading, 

liquefaction‐induced settlement, and seismically‐induced water hammer effects. The 

largest impact to the tunnel facilities would arise from crossing the Palos Verdes 

Fault. Tunnel, marine riser, seafloor pipeline, and marine diffuser seismic design 

mitigation measure strategies are reviewed and evaluated in this paper.



Forces on twin tandem pipelines in the proximity of seabed 

Murali K. 1 , Vijayakumari P. L. 2 and Sundar V. 3 

Keywords: Wave Force, Submarine pipeline, Pressures and Forces, Proximity effect. 

ABSTRACT 

Wave induced forces due to regular and random waves on twin tandem submarine 

pipelines ( of diameter 0.315m and 0.14m) in the proximity of a rigid sloping bed 

were measured in wave flume experiments. The combination of large and small 

diameter pipelines covered different wave force regimes with a ka range of 0.202 to 

0.636 and 0.10 to 0.29 respectively. These force regimes cover from lower inertial 

regime to diffraction regime. The leeward pipe was kept at a constant water depth of 

0.60m and seaward pipe was kept at various horizontal gap ratios. 

2700mm 

Sloping bed 

Test Pipe 

Second Pipe 

Wave probes 

72500mm 

d'=1000 

wave maker 

Fig.1.Details of the wave flume setup with model. 

Energy absorbers 

The present experimental study was carried out in a 72.5m long, 2m wide wave flume 

in a constant water depth of 1.0m in the Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian 

Institute of Technology Madras, India. In the wave flume experiments, tests on large 

diameter pipelines near a bed of slope 1:10 for four different horizontal gap ratios 

(w/D) of 1, 2, 3 and 4 were carried out. For each of the w/D, three different vertical 

gap ratios (e/D) of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 were employed. Tests on small pipe lines near 

a bed slope of 1:20 for three different horizontal gap ratios (w/D) of 1, 2 and 3 were 

carried out. For each of the w/D, four different vertical gap ratios (e/D) of 0.25, 0.50, 

0.75 and 1.0 were employed. The effect of vertical gap ratio, e/D and horizontal gap 

ratio, w/D on the variations of pressures and forces on single and twin pipelines as a 

function of flow parameters that are familiar in Engineering practice have been 

brought out through this study. It is found that the horizontal force on a pipeline in 

presence of an additional pipe on its leeside increases by a maximum of about 30% 

compared to that exerted on a single pipe, while presence of an additional pipe on its 

1 

Murali K., Dept of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India 

600036. e‐mail: murali@iitm.ac.in 

2 

Vijayakumari P. L., Department of Civil engineering, N.S.S College of Engineering, 

Palakkad, Kerala, INDIA. e‐mail: vijayapl@hotmail.com 

3 

Sundar V., Dept of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India 

600036. e‐mail: vsundar@iitm.ac.in

FHmax/(γ DH/2) 

FHmax/(γ DH/2) 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0 

Seaside Single Leeside 

e/D=0.25 

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 

0.8 

e/D=0.50 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0 

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 

0.8 

FVmax/(γ DH/2) 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 



seaside results in 30% decrease compared to that exerted on a single pipe. The 

vertical force does not get significantly altered. 


0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0 

e/D=0.75 

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 

d/L 



0 

e/D=0.25 

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 

0.8 

e/D=0.50 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0 

0 

0.8 

0.2 0.4 0.6 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0 

e/D=0.75 

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 

d/L 

Fig.2. Effect of a second pipeline by the side of a 

test pipeline (w/D=2,H/d=0.093). 

Indian Institute of Technology Madras, is one among the foremost 

institutes of national importance in higher technological education, basic 

and applied research in INDIA. The Institute has fifteen academic 

departments and a few advanced research centres in various disciplines 

of engineering and pure sciences. The Department of Ocean Engineering 

at IIT Madras, INDIA has dynamic profile in terms of training graduate 

and post graduate professionals for careers across the world.

ABSTRACT 



Trophic level indicators in the Boka Kotorska Bay 

Slađana Krivokapić 1 , Nenad Vuksanović 2 ,Branka Pestorić 3 

Keywords: eutrophication, chlorophyll a, Adriatic Sea 

The Boka Kotorska Bay is located in the southeastern part of Adriatic Sea. Eutrophication 

has become a problem in the Boka Kotorska Bay, and all Montenegrin coast, last decade. 

These problems came about as result of the continuous enrichment of nutrients from 

different sources 

(maritime activities, domestic wastes). 

Regarding the values for physico‐chemical parameters and concentration of chlorophyll 

a, according to the criteria UNEP (1994), it can be ascertained that this area is 

mesotropic in spring 2003 and 2008. Therefore, for prevention and protection of the 

Boka Kotorska Bay, a permanent monitoring of water quality has to be organized. 

The University of Montenegro is 

organized like most European 

universities. It comprises 

faculties, institutes and 

colleges, as well as logistic 

centers. The University has 

unique academic, business and 

development objectives. 

Nowadays, Institute (founded in 

1961) is the only institution in 

Montenegro for scientific 

investigation, exploitation, control 

and protection of the sea. 

Approach to the research has an 

ecological character, with special 

attention to the Southern Adriatic 

and Boka Kotorska bay as a 

natural phenomenon. 

1 Slađana Krivokapić, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of 

Montenegro, Cetinjski put bb., 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro, sladjana69@yahoo.com, 

www.ucg.ac.yu 

2 Nenead Vuksanović, Institute of Marine Biology, P.O. Box 69, 85330 Kotor, 

Montenegro, nvuksanovic@ibm.org, www.ibmk.org 

3 Branka Pestorić, Institute of Marine Biology, P.O. Box 69, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro, 

brankapestoric@t‐com.me , www.ibmk.org

ABSTRACT 

50 years of marine PE piping 

Ian Larsen 1 



Keywords: polyethylene, pipeline, marine, installation 

PE, polyethylene, pipes have been used for about 50 years in the marine 

environment for transport of water. This paper traces the development of the 

technology from the first fairly small diameter pipes for fresh water discharges to 

the present variety in use, domestic and industrial waste water outfalls, intakes for 

cooling water and water for desalinisation, mining outfall for slurry, cooling water 

outfalls etc 

The basic principles were and are based on the flexibility of the PE pipe 

1. .. when producing the pipes in long length down a slipway into the water for 

storing waiting for further transport to site 

2. .. when towing the produced pipes in open sea from factory to assembly site 

in usually 400 to 600 m long bundles in the required length and equipped 

with flanges. 

3. .. when the assembled pipestrings sufficiently weighted are towed from 

assembly site to installation site (maximum towage distance today is 250 

naut miles) 

4. .. when the completed pipe string is installed by controlled flooding and 

venting (maximum string length about 5 km and maximum 3 pipes in 

parallel) 

5. .. when installed directly on the sea bed subject to the possibility of 

underscouring and extreme wave and current forces which may dislocate 

the pipe without causing structural damage. In this connection it is 

imperative to have the weighting firmly attached to the pipe and not in 

shape of loose weights installed after installation. 

6. .. when/if the pipes are subjected to permanent underpressure or transient 

under pressure transients where the pipe can react by acceptable ovalisation 

checked by the stiffening effect from the anchor blocs 

7. .. when/if the pipes are subjected to overpressure transients (water hammer) 

where these loads can be accepted without increase in pressure class due o 

the ability of the PE pipe to take large stresses of short duration 

Some milestones in the development are shown 

1 Ian Larsen, Professor, ian_larsen@compuserve.com ‐ CEO of Zentech Belgium, Avenue 

Circulaire 144, 1180 Brussels, Belgium, phone+fax +32 2 3752065



ABOUT THE AUTHOR 

Ian Larsen, Professor (retired) and Managing Director of Zentech Belgium is well 

experienced in working worldwide with large diameter polyethylene (PE) pipes for 

use in the marine environment as outfalls for domestic and industrial waste water, 

intake and outfalls for cooling water and of sea water for desalinisation plants, transit 

pipelines for raw water or waste water, etc.

Trenchless installation methods of sea outfalls 

L. zur Linde 1 , D. Petrow‐Ganew 2 



Keywords: Tunnelled Outfalls, Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD), Tunnel Boring 

Machines (TBM), Microtunnelling, Pipejacking, Direct Pipe. 

ABSTRACT 

With sea outfalls, wastewater can be transported away from the coastline and 

discharged at locations, where diffusion, dispersion and decomposition are 

enhanced. The municipal wastewaters may be fully treated, pre‐treated or not 

treated at all. 

Especially cities near to a coast are able to drain the effluents into the sea, thus not 

causing ecological harm. Previous methods were limited by the technologies that 

were available. 

Trenchless installation methods have less impact on the environment and on the 

existing infrastructure than methods applying open cut trenching. The pipeline is 

better protected against damage and therefore has a higher lifetime. For the 

installation of sea outfalls and seawater intakes, horizontal directional drilling, pipe 

jacking, direct pipe and segment lining methods may be applied depending on site 

conditions, laying length and pipe diameter as well as on temporal and economic 

factors. 

Sea outfalls or seawater intakes may generally be installed by trenchless or open cut 

trenching methods. The main benefits of trenchless installation methods when 

compared to open cut trenching are: 

- Minimal impact on the environment due to: minimal surface disruption, no 

deterioration of seawater quality, lowers emissions. 

- Minimal impact on existing infrastructure, therefore: applicability in high‐density 

urban areas, no disturbance of tourism, and no limitation of shipping traffic. 

- Higher lifetime of pipelines due to: less risk of settlements, protection of 

pipelines, e.g. against damage by ships or sabotage. 

- Less influence of environmental conditions, e.g. weather and hydraulic 

conditions like ebb, flood, storm, and sediment transport. 

- Minimal efforts for reinstatement of site after finishing the installation. 

1 Lutz zur Linde zurlinde.lutz@herrenknecht.de 

2 Dymitri Petrow‐Ganew ganew.dymitri@herrenknecht.de 

avn@herrenknecht.de, ‐ Herrenknecht AG, Schlehenweg 2, 77963 Schwanau‐ 

Allmannsweier, Germany ‐ http://www.herrenknecht.com



Contrary to tunnelled outfalls, submarine pipelines laid on the sea bottom are 

directly influenced by hydrodynamic forces resulting from currents. 

Hydrodynamic forces can cause erosion, transport and accretion of seabed material. 

Offshore buildings in general influence the currents and may lead to enhanced 

erosion or accretion near the building. 

Due to the fact that the tunneled pipeline lays underground, it is safe and 

maintenance‐free for decades. 

Herrenknecht microtunnelling techniques allows for sea outfall pipelines which can 

be jacked as far as possible and deep under the sea bottom – in nearly every 

geological and topographic condition. 

Herrenknecht equipment is well suited for rock and mixed soil conditions under 

groundwater. 

The horizontal directional drilling, tunnelled outfall with segment lining, pipejacking 

or direct pipe technique is independent of coast, even at a rocky cliff line or steep 

coast tunneled outfalls are practicable. 

Another important advantage of a tunnelled sea outfall: The coast and accordingly 

the people are not affected. This procedure is environmentally friendly. The tunnel 

construction works do not depend on the climatic influences such as high waves, 

storms and so on. 

Also the installation of the pipe is erected from a onshore jobsite using tunnel 

techniques, there is no risky handling of the pipeline during installation, floating and 

connection with expensive offshore equipment and diver teams. 

Herrenknecht AG is the only company worldwide that develops, manufactures and 

sells the entire range of mechanical tunnelling equipment. The tailor‐made 

machines can be deployed in all geological and hydrological conditions in a diameter 

range from 100mm up to 19000mm. The wide product range covers Mixshields, 

Hard Rock TBMs, EPB Machines, Microtunnelling Machines, HDD Rigs and Vertical 

Shaft Sinking Equipment

ABSTRACT 

Outfall design and fast ferry wash 

M.J. Little 1 



Keywords: Fast ferry wash, soft mud, trenching, pipe stability 

This paper describes some aspects of design on recent outfalls. 

On a recent project two pipelines were laid piggyback in trench in soft mud: one 

315mm diameter to carry treated sewage, the other 900mm diameter to carry storm 

water. The site was exposed to waves and to long period wash from fast ferries. The 

paper describes the technique to excavate the trench and handle the excavated 

material. It also describes the design of a system of concrete saddles to stabilise the 

pipeline, avoiding problems of transport and loading rock armour at local facilities. 

The site is characterised by shallow water and low available energy to drive the 

outfall. The treated sewage discharge was required to meet bathing water standards 

within 100m of the diffuser. The paper describes hydraulic design and use of recent 

research to design a simple diffuser. 

The paper also describes tests on land to illustrate the effect of dropping rock armour 

on plastic pipes underwater. 

Grosvenor House, 69, London Road, Redhill, Surrey H1 1LQ, UK 

www.bv.com. 

1 Mike Little, littlem@bv.com – Technical Director, Black & Veatch 

Phone: ‐ direct 01737 856380 ‐ switchboard 01737 774155



Hydrodynamic laboratory tests on a dissipative submerged structure for beach 

protection 

C. Lorenzoni 1 , A. Mancinelli 2 , M. Postacchini 3 , E. Seta 4 , 

L. Soldini 5 , M.Zanella 6 

Keywords: coastal protection; dissipative submerged structures; macro‐roughness; 

macro‐vortices 

ABSTRACT 

The hydrodynamic features of coastal defence structures, which dissipate the energy 

of the incoming waves by the action of macro‐roughnesses (vertical or oblique 

submerged blades), is investigated by means of a laboratory experimental campaign. 

Focus is given to characterize the ability of the structure to efficiently reduce the 

wave height with minimal onshore mean water super‐elevations. 

An efficient wave height reduction is achieved for this kind of structures, comparable 

or slightly superior to that of submerged rubble‐mound breakwaters of the same 

volumetric extension. For the incident waves, very small mean water elevations, for 

some conditions even negative, have been observed inshore of the structures, the 

inclined blades producing the smallest values. 

These results suggest that the structures at hand could represent an alternative to 

submerged rubble‐mound breakwaters, from an hydrodynamic point of view, for an 

efficient defence of coastlines prone to erosion which induces minimal risks of forcing 

dangerous rip currents. 

1 

Carlo Lorenzoni (Dr.Eng.), c.lorenzoni@univpm.it – Istituto di idraulica e 

infrastrutture viarie, Università politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce bianche, 60131 

Ancona, Italy 

2 

Alessandro Mancinelli (Pr.Eng.), a.mancinelli@univpm.it – Istituto di idraulica e 


Ancona, Italy 

3 

Matteo Postacchini (Dr.Eng.), m.postacchini@univpm.it – Istituto di idraulica e 


Ancona, Italy 

4 

Elisa Seta (Dr.Eng.), e.seta@univpm.it – Istituto di idraulica e infrastrutture viarie, 

Università politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy 

5 

Luciano Soldini (Dr.Eng.), c.lorenzoni@univpm.it – Istituto di idraulica e 


Ancona, Italy 

6 

Matteo Zanella (Dr.Eng.), matteo.zanella@univpm.it – C.P.S., Gruppo Maccaferri, via 

degli Agresti 6, 40123 Bologna, Italy



Modeling residence time and effluent dispersal in a mariculture area 

Evangeline Magdaong 

Document not delivered in time



Timestep splitting in Lagrangian marine dispersion models 

C.T Mead 1 

Keywords: Lagrangian model, pollutant dispersion, wastewater discharge, vertical 

mixing, timestep sensitivity 

ABSTRACT 

Lagrangian mathematical models, based on random walk methods, are well‐ 

established tools for the assessment of discharge dispersion in the aquatic 

environment. At HR Wallingford, the PLUME‐RW suite of Lagrangian dispersion 

models is in regular use, and is applied with two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐ 

dimensional (3D) finite element flow models. The range of applications is currently: 

• Dissolved pollutant dispersion; for conservative or decaying pollutants. 

• Particulate pollutant and suspended cohesive sediment dispersal, deposition and 

re‐suspension. 

• Non‐cohesive sediment transport. 

• Oil slick transport and fate. 

Whilst Lagrangian models have long been acknowledged as practical and highly 

flexible tools for assessing pollutant dispersion in the marine environment, there 

remain limitations in their application, largely associated with timestep sensitivities. 

In particular, sensitivities associated with the representation of vertical mixing 

processes have been identified. These sensitivities have been considered in recent 

years by various authors, and both pragmatic and rigorous mathematical solutions 

have been proposed. This paper presents an approach aimed at improving accuracy 

over the traditional approach, while avoiding excessively long model run times. 

Recently, other modellers have reviewed in detail the criteria for timestep selection 

in Lagrangian models with spatially‐varying diffusivity, and have presented methods 

for minimising boundary effects and the effects of density discontinuities in such 

models. The work presented in this paper utilises this analysis. In both 2D and 3D 

models, techniques including the use of shorter timesteps for vertical processes than 

for horizontal processes are employed. 

Models based on random walk methods employ random number generators to 

calculate model particle movements associated with turbulent mixing. During the 

model development described in this paper, an unexpected dependence of model 

solutions on the sequencing of calls to the random number generator was identified. 

1 Christopher T. Mead (Dr), ctm@hrwallingford.co.uk ‐ HR Wallingford Ltd, Howbery 

Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, United Kingdom – www.hrwallingford.co.uk



To the author’s knowledge, this is not a well‐known aspect of the use of random 

number generators in Lagrangian models, so details are given in the paper. 

HR Wallingford is an independent company offering specialist environmental 

and engineering consultancy, applied research services and software systems 

worldwide. Established in 1947, it has delivered innovative solutions to 

complex hydraulic problems ever since, and has gained a well‐deserved 

international reputation for scientific and engineering excellence in the 

management of water related risks.



Feasibility study for a new outfall for the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, 

California 

Luciano Meiorin 1 , Craig White 2 , Alex Steele 3 , Imad Hannoun 4 , Craig Swanson 5 

Keywords: Feasibility study, ocean outfall, three‐dimensional modeling, navigation 

and geotechnical hazards 

ABSTRACT 

As southern California has grown, the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County 

(LACSD) have provided reliable, cost‐effective, and environmentally sound 

management of the region’s solid waste and wastewater, including deepwater 

disposal of secondary effluent from their Joint Water Pollution Control Plant (JWPCP). 

The LACSD serves approximately 5.3 million people in Los Angeles County, and the 

peak wet weather flow for the JWPCP service area may reach 48 m 3 /s by 2050. The 

LACSD are evaluating the feasibility of a new tunnel and ocean outfall from the 

JWPCP in the context of a comprehensive master facilities plan. The tunnel and 

ocean outfall, if constructed, will provide additional capacity for projected growth 

and allow the existing tunnels to be removed from service, inspected, and repaired if 

necessary. Parsons has overall responsibility for the preparation of the feasibility 

study and preliminary engineering design. In the feasibility phase of the study, 

existing data were analyzed to define a range of alternatives for analysis. Candidate 

sites for a diffuser system were evaluated with respect to initial dilution, compliance 

with existing and future effluent discharge permit requirements, geotechnical risks, 

construction cost, and schedule. 

Starting in 2000, the LACSD began to assemble field data including continuous water 

column temperature and current data, which were acquired using thermistor strings 

and ADCP current meters. Preliminary geophysical and geotechnical data were also 

collected to assist in the evaluation of tunnel and marine pipeline alternatives, which 

would be built in a seismically active area. In addition, the tunnel and ocean outfall 

1 Luciano Meiorin (Dr Eng), luciano.meiorin@parsons.com, Technology Leader, Parsons, 

San Diego, California, USA 

2 Craig White, Project Engineer, Parsons, San Diego, California, USA, 

craig.white@parsons.com 

3 Alex Steele, Environmental Scientist, asteele@lacsd.org, Sanitation Districts of Los 

Angeles County, Whittier, California, USA 

4 Imad Hannoun (PhD), hannoun@flowscience.com, President, Flow Science 

Incorporated, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA 

5 Craig Swanson (PhD), cswanson@asascience.com, Senior Principal, Applied Science 

Associates, Inc., Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA



would be built in the vicinity of the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, which are 

the busiest ports in the United States. 

The first step in the evaluation of each discharge site was the determination of the 

initial dilution (ID) potential using the NRFIELD2 model developed by Dr. Phil Roberts. 

ID at each of the prospective discharge sites was estimated based on common 

diffuser parameters (diffuser length, port sizes, port spacing, etc.) As expected, the 

ID and height of rise of the wastefield depended mainly on water depth at the 

discharge site, the density structure of the water column, current strengths, and 

current directions. Hourly predictions of ID and the height of rise of the wastefield 

were subsequently used as input to two, independent, three‐dimensional far‐field 

models, which were developed to evaluate the relative water quality impacts of 

treated wastewater discharges at prospective diffuser sites located at varying 

distances from shore and at different water depths. The results of these studies will 

assist in the selection of a preferred discharge site. 

The first far‐field model, developed by Flow Science Incorporated, used 

computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Flow Science coupled the near‐field effluent 

discharge model with their far‐field hydrodynamic model, ELCOM, to simulate ocean 

concentrations of an effluent tracer and various indicator bacteria discharged from 

the outfall. 

The second far‐field model, developed by Applied Science Associates, was a 

Lagrangian particle‐based model that uses particles to represent the waste discharge, 

which is advected by currents and dispersed by turbulent diffusion in three 

dimensions. 

Simulation results were examined at 59 locations within the model domain to assess 

the relative impact of the proposed diffuser sites on water quality in the entire 

region.



An analytical model of the mathematical wave equation for sound propagation in 

Sound Channel 

ABSTRACT 

R. Modabbernia 1 S. M. Mosaddad 2 

Keywords: Wave, equation, math, sound, propagation, modeling, channel 

Mathematics is an important science in Calculations related to professional studies. 

Sound propagation in sea water and its applications is being important in science 

researching and fisheries, tomography and solitary fronts. In this paper, we are 

following the importance of mathematical solutions for problems related to sound 

propagation in sea water. The wave equation is solved and sound propagation would 

be modeled from disturbed surface. Paying attention to this article and those similar, 

we will understand the importance of mathematics in calculations related to sound 

propagation systems and their applications. The mathematical model gotten for 

sound propagation in water environment will be useful and applicable in similar 

matters. 

Wave means form variation that depends on a physical environment for 

propagation. Sound lying in acoustic field, has many applications in various sciences 

like atmosphere, seas and material studies. The wave equation is solved and noise 

directionality is modeled from distributed surface noise sources over a uniformly 

sloping sea bed taking account of multipaths. Paying attention to this article and 

those similar, we will understand the importance of mathematics in calculations 

related to sound propagation systems and their applications. Managing coastal 

waters zone in regard to phenomena taking place and things such as submarines 

moving underwater would be done better applying instruments for sound waves 

propagating and getting photos from them. Acoustic wave equation could be solved 

in some ways and solving it well, we know more about sound waves behavior under 

water and its applications with its simulation. Sound topography and taking photos 

from under water environment would help us to know about phenomena happening 

there. Setting an optimum configuration of sound radiation equipped with 

mathematical simulation is an important result among the results of this paper. 

1 

Roozbeh Modabbernia (En), r.modabber@yahoo.com ‐ IAU, Shushtar branch, 

Shushtar city, Iran 

2 

Seyed majid Mosaddad (Dr), mosaddad5@gmail.com ‐ IAU, Shushtar branch, 

Shushtar city, Iran



Islamic Azad University of Iran was established about 25 years ago. Its purposes are 

science development and educating young men and women in all interest fields of 

humanity and professional courses. Shushtar branch is located in Shushtar city in 

Khuzestan privance. There are more than 90 majors in it. It will be one of the 

biggest academic scientific centers in a few years later. Research and education for 

faculty members and students is the most important aim. This big and scientific‐ 

researching academic center has a 80 hectars area and an interesting view 

encouraging human sight to be there. I hope to be a successful member in it.



Study of waste water dilution in the sea by combined use of mathematical modeling 

and field measurements 

D. Malcangio 1 , M. Mossa 2 , A.F. Petrillo 3 

Keywords: Currents, Sea outfall modeling, Measurement survey, Dilution process, 

Environmental impact 

ABSTRACT 

Nowadays the sea water quality is particularly at risk, due to the constant discharge 

of waste waters that come from industrial, civil and agricultural use. For answering to 

this growing problem, a deep attention to the control and monitoring of the dilution 

of waste water outfalls in the sea must be focussed. 

The objective of this paper is the study of the hydrodynamic aspects of the dilution of 

sewages from a treatment plant located in the north part of Bari (South Italy). The 

outflow pipeline collects 81500 m 3 /d of treated waste water that come from west Bari 

and Bitonto, and discharge this flow rate at a distance from the coast of about 800 m. 

One field measurement survey was made in order to determine the spatial 

distribution of the sea physical and hydrodynamic proprieties (salinity, temperature, 

velocity, etc.) in the domain, with particular attention to the area where the waste 

water outfall is positioned. Afterwards, collected data were utilized as input by a 3D 

mathematical model. Simulations were forced by different patterns of wind, 

temperature and salinity fields, a known tidal wave at the boundaries, and a constant 

outflow to simulate the waste water discharge. 

Comparisons between mathematical modeling results and field measurements 

recorded during the survey, in terms of velocity, temperature and salinity, at 

superficial layer, reveal a good approach of the model to simulate dilution processes. 

Mostly, the information obtained in this work can be considered really useful for 

monitoring the environmental impact of waste water discharges for the wildlife along 

1 Daniela Malcangio (Dr), d.malcangio@poliba.it – Dept. of Water Engineering and 

Chemistry, Technical University of Bari, Via E. Orabona n.4, 70125 Bari, Italy – 

www.poliba.it 

2 Michele Mossa (Full Professor), m.mossa@poliba.it ‐ Dept. of Environmental 

Engineering and Sustainable Development, Technical University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 

n.4, 70125 Bari, Italy – www.poliba.it 

3 Antonio Felice Petrillo (Full Professor), petrillo@poliba.it ‐ Dept. of Water Engineering 

and Chemistry, Technical University of Bari, Via E. Orabona n.4, 70125 Bari, Italy – 

www.poliba.it



the coast, considering different climatic configurations. 

Further simulations will be carried out considering baroclinic conditions, in order to 

compare measured and calculated data in different layers. 

Technical University of Bari



Uncertainties of bacterial inactivation in marine environment 

Ö.B. Yalçin 1 and A. Muhammetoğlu 2 

Keywords: Antalya, marine outfall, T90, bacterial inactivation, uncertainty analysis 

ABSTRACT 

It is a common final disposal option to discharge treated or pre‐treated domestic 

wastewaters utilizing marine outfall systems in coastal areas. The major parameters 

used to design a marine outfall system are; treatment level, length of the outfall 

system and discharge depth. Especially in sensitive areas in which aquaculture and 

recreational activities take place, one major aim is to preserve the sea water quality. 

It is vital to put in practice the water quality standards in such areas to protect public 

health against water borne diseases originated from pathogens. In this manner, it is 

very important to define the case specific bacterial inactivation rates and the time 

needed to inactive 90% of the bacteria (T90) in design of marine outfall systems. 

According to “Turkish Standards of Water Pollution Control” T90 value in summer 

season is 1.5 and 2 hours for Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea respectively in the 

surface. The same parameter value increases to 3 to 5 h in winter seasons for both 

Mediterranean and Black Sea. 

Bacterial inactivation rate is affected by solar radiation, salinity, temperature, pH, 

predation by the other organisms and nutrient deficiencies. However, it is known that 

the inactivation process is strongly dominated by the solar radiation. The researches 

carried out in Marmara Sea of Turkey showed that the T90 values increase 

dramatically at night or in dark. At that point, it is clear that the T90 is a dynamic 

parameter and the parameter value may vary temporally daily and seasonally. 

Therefore, dynamic T90 values, which changes with respect to the varying light 

intensities should be used instead of constant values to obtain more reliable dilution 

and bacterial concentration predictions and to decrease uncertainty of the predicted 

parameters. 

The attenuation of the solar radiation below the water surface decreases the rate of 

the bacterial inactivation process which increases T90 value. T90 value is dependent on 

the light attenuation capacity of sea water which is a function of sea water turbidity 

and depth of submergence of the discharged wastewater. Frequently, the discharged 

wastewater is observed to be submerged in sea column because of density 

1 Özgür Bülent Yalçın (Msc.), obyalcin@akdeniz.edu.tr Akdeniz University, Engineering 

Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Antalya, Turkey 

2 Ayşe Muhammetoğlu (Prof.Dr.), aysemuh@akdeniz.edu.tr Akdeniz University, 

Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Antalya, Turkey



stratification of the sea water. Prediction of the bacterial concentration in case of 

submerged waste field formation is a challenging issue and implies uncertainties. 

Treated wastewater of Antalya City is disposed off to marine environment by a long 

and deep marine outfall system. A previous study has been carried out using the data 

obtained from a water quality survey around the discharge point to predict the 

pollutant levels around the marine outfall system. The results of the study showed 

that the discharged wastewaters are predominantly submerged below the water 

surface. Additionally, it is determined that the depth of submergence changes 

dramatically in time. 

In this study, hourly solar radiation data which has been obtained from “State 

Meteorology Office of Antalya” were utilized to assess the hourly values of T90 

parameter. T90 parameter is used to predict dilution due to bacterial inactivation. 

Additionally the uncertainty of predicted dilution values is evaluated using Monte 

Carlo analysis. These results will be used to discuss about the bacteriological pollution 

risk from sea outfall systems.



Desalination brine discharge modelling coupling of hydrodynamic models for 

brine discharge analysis 

Anne Niepelt 1 , Tobias Bleninger 2 and Gerhard Jirka 3 

Keywords: CORMIX, Delft3D, near‐field, far‐field, dense plumes, negatively buoyant 

Abstract 

The waste stream from sea water desalination plants, called brine or concentrate, is 

commonly discharged into coastal waters associated with several potential negative 

impacts on the marine environment. The few existing environmental regulations 

generally distinguish between local impacts around the discharge point and regional 

impacts further away from the source. 

Different hydrodynamic models are used for the prediction of either the near‐field 

mixing (e.g. CORMIX) and/or the transport processes in the far‐field (e.g. Delft3D). An 

optimized approach to couple both model types for brine discharge analysis has been 

developed and tested for a case study. The coupling algorithm includes the 

transformation of the output data of the near‐field model CORMIX into the input 

data for the far‐field model Delft3D‐FLOW. Calculations indicate that the far‐field 

model alone (without coupling) cannot simulate the vertical concentration 

distribution of the plume in contrast to the near‐field model. Thus, a model coupling 

is unavoidable for an environmental assessment. The coupling methodology, though 

simple, allows for an considerably improved discharge assessment. This allows for an 

optimized environmental hydraulic design of the outfall structure. 

1 Dipl.‐Ing., Research assistant, Institute for Hydromechanics, University Karlsruhe, 

Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, niepelt@ifh.uka.de, www.ifh.uni‐karlsruhe.de 

2 Dr.‐Ing., Research assistant, Institute for Hydromechanics, University Karlsruhe, 

Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, bleninger@ifh.uka.de, www.ifh.uni‐ 

karlsruhe.de 

3 Prof., Director, Institute for Hydromechanics, University Karlsruhe, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 

Karlsruhe, Germany, ifh@uka.de, www.ifh.uni‐karlsruhe.de



Integrated areal analysis of the biological impact in the coastal belt of Venice 

Province (Italy‐Northern Adriatic sea) 

Marco Ostoich (1) ,Marina Vazzoler (2) , Emilia Aimo (3) ,Daniel Fassina (2) , Sara Ancona (2) , 

Anna Rita Zogno (2) , Corrado Soccorso (4) ,Chiara Rossi (4) 

ABSTRACT 

Key words: Total and Faecal Coliforms, Faecal Streptococci, Escherichia 

Coli, Enterovirus, integrated analysis, water profile 

To protect sea resources from enteric bacteria pollution, deriving from discharges of 

the rivers and of the wastewaters treatment plants, management and safeguarding 

practices must be devised based on a sound knowledge of the water contamination 

and of the fate of these organisms in the environment. 

This work presents the extension of the previous study (performed for years 2000‐ 

2004) to the period 2000‐2006 with the necessary consideration of the water profile 

required by the Directive 2006/07/EC concerning the management of bathing water 

quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC in the coastal belt of the Veneto region 

(Italy, Northern Adriatic Sea). The historic data‐base, already recovered in the 

previous study, has been implemented with the new monitoring data of the period 

2004‐2006 (data on rivers, bathing and marine‐coastal waters and on the 

characterization of WWTPs’ discharges) from the institutional activity of ARPAV 

(Veneto Regional Environmental Prevention and Protection Agency). An integrated 

areal analysis of homogeneous stretches along the coast in the Veneto region was 

performed for the microbiological investigation in order to characterize the water 

profile with consideration of the water quality status and the pressure sources. 

The considered faecal indicators are: Total Coliforms, Faecal Coliforms, Faecal 

Strepotococci, Escherichia Coli. The faecal indicators are used because they are much 

easier and less costly to detect and enumerate than the pathogens themselves. 

The application of the approach expressed in the new European legal framework 

(directive 2000/60/EC and directive 2006/07/EC) requires the overtaking of distinct 

analysis for each single matrix (rivers, marine waters, WWTP effluents, etc.). The new 

1 

Marco Ostoich, Mr. Dr., Environmental Policy Department, Province of Venice – 

marco.ostoich@provincia.venezia.it – www.provincia.venezia.it 

2 

Marina Vazzoler, Ms. Dr., Sara Ancona, Ms. Dr., Anna Rita Zogno, Ms. Dr., Daniel 

Fassina, Mr. Dr., ARPAV, Marine Waters Service‐ Technical Department, Padua, Italy ‐ 

mvazzoler@arpa.veneto.it 

3 

Emilia Aimo, Ms. Dr., ARPAV, Venice Laboratory Service, Mestre (VE), Italy ‐ 

eaimo@arpa.veneto.it 

4 

Chiara Rossi, Ms. Dr., Corrado Soccorso, Mr. Dr., Veneto Region, Water Protection 

Department, Venice, Italy – corrado.soccorso@regione.veneto.it – 

www.regione.veneto.it



approach favours integrated quality assessment of the separated components of the 

territorial hydro‐systems, analysed for their reciprocal relationships in accordance to 

Driving forces‐Pressures‐State‐Impact‐Responses (DPSIR) model. 

REGIONE DEL VENETO 

Environment Protection Department 

Calle Priuli, Cannaregio 99 

30100 VENEZIA 

www.regione.veneto.it 

ARPAV 

Veneto Regional Environmental 

Prevention and Protection Agency 

Technical Department 

Piazzale Stazione, 1 

35131 PADOVA – ITALY 

www.arpa.veneto.it

ABSTRACT 

Turkey‐Cyprus water pipeline project 



Merih Özcan 1 , Mehmet Halil Tuna 2 , Tunç Gokçe 3 

The engineering studies for the pipeline to carry water from mainland Turkey to 

Northern Cyprus have commenced in 2005 following the signing of the contract 

between Administration of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) and the Turkish contractor 

Alsim ALARKO. 

The pipeline will be located at the narrowest section of the strait formed by Turkey 

and the island and will provide water at a rate of 75 million m³ per year (2.38 m³/s). 

The pipeline will be a submerged floating structure and the subsea section of the 

pipeline will consist of 1.6 m diameter HDPE pipe approximately 78 km long. In the 

shore approaching sections of the route, the pipeline will be trenched and backfilled 

below seabed level. Between the 250 m depth contours on both the Turkish and 

Cyprus sides, the pipeline will be suspended at a water depth of 250 m. The pipeline 

will be spanning from vertical tethers anchored to the sea bed in spans of 500 meters 

length each. 

Under the scope of engineering studies extensive physical and numerical model tests 

have been conducted in order to investigate the behaviour of the pipeline under 

complex hydrodynamic conditions. 

This paper aims to describe the general design parameters considered in the design 

of the pipeline. An overall presentation of the field surveys and the model tests 

conducted to develop the design basis will be also made. 

1 

Merih Ozcan, merih@artiproje.com.tr ‐ Arti Proje Ltd, Istanbul www.artiproje.com.tr 

2 

Mehmet Halil Tuna, Alsim‐Alarko AŞ, Istanbul ‐ www.alsimalarko.com.tr 

3 

Tunc Gokce (Dr.), tgokce@artiproje.com.tr ‐ Arti Proje Ltd, Istanbul 

www.artiproje.com.tr



Bridging potable water service between Europe and Asia: a new Bosphorus crossing 

with a underwater PE pipeline 

M. Aygun 1 , C.T. Ozel 2 , M. Kutluay 3 

Keywords: PE Subsea Pipeline, Off‐bottom Tow, Air filled Installation, Potable Water 

Supply 

ABSTRACT 

On earth, there are only a small number of cities that has been molded by water and 

had its fate and character affected by water. Istanbul is one of these special and 

important cities that have a special place with its history heritage and its adventure 

with water. Moreover, Istanbul is unique amongst others as being situated on two 

continents divided again by water. On almost every page of Istanbul History, there is 

at least a sentence about bringing water to the city. It was always necessary to go 

outside to bring water to the city whose population increased but had insufficient 

water supplies all the time. Because of this, the water systems of Istanbul are as old 

as the history of the city. 

Today, Istanbul population has reached to 15 Millions, where the 60% of its 

population is living at European site and where the 65% of water resources has 

situated at Asian site. During the last 10 years, the water demand has increased 

parallel to the increase in population; however the water supply has decreased due 

to very low precipitation with global warming. The year 2007 was an alarming year 

for the city which the 13 dams reserves was insufficient for a daily demand of 2 

Million cubic meters of potable water. The closest water resource was at Asian site 

and 105 km away from the city. The Istanbul Water Administration has started a 

water pipeline project for the construction of 105 km onshore pipeline and crossing 

the continents. The objective of this project is to complete and to bring water to the 

city in 5 months. 

The Bosporus Water Pipeline Crossing has designed and developed with the 

requirements of this construction time limit, international busy marine traffics and 

two ways current characteristics. The pipeline was a twin 1200 mm diameter PE100 

SDR 11, PN16, continuously weighted with precast concrete collars and laid to a pre‐ 

1 

Mehmet Aygun, mey@iski.gov.tr – Istanbul Water Administration Istanbul, Turkey– 

www.iski.gov.tr 

2 

C. Tansel Ozel, tozel@detek‐tr.com – Detek Offshore Technology Ltd. Istanbul, Turkey – 

www.detek‐tr.com 

3 

Mahmut Kutluay, mkutluay@kutayins.com – Kutay Construction Ltd. Istanbul , Turkey ‐ 

www.kutay.ins.com



dredged channel with off‐bottom tow technique. The total 3740 meters of pipeline 

has been placed in air filled conditions by crossing a maximum channel depth of 54 

meters with successive 71 towing operations. The main objective has been achieved 

by completing the channel crossing project in 5 months including the design, 

fabrication, construction and commissioning stages.



Construction, installation and pigging system of a large diameter HDPE pipeline in 

Morocco 

Chrystel Pabion 1 

Keywords: HDPE, sea outfall, long length, large diameter, sinking, connection at sea 

surface, stabilization, pigging system, pig launcher 

ABSTRACT 

The construction of the sea outfall of Tetouan‐Azla has been completed at the 

beginning of 2008 after 12 months of works. 

The sewage marine outfall, of a total length of 3145m and external diameter 

1200mm, was installed in water depth up to ‐37.5 m/CD. Seven lengths of 400m and 

a length of 300m of HDPE pipes PE100 DN1200 SDR26 was produced by Pipelife AS in 

Norway and then towed to Morocco. 

The construction of the sea outfall comprised the site surveys, the dredging of the 

trench, the installation of the 3145m of sealine (including diffuser), the backfilling, 

the installation of concrete blocks for protection of the diffuser and the installation of 

the pig launcher. 

The paper will show a fast presentation of methodologies of realization and 

installation of this sea outfall. Special attention will be paid on the system of cleaning 

of the sealine by pigging after the start‐up of the sea outfall. 

After installation of the pipes, a “Y shape” pig launcher was installed onshore in order 

to ensure the cleaning of the sealine and its correct operation during its operating life 

period. 

Until the construction of the pretreatment plant and the start‐up of the sea outfall, 

all diffuser ports will remain closed. 

With the start‐up, part of the ports will be opened as per the present design flow and 

required dilution, and the opening of the remaining ports will be done according to 

the evolution of the future flows. 

1 Chrystel Pabion (Project Manager), c‐pabion@geocean.fr – GEOCEAN SA, Quartier du 

Brégadan, ZA Technoparc, CS 60001, 13711 Cassis Cedex, France – www.geocean.fr

GEOCEAN SA 



GEOCEAN is a marine work contractor, based in Marseille (Cassis), in the south of 

France, with 20 years experience worldwide. 

Our primary experience, offshore soil investigations, has been transmitted to all our 

teams. They have the know‐how to analyze a natural marine site, evaluate the 

difficulties and design and adapt your facilities to the particularities of your site. This 

expertise is more particularly focused on nearshore sites, where offshore gradually 

become onshore. 

GEOCEAN routinely control and perform all aspects of your project to offer turnkey 

project services. We specialize in engineering and installation of subsea pipelines 

coastal works, such as wharves, jetties, quays, or any type of submarine work, when 

special and difficult situations have to be resolved. 

With a worldwide operation, GEOCEAN benefits from logistic bases and equipments 

bases in France and in Asia, and can rely on very skilled teams, specially trained for 

more safety and efficiency. 

Always looking toward the sea, GEOCEAN created two specialized subsidiaries, 

NYMPHEA WATER for the production of subsea freshwater springs, and MERCLEAN 

for the treatment of marine pollutions.



Aspects of toxicology of estuarine sediments: The Port of Durban as a case study 

SUMMARY 

Gary Parsons 1 

In some instances, chemical tests performed on sediments indicate high probabilities 

of harmful effects to biota according to a number of internationally recognized 

sediment quality guidelines. In the Port of Durban, with its close proximity to 

industrial, urban and agricultural activities, receives a number of chemical pollutants 

that settle out of the water column and accumulate in its sediments. Chemical 

analysis of these sediments has indicated chemical concentrations that, according to 

the abovementioned sediment quality guidelines, suggest a high probability to cause 

adverse biological effects. However, although chemical concentrations are elevated, 

this does not necessarily indicate that these chemicals are present in bio‐available 

concentrations or that they are harmful to those organisms that are exposed to 

them. Thus, chemical tests alone do not provide an accurate indication of the 

potential of organisms living in the contact with or in the vicinity of these sediments 

to experience any adverse effects. 

In this regard, bioassay testing procedures have been developed using representative 

conditions and organisms to help understand the bioavailability and toxicity of 

chemicals adsorbed onto sediments. Further, concurrent procedures have been 

developed such as toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) that attempt to identify 

and characterize chemicals that cause toxicity in sediments. In this paper, replicate 

samples were taken from within the Port of Durban from areas which past analyses 

have indicated to contain sediments that have pore waters that are toxic. Sediment 

samples taken were shown to contain pore waters that inhibited fertilization of eggs 

from the Sea Urchin Tripnuestes gratilla. TIE procedures where then conducted on 

these contaminated sediment pore waters to determine the probable chemical 

classes that could have been responsible for the toxic response. Preliminary evidence 

from pore water TIE procedures indicates that this technique provides useful 

information to better understand the causes of toxicity in sediments. 

1 

Gary Parsons, Lab. Manager, gparsons@csir.co.za ‐ Council for Scientific and Industrial 

Research (CSIR), South Africa



Bacterial pollution due to marine outfalls in the coast of Valencia (Spain) 

A. Pascual 1 , C. Mösso 2 , J.P. Sierra 3 , M. Mestres 4 , 

I. Romero 5 , J. González del Río 6 , S. Falco 7 , M. Rodilla 8 

Keywords: pathogenic bacteria, urban wastewater discharge, measuring campaigns, 

European Water Framework Directive 

ABSTRACT 

The Valencian coast is one of the major tourist destinations in the Mediterranean 

coasts, especially during the summer season, when it receives many tourists which 

produce a large quantity of urban wastewater that is eventually discharged into the 

sea through marine outfalls, affecting significantly the water quality of coastal zones. 

The transported effluent can contain significant loads of toxic components, nutrients 

and particularly pathogenic bacteria, which constitute a hazard to public health, 

especially if the urban wastewater is, discharged either, without the correct 

treatment, or close to the shoreline. 

In order to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of bacteriological (total 

and fecal coliforms and enterococci) seawater quality in the influence area of the 

1 

Alina Pascual Barrera (PhD student), alina.pascual@upc.edu – Laboratori d’Enginyeria 

Marítima; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; c/Jordi Girona 1‐3, Edif. D1 Campus 

Nord, 08034, Barcelona, Spain 

2 

César Mösso Aranda, (Dr), cesar.mosso@upc.edu ‐ Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima; 

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; c/Jordi Girona 1‐3, Edif. D1 Campus Nord, 08034, 

Barcelona, Spain. 

3 

Joan Pau Sierra Pedrico (Dr), joan.pau.sierra@upc.edu ‐ Laboratori d’Enginyeria 


Nord, 08034, Barcelona, Spain. 

4 

Marc Mestres Ridge (Dr), marc.mestres@upc.edu ‐ Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima; 


Barcelona, Spain 

5 

Inmaculada Romero Gil (Dr), inrogi@dihma.upv.es – Laboratorio de Tecnologías del 

Medioambiente; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, 

Valencia, Spain 

6 

Julio González del Río (Dr), jgonzrio@hma.upv.es ‐ Laboratorio de Tecnologías del 



7 

Silvia Falco Giacaglia (Dr), sfalcog@hma.upv.es ‐ Escuela Politécnica superior de 

Gandia; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia 

8 

Miguel Rodilla Alama (Dr), mrodilla@hma.upv.es ‐ Escuela Politécnica superior de 

Gandia; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia



wastewater discharge and surrounding beaches, a series of field campaigns were 

carried out in three marine outfalls, with different discharge characteristics, along the 

Valencia coast (Cullera, Gandia and Pinedo). The measuring campaigns were as 

follows: five campaigns in Cullera, between July 2002 and April 2003; two in Pinedo, 

between March and July 2005 and finally, five in Gandia, between April 2005 and 

May 2006. The results were evaluated within the European Water Framework 

Directive (Directive 76/160/CE) that establishes a maximum permissible mandatory 

value and a guideline value to classify bath water as “good” or “excellent” 

respectively. The results indicate that the concentration of fecal coliform in the area 

of the discharge is imperatively higher than the mandatory value, while in the 

beaches near the area of influence, the concentrations are lower than this value, 

despite the fact that at some points the maximum permissible values recommended 

by the European Directive were exceeded.

ABSTRACT 



Emergency water supply from tankers for Cyprus 

Miki Peleg 1 

After four years with no substantial winter rainfall, Cypriot water reserves, already 

enhanced by two seawater desalination plants, were at their lowest. As an 

emergency measure, the Cypriot government reached an agreement with the Greek 

government for the immediate supply of eight million cubic meters of fresh water. 

The transportation of the water from Greece to Cyprus would be carried out by 

tankers that were adapted to water use and would take approximately eight months. 

In the early part of July 2008 the project was accomplished and the water has been 

flowing since then to Cyprus water grid, at a rate of some 2,000 cubic meters per 

hour – a significant relief to the severe situation. 

The Cyprus Water Terminal project is characterized by two unique and challenging 

features: 

− Execution at record time of 64 days, imposed by the dramatic lack of water 

− Works on the water terminal at the heart of Limassol’s tourist area, with no 

environmental impact and no disturbance to the daily city life. 

These features necessitated an innovative engineering approach, resulting in the 

following project components: 

− A Monobuoy Mooring facility for the tankers 

− A marine 1,313 m long 800 mm OD HDPE pipeline from the monobuoy to an 

onshore monitoring station 

− A shore interface between the marine and land pipes equipped with water 

quality monitoring system. 

The paper presents the various elements of the project and describes how the 

equipment was adapted to the job, thus permitting the short execution time and 

meeting the challenge. 

1 

Miki Peleg, General Manager, miki@edtmc.com ‐ EDT Marine Construction, 124 Ayias 

Paraskevis Yermasoyia, Cyprus

New development in flexible connections 

Miki Peleg 

Document not delivered in time 





Santos, Guarujá and Praia Grande 1 submarine outfalls: computational evaluation 

of the effluent dispersion process in the Santos Bay using CFD 

Jayme Pinto Ortiz 1 , Kleiber Lima De Bessa 2 , Emília Arasaki 3 , 

Paolo Alfredini (3) 

Keywords: submarine outfalls, computer simulation, coastal environment, plume 

dispersion 

ABSTRACT 

The usage of preliminary wastewater treatment plants and subsequent ocean 

disposal via submarine outfalls for domestic sewage is a design choice which has 

been implanted in São Paulo state coast, particularly in the south region named 

Baixada Santista. A physical model was constructed in the Hydraulic Laboratory of 

Polytechnic School at the University of São Paulo –Brazil, representing Santos estuary 

– Baixada Santista and three of these submarine outfalls: Guarujá, Santos and Praia 

Grande 1. The study required preliminary computer simulations followed by tests in 

the physical model using an advanced methodology for the plume monitoring. In this 

paper some computer simulations results will be presented using integral computer 

method and CFD, to evaluate the effluent dispersion process in the Santos bay from 

the operation of Santos, Guarujá and Praia Grande 1 outfalls. Results will be 

presented considering the operation of these three outfalls simultaneously or of the 

Santos outfall alone. The simulations were done for transient discharge considering 

the tidal variation data in the two entrance of the bay: access channel to Santos 

Harbor and Mar Pequeno channel. Wind effect in the effluent dispersion process was 

also simulated. The results of computer simulations in terms of the concentration 

field of the effluent parameters were confronted with the values established by 

Brazilian Environmental Legislation, through CONAMA resolution. 

1 Jayme Pinto Ortiz, Mr., Dr. Ing., Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Politécnica, 

Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2231 CEP 05508‐900, 

São Paulo, Brasil, (tel. 55 11 3091‐5335, e‐mail: jportiz@usp.br ). Centro Universitário do 

Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia. São Caetano do Sul, SP,Brasil, e‐mail:ortiz@maua.br. 

2 Kleiber Lima de Bessa, Mr., Dr. Ing., Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Politécnica, 

Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2231 CEP 05508‐900, 

São Paulo, Brasil, (tel.: 55 11 3091‐5335, email: kleiber@usp.br ). 

3 Emília Arasaki, Ms., Dra. Biologist. and Paolo Alfredini, Mr., Dr. Ing., Universidade de 

São Paulo, Escola Politécnica, Departamento de Hidráulica, Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 83 

CEP 05508‐970, São Paulo, Brasil (tel.: 55 11 3030‐6078, email: earasaki@usp.br and 

alfredin@usp.br ).



Recent works in the construction of marine pipelines for desalination plants 

E. Pita 1 ; Eugenio Gómez 2 

Keywords: sea lines, desalination, outfall, brine, construction, pipes, design, intake, 

structure 

ABSTRACT 

In recent years, we have been involved in the design and construction of the 

pipelines for several desalination plants. These works include sea‐weather studies, 

diffusion, mechanical studies of the pipes, constructions procedures, etc. Special care 

has been taken in the study of the procedure to sink these pipes, with their 

enormous size. 

In this presentation, we will describe our works for the following desalination plants: 

‐Valdelentisco‐ Murcia‐ (Spain). For this desalination plant, we were involved in 

developing several Projects, including the Constructive one. The project contained 

the following main design tasks: 

Design of the intake system: 

The intake system for the desalination plant in Valdelentisco was comprised of a 

series of pipelines with a total length of 1.450 m. The pipeline is a helicoidal high 

density polyethelyne (PE80) tube, with an interior diameter of 1.800 mm and varying 

thickness and rigidity. A tunnel with polycrete tubes was also constructed. The 

pipeline reaches a maximum depth of 26m and will be subject to a maximum flow of 

4,62 m 3 /s. 

Included in the design is the intake tower. The tower is a cylindrical reinforced 

concrete structure with four cage filters. 

Design of the discharge system: 

The discharge system, also made of helicoidal high density polyethelyne (PE80) tubes, 

measured a total length of 1.260 m. The discharge pipeline is located parallel to the 

intake pipeline, with a maximum depth of 22,5 m. It was designed with an interior 

diameter of 1.500 mm, of variable thickness and rigidity, and exposed to a maximum 

flow of 2,32 m 3 /s. 

The diffuser is composed of 10 risers spaced 6 meters apart. 

‐Skikda (Algeria): 

In Skikda Algeria we developed the designs for the complete constructive project for 

the pipeline system. The pipelines were designed using helicoidal PEAD tubes, 

1 

Eloy Pita, Civil Engineer and General Manager, epita@increa.eu ‐ Increa, Avda. de 

Betanzos 91, 1ºC. Madrid 28035‐Spain www.increa.eu 

2 

Eugenio Gómez. Project Manager of Honaine Desalination Plant. Geida. 

egomez@geida.net



consisting of an intake system with an interior diameter of 1.800 mm and a discharge 

system of an interior diameter of 1.500 mm. 

In addition, we designed the intake tower and a diffuser for the brine. 

Intake pipeline: 

The intake pipeline is a total length of 1.171 m. The service of the pipe will be 

subjected to a maximum flow of 2,53 m 3 /s and is located at a maximum depth of 18 

m. 

Discharge pipeline: 

The discharge pipeline is a total length of 676 m, subjected to a maximum flow of 

1,34 m 3 /s and located at a maximum depth of 9 m. 

Amongst other aspects, the Project included the study of the system with respect to 

seismic forces. 

‐Beni‐Saf (Algeria) 

The constructive Project for the pipelines of IDAM in Beni‐saf involved the following 

aspects: 

Intake pipeline: 

The intake pipeline for sea water is made of High density polyethelyne (PE80). The 

interior diameter measures 2.400 mm and the total length of the pipeline 1.200 m. 

The pipeline is located at a maximum depth of 18 m, and will be subjected to a 

maximum flow of 5 m 3 /s. 

Brine discharge pipeline: 

The saltwater discharge system is made also of high density polyethelyne (PE80). The 

interior diameter is 1.800 mm, with a total length of 1.574 m. The depth is 

approximately 8 m, and will be subjected to a flow of 2,68 m 3 /s. 

Pumping of water from the sea to the Desalination Plant: 

The system to drive water from the sea to the desalination plant was designed with a 

pipeline measuring 1.800 mm in diameter, total length of 831 m, and subjected to a 

maximum flow of 5 m 3 /s. This pipeline is made of Polyester reinforced fiber glass 

(PRFV S5000). 

‐Honaine (Algeria) and Mostaganem (Algeria). 

We are cooperating in the design of the pipes and their protection, whose sizes are 

very large.



Current velocity measurements offshore Taranto (Italy): comparison between 

vessel‐mounted and moored current meter data 

ABSTRACT 

M. Ben Meftah 1 ,F. De Serio 2 , M. Mossa 3 , A. F. Petrillo 4 , A. Pollio 5 

Keywords: current meter, Gulf of Taranto, velocity measurements, CTD 

This analysis deals with field measurements made offshore Taranto, South Italy, 

about seawater current velocity by using a Nortek AWAC vessel mounted acoustic 

velocity profiler, during a survey day. The investigation had the objective to describe 

the current field and the velocity vertical profiles in some points of the investigated 

area. Furthermore, salinity and temperature of the seawater were acquired by means 

a CTD recorder. 

The main goal of this work is to present the velocity profiles, the current circulation 

pattern and the measured water salinity and temperature at each investigated 

stationing point, in order to describe the general behaviour of these quantities, and 

to compare the aforementioned measured velocity values with the data available 

from a moored current meter placed in the vicinity of one stationing point. 

Technical University of Bari 

Department of Water Engineering and Chemistry 

Department of Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Development 

Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari (Italy) 

1 Mouldi Ben Meftah (Dr.), nbenme@poliba.it, Technical University of Bari ‐ 

Department of Water Engineering and Chemistry, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy. 

2 Francesca De Serio (Dr.), f.deserio@poliba.it, Technical University of Bari ‐ 

Department of Water Engineering and Chemistry, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy. 

3 Michele Mossa (Prof.), mossa@poliba.it, Technical University of Bari ‐ Department of 

Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Development, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, 

Italy 

4 Antonio F. Petrillo (Prof.), petrillo@poliba.it, Technical University of Bari ‐ Department 

of Water Engineering and Chemistry, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy 

5 Andrea Pollio (Dr.), a.pollio@poliba.it, Technical University of Bari ‐ Department of 

Water Engineering and Chemistry, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.



Guidelines on integrated coastal urban water system planning in coastal areas of 

the Mediterranean: a commented presentation 

ABSTRACT 

Marko Prem 1 

Water management is a key factor for sustainable urban development in coastal 

areas. By the same token, the sustainable urban development of coastal regions is 

necessary for the sustainable management of scarce Mediterranean water resources. 

Coastal cities in the Mediterranean are facing significant problems relating to the 

management of their water resources. Pollution, scarcity, droughts and floods are 

becoming more frequent and are triggering tensions and conflicts, both within cities 

and between cities and rural areas. The existing infrastructure is ageing while its 

replacement is costly. Continuous urbanisation, especially in peri‐urban areas, poses 

costly demands for new infrastructure. 

Urbanisation pressures are particularly intense on the coast. Assorted activities and 

competing uses are concentrated in a narrow coastal zone (settlements, 

infrastructure, various economic activities, ecosystems, etc.). Coastal water resources 

have particular characteristics that merit a special approach due to the complex 

interaction between surface waters, groundwater and sea water. Urban water 

management in coastal Mediterranean settlements is currently approached as a 

series of separated tasks: drinking water supply, sewage management and drainage. 

Many of the current problems are the result of a fragmented approach. There is a 

need to move to a more integrated management approach whereby the three tasks 

are managed together and furthermore, in close coordination with urban 

development and management, coastal zone management and water resource 

management at the river basin level. 

These Guidelines aim to: 

• Sensitise all those in coastal zone and urban management and water resources 

management to urban water management issues 

• Sensitise all those involved in urban water system management to coastal zone and 

urban management and water resources management issues 

• Provide a framework of reference for Integrated Urban Water System Management 

in Coastal Areas (IWSMCA). 

While there is much information and guidance about separate urban water 

management tasks, the issue of integration has received less attention. These 

Guidelines seek to rectify this situation. The coastal urban water system is addressed 

1 Marko Prem, Deputy Director, marko.prem@ppa.t‐com.hr ‐ PAP/RAC, Split, Croatia ‐ 

http://www.pap‐thecoastcentre.org



as a whole and explicit guidance is provided for its integrated management and 

planning, taking into account the particular features of Mediterranean coastal urban 

settlements. 

The Guidelines are divided into two volumes. Volume I presents the principles and 

planning for urban water system management, while the Volume II presents the most 

important instruments and tools. The intention is to facilitate a broader use of these 

Guidelines. Volume I thoroughly explains the problems relating to integrated urban 

water system management, while the Volume II presents the tools and techniques 

needed for management in more detail. Accordingly, the Volume I is intended for all 

those who wish to get to know the problems of integrated urban water system 

management, while the Volume II is intended for those who wish to engage in the 

solutions to these problems.

ABSTRACT 

Experimental studies of dense jets 



Philip. J. W. Roberts 1 , Endam Gungor 2 , Semih Nemlioglu 3 

Keywords: Dense jets, Brine disposal, Desalination 

Dense effluents that originate from desalination plants, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 

terminals and other industrial discharges are frequently discharged into the marine 

environment via outfalls. The quantity of dense discharges into the marine 

environment is rapidly increasing, especially from desalination plants, and 

understanding the dynamics of dense jets is essential to proper design of diffusers to 

minimize impacts on the marine environments. Particularly lacking is information on 

the effects of ocean currents on the mixing and dispersion of dense jets. 

Experiments were performed using three‐dimensional laser‐induced fluorescence on 

turbulent vertical and inclined dense jets in flowing currents typical of brine disposal 

from seawater desalination plants. The flows are complex and different phenomena 

can dominate at different locations and at different current speeds, indicating that 

predicting these flows numerically will be quite challenging. For vertical jest at low 

current speeds, the rising and falling flows are almost vertical with some interference 

between them and the bottom flow spreads upstream as a wedge. At higher current 

speeds the wedge is expelled; the ascending flow is still almost vertical, but the 

descending flow is more gradual so the jet impacts the lower boundary farther 

downstream. Dilutions at the terminal rise height and impact point increase with 

increasing current speeds. Cross‐sectional profiles of tracer concentration are 

neither axially or self similar. In the descending flow, at low or intermediate current 

speeds, the plume is much taller than it is wide, the peak concentration occurs much 

closer to the top, and fluid can detrain from the jet. At higher current speeds, the 

profiles initially approach radial symmetry, but develop a kidney shape due to 

formation of two counter‐rotating vortices farther downstream. These vortices cause 

the jet to almost completely bifurcate after impacting the bottom. Inclined jets 

exhibit some features similar to vertical jets. The flows exhibit features that violate 

some fundamental assumptions of entrainment models so their predictions of 

dilution should be viewed with caution. 

1 

proberts@ce.gatech.edu – School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia 

Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332‐0355, USA 

2 

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 

GA 30332‐0355, USA 

3 

Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 

34320, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey



Mathematical models for estimation of dilution of brine discharges to the sea 

ABSTRACT 

A. Ruiz‐Mateo 1 , M. Antequera 2 , J. González 3 

Keywords: Brine discharges, pollutant dispersion, mathematical model 

A research on discharges to the sea of brines coming from desalination plants is being 

carried out at CEDEX intermittently since year 2000 up to now, but it is planned to go 

on with it until the end of 2010 through a project that applies for funding from the 

Spanish National R&D Plan. 

The aims of the research are to study different ways of discharging brines to the sea, 

to know the field of salinity produced, to investigate the threshold of salinity 

increment that not impair the marine habitats, to achieve criteria to decide on the 

most advisable device for discharging in each case and to propose design 

methodologies. 

A number of different discharge devices were simulated in physical models in order 

to investigate the efficiency of the dilution reached in the near and far field: Free jet 

from an open‐ended outfall at a cliff, outlet buried under pebbles at a beach, open‐ 

ended outfall flowing over the boulders of a breakwater, discharge to a dry torrent 

close to its mouth, open‐ended outfall at the bottom of the sea, and finally, several 

multiport diffuser system. For the moment, tests have been carried out on stagnant 

or wavy environment, but in the next future will be extended to include the effect of 

currents. 

Description and results of these tests may be found in a companion paper. Present 

paper is focused in the mathematical models to be included in the proposal for 

design methodologies. 

1 Antonio Ruiz‐Mateo. Director, Marine Environment Department, antonio.ruiz@cedex.es 

– Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (branch of CEDEX), Antonio Lopez nº 81, 28026 

Madrid, SPAIN – www.cedex.es 

2 Manuel Antequera Ramos. Marine Environment Department, 

manuel.antequera@cedex.es – Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (branch of 

CEDEX), Antonio Lopez nº 81, 28026 Madrid, SPAIN – www.cedex.es 

3 Javier González Herrera. Marine Environment Department, 

francisco.j,gonzalez@cedex.es – Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (branch of 

CEDEX), Antonio Lopez nº 81, 28026 Madrid, SPAIN – www.cedex.es



As the dilution in the far field is weak and slow, an essential criteria for the design is 

try to achieve the necessary dilution within the near and intermediate fields. The 

dilution needed is the quotient between the excess salinity (ES) of the brine over the 

salinity of the sea and the ES of the established threshold of tolerance of the benthic 

communities exposed to the discharge. Results of our on‐going research show that 

discharges from present‐day inverse osmosis desalination plants (conversion index of 

45%) need dilutions of about 30 if Posidonia oceanica is to be exposed. Even this 

relatively high dilution (required because this habitat is extremely sensible to salinity 

rise) may be achieved closed to the discharge point with a proper design of the 

discharge device. 

The most effective device to reach a high dilution within a small area (provided there 

is enough depth) is a submarine outfall producing upwards jets at about 60º over the 

bed. So, this device has been the first to be studied in our research. Also, the far field, 

which in spite of being a part of the flow not to be considered in the design if the 

needed dilution has been achieved within the near and intermediate fields, has the 

particularism that is common to (and except for the initial conditions, independent 

of) all discharge devices, has been a first object of our research. 

Formulae to calculate maximum height of jets and dilution at the end of the 

intermediate field were deduced on dimensional grounds and the coefficients 

obtained from the experimental results. These formulae have proved to be a good 

tool for design of multiport diffusers and have been applied to the design of a 

submarine outfall for an actual desalination plant.

ABSTRACT 



Physical modelling of brine discharges to the sea 

A. Ruiz‐Mateo 1 , M. Antequera 2 , J. González 3 

Keywords: desalination, brine discharge, physical modelling 

The brine discharge to the sea from a desalination plant becomes one of the most 

difficult problems to be handled in relation with the protection of the marine 

environment. The reason rest on the lack of knowledge based on experience more 

than that of technical difficulties to obtain the appropriate dilutions before starting 

the area of protection. 

The aims of the research are to study different ways of discharging brines to the 

sea, to know the field of salinity produced, to investigate the threshold of salinity 

increment that not impair the marine habitats, to achieve criteria to decide on the 

most advisable device for discharging in each case and to propose design 

methodologies. The behaviour of different jets and discharge devices were 

investigated in physical models. Formulae to calculate dilution and maximum 

height of jets were deduced on dimensional grounds and the coefficients obtained 

from the experimental results. These formulae have proved to be a good tool for 

design of multiport diffusers and have been applied to the design of a submarine 

outfall for an actual desalination plant. 

The following devises were modelled: Free jet from an open‐ended outfall at a cliff, 

outlet buried under pebbles at a beach, open‐ended outfall flowing over the 

boulders of a breakwater, discharge to a dry torrent close to its mouth, open‐ 

ended outfall at the bottom of the sea, and finally, several multiport diffuser 

system. 

The behaviour of a single jet was investigated in a small glass walled tank with 1 m 

x 0,5 m x 0,4 m dimensions. Seven different tests were carried on under different 

1 Antonio Ruiz‐Mateo. Director, Marine Environment Department, antonio.ruiz@cedex.es 

– Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (branch of CEDEX), Antonio Lopez nº 81, 28026 

Madrid, SPAIN – www.cedex.es 

2 Manuel Antequera Ramos. Marine Environment Department, 

manuel.antequera@cedex.es – Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (branch of 

CEDEX), Antonio Lopez nº 81, 28026 Madrid, SPAIN – www.cedex.es 

3 Javier González Herrera. Marine Environment Department, 

francisco.j.gonzalez@cedex.es – Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (branch of 

CEDEX), Antonio Lopez nº 81, 28026 Madrid, SPAIN – www.cedex.es



location and orientation of the jet including two out of the water. The largest 

dilution was found for a jet located near the bed and discharging upwards at about 

60º. The diffuser of a submarine outfall for two currently operating plants were 

modelled in a tank 14 m long, 7 m wide and 1 m deep. In this tank was modelled 

the near field while the far field was modelled in a flume 70 m long, 1 m wide and 

2 m deep, equipped with a wave generator. Achievable far field dilutions are very 

low within long distances (1 to 3 in 800 m in some tests). So, it is advisable to 

achieve the needed dilution within the near field.

ABSTRACT 



Hydrodynamics downscaling for predicting the dynamics of Foz do Arelho 

submarine outfall plume 

Santos M. 1 , P. C. Leitão 2 , R. Neves 3 , S. Carvalho 4 , C. Alves 5 

Keywords: nested models, pollutant dispersion, wastewater discharge 

Foz do Arelho submarine outfall located on the Western Portuguese coast 150 km 

north of Lisbon is the last organ of the inter municipal sewer system of Caldas da 

Rainha and Óbidos. 

The system includes a network of 5 wastewater treatment plants performing 

secondary treatment and provides services to about 50000 people in the Óbidos 

Lagoon catchment. The submarine outfall is about 2 km long and the diffuser is 

located about 30 m deep on a sandy bottom. Before the construction of the trunk 

sewer the WWTP were discharging in the river network having the lagoon as final 

receiving environment. The eutrophication symptoms in the upper lagoon associated 

to its importance for local tourism and shellfish production were reasons enough for 

diverting the UWWTP discharges from the lagoon and consequently for the 

construction of the trunk sewer and the submarine outfall. 

The system is managed by Águas do Oeste S.A. (AdO), a company of the universe 

Águas de Portugal (AdP) that set up monitoring programs to assess (1) the fate of the 

submarine outfall plume in the sea and of its impact in the receiving waters and (2) 

the environmental benefits in the Óbidos Lagoon. 

This paper describes the methodologies used in the submarine outfall program and 

the results obtained. It will be shown that a modeling component is essential to 

explain why the impact is very small. It will also be put into evidence the importance 

of the downscaling approach for including the effect of the large scale solution on the 

1 

Madalena Santos (Physical Oceanography, MsC Student), madalena.maretec@ist.utl.pt‐ 

Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049‐001 Lisboa, Portugal 

2 

Paulo Chambel Leitão (Civil Eng., Ph.D), paulo.chambel@hidromod.com‐HIDROMOD 

Lda., Av. Manuel da Maia, nº 36, 3º esq. 1000‐201 Lisboa, Portugal 

3 

Ramiro Neves (Mechanical Eng., Ph.D), ramiro.neves@ist.utl.pt‐ Instituto Superior 

Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049‐001 Lisboa, Portugal 

4 

Sandra Carvalho (Post Graduated Eng.ª Sabitária), s.carvalho@ado.com‐Águas do 

Oeste, S.A., Convento de São Miguel das Gaeiras, 2510‐718 Gaeiras, Portugal 

5 

Cátia Alves (Eng.ª Ambiente), c.alves@aguasdooeste.com‐Águas do Oeste, S.A., 

Convento de São Miguel das Gaeiras, 2510‐718 Gaeiras, Portugal



local solution effectively monitored. A set of 3D nested models and a lagrangean 

dispersion model for the plume allow the integrated simulation of the plume in the 

near and far fields. The fecal mortality rate was also computed dynamically using the 

light intensity available at each instant and location computed as a function of the 

light at the surface, of the depth and of the suspended matter concentration. 

AdO has started on July of 2004, under it’s direct supervision, a Monitoring 

Program in the Óbidos Lagoon and Foz do Arelho Submarine Outfall, with the 

support of Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) from the Universidade Técnica de 

Lisboa (IST) and Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar (IPIMAR). 

Águas do Oeste, S.A. (AdO) is the company responsible for the Multimunicipal 

System of Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment of the West region of the 

Portuguese and are a part of Águas de Portugal.

ABSTRACT 

Artificial headland method for beach erosion 

Mikio Sasaki 1 Takahiro Takeuchi 2 



Keywords: beach erosion,coastal sediment, artificial headland 

To prevent the beach erosion, Aomori Prefecture has been constructing artificial 

headlands in the north of the Misawa coast since 1991. Misawa coast faces Pacific 

Ocean, and it is long sands, and the length is about 40km. In the coast, the dominant 

direction of the littoral transport is north, and the dominant incident waves are from 

southeast. Since 1971, Misawa fishery port has been constructed in the middle of the 

Misawa coast. After the constructing, the beach erosion was severely caused in the 

north side beach of the fishery port. Now, the beach deformation has spread to the 

entire Misawa coast. Aomori Prefecture had used several coastal structures like the 

coast embankment, the wave‐absorbing block, etc. to prevent the beach erosion. 

However, all the erosion measures that used such a coast structure failed. The reason 

is that those erosion measures were the countermeasure to not the alongshore 

coastal sediments but the on /off shore sand drifts. This coast needs to take the 

countermeasure for the beach erosion due to the coastal sediment moving 

alongshore. 

Since 1991, Aomori Prefecture has been constructing artificial headlands in the north 

coast to prevent the beach erosion. They are planning to construct 13 artificial 

headlands in the north of the Misawa coast and 4 headlands in the Yokomichi coast. 

Yokomichi coast is in the south of the Misawa coast. 

The construction of the artificial headlands is still on the way. The aim of the 

construction of the headlands is to get stable beaches between artificial headlands. 

The plan of the headland construction requires enormous amount of coast and long 

years. Then, it is very important to investigate the beach deformation and to clarify 

the change characteristics. In the present study, the beach deformation was observed 

first, and using the results of the observations for the shoreline, the characteristics of 

the geographical bottom changes were investigated. 

Field observations for the shoreline using the measurement machine with GPS were 

carried out once a month in Misawa coast. At the same time, the geographical 

1 Mikio Sasaki, Professor (Dr of Engineering), msasaki@hi‐tech.ac.jp, Hachinohe Institute 

of Technology, 88‐1, Ohbiraki, Myo, Hachinohe, Japan, http://www.hi‐tech.ac.jp 

2 Takahiro Takeuchi, Professor (Dr of Engineering), take@hi‐tech.ac.jp, Hachinohe 

Institute of Technology, 88‐1, Ohbiraki, Myo, Hachinohe, Japan, http://www.hi‐tech.ac.jp



bottom changes in long term were obtained by using the aerial photographs. Using 

the results of the shoreline observations and the aerial photograph analysis, the 

beach deformation after the constructing artificial headlands was shown, and the 

characteristics of the geographical bottom changes are investigated, and the effect of 

the countermeasures using the artificial headlands for the beach erosion was shown. 

On April 1, 1972, after the approval of its founding charter on January 29, 1972, 

Hachinohe Institute of Technology (HIT) opened its doors to students. The Institute 

is an independent, coeducational, privately‐endowed university. 

Now HIT Undergraduate School has six departments: Mechanical Systems on 

Information Technology, Electronic Intelligence and Systems, Environmental and 

Civil Engineering, Architectural Engineering, Chemical Engineering on Biological 

Environment and System and Information Engineering.



Dispersion modeling of submarine waste water discharges in the Northern Adriatic 

Sea along Friuli Venezia‐Giulia and Veneto regions’ coasts 

Giorgio Mattassi (1) ,Isabella Scroccaro (1) , Georg Umgiesser (2) , Luigi Colugnati (3) ,Marco 

Ostoich (4) , Marina Vazzoler (5) , Marco Cuomo (6) 

Key words: Marine outfalls, Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Faecal 

indicators, waste water discharges, dispersion model, numerical simulations, 

environmental impact, SHYFEM model 

ABSTRACT 

In the coastal areas opposite interests must coexist: the presence of significant cities 

and urban centres and the presence of tourist and recreative areas. To avoid local 

pollution caused by treated wastewaters along the Northern Adriatic coast (Friuli 

Venezia‐Giulia and Veneto regions) marine outfalls systems have been constructed. 

The submarine waste water pipes discharging in the North Adriatic Sea until about 6 

km from the coast have been considered in this study, 7 of them belonging to the 

Friuli Venezia Giulia region and 2 to the Veneto region. 

The Environmental Protection Agencies of Friuli Venezia‐Giulia and Veneto regions 

(ARPA FVG and ARPAV) and the Wastewater Treatment Plants’ (WWTPs) manager 

Veritas collected experimental data that have been used for numerical simulations of 

the bacterial pollution dispersion of Escherichia coli. A preliminary application of the 

2D version of the finite element model SHYFEM, developed at ISMAR‐CNR in Venice, 

is presented to investigate the transport and fate of bacterial pollution. In this study 

the application of the numerical model is used to support the traditional monitoring 

methods in order to connect the information concerning the hydrodynamic 

circulation and microbiological features, to evaluate possible health risks associated 

with bathing and coastal activities. The study is a preliminary analysis of the 

environmental impact of the WWTPs with submarine discharge outfalls and could be 

1 

Giorgio Mattassi, Mr. Dr., Isabella Scroccaro, Ms. Dr., ARPA FVG (Friuli Venezia‐ 

Giulia Regional Protection Agency), Water Protection Department, Palmanova (UD), 

Italy – giorgio.mattassi@arpa.fvg.it ; isabella.scroccaro@arpa.fvg.it 

2 

Georg Umgiesser, Mr. Dr., CNR‐ISMAR, Venice, Italy ‐ georg.umgiesser@ismar.cnr.it 

3 

Luigi Colugnati, Mr. Dr., ARPA FVG (Friuli Venezia‐Giulia Regional Protection 

Agency), Trieste Provincial Department, Trieste, Italy – luigi.colugnati@arpa.fvg.it 

4 

Marco Ostoich, Mr. Dr., Province of Venice, Environmental Policy Department, 

Mestre‐Venice, marco.ostoich@provincia.venezia.it 

5 

Marina Vazzoler, Ms. Dr., ARPAV (Veneto Regional Prevention and Protection 

Agency), Technical Department, Padua, Padua, Italy ‐ mvazzoler@arpa.veneto.it. 

6 

Marco Cuomo, Mr. Eng., VERITAS, Wastewater Treatment Plants Management, 

Porto Marghera (Venice), Italy – m.cuomo@gruppoveritas.it.



useful for the water profile definition according to the Directive 2006/7/EC on the 

quality of bathing water. The study can be useful also for the integrated areal analysis 

(Ostoich et al., 2006) and to define the area of influence of each submarine discharge 

point. 

The study needs further investigations (both numerical and ecological) in order to 

better analyze the effect of the WWTPs’ discharges on the coastal areas and on the 

bathing conditions, on the basis of the European indications. 

ARPA FVG 

Friuli Venezia‐Giulia Regional 

Protection Agency 

Water Department 

Via Cairoli 14. 30157 Palmanova UD, 

Italy 

www.arpa.fvg.it 

ARPAV 

Veneto Regional Environmental 

Prevention and Protection Agency 

Technical Department 

Piazzale Stazione, 1 

35131 PADOVA – ITALY 

www.arpa.veneto.it 

CNR ISMAR 

CNR ISMAR, Castello, 1364. 30125 

Venice, Italy, www.cnr.it

SUMMARY 



Design of sea outfalls for Constanta and Eforie WWTP's at Romania 

Kyriakos Spyropoulos 1 , Efstratios Andrianis 

The paper refers to the detail design for the project «Sea Outfalls for Constanta North 

and Eforie South WWTPs». The Contracting Authority of the project is the Central 

Finance and Contracting Unit within the Ministry of Public Finance of the Romanian 

Government. 

Constanta’s project consists of two pipe outfalls, the Long Sea Outfall (LSO) and the 

Storm Sea Outfall (SSO). The LSO pipeline, measures a length of 4,1km, 3,75 of which 

are offshore. The pipeline consists of GRP pipes, 1,5m internal diameter, discharging 

the effluents in the Black Sea at 15m‐depth approximately, via a multiple diffuser. 

The SSO pipeline, measures a total length of 500m and consists of same pipes as the 

LSO, discharging at 3,5m‐depth respectively via a smaller single riser diffuser, 

equipped with a duckbill valve. The LSO outfall discharges the full treated wastes up 

to a maximum discharge rate of 1900l/sec, while the SSO discharges the non‐treated 

overflows, coming from the storm‐water storage tank of the plant, up to a maximum 

discharge rate of 2400l/sec. 

The Eforie pipeline, consists of an onshore land section, measuring a length of 

approx. 800m, from the interconnection pit to the shoreline and an underwater one, 

being 1350m long. The whole pipeline is constructed of GRP pipes with an internal 

diameter of 700mm. The pipeline ends in a multiple port diffuser of approximately 

127m length with 24 risers, discharging at an approximate 9m depth the fully treated 

effluents in a maximum rate of 700l/sec. 

The design wave conditions offshore the pipelines installation area measure a wave 

height of 7,0m and a wave period of 11 sec. 

In the area of underwater pipelines construction, the sea bottom consists mainly of 

loose to medium dense, silty, fine, Sand with some thin layers of firm, sandy Clay. 

The design aspects of the two pipelines as well as scenes from the construction 

activity will be presented. 

1 Dr., Civil Engineer, kspyropoulos@tritonsa.gr ‐ Triton Consulting Engineers, 90 Pratinou 

Str., 11634Athens, Greece



Use of a Lagrangian particle model to simulate the far field transport and fate of 

effluent discharged from the proposed new LACSD outfall 

C. Swanson 1 and T. Isaji 2 

Keywords: Lagrangian model, pollutant dispersion, wastewater discharge, outfall, far 

field transport 

ABSTRACT 

The Los Angeles County Sanitary Districts (LACSD) retained Parsons–Water 

Infrastructure Group to conduct a feasibility study and preliminary engineering for a 

new ocean outfall for disposal of effluent from the LACSD’s Joint Water Pollution 

Control Plant in Carson, CA. For the purpose of increasing prediction reliability and 

acceptability, the proposed new outfall was modeled independently by the use of 

two different models. Parsons retained Applied Science Associates, Inc. to apply a 

Lagrangian particle model to estimate the transport and fate of material discharged. 

The general area of study for the modeling effort centers on the southern California 

waters off the Palos Verdes Peninsula, extends northwest past Point Dume (including 

Santa Monica Bay) and extends southeast to Dana Point and includes San Pedro Bay. 

A Lagrangian particle based model was applied to estimate the transport and fate of 

material discharged from a series of proposed locations selected by Parsons for a 

new discharge off the coast of southern California. The model has been successfully 

applied to a variety of marine discharge problems both in the United States and 

worldwide. The model uses particles to represent the discharged material which is 

horizontally advected by currents obtained from measurements and dispersed by 

turbulent diffusion in three dimensions. The particles represent a specified mass (or 

number of bacteria) which is allowed to decay to represent the fate of bacteria in the 

marine environment. Model input was determined from the effluent flow and 

concentration. 

The model was applied to the coastal area of southern California surrounding the 

location of the proposed discharge sites southeast of the Palos Verdes Peninsula in 

water depths between 55 and 73 m. The currents used to transport the particles 

were based on LACSD current records and other field data gathered within the last 

seven years. A numerical procedure (based on a coherence transfer function 

approach) to generate synthetic currents from stations that had no data for the 

1 

Craig Swanson (PhD.), Principal, cswanson@asascience.com ‐ Applied Science 

Associates, Inc., Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA 

2 

Tatsu Isaji (PhD.), Modeler‐ tisaji@asascience.com ‐ Applied Science Associates, Inc., 

Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA



calendar year chosen by the Parsons team (2005) helped to define currents in areas 

such as Santa Monica Bay, San Pedro Bay, and the coastal area around Huntington 

Beach further southeast. This transfer function approach provided amplitude and 

phase of the coherence as a function of frequency. 

Bacterial decay was incorporated using a model that is a function of solar radiation, 

particle depth in the water, and age of the particle. Empirical decay coefficients for 

both total coliform and enterococcus were used in the model. For surface bacteria, 

the coliform decays to 0.39% of its original value within 24 hrs while the 

enterococcus reduces to 0.03% within 24 hrs. Below a depth of approximately 32 m, 

however, the coliform takes 10 days to reduce to 7% of its original count and 

enterococcus requires 10 days to reduce to 5.6%. These variations are due to 

different decay rates for the two types of bacteria. 

Both horizontal and vertical diffusivities were tested in the model to examine the 

sensitivity of the predicted concentrations to a range of values. A horizontal diffusion 

coefficient of 8 m 2 /s was chosen to represent the mixing processes in the area. A 

vertical diffusion coefficient algorithm was developed that explicitly included the 

effects of the thermal stratification in the area that is known to limit vertical mixing. 

The algorithm varies the vertical diffusion coefficient from 0,3 to 40 cm 2 /s depending 

on time and the strength of the thermal stratification. Higher stratification inhibits 

the vertical movement of the plume. 

The model was run for the three candidate sites using the two bacteria (total coliform 

and enterococcus) and a conservative tracer. A series of monitoring stations were 

selected by the Parsons team that included shoreline stations, nearshore stations, 

stations at the edge of the Horseshoe Kelp area, diffuser stations and model domain 

stations in the study area and along the open boundaries. A year‐long time series 

(for 2005) was generated for each station.



Analysis and restoration of an aged marine outfall system: the Trieste sewer case 

P. Toscano 1 , V. Fiorotto 2 and E. Caroni 3 

Keywords: Wastewaters, ocean disposal, submerged diffusers, outfall sewers, pipe 

aging 

ABSTRACT 

The Trieste outfall sewer system is active since 1992, discharging treated sewage at a 

distance of 7.5 km offshore and average sea depth of 20 m. 

The submerged diffuser has a Y shape, being constituted of a 500 m long inlet pipe, 

2 m in diameter, followed by two pipelines, 6 and 6.5 km in length, each leading to 

the diffusers, 500 and 1000 m long, respectively. 

The diffusers are formed by 600 risers, equally spaced at a 2.5 m interval, each 

bearing 4 nozzles with diameter 25 mm, protruding 1 m from the sea bottom. 

Ordinary discharges up to some 2200 l/s, flow in a by pass in simple gravity 

conditions. For larger discharges the by pass is closed and an auxiliary pumping 

station is activated to increase the upstream head. 

This system is efficient, provided full nozzle venting. This condition, however, is 

difficult to assess, both for difficulties in continuous monitoring and for possible 

nozzle occlusions. 

Moreover, risers are subject to damaging, for instance by fishing activities, leading to 

larger treated sewage fluxes and a lesser dilution efficiency. 

In case of low discharge rate, salt water intrusion can choke the diffuser ending 

segment thus reducing its efficiency. 

The paper presents a series of measurements, taken on the pipeline hydraulic 

features to monitor its actual condition and efficiency. The aging of the pipe system is 

assessed in comparison with the “as new” and design conditions. 

Some site measurements of dilution characteristics give some hints on actual system 

efficiency. 

Under the assumption of keeping on the actual pipeline, some suggestions for 

improving efficiency and continuity in the dilution process are sought and verified, 

based on appraisal of the offshore diffusion conditions. 

1 Paolo Toscano (Dr.) AcegasAps, v. Svevo, 2, I‐34144, Trieste, Italy, 

paolo.toscano@acegas‐aps.it 

2 Virgilio Fiorotto (Prof.) DICA, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of 

Trieste, piazzale Europa, 1, I‐34127, Trieste, Italy, virgilio@dica.units.it 

3 Elpidio Caroni (Ass. Prof.) DICA, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of 

Trieste, piazzale Europa, 1, I‐34127, Trieste, Italy, caroni@units.it



The present work takes into account a new solution based on use of elastomeric 

valves, which can prevent salt water intrusion and avoid rips, due to both their 

elasticity and lesser protrusion into the sea. 

This solution is optimized for port location, and spacing, which can improve the 

system efficiency and reliableness. 

Design suggestions are issued, which can be of some help in directing approaches to 

similar problems.



Offshore pipeline applications for natural gas supply to Princess Islands in Istanbul 

V. Türkel 1 , Numan Aksoy 2 

Keywords: Gas distribution, offshore, gas pipelines, Princess islands, bottom tow, 

natural gas submarine lines. 

ABSTRACT 

It is at least uncommon that a gas distribution Company, even if serving a large 

coastal City as Istanbul, with its more than 14 million population, faces the need to 

extend the its network to nearby islands, the “Adalar”, known internationally as 

Princess Islands. Since long served by a submarine aqueduct built in the 90s, the 

islands were apparently forgotten in the planning of the city’s gas distribution 

network. Background reasons were certainly the scarce resident population (however 

increasing drastically in summer), the need of underwater crossings to and between 

the islands and the difficulties in the realization of the internal network. 

Nevertheless, the economical, safe, clean and easy domestic, industrial use of natural 

gas and the increasing demand of the Istanbul inhabitants in having this service 

forced İGDAŞ to revive the old idea of connecting the islands to the mainland 

network. To develop and realize the first submarine pipeline project connecting the 

mainland with the Princess Islands, IGDAŞ engineers needed to re‐invent themselves 

as marine engineers, with the cooperation of consultants and contractors. İGDAŞ 

started to develop the project outlines and specifications in early 2005 and awarded 

the “Design & Construct” contract by the end of 2005. The total pipeline length is 

9540 meters, divided in four sections. The main feeder, Dragos ‐ Büyükada is a 3900m 

long, 8” steel API 5L‐X60 pipeline. The other interconnections – between Buyukada, 

Heybeliada, burgazada and Kinaliada, totaling 5640m, have been designed in steel, 6” 

API5L‐X52. The maximum water depths at the crossings varied between 21 and 36m. 

Considering the water depths and the single section lengths, the project did not 

appear particularly engaging. However, the classical lay‐barge installation would have 

been uneconomical; therefore the more common bottom pull was chosen as 

installation method. On the other hand, to the characteristics and limited space at 

the shore approaches were strongly conditioning the string preparation. The paper 

will highlight the technical elements of the final design and illustrate how the local 

limitations have been overcome by adapting the bottom pull technique to the 

possibilities given by the available shore approach areas. By realizing the Adalar gas 

supply project, İGDAŞ has not only provided the natural gas needed by the islanders 

1 Veysel Türkel (Dr), vturkel@igdas.com.tr ‐ IGDAS İstanbul Gas Distribution Co., 

Kazım Karabekir Cad.‐No:4, Alibeyköy, İstanbul, Turkey – 

2 Numan Aaksoy, naksoy@igdas.com.tr ‐ IGDAS İstanbul Gas Distribution Co., Kazım 

Karabekir Cad.‐No:4, Alibeyköy, İstanbul, Turkey www.igdas.com.tr



and by the summer vacationers, but has also implemented the possibility to attract 

an increased permanent population. 

Istanbul Gas Distribution Company (IGDAS) was established in December 25, 

1986 by participation of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and a number of 

subsidiaries for the purpose of performing operations to meet natural gas 

demand of Istanbul. Investments started and first gas was supplied to 

customers in January 1992. IGDAS is the leader of the sector in Turkey with a 

natural gas network of 12.3 thousand kilometers long, annual gas sale of 4 

billion m3 and more than 3.6 million customers in 2007. IGDAS is a member of 

International Gas Union (IGU).



Evaluation of a shallow water outfall in a congested nearshore area: Mersin project 

Gijs van Banning 1 , Tobias Bleninger 2 and Carlo Avanzini 3 

Key words: Eastern Mediterranean, measurement campaign, sewage outfall, water 

quality, near, mid and far field models 

ABSTRACT 

Mersin, Turkey is located along the south‐eastern coast of Anatolia, Lat. 36°48’15”, 

Lon 34°38’21”. Mersin, a fast growing city has already approximately 700,000 

inhabitants. The present wastewater is discharged untreated at the harbour 

waterfront. 

In order to protect the environment and to improve the present water quality, a full 

biological wastewater treatment plant is under construction. The EIB (European 

Investment Bank) is supporting the construction of this waste water plant. The 

project includes the construction of the plant, ancillary transmission lines and a sea 

outfall in order to reduce the impact of the discharge of waste water into the Bay of 

Mersin. System Yapi was assigned for the construction of the outfall pipeline. An 

earlier evaluation of alternatives was carried out in 2006, see also MWWD 2006. 

Nowadays waste water is frequently discharged in very deep waters in front of the 

coast. The consequences are costly and long outfall constructions, which are difficult 

to control on their impact in deeper water. Environmental Protection Agencies 

change their attitude in this respect. Present water quality issues approach changes. 

It is better to see and control what happens. In the present study such a choice was 

made. A shallow outfall was proposed. It reduces the cost and enables control of the 

discharged and treated effluent after construction, by measurements. 

The projected rate of treated wastewater is maximum 14,800 m 3 /hr (4.1 m 3 /s) in 

2020 and 17,400 m 3 /hr (4.8 m 3 /s) in 2030. The treated wastewater will have to meet 

the Turkish directives for water pollution. For some of the critical parameters, being 

the Total and Faecal Coliform (TC and FC), these directives are more restrict than the 

EU council directives for fresh and Shellfish waters. 

An additional measurement campaign was carried out for the proposed pipeline 

route by Peri Reis, reported by Avanzini in 2007. The near field modelling was carried 

1 

Gijs van Banning (Ir. Ing.), Alkyon Hydraulic Consultancy & Research, PO box 248, 8303 AE 

Emmeloord, The Netherlands. banning@alkyon.nl 

2 

Tobias Bleninger (Dr.‐Ing.) Institut für Hydromechanik, Universität Karlsruhe, Geb. 10.81, 

Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. bleninger@ifh.uka.de 

3 

Carlo Avanzini (Dr.Eng.), MWWD Organization, Cemil Topuzlu Cad. 26‐1‐34726 Caddebostan, 

Istanbul, Turkey‐+90.216.4113704/3602011 ‐ carlo.avanzini@mwwd.org – www.mwwd.org



out by Bleninger 2007 and the mid and far field modelling was carried out by Alkyon, 

Van Banning 2007. 

The method applied was a hybrid approach, using measurements and mathematical 

model investigations. The near field dilution was studied using the CORMIX model for 

various configurations of pipes and diffusers. The mid and far field mixing was studied 

using two and three‐dimensional Delft3D flow and water quality simulations. The 

simulation models were calibrated for the existing situation, using the 

measurements. 

The 2007 measurement campaign confirmed in general the earlier findings. However 

there was one exception. High values for FC and TC were found near the future 

position of the outfall and along the coastline, increasing towards the mouth of the 

Deli Cay River. 

The origin of these high values was found in the discharge of the Deli Cay River (low 

salinity values near the surface). A sudden burst of river discharge of this in summer 

insignificant small river, obviously raises high concentrations of TC’s and FC’s. It 

should be emphasized that the values found are of no influence to the work 

presented here. In fact it should be realised that the values found point at untreated 

wastewater, which will most probably be treated when the WWTP is ready. 

It is however also important to take that in account during future monitoring of 

wastewater quality according to the Turkish regulations. It should be emphasized to 

take not only samples around the outfall itself, but also always near the Deli Cay River 

mouth. Also in the future, samples with high concentrations of TC and FC may as well 

find their origin in the discharge of the Deli Cay River. 

The integrated approach is described and the proposed route for the pipeline is 

evaluated. The near field dilution and the diffuser design was evaluated using 

CORMIX. 3D plume modelling was applied to simulate the mid and far field behaviour 

of the brine. The stability and the buoyancy of the plume were considered as well.



Intake / Outfall effects on harbour sedimentation, a practical case in a tidal 

environment 

Gijs van Banning 1 , Gerrit Hartsuiker 2 and Luitze Perk 3 

Key words: North Sea, Intake, Outfall, sedimentation, harbours, numerical 3D‐model, 

tracer, density effects 

ABSTRACT 

Eemshaven, is located along the west side of the Ems estuary in the north‐east of the 

Netherlands, Lat. N53°27’27”, Lon. E6°50’15”. The Ems estuary borders Germany in 

the East and the Netherlands in the West. 

The Eemshaven was created in 1973, to serve as an industrial development area for 

the north‐eastern part of the Netherlands. In 1976 a power station was constructed, 

which was expanded and upgraded in 1996 to an advanced natural‐gas fired power 

station of 2400 MWe. Recently initiatives have been developed for the expansion of 

the Eemshaven, for the deepening and widening of its access channel and for the 

exploitation of the area around the Eemshaven. The area is especially suitable for 

electricity generation, because fuels and cooling water and a 380 KV high voltage 

transmission line are easily available nearby. 

The new initiatives together require a maximum total cooling water use of 163 m 3 /s. 

This cooling water is taken in in the harbour basin itself. The cooling water is 

discharged outside the Eemshaven with various outfalls in open seawater. The intake 

of 163 m 3 /s disturbs the normal tidal filling and emptying of the Eemshaven basin. As 

a consequence of this change and as a consequence of the expansion, the 

sedimentation in the Eemshaven will change. 

Two different models were applied to investigate the change in sedimentation in the 

future. Both models were calibrated using existing sedimentation figures. The second 

model was used to fine tune the first model. 

The first model uses an empirical approach, identifying the most important 

mechanisms of water exchange between a harbour basin and the water body that it 

is connected to. These are: 

• the tidal storage capacity of the basin, 

1 Gijs van Banning (Ir. Ing.), Alkyon Hydraulic Consultancy & Research, PO box 248, 8303 

AE Emmeloord, The Netherlands. banning@alkyon.nl hartsuiker@alkyon.nl 

perk@alkyon.nl 

2 Gerrit Hartsuiker (Ing.), Alkyon Hydraulic Consultancy & Research, PO box 248, 8303 AE 

Emmeloord, The Netherlands. hartsuiker@alkyon.nl 

3 Gerrit Hartsuiker Luitze Perk (Ir.) Alkyon Hydraulic Consultancy & Research, PO box 248, 

8303 AE Emmeloord, The Netherlands. perk@alkyon.nl



• the density differences between the water in and outside the basin, 

• the diffusive exchange of water in the entrance of the basin, 

• the withdrawal or discharge of water in the basin itself. 

The changes in exchange will indicate the changes in sedimentation. 

The second model is a conventional numerical flow model in three dimensions. The 

Delft3D software was used to simulate the flow behaviour. The model was nested 

into the model train of the Dutch ministry of transport and public works 

(Rijkswaterstaat). The model train is a series of nested models that runs four times a 

day in the operational prediction system of Rijkswaterstaat. The system is used to 

predict the water levels to be expected along the Dutch coast and is one of the tools 

used to support the safety of the coast. The models used in this system have been 

extensively validated for many years and have proven to be accurate. 

The model used for this application was nested in the Ems Dollard model, which on 

its turn was nested in the Kuststrook model, the most detailed model in the model 

train. The three dimensional model of the Ems Dollard was extensively validated 

recently, in the framework of the expansions of the Eemshaven and its access 

channel. 

The applied Delft3D model solves the three dimensional shallow water equations, 

using a K‐epsilon turbulence closure model. Effects of salinity and temperature are 

accounted for. The used exchange model uses 14 Sigma layers in the vertical. 

A conservative tracer was used to calculate the water exchange in the harbour 

entrance. The values were compared with the values for the empirical model and the 

empirical model was fine tuned. 

PO Box 248 

8300 AE Emmeloord 

Mail: info@alkyon.nl 

Internet:www.alkyon.nl 

Tel:+31 527 248 100 Fax:+31 527 248 111



Case study: Gemlik wastewater pretreatment plant and marine outfall system 

ABSTRACT 

Ö.E.Varol 1 , T.Men 2 , M.Yaşar Varol 3 , I.Güler 4 

Keywords: wastewater discharge, marine outfall construction 

Gemlik Municipality (Bursa/TURKEY) wastewater pretreatment and marine outfall 

system was designed and constructed at 80’s. The pretreatment plant consisted of 

manual coarse and fine screens, and horizontal flow type grit chambers followed by 

marine outfall pump station. Marine outfall was constructed using 500mm GRP 

pipes, with a total length of 1050m (at sea). Discharge was at 40m water depth with a 

10 ported diffuser. The system, however, had become ineffective shortly due to lack 

of proper maintenance. In 2005, following an amendment on “Code of 

Municipalities”, Gemlik Municipality has entered responsibility area of Bursa 

Metropolitan Municipality. 

First investigations had revealed that inlet screw pumps, grit chambers and discharge 

pumps were mostly out of order, and the outfall pipe was broken approximately 

300m from the shore, discharging untreated wastewater into the shallow and still 

waters of Gemlik Bay. As an immediate action, Yuksel Proje Uluslararası A.Ş., 

Engineering and consultant company for BUSKI (Bursa Water and Sewerage 

Administration), had designed a new wastewater pretreatment plant and marine 

outfall system. According to the development plans, the only suitable area for the 

new pretreatment plant was the same area of the existing plant. This has lead to a 

challenging project, which needed careful construction planning, to build and operate 

a new plant over an existing one, without interrupting the wastewater flow. 

This study covers brief explanation of both the design and construction phases of the 

new system, the problems encountered and solutions applied. 

1 Özgür Evren Varol, evarol@yukselproje.com.tr Yuksel Proje Uluslararası A.Ş. BUSKI 

Dogu Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi, Osmangazi Bursa / TURKEY 

2 Turgut Men, tmen@buski.gov.tr (BUSKI Deputy General Manager) BUSKI Acemler 

Bursa/TURKEY 

3 M.Yaşar Varol, yvarol@yukselproje.com.tr Yuksel Proje Uluslararası A.Ş. BUSKI Dogu 

Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi, Osmangazi Bursa / TURKEY 

4 Işıkhan Güler, iguler@yukselproje.com.tr Yuksel Proje Uluslararası A.Ş. Birlik Mah. 

9.Cad. no:41 Çankaya Ankara / TURKEY

Bursa Metropolitan Municipality 

Water and Sewerage 

Administration General Directorate 

BUSKI 

YÜKSEL PROJE ‐ İLF 

JOINT VENTURE 





Changes in the zooplankton biocenosis of Bay of Boka Kotorska due to introduction 

of alien species in ballast waters 

ABSTRACT 

Vera Vukanić 1 , Sanja Bauk 2 , Špiro Ivošević 3 

Bay of Boka Kotorska is situated in the southeastern part of Adriatic in the subtropical 

climate zone. It penetrates 28 km inland and is composed of four adjoining bays: Bay 

of Hercegnovi (directly communicating with the open sea), Bay of Tivat, and the inner 

bays Bay of Risan and Bay of Kotor. On one hand, during the winter the Bay is under a 

strong influence of waters from deep South Adriatic and ascending Eastern 

Mediterranean current, while on the other hand under the influence of large influx of 

fresh water from the surrounding mainland during the autumn and winter‐spring 

season. Bay of Boka Kotorska is a dynamic ecosystem with specific physical‐chemical 

and biological conditions that vary not only among seasons but also during quite 

short time intervals. The estuaries and bay are situated between the inland area and 

the pelagial, forming a system under a strong influence of human activities, both 

direct and indirect, leading to immense consequences on ecosystem functioning 

(C u m m i n s et al. 2004). Such activities can successfully modify the dynamics, 

structure and development of marine populations or communities, especially those 

of plankton in coastal ecosystems. This paper presents the new data on fluctuations 

of zooplankton community in the closed neritic biotope of Bay of Boka Kotorska, and 

the appearance of unusual species, especially in the inner bays. The zooplankton of 

the bay is characterized by the monotonous character of fauna. Concerning the 

qualitative‐quantitative composition of zooplankton in the whole Bay, usually the Bay 

of Hercegnovi is the only one with a significant presence of open‐sea species, while 

the other bays within Boka Kotorska are characterized by estuary‐neritic species 

typical of closed inland area. Therefore, appearance of species Sagitta 

serratodentata, Sagitta friderici, Chrysaora hysoscella, Solmaris albescens and others 

in the inner bays indicates the possibility of their introduction in ballast water from 

the ships. 

The biggest port in the inland waters is Port of Kotor (placed in the Bay of Boka 

Kotorska). Its operational and service coast is 512m long toward inland aquatorium 

and 153m long toward Shurda River. While its depth varies from 14 to 30m, the 

1 

Vera Vukanić, v_vukanic@yahoo.com, University of Novi Pazar, Faculty of technical 

science, Department of biology, Vuka Karadžića bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Republic of 

Serbia 

2 

Sanja Bauk, bsanja@cg.yu ‐ Maritime Faculty, University of Montenegro, Dobrota 

36, 85330 Kotor, Republic of Montenegro 

3 

Špiro Ivošević, spiki@cg.yu‐ Maritime Faculty, University of Montenegro, Dobrota 36, 

85330 Kotor, Republic of Montenegro



maximum allowed ship’s draft is 8,5m. What is of particular importance for 

mentioning? In the period April‐September 2007, more than 100 passenger (cruise) 

ships passed through the Port of Kotor. Their average GWT was more than one 

million tons. All these ships normally carried out ballast operations in the Port of 

Kotor to maintain stability, and upright position by appropriate trimming and heeling 

during unloading/loading operations. If we assume that passenger ships’ ballast 

waters are from one‐half to two‐third of overall onboard fuel capacity (Maddison, 

2006), the average minimum and the average maximum amount of ballast waters 

being released in the Bay of Kotor were between 150 and 200 tons per ships, or 15 to 

20 thousands of tons in total! It is obvious that huge amount of ballast waters has 

been discharged in the Port of Kotor, due to its aquatorium surface and overall water 

capacity, causing, undoubtedly, economic and environment damages by introducing 

aquatic nuisance species, what shall be discussed in some more in the paper. 

Key words: zooplankton, distribution, Boka Kotorska Bay, Bay of Kotor, ballast waters

ABSTRACT 



Modelling of iron hydroxide settling from a desalination plant outfall 

Tony Webb 1 , William Glamore 2 

Keywords: desalination, outfall, iron 

Desalination plants for coastal communities often incorporate ocean outfalls to 

discharge the seawater concentrate from the reverse osmosis units. For efficient 

operation of such units it is necessary to pre‐treat to remove as much settleable 

material as possible. To enhance this process it is common to add a flocculating agent 

such as ferric chloride which can be readily obtained from steelworks. However a by‐ 

product of the flocculation is ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3), a precipitant that presents as 

a red sediment. If this is discharged with the concentrate it could jeopardise 

environmental standards for discharge to seawater such as: ‘no significant impacts on 

seawater quality from seawater concentrate beyond near field mixing zone, and no 

significant impacts on visual amenity from seawater concentrate’. 

As part of a study to assess the impact of discharging Fe(OH)3 with the concentrate 

we have developed a model of the physical behaviour of the sediment. Underlining 

this model separate laboratory studies are being conducted for the concentrate 

plume trajectory as well as settling and erosion characteristics of the sediment. 

The conceptual design of this typical outfall involves a series of ports on the seabed in 

20 m depth, each port angled 60 o up from horizontal. The effluent discharges 

independently from each port at speed of about 5 m/s, with salinity about double 

that of the receiving waters. The combined action of momentum and (negative) 

buoyancy result in rapid dilution and a trajectory that rises towards the surface 

before falling to the seafloor and spreading. We have ignored the ambient ocean 

currents in this study although they will act to considerably increase dilutions. 

Laboratory scale model tests have established the trajectory and centreline dilutions. 

Settling rates of the Fe(OH)3 are being determined in laboratory cylinders for a range 

of concentrations and, because the sediment flocculates, varying times. Assessment 

is also being made on the difference between still water and turbulent. 

1 Tony Webb (Dr), t.webb@adfa.edu.au – University of New South Wales at the 

Australian Defence Force Academy, Northcott Dr, Campbell, ACT, 2600 Australia ‐ 

www.unsw.adfa.edu.au 

2 William Glamore (Dr), w.glamore@wrl.unsw.edu.au – University of New South Wales, 

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Laboratory, King St, 

Manly Vale, NSW 2095, Australia ‐ www.wrl.unsw.edu.au



A line‐integral model has been adapted (based on the laboratory scale model results) 

in order to define a complete mapping of the mean flow field within the plume. 

Added to the mean flow field model is a model of diffusivity based on laboratory 

results for simple jets and plumes. The flow field outside the plume is mapped using 

inviscid flow theory for a non‐uniform, curved profile, line sink. The molecular 

diffusion in this region is ignored. The influence of the bed boundary is treated using 

the mirror method. The boundary layer is ignored, as is the spreading bed flow and 

the effect of the sea surface. 

To predict the fate of the sediment we start with known concentration, assumed fully 

mixed, at the port exit. A particle tracking method is used to predict the fate of single 

particles combing the mean flow velocity, a random contribution from the diffusion 

and the settling velocity. 

By combining the results of hundreds or thousands of trajectories it is possible to 

estimate the concentration and/or flux of Fe(OH)3 at any point in the computational 

domain, including near the surface (important for visibility), at the point where the 

plume meets the sea bed (important for checking against laboratory data), and at any 

point on the sea bed (the main result required from this research) 

These results will eventually be combined with the outcomes of related studies to 

assess the impact of the discharge and to advise whether or not the Fe(OH)3 should 

be managed in this manner. 

School of Aerospace, Civil and Mechanical Engineering 

UNSW@ADFA 

UNSW School of Civil and Environmental Engineering 

WATER RESEARCH LABORATORY

Dense jet assessment procedure 

M.J. Wood 1 , C.T Mead 2 



Keywords: Dense jets, desalination, wastewater discharge, mixing zone, initial 

dilution, modelling 

ABSTRACT 

HR Wallingford has long experience of assessments of the dilution and dispersion of 

positively‐buoyant marine discharges from, for example, power stations and 

refineries. However, amidst increasing concerns over water resources, it is becoming 

more important to understand the behaviour of negatively‐buoyant discharges from 

proposed desalination plants. LNG regasification plants and salt cavern leaching 

operations are further sources of negatively‐buoyant discharges to the sea. 

Studies of dense discharges usually involve two‐stage approaches: a near‐field 

dilution assessment, based on mixing zone software; and a mid‐ to far‐field 

dilution/dispersion assessment to check longer‐term build‐up of background 

concentrations, using hydrodynamic models. This paper presents results from a 

study undertaken to assess shortfalls in current modelling techniques, identify 

alternative approaches where appropriate, and formulate a procedure for the 

assessment of dense discharge dispersion and dilution. 

Considerations of the study include: 

- Weak ambient currents: initial dilution models are considered to have 

limitations when the prediction of dilutions in relatively stagnant 

environments is required. The study considers the potential for 

supplementing near‐field modelling results with analytic calculations of 

dilution in such conditions. 

- Model coupling: the study presents relatively simple techniques to take the 

results of near‐field models into account when specifying mid/far‐field 

dispersion model simulations. 

1 Matthew J. Wood (Mr), mjw@hrwallingford.co.uk ‐ HR Wallingford Ltd, Howbery Park, 

Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, United Kingdom – www.hrwallingford.co.uk 

2 Christopher T. Mead (Dr), ctm@hrwallingford.co.uk ‐ HR Wallingford Ltd, Howbery 

Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, United Kingdom – www.hrwallingford.co.uk



HR Wallingford is an independent company offering specialist environmental 

and engineering consultancy, applied research services and software systems 

worldwide. Established in 1947, it has delivered innovative solutions to 

complex hydraulic problems ever since, and has gained a well‐deserved 

international reputation for scientific and engineering excellence in the 

management of water related risks.

Aspects of seismic analysis of long sea outfalls 

A. D. Zervou 1 , C. D. Memos 2 



Keywords: Pipeline, Fault Rupture Propagation, Seismic Shaking, Earthquake 

ABSTRACT 

Long sea outfalls are particularly sensitive to tensile and compressive deformations 

such as those imposed by a normal seismogenic fault rupturing underneath, and to 

those generated by the response to seismic waves. Until today, this subject has not 

been investigated thoroughly. 

In the present study two main aspects of the behaviour of long outfalls under seismic 

excitation are analysed: the stresses induced by vertical displacements due to a fault 

rupture occurring underneath the pipeline, and the more general case where the 

pipeline deformations are sought when it is subjected to seismic waves travelling 

along its length. 

In the first case, the propagation of a fault rupture through coastal sediments of the 

seabed is examined. The parameters expected to influence the behaviour of the pipe 

and consequently examined in the present study are: the material of the pipeline, the 

depth and the type of the upper layer of soil deposit. More specifically, for each 

parameter there are three alternative values: 

Material of the pipeline 

Depth of the soil deposit (m) 

Type of the soil deposit 

Concrete 

Steel 

HDPE 

10 

40 

100 

Clay (medium stiff) 

Sand (medium dense) 

Gravel (medium dense) 

For comparison reasons, the external diameter of the pipeline is assumed to be the 

same in all models. The wall thickness depends on the selected material. Another 

1 

Anneta D. Zervou (MSc), annzervou@yahoo.gr – National Technical University of 

Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 5, Athens, Greece 

2 

Constantine D. Memos (Prof), memos@hydro.ntua.gr – National Technical University 

of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 5, Athens, Greece – www.civil.ntua.gr



assumption that is kept constant during the analysis is the depth of the protection 

layer of rubble over the pipeline. 

For each separate model, it is examined how a vertical displacement caused at the 

fault location propagates all the way to the pipeline and which is the critical value of 

the vertical displacement for which the resulting maximum strain at the pipeline 

exceeds the yield strain of the specific material. 

In the second case, the earthquake is modeled as a harmonic wave propagating at a 

given angle of incidence in a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic medium. The analysis is 

divided into two steps. Initially, the free‐field horizontal and vertical ground 

displacements, caused by a seismic wave, are being calculated along a distance equal 

to the length of the outfall. Subsequently, these displacements are imposed following 

a time history on the nodes of the model that represent the pipeline. In this way, it is 

possible to perceive how a long pipeline is affected during an earthquake event. 

As in the first case, the basic parameters used as input to the model are the material 

of the outfall and the type of soil in which the pipeline is buried. 

The finite element code ABAQUS was used to perform both seismic analyses of the 

pipeline, as mentioned above. 

National Technical University of Athens



Field monitoring and oceanographic modeling for a large desalination plant in 

Australia 

ABSTRACT 

Kresho Zic 1 , Daniel Couton 

The paper will present recently completed extensive field monitoring and 

oceanographic modeling study served to facilitate engineering design and regulatory 

approvals for a large desalination plant, proposed along Western Australian coast, 

with a capacity of 100 GL/a. The construction of the large desalination plants in 

Australia has been taking momentum, with several large desalination plants in 

construction or on planning boards. The transparent evaluation of key features of the 

marine environment, allowing for successful design of marine infrastructure, the 

seawater intake in particular, and providing a sound understanding of the likely 

impact of the brine discharge on the marine environment, represents the key factor 

ensuring both, the efficient operation of the desalination plant and streamlined 

approval process. 

The complexity of the associated challenges, from technical and regulatory approvals 

points of view, required cooperation of specialists covering the wide range of skill 

sets, from marine/water/chemical engineers to academics with experience in state of 

the art oceanographic monitoring and marine water quality. 

The study encompassed site selections, extensive field monitoring, both 

oceanographic and water quality as well as numerical modeling. Shorter, intensive 

field surveys were complemented with the deployment of instruments that provided 

continuous data over the long period of time. Numerical modeling deployed a suite 

of tools, from near‐field models to evaluate dilution of the brine in the vicinity of the 

outfall to detailed 3D oceanographic models used to evaluate the transport and fate 

of the brine away from the point of discharge. Two oceanographic models were used 

over the range of likely operational conditions, COHERENS and HAMSOM, to ensure 

that some particular features of selected numerical tools do not affect results. Key 

feature was the development of powerful and intuitive computer graphics to 

facilitate communication of complex results to regulatory authorities and within a 

large team with members experienced in different aspects of engineering or marine 

ecology. 

The paper will presents methodology deployed to ensure the comprehensive 

assessment of marine conditions for both, design of desalination plant and 

understanding of the environmental impact, as well as some of the stat of the art 

tools deployed and their respective results. 

1 

Kresho Zic, kresho.zic@kbr.com, Kellogg Brown & Root, 256 ST Georges Tce, Perth 

Western Australia

POSTER PAPERS 



Some of the colleagues prefer to present 

their contribution as Poster paper. 

It is a matter of preference, since we 

always give the possibility to include their 

paper in the program of oral 

presentations. 

It is evident that a “visual” presentation 

is sometimes more effective than a 

15min slide show, and permits 

sometimes a more focused discussion 

with the author. 

The posters will be distributed in the Quiet Salon in such a way to permit a good 

visibility and the necessary space to stay in front of them and to discuss the subject, 

and will be visible all through the conference. 


Bianchini, Marco L. (Italy) ‐ Sinking derelict, “cleared” fishing boats off the coast of 

Sicily, for environmental protection, resource enhancement and touristic utilization 

Jeon, Jun Ho (South Korea) ‐ Changes in physico‐chemical properties and toxicity of 

chemical additives discharged from SWRO desalination plant as function of salinity 

Pascual Barrera, Alina (Spain) ‐ Monitoring the discharge of marine outfalls in the 

coast of Valencia (Spain) 

Poje, Mateja (Slovenia)‐ Bacterial pollution in Slovene coastal waters 

Rubinic, Josip (Croatia) ‐ Water Management Problems in Coastal Karstic Regions ‐ 

Interrelationship of Natural Processes and Human Impacts Exemplified by Raša River 

Estuary (Istria‐Croatia) 

Scroccaro, Isabella (Italy) ‐ 3D Modeling of submarine discharges in the Gulf of Trieste 

Teodoro, Andreia C. (Brazil) ‐ Integration of geochemical and foraminifers 

associations analysis as a tool for environmental characterization of the Araçá 

domestic sewage submarine outfall, São Sebastião Channel, Brazil



Sinking derelict, “cleared” fishing boats off the coast of Sicily, for environmental 

protection, resource enhancement and touristic utilization 

ABSTRACT 

Marco L. Bianchini 1 , Nancy Spanò 2 , Sergio Ragonese 3 

Key words: derelict fishing vessels, artificial reefs, inshore enhancement, 

diving tourism 

Man‐made structures have been used extensively in the marine environment for 

restoring ailing reefs or creating new ones aimed at ecological enhancement, for 

increasing fish production and for habitat/species protection (especially against illegal 

fishing), for scuba diving and many other specific goals. In general, two basic kinds of 

structures are recognized: “generic” or "designed” artificial reefs, where the former 

are often simply developed "to improve the marine environment", whereas the latter 

are built with specific goals, e.g. estimating species diversity and population densities. 

Besides modular concrete/fiberglass units (such as the “reef balls”), 

decommissioned metal constructions, i.e. obsolete oil rings or derelict vessels, are 

among the possible substrates. Their use as artificial barriers presents many 

advantages, such as: 

‐ they are already available in or near the area of deployment; 

‐ the cost of preparing and “securing” is similar to the cost of scraping; 

‐ their efficiency is higher than that of concrete blocks; 

‐ their shape allows diving excursions. 

Countless wrecks (i.e., vessels sunken unwillingly) occur diffusely on the sea floor; 

even if some of them raise concerns for the risk of leaking pollutants in the 

environment, the capability of steel wrecks, in particular those located near shore 

(i.e. within 40‐50 m of depth), to remain structurally sound, to increase diversity and 

abundance of flora and fauna, to enhance small‐scale fisheries and divers activities, 

have been recognized by the scientific and lay communities. Incidentally, it is worth 

noting that the European Union has funded some projects for the conservation of 

“historical” wrecks, as mankind cultural inheritance, and has included the possibility 

of using fishing boats, decommissioned within the plan for reducing fishing effort and 

1 

Senior researcher, Institute of agro‐environmental biology and forestry, Italian National 

Research Council, IBAF‐CNR, Monterotondo Scalo (Roma, Italy) ‐ bradipo50@yahoo.com 

2 

Researcher, Dept. of Animal biology and marine ecology, DBAEM, University of Messina 

(Italy) ‐ spano@unime.it 

3 

Research director, Institute for the marine and coastal environment, Italian National 

Research Council, IAMC‐CNR, Mazara del Vallo (Trapani, Italy) ‐ 

sergio.ragonese@iamc.cnr.it



fleet overcapacity, as artificial reefs. In recent years, the deliberate sinking of 

"cleared" vessels of different origin (warships, trawlers, etc.) has become a recursive 

and diffuse practice worldwide. This development is also supported by recent studies 

that solved the attraction‐production controversy; in fact, wrecks not only attract 

species from neighboring natural bottoms but also produce new biomass and furnish 

habitat suitable to different species. 

As concerns the Sicilian coasts, a visual census carried on recently on various vessels 

lost in the past century near Messina has shown a high diversity of assemblages, 

confirming their positive role in the coastal environment. Unluckily, the southern 

coast lacks "natural" wrecks with suitable characteristics as trawling deterrent and 

diving spots. Thus, the creation of artificial reefs with decommissioned (and cleared) 

fishing boats was first attempted in the early '90s, when one 30 m steel and 

9 wooden (20‐33 m) bottom trawler were deliberately sunken off Capo Granitola at a 

depth of about 30 m. Now, after 15 years, only the steel ship remains, but the 

distance from the Mazara harbour, the lack of surveillance, the illegal fishing, and the 

frequent water turbidity have hampered the biological goals and the promotion of 

leisure diving. 

With this in mind, and considering the availability of many out‐of‐work fishing 

vessels, a project has been proposed for sinking them near Mazara, where water 

transparency and surveillance capabilities are higher than in the previous spots. In 

particular, 4 boats (steel hulls, 25‐30 m long) shall be readied, removing the 

pollutants and making them safe for scuba diving under the strictest standards, to be 

sunken perpendicularly to the coastline in two spots, on soft bottoms about 30‐40 m 

deep. Other environment‐friendly innovative interventions, such as the “Exfol” 

(anti‐climax, self‐exfoliating concrete slabs, supposed to maintain a high diversity of 

the benthos) and the “pseudokelp” (ropes imitating plants, making a sort of 

submerged prairie), as well as floating “atolls”, will be associated to the sunken 

vessels, to enhance their value as fish oasis and tourist attraction. A monitoring 

program is envisaged. 

In conclusion, the proposed project is multi‐focused, being aimed at integrating: 

i) environmental protection, ii) increased resources for the artisanal fishery and iii) an 

eco‐compatible touristic exploitation.



Changes in physico‐chemical properties and toxicity of chemical additives 

discharged from SWRO desalination plant as function of salinity 

J.H. Jeon 1 and S.D. Kim 2 

Keywords: desalination, ecological risk assessment, membrane cleaning agents, 

Trihalomethane, physic‐chemical properties, salting‐out 

ABSTRACT 

Recently, the large scale SWRO desalination plant has been designed with advanced 

RO membrane technique in Korea. Meanwhile, ecological risks induced by the 

desalination plant should be taken into consideration for successive application of 

environmental‐friendly water supplier. Brine discharge released from SWRO plant 

contains a number of chemical additives which are used for pre‐treatment and 

maintenance. Among the chemicals, trihalomethanes(THMs) which are by‐products 

of chlorination occurred in pre‐treatment processes have been ecologically 

concerned due to its carcinogenic effect. In addition, membrane cleaning agents such 

as formaldehyde, isothiazole, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium 

dodecylsulfate, etc would be acutely toxic to marine organisms at outfall 

concentration. Meanwhile, brine discharge is characterized with high salt 

concentration ranging from 40 to 80 g/L. Saline condition induced by the discharge 

can affect physico‐chemical properties of chemicals delivered with brine, as well as 

causing adverse effects on marine organisms living around the plant. In this study, 

physico‐chemical properties of chemical additives such as solubility(Sw), 

hydrophobicity(Kow), partition coefficient (Kd), etc are explored, and the change of 

their toxic effects on marine organisms is estimated as function of salinity. 

GIST is a research‐oriented graduate school that focuses on the essential fields of 

applied science and engineering. The institute was founded in 1993 by the Korea 

1 Jun Ho Jeon (Ms), jjh0208@gist.ac.kr ‐ Department of Environmental Science and 

Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong‐dong, 

Buk‐gu, Gwangju 500‐712, Korea 

2 Sang Don Kim (Dr), sdkim@gist.ac.kr ‐ Department of Environmental Science and 

Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong‐dong, 

Buk‐gu, Gwangju 500‐712, Korea



government to meet the nation’s need for advanced research and to enhance the 

development of higher education in science and engineering. It is expected to take 

a leading role in performing research and development in cooperation with 

industry sectors.



Monitoring the discharge of marine outfalls in the coast of Valencia (Spain) 

ABSTRACT 

A. Pascual 1 , C. Mösso 1 , J.P. Sierra 1 , M. Mestres 1 , 

I. Romero 2 , J. González del Río 2 , S. Falco 3 , M. Rodilla 3 

Keywords: Eutrophication, field campaigns, nutrients, marine outfall 

One of the most important problems occurring in coastal areas is the production of 

large quantities of urban wastewater that are discharged into the sea through marine 

outfalls to reduce their pollution load by dilution. These effluents may carry 

important loads of contaminants, nutrients and pathogenic bacteria leading to the 

degradation of coastal environment, especially if the discharge is either, without the 

correct treatment, or close to the shoreline. This is the case of the coastal waters of a 

stretch of the Valencian coast, specifically in the zones of Cullera, Gandia and Pinedo, 

where the urban wastewater discharges to the sea have occasionally caused changes 

in the ecosystem, mainly due to the eutrophication produced by excessive nutrient 

supply. This situation is especially critical during the summer season, since the 

increase of tourism in this area generates a dramatic increase in the load of urban 

wastewater that is discharged to the marine environment. In order to assess the 

consequences of the input of high loads of nutrients and contaminants, these 

discharges have been monitored through a series of field campaigns that allowed the 

1 Alina Pascual Barrera (PhD student), alina.pascual@upc.edu – Laboratori d’Enginyeria 



1 César Mösso Aranda, (Dr), cesar.mosso@upc.edu ‐ Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima; 



1 Joan Pau Sierra Pedrico (Dr), joan.pau.sierra@upc.edu ‐ Laboratori d’Enginyeria 



1 Marc Mestres Ridge (Dr), marc.mestres@upc.edu ‐ Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima; 



2 Inmaculada Romero Gil (Dr), inrogi@dihma.upv.es – Laboratorio de Tecnologías del 



2 Julio González del Río (Dr), jgonzrio@hma.upv.es ‐ Laboratorio de Tecnologías del 



3 Silvia Falco Giacaglia (Dr), sfalcog@hma.upv.es ‐ Escuela Politécnica superior de 

Gandia; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia 

3 Miguel Rodilla Alama (Dr), mrodilla@hma.upv.es ‐ Escuela Politécnica superior de 

Gandia; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia



characterization of the water quality and the transport/dispersion driving 

mechanisms. These measurements included records of wind and currents, and 

profiles at several stations of salinity, temperature, pH and conductivity. The water 

samples were analyzed in laboratory to determine salinity, chlorophyll α, ammonium, 

nitrite, nitrate, SRP, TDP, TP and silicate. The results indicate potential eutrophication 

levels and deterioration of water quality in these areas, especially in Cullera Bay, 

where the situation is more critical than it is on the coasts of Pinedo or Gandia. This is 

because the water quality in Cullera is affected additionally by the Júcar river that 

supplies important loads of phosphorous‐rich agricultural residues, and the 

geomorphology of the area, where the Cullera Cape exerts an effect of retention of 

nutrients and contaminants discharged by the outfall.

ABSTRACT 

Bacterial pollution in Slovene coastal waters 

M. Poje 1 



Keywords: bacteria pollution, coastal water, monitoring 

Squashed between Italy and Croatia, the Slovenian coast is only 46 kms long but it is 

quality not quantity that counts. It is full of colourful fishing villages, olive groves and 

clean, clear water, which offer various water‐related sports from traditional bathing 

and boating for relaxation to adrenaline‐inducing sports. With the intention of 

protecting bathers' health, the Bathing Water Directive was adopted in European 

Union, which requires each EU Member States to identify bathing waters and to take 

all necessary measures to bring these waters up to the quality standards prescribed. 

The directive was fully and accurately transposed into Slovenian legislation in 2004 

when Slovenia became a part of the union. According to its requirements, the quality 

of bathing water is monitored at least every 14 days in 19 coastal bathing waters 

during the bathing season, which lasts from 15th June to 30th September. The 

parameters that must be checked are microbiological (total coliforms and faecal 

coliforms) and physico‐chemical (mineral oils, surface‐active substances and 

phenols). The quality results are presented in national annual reports and are also 

part of the report on the implementation of the Bathing Water Directive, which must 

be sent to the competent institutions in Brussels by the end of each year. Based on 

the Member States’ annual reports, the Commission draws up annually a summary 

report and publishes it on the internet, with the aim to inform the public of the 

quality of bathing waters in the European Union and in each individual Member 

State. 

The monitoring data from 2004 to 2007 show that the average bathing quality in 

Slovene coastal areas is high, but occasionally bacterial pollution appear. According 

to that Commission report for bathing season 2007, contrary to the excellent results 

of the year 2006, only 68.4 % of the bathing waters met mandatory standards, but, 

on the other hand, all of them also met the guideline standard. The microbiological 

organisms listed in the Directive are all natural inhabitants of the guts of humans and 

other warm‐blooded animals, and are used as indicators of faecal pollution. Their 

presence identifies waters which may have received volumes of sewage that have not 

been given adequate treatment or dilution. Equally, large concentrations of sea‐birds 

or agricultural run‐off may also give rise to these microbiological indicators in bathing 

waters. Livestock slurries and manure, if applied to agricultural land inappropriately, 

1 Mateja Poje (MSc), mateja.poje@gov.si ‐ Environmental Agency of the Republic of 

Slovenia, Vojkova 1b, SI‐1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, http://www.arso.gov.si/



can enter inland watercourses and be transported to coastal areas. The bacteria and 

viruses present in sewage and animal excreta may cause illness, especially as a result 

of ingestion or infection through wounds or cuts. 

In the first phase, Slovenia is endeavoring to collect reliable sets of data on bathing 

water quality, which will be used for the planning of measures to be taken to achieve 

a required bathing water quality. Construction of numerous water treatment plants 

in the bathing water catchment areas, which are planned in the Operative 

Programme for the Urban Wastewater Collecting and Treatment, will certainly 

contribute to the quality of Slovenian waters. 

The Environmental Agency is a body of the Ministry of the Environment and 

Spatial Planning. It performs expert, analytical, regulatory and administrative 

tasks related to the environment at the national level.



Water management problems in coastal Karstic regions ‐ Interrelationship of 

natural processes and human impacts exemplified by Raša River Estuary 

(Istria‐Croatia) 

Josip Rubinić 1 , Sandra Visković 2 , Milijana Radić 3 , 

Irina Kelava 4 

Keywords: water management, karstic spring, estuary, water quality, water supply, 

wastewater management, waste disposal site rehabilitation 

ABSTRACT 

Paper analyzes water management issues in coastal karstic areas exemplified in Raša 

River estuary (Istria, Croatia), characteristic for its dynamic natural processes inherent 

in the contact of surface watercourses as well as numerous coastal springs with the 

sea. Human impact on natural processes and water quality in the area is significant: 

extensive irrigation works in a narrow zone of the Raša River estuary, carried out in 

the beginning of the 20 th century, dried up shallow Krapanj Lake and part of coastal 

sea in the estuary, forming Donja Raša amelioration system. Such practices caused 

significant changes in runoff regime of Raša River and several coastal springs in the 

vicinity (such as Fonte Gaia, Kokoti, Rakonek and Mutvica) that are part of water 

supply system. Influence of the sea on aquifer is evident in increased salinity and 

even long‐term brackish spring water at several locations (springs Blaz and Česuni). 

During 18 th century and up until 1990, Raša River catchment area was considerably 

influenced by the coal mine that is now abandoned and the shafts sunken. 

Population density of the study area is high: app. 15.000 inhabitants in the town of 

Labin and the surrounding settlements. Therefore, water quality depends greatly on 

surface runoff draining practices and wastewater management. Mixed sewage 

system and the wastewater treatment plant are built only for the town of Labin. After 

treatment, city’s wastewater effluent level of app. 1000 mg/l COD and 500 mg/l BOD‐ 

5 during dry season changes to an effluent level of app. 30 mg/l COD and 15 mg/l 

BOD‐5. Treated water is discharged into Krapanj watercourse – tributary of Raša 

River. Part of the river water sinks through several ponors, establishing a hydrological 

connection between Raša River and karstic springs Fonte Gaia and Kokoti. After 

1 

Josip Rubinić, jrubinic@gradri.hr – Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Rijeka, 

V.C.Emina 5, 51.000 Rijeka, Croatia; 

2 

Sandra Višković, sandra@prvimaj.hr ‐ 1.Maj d.o.o., Vinež 81, 52220 Labin; Croatia 

3 

Milijana Radić, medna@ri.htnet.hr ‐ Fluming‐ eko, Bulevar oslobođenja 31, 51.000 

Rijeka, Croatia 

4 

Irina Kelava, irina_kelava@yahoo.com – Kamgrad, Josipa Lončara 1h, 10.090 Zagreb, 

Croatia



reconstruction in 1996, wastewater treatment plant (WTP) induced a positive trend 

in water quality of springs Fonte Gaia and Kokoti (evident in COD and BOD‐5 values). 

Further improvement of water quality should be ensured with the new WTP planned 

for construction in a downstream section of Krapanj watercourse. First wastewater 

treatment plant was built in 1930s to reduce negative effects of intensive mining but 

was abandoned several years later. Nowadays, wastewaters are discharged directly 

into Krapanj watercourse, without previous treatment. Being a periodical 

watercourse, Krapanj often dries out during dry seasons. Heavy rainfall that follow 

dry seasons, cause sudden increase in effluent level in a watercourse downstream of 

Raša settlement – up to 670 mg/l COD and 320 mg/l BOD‐5, which is even higher 

than effluent level of Labin’s wastewaters before treatment (400 mg/l COD and 240 

mg/l BOD‐5). 

Groundwater quality is significantly influenced by waste disposal site Cere. Since 

1975, without necessary protective measures, the site collected more than 200.000 t 

of communal and technological waste as well as unknown quantities if dangerous 

waste. Tracings undertaken in 1970s and 1980s showed that infiltrated water from 

the waste area appear on almost all springs mentioned earlier, with apparent flux 

velocities up to 900 m/day. Ongoing rehabilitation of the waste disposal site consists 

of stabilization of the existing waste as well as improvement of waste disposal 

practices. 

The paper analyzes long term changes and pressures on water resources and coastal 

area as well as operation of the wastewater treatment plant in different hydrological 

conditions. Salinization of spring waters that is partially caused by unsuitable 

drainage practices in Donja Raša area has also been analyzed and an overview of 

possible solutions are given, with an emphasis on integral approach to wastewater 

management. Raša River watershed, in that respect, represents a good example of 

high complexity level in managing coastal areas where human impact plays an 

important role in runoff dynamics. Despite complexity of interrelationship between 

natural and anthropogenic influences, it is possible to improve water quality through 

appropriate rehabilitation works, structural solutions and water resources 

management practices.



3D Modeling of submarine discharges in the Gulf of Trieste 

Giorgio Mattassi 1 , Isabella Scroccaro 2 , Georg Umgiesser 3 , Francesca De Pascalis 4 , 

Luigi Colugnati 5 

Keywords: waste water discharges, submarine outfalls, bacterial pollution, dispersion 

modeling, numerical simulations 

ABSTRACT 

During the last years, the waste water discharges from submarine outfalls located in 

the Gulf of Trieste had caused concerns for the marine environment along the coast 

of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, attracting the health authority focus on the 

bacterial dispersion processes that take place in this area. 

To understand the relative importance of different processes influencing pollution 

transport and bacterial die‐off rate, different scenarios have been studied on the 

basis of model simulations and field measurements, in particular for Escherichia coli. 

The 3D version of the finite element model SHYFEM, developed at ISMAR‐CNR in 

Venice, coupled with a modified version of the EUTRO‐WASP model of US‐EPA, has 

been implemented and applied to investigate the bacterial dispersion and the area of 

influence of the discharges. Laboratory data and meteo‐marine forcings data (wind, 

solar radiation, etc.) have been provided by the Environmental Protection Agency of 

the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (ARPA FVG). Results of modeling and data analysis are 

discussed, with respect to the understanding of biological wastewater treatment 

mechanisms and to plant management. 

The greatest effort consisted in the integration of modeling, monitoring and 

laboratory analysis to study the relationships between environmental and physical 

parameters and bacterial survival, based on literature data. 

1 Giorgio Mattassi, giorgio.mattassi@arpa.fvg.it ‐ ARPA FVG, Via Cairoli 14. 30157 

Palmanova UD, Italy 

2 Isabella Scroccaro, isabella.scroccaro@arpa.fvg.it ‐ ARPA FVG,, Via Cairoli 14. 30157 

Palmanova UD, Italy 

3 Georg Umgiesser, georg.umgiesser@ismar.cnr.it ‐ CNR ISMAR Venezia, Castello, 

1364/A. 30122 Venice, Italy 

4 Francesca De Pascalis, francesca.depascalis@ismar.cnr.it, CNR ISMAR Venezia, Castello, 

1364/A. 30122 Venice, Italy 

5 Luigi Colugnati, luigi.colugnati@arpa.fvg.it, DIP. ARPA Trieste, via La Marmora, 13. 

34139 Trieste, Italy



Integration of geochemical and foraminifers associations analysis as a tool for 

environmental characterization of the Araçá domestic sewage submarine outfall, 

São Sebastião Channel, Brazil 

A. C.Teodoro 1 , W. Duleba 2 , S. Gubitoso 3 , S. M. Prada 4 , C. C. Lamparelli 5 , D. O. 

Moura 6 , J. Bevilacqua 7 , L. S. Filippos 8 

Keywords: Geochemistry, Foraminifers, Sewage submarine outfall, São Sebastião 

Channel 

ABSTRACT 

Due to anthropic impact increasing at coastal region one has to analyze and 

characterize not only water and sediments qualities, but has to consider microfauna 

composition. 

In this sense the aim of this paper is to integrate geochemistry analyses with 

foraminifers associations characterization, in order to verify environmental changes 

near Araçá domestic sewage submarine outfall diffusers at São Sebastião Channel, 

Brazil (23 o 40’ ‐ 23 o 53.5’ S and 45 o 19’ ‐ 45 o 30’ W). 

Araçá submarine outfall operation has started in 1990 and its length is 1090 m at the 

underwater portion. Diffusers with 17 openings are positioned at the last 10 m 

length. The effluent flow is equal to 0.14 m 3 s ‐1 and before disposal receive only pre‐ 

treatment. Sampling grid is placed over on 500 m 2 area surrounding the submarine 

outfall diffusers. 

1 Andreia C. Teodoro (Mrs) (PhD Student), andreia.teodoro@usp.br ‐ Universidade de 

São Paulo, Instituto de Geociências, Brazil 

2 Wânia Duleba (Mrs) (Professor), wduleba@usp.br ‐ Universidade de São Paulo, 

Instituto de Geociências, Brazil 

3 Silas Gubitoso (Mr) (PhD Student), ‐ Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de 

Geociências, Brazil 

4 Sílvio Miranda Prada (Mrs) (Professor) UNIFIEO. Brazil 

5 Claudia Lamparelli (Mrs) (Dr) claudial@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br ‐ CETESB, Av. Prof. 

Frederico Hermann Jr. 345, 05589‐080 São Paulo, S.P. Brazil – www.cetesb.sp.gov.br. 

6 Debora Ogler Moura (Mrs) (MSc), deborao@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br – CETESB. 

www.cetesb.sp.gov.br 

7 José Eduardo Bevilacqua (Mr) (Dr) CETESB Coastal Waters Sector – São Paulo Brazil 

8 Luciana S. Filippos (Mrs) (PhD Student), Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de 

Geociências, Brazil



In the sediment samples were analyzed organic Carbon, total Nitrogen, Phosphorus 

speciation (organic and inorganic Phosphorus), Sulfur and foraminifers with 

bioindicators. 

Significant nutrients concentration were showed by geochemistry and this 

concentration were higher than those observed in other brazilian impacted 

environments such as Santos outfall, in São Paulo state and Ipanema outfall, in Rio de 

Janeiro state. 

The oxi‐reduction potential, analyzed by C/S ratios, indicates predominance of 

sediments with low oxygenation degree and anoxic signals. 

Regarding to foraminifers associations its diversity varies from low to moderate, with 

predominance of opportunistic species. 

Negative Pearson Correlation Coefficients leads to the conclusion that organic 

Carbon, Phosphorus and Sulfur are chemical elements that directly influences low 

density, diversity variation and richness of foraminifers associations. 

Concluding, the environment near Araçá domestic sewage outfall diffusers is 

becoming reductor due to chronical intake of organic matter and this change is 

already been observed in microfauna.

VIRTUAL PAPERS 



There are cases in which the colleagues, for 

justifiable reasons, inform that they cannot 

participate to present their paper. 

We have adopted the concept that their papers, if 

worthwhile of publication in the proceedings, are 

collected in a separate section as “Virtual Papers”. 

“Virtual Paper” has been the definition given to 

“Papers not presented at the conference by the 

author but accepted for publication”. 

INDEX 

Ardani, Samira (Iran) ‐ Numerical Modeling of Sediment Transport and Shoreline 

Position of Beris Port in Dynamic Equilibrium 

Demirel, Mehmet Cuneyd (Turkey) ‐ Impact of waste water discharges in Ria Formosa 

Coastal Lagoon (Portugal) 

Dineva, Slava (Bulgaria) ‐ Climate Extreme Impact on the Black Sea in front of the 

Bulgarian Coast in the Beginning of XXI Century 

Eissa, Sawsan (Egypt) ‐ Characteristics of waves resulting from tropical cyclones in the 

Arabian Sea and their return periods 

Eissa, Sawsan (Egypt) ‐ Generation of a Time Series Wave Data Using a Parametric 

Spectrum Model 

Ghogheliani, Lali (Georgia) ‐ Surface waves impact on the spreading polluted plume in 

coastal regions of non‐flow seas 

Ignatyeva, Olga (Ukraine) ‐ Temporal changes in the carbonate system of the 

Sevastopol Bay (Black Sea) waters for the last decade 

Ludwig, Harvey F. (Thailand) ‐ Review of Marine Wastewater Disposal in Developing 

Countries 

Osadchaya, Tatyana (Ukraine) ‐ Ecological quality of bottom sediments in coastal area 

subjected to long‐term anthropogenic press (the Black Sea) 

Philippe, Riou (France) ‐ Modelling the impact of microbial pollution discharge in 

West Cotentin coast (France) 

Santos, Cristina (Portugal) ‐ Water and Wastewater Monitoring of Guia Submarine 

Outfall – an 11 year survey 

Stephen, Rosamma (India) ‐ Copepod Diversity in the marine outfall zone of a 

fertilizer plant of Thal‐ W. Coast of India



Numerical modeling of sediment transport and shoreline position of Beris Port in 

dynamic equilibrium 

ABSTRACT 

S. Ardani 1 

Keywords: hydrosed, mike21, genesis, mepbay, LST rate 

Beris Fishery Port is located in southeastern of Iran, 85km east of Chabahar. The main 

breakwater is extended from south to north where the secondary breakwater is in 

east‐west direction. The port is suffering from two mechanisms of sedimentation, i.e. 

sedimentation at the head of the main breakwater and remarkable change of 

shoreline position at the back of the secondary breakwater which may endanger the 

port entrance in future. 

The comparison between the existing shoreline of the bay and the predicted 

parabolic fitting was done by MEPBAY. MEPBAY software was employed to extract 

the parabolic predicted curve. Since the existing shoreline is slightly seaward, it can 

be concluded that the bay is not in static equilibrium. Because of complexity of 

bathymetry, the wave transformation was modelled by MIKE21, PMS module. The 

result of modelling also indicates that Beris is not in static equilibrium. 

The longshore sediment transport (LST) rate should be determined to define the final 

dynamic equilibrium shape of the bay. Bypassing of the LST at the head of the main 

breakwater and the sediment coming out of the seasonal river are two sources of 

sediment entering in the bay. Analyzing wave pattern as well as morphological 

studies of the mouth of seasonal river suggests a westward LST at downcoast of the 

port. Thus, the sediment of seasonal river is mainly transported to downdrift and it 

does not contribute to the sedimentation behind the secondary breakwater. 

However, the hydrographic surveys show the considerable decrease of the water 

depth at the head of main breakwater. This supports the bypassing mechanism that 

transfers the longshore sediment coming from east of the port to the bay. 

HYDROSED, a 2DH hydrodynamic and sediment transport model, was used for the 

modeling of sediment transport (Dibajnia and Watanable, 1992; Dibajnia, 1995). 

As result of modelling, The bypassing phenomenon at the head of main 

breakwater can be observed. 

1 Samira Ardani, s_ardani@sina.kntu.ac.ir ‐ Dept. Civil Eng., K.N.T University of 

Technology, No.1346, Vali‐Asr St., P.C. 19697, Tehran, Iran – www.kntu.ac.ir



Introducing the actual rate of bypassing sediment, GENESIS software was 

employed to predict the final dynamic equilibrium shape of the bay. Good 

agreement between the predicted and existing shorelines can be observed. The 

simulated LST rate of GENESIS was not much different from the actual LST rate 

calculated from the difference of hydrographic surveys. 

Since the final position of the predicted shoreline does not affect the port entrance, 

no remedy solution is necessary for the shoreline advancement behind the secondary 

breakwater. However, the bypassing LST at the head of main breakwater due to 

diffraction settles at the lee side and it affects the navigation at the port entrance. 

The following options can be considered to overcome this sedimentation: 

- A periodic dredging at the head of the main breakwater is sufficient to keep 

the required depth of navigation. The past experience shows that dredging 

with a period of 15 years is enough to maintain the port operation. 

- Construction of a groin at the start of the main breakwater (tip of the 

natural headland) or at the updrift side of the port will stop the LST 

movement towards the port. This method has already been used to solve 

the sedimentation problem of Pozm Fishery Port and it can also be applied 

here. If the head of this groin do not change the diffraction point of the bay, 

it is expected that erosion will happen behind the secondary breakwater, i.e. 

the dynamic equilibrium shape of the bay will change to a static equilibrium. 

This results to a favorable retreat of the shoreline. 

- The length of the main breakwater can be increased adding a westward 

breakwater segment at the end. Choosing this method, the diffraction point 

of the bay is changed and it is necessary to derive the final static equilibrium 

shape of the bay using the new diffraction point, i.e. the end of the new 

added segment.



Impact of waste water discharges in Ria Formosa Coastal Lagoon (Portugal) 

M.C. Demirel 1 , E. Kahya 2 

Keywords: Waste Water discharges, Ria Formosa, Mathematical Model, Mohid 

ABSTRACT 

Ria Formosa is a coastal lagoon, located in the South of Portugal. It communicates 

with the sea trough 6 inlets. Ria Formosa hosts a Natural Park, important ports of the 

southern coast of Portuguese and significant bivalve aquaculture activity. It is 

bordered by Faro and Olhão, two important cities of the south of Portugal. Four 

major urban wastewater treatment plants are discharging in this lagoon. Moreover 

irrigation of greenhouses also conveys diffuse pollutants into the lagoon. 

The objectives of this study are to assess the ecological state of Ria Formosa and to 

understand the impact of treated urban sewages upon the system. Enteric bacteria 

such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) are commonly used as indicators of anthropogenic 

contamination in seawaters and aquacultures. In Ria Formosa; both tourism and 

shellfish harvesting contribute to turn anthropogenic contamination into an 

important health issue. 

In this work Field campaigns were performed and a mathematical model was adapted 

for the system. The field campaigns integrate Point samples with Laboratory analysis 

and continuous onboard measurements using sensors. The mathematical modeling 

system include hydrodynamic, microbiologic plume transport using Lagrangian a 

model and a water quality/ecological model. 

The results enable the identification of the main forcings and flow patterns in the 

system, the impact of the microbiologic plumes issuing from the WWTP and the main 

biogeochemical processes controlling productivity and eutrophication in Ria Formosa. 

The areas of direct impact of the WWTP plumes were identified and are shown do fall 

between 500m and 1 Km from the discharge. 

1 Mehmet C. Demirel (PhD Fellow), demirelmc@itu.edu.tr – Istanbul Technical University, 

Institute of Science and Technology 34469 Istanbul, Turkey www.fbe.itu.edu.tr 

2 Ercan Kahya (PhD), kahyae@itu.edu.tr – Istanbul Technical University, Civil 

Engineering Department, Hydraulic Division, 34469 Maslak Istanbul, Turkey 

www.ins.itu.edu.tr



Hidrotec is a research group of Escola Superior de Tecnologia, 

University of Algarve. Hidrotec develop research and consultant activities in 

Hydrodynamics, Water Quality and Ecology. The study domains range from Coastal 

and Estuarine to riverine, natural and artificial reservoirs. 

The focus is in Mathematical Modelling and in information systems (Visualization, 

Databases, GIS, etc.) The main tool used is the MOHID modelling system. It is an 

integrated model developed by the MARETEC group with contribution of 

HIDROTEC. 

Main results are: 

Hydrodynamics (currents, water levels, trajectories, residence times, etc) 

Sediment Transport (Concentrations, Loads, Erosion/Deposition Rates, etc) 

Water Quality (Coliforms, Heavy Metals, Nutrients, Oxygen, etc) 

Ecology (Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Shellfish, Fish, etc)



Climate extreme impact on the Black Sea in front of the Bulgarian coast in the 

beginning of XXI Century 

Slava Dineva 1 

Key–words: Climate change, Climate impact, the Black Sea, Danube transformed 

waters, temperatures, salinity, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, total nitrogen 

ABSTRACT 

Global temperatures in 2001 were 0.51°C above the long‐term (1880‐2000) average, 

which places 2001 as the second warmest year on record. The only warmer year was 

1998 in which a strong El Niño contributed to higher global temperatures. Land 

temperatures were 0.75°C above average and ocean temperatures 0.40°C above the 

1880‐2000 mean. This ranks them as 2nd and 3rd warmest on record respectively. In 

2001 temperatures were 1‐3°C above the 1961‐1990 average across much of the 

United States as well as most of Europe. The Northern Hemisphere temperature 

continues to average near record levels in 2001 at 0.60°C above the long‐term 

average. The Southern Hemisphere also reflects the globally warmer conditions, with 

a positive anomaly of 0.43°C. Annual anomalies in excess of 1.0°C were widespread 

across North America and much of Europe and the Middle East. 

The climate extreme impact on the Black Sea in front of the Bulgarian coast caused 

warm winter, short and hot summer. Sea temperatures were higher in comparison 

with the long‐term average, especially during the summer. The sea temperatures 

during the spring and autumn were below the 1995‐2000 average in 2001. 

Due to the climate impact in 2001 the seasonal dynamics of the salinity in front of the 

Bulgarian Black Sea coast was abnormal. The minimal salinity was measured in July at 

3 miles offshore in front of Cape Galata, where the mainstream of Danube 

transformed waters was passing along the Bulgarian coast. In August the mainstream 

of Danube waters shifted seawards and the minimum salinity was found at 10miles 

offshore in front of Cape Galata. 

In 2001 in the frames of the “DANUBS” project for first time comprehensively were 

studied concentrations of all forms of nitrogen, including total inorganic nitrogen and 

total nitrogen, in the 30‐miles zone in front of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, up to 

150 m isobath. Global precipitation was below the 1961‐1990 average which 

predetermined low concentrations of nutrients in front of the Bulgarian Black Sea 

coast in 2001. Complete absence or negligible concentrations of all forms of inorganic 

nitrogen were established during the summer. These low concentrations of inorganic 

1 Slava I. Dineva (Dr. Eng.), E‐mail: dineva_slava@abv.bg, Institute of Fishing 

Resources, 4 Primorski Blvd., P.O. Box 72, BG – 9000 Varna, Bulgaria



nitrogen were mainly related to the low inflow of nutrients by Danube transformed 

waters and remarkable low level of rainfall ‐ the lowest during the last 10 years. In 

June the concentrations of organic nitrogen were in average 10 times higher than the 

concentrations of inorganic nitrogen. In November the inorganic nitrogen was 

increased and the difference between the inorganic and organic forms was not so 

significant. 

In the open sea the minimal surface oxygen saturation was measured in August ‐ 

88.19%. In the Varna Bay the situation was worse – in September the surface waters 

were oversaturated, whereas in the bottom layer oxygen deficiency was observed – 

42.37%.



Characteristics of waves resulting from tropical cyclones in the Arabian Sea and 

their return periods 

Sawsan Eissa 1 

Keywords: Tropical cyclone, Arabian Sea, Waves, Parametric Models, Cyclone Return 

Period 

ABSTRACT 

The data relevant to several cyclones in the northern Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea 

covering the period from 1994 to 2008 was collected from meteorological records. 

Such data was analyzed using Young’s model to estimate the characteristics of waves 

generated by cyclones. The input data needed for Young’s model to simulate wave 

generation by cyclones include the cyclone intensity (maximum wind speed), the 

speed of cyclone forward movement and the radius of maximum wind. All the above 

data were available from the records except the radius of maximum wind which was 

missing from most records, thus it was estimated using the method developed by 

Holland. The parameters in Holland’s method were calibrated using the data of a few 

cyclones for which the radius of maximum wind was available. 

The results of the analysis showed that the wave heights resulting from cyclones can 

exceed 15 m for grade 5 cyclones such as Gonu, but for most cyclones, the generated 

wave heights reached much lower values, that can be generally considered within the 

normal order of extreme offshore waves in the Arabian Sea area. Therefore, except 

when the cyclone passes directly over a structure or facility, the damage to nearshore 

coastal structures will generally result from rainfall and surges due to the cyclone 

landfalls and not as a result of waves generated offshore and propagating to the 

coast. However, high grade cyclone such as Gonu may generate very high waves 

offshore, which can propagate and cause high waves nearshore, even without the 

cyclone makes a landfall over the affected coast. The results of the analysis was 

presented in the form of plots and tables prepared for a number of studied cyclones 

that show the wave heights and periods over the cyclone duration to give an 

overview of the cyclone generated waves in the studied area 

Analysis of the cyclone data was carried out based on the Empirical Simulation 

Technique adopted by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The results showed that high 

grade cyclones like Gonu can be considered as a rare event for the Arabian Sea area; 

therefore, it is recommended to include waves generated by such cyclones only for 

the design of important offshore and nearshore structures, which their damage may 

result in disasters that overweigh the extremely high cost that will be needed for 

1 Sawsan S. Eissa (Dr), ss1_salah@yahoo.com ‐ Associate Professor, Irrigation and 

Hydraulics Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.



their construction. An example is oil facilities where their damage can cause 

environmental implications on the area as well as economical implications on the 

Country where they are located. It is also recommended to investigate the nearshore 

wave climate around the affected coasts as a result from the offshore cyclone 

generated waves, using suitable wave propagation software. Such nearshore wave 

climate can be then compared to the wave climate resulting from normal storms and 

it can then be decided, specifically for each coast, whether the nearshore waves 

resulting from cyclone generated offshore waves should be considered in design of 

coastal facilities and structures.



Generation of a time series wave data using a parametric spectrum model 

Sawsan Eissa 1 , Hesham Refaat 2 

Keywords: Wave data, Spectral Analysis, Parametric Spectrum Models, Extreme Wave 

Conditions 

ABSTRACT 

Time series wave data are important in many applications including modeling of wave 

propagation and water circulation in coastal areas, design of coastal and port 

structures, sediment budget calculation, sediment transport and morphological 

studies, design of shore protection works and navigational applications. While wave 

measurement and prediction technique has enormously developed in the last 

decades, there are still many challenges in obtaining deep water wave measurements 

because of difficulties involving installation and maintenance of wave measurement 

devices in deep water. In such cases, easier to obtain wind records were always relied 

on in predicting wave data. 

In this research, a parametric spectrum model was used to predict an 8 years time 

series wave record from available wind data off shore the coast of Angola at 177 m 

water depth. The wind data used cover 8 years from 1999 to 2007, and comprise a 

reading every 6 hours. Such data shows wind speeds in 60% of time reaches up to 6 

knot, in 80% of time reaches up to 8 knot, in 93% of time reaches up to 10 knot, and 

may exceed 13 knot occasionally. 

The used model is based on the well known four parameter JONSWAP spectrum 

equation. JONSWAP equation was selected after comparing the agreement of its 

results and those of Pierson‐Moskowitz (PM) equation to available short records of 

wave data which showed that the former equation is more accurate. 

The accuracy of the developed time series was checked by comparing the results to 

available short wave records, different than those mentioned in the comparison 

above, which showed a good agreement. 

The developed time series shows that the prevailing wave sectors are between 

180oNorth to 240oNorth, with the most prevailing sector centered at 210oN with a 

width of 30o. 

The successive wave direction with time, which is particularly important in sediment 

transport calculations and morphological studies, was also defined for the developed 

time series. 

The developed time series showed wave heights up to 2.75 m, when subjected to 

extreme value analysis, to obtain the extreme wave conditions at different return 

period, the same data showed that the wave height may reach up to 5m for the 100 

year return period. 

1 Sawsan S. Eissa (Dr), ss1_salah@yahoo.com ‐ Associate Professor, Irrigation and 

Hydraulics Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 

2 Hesham M. Refaat, hishammrefaat@yahoo.com – Graduate Student of Civil 

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt



Surface waves impact on the spreading polluted plume in coastal regions of non‐ 

flow seas 

L.Gogeliani 1 , E.Khatiashvili 2 , Sh.Gagoshidze 3 

Key words: Pre‐coastal sea zone, water outlet, water intake, diffusion coefficient, 

impurity concentration, permanently acting source of pollution. 

ABSTRACT 

In the present paper, we derive relations which can be used to predict the size of 

propagation of a polluting impurity cloud or spot in the pre‐coastal area of the sea 

for the purposes of construction of sewage water outlets and clean sea water inlets 

in the recreation zones. In paragraph 2 we consider the problem of a conservative 

impurity flow from the point source towards the sea shore (the problem of a 

polluting water outlet) taking into account the river flow and the surge of waves over 

the shore. The third paragraph deals with the propagation of a polluting impurity 

from the shore (a linear source) towards the sea where the clean water intake is 

located. As different from the first problem considered in the second paragraph, in 

this problem the diffusion turbulence coefficient is determined taking into account 

longitudinal coastal waves and drifting flows caused by wind. At the end of the 

paper, we give some numerical results on the impurity concentration distribution 

calculated by the obtained relations for the clean sea water intake structure which is 

being designed in one of the resort areas of Georgia’s Black sea coast. 

1 

Lali Gogeliani, Ms, Doctor of Technical Science, Georgian Technical University, 

Tbilisi, Georgia, lali_gtu@gtu.ge www.gtu.ge www.cetl.gtu.ge 

2 

Elizbar Khatiashvili , Mr, Georgian 

3 

Shalva Gagoshidze, Mr, Doctor of Technical Science, Georgian Technical University, 

Tbilisi, Georgia, zgagoshidze@gmail.com www.gtu.ge



Temporal changes in the carbonate system of the Sevastopol Bay (Black Sea) waters 

for the last decade 

O.G.Ignatyeva 1 , S.K.Konovalov 2 , O.N.Kozlovskaya 3 

Keywords: carbon dioxide flux, carbonate system, the bay, the anthropogenic impact 

ABSTRACT 

The carbonate system is one of the most complicated chemical equilibriums in 

seawater. It concerns with air‐sea carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange processes, with 

chemistry of seawater and with accumulation of carbonates in marine sediments. CO2 

has a key role in the changes of the seawater carbonate system especially in 

estuarine and coastal waters. Budget of this substance is closely linked to the organic 

carbon pool through photosynthesis and respiration. The level of рСО2 in coastal 

waters is usually higher than other open ocean values and as compared to the 

atmospheric pCO2 allows considering these regions to be additional sources of carbon 

dioxide for the atmosphere. This work is aimed to investigate the carbonate system 

of anthropogenically stressed and highly eutrophic coastal zones of the Black Sea. 

The carbonate system of the Sevastopol Bay (Black Sea) has been monitored from 

1998 to 2007 to investigate its seasonal dynamic and to estimate the carbon dioxide 

(CO2) flux at the air‐sea boundary. Results demonstrate that the flux of CO2 from the 

atmosphere was typical for the entire area of the bay and for all seasons, as the 

partial pressure (рСО2) in the surface waters was usually below than the atmospheric 

рСО2. The average value of рСО2 in the surface layer of water is 294 μatm. However, 

temporal changes of рСО2 have a tendency of increasing from 226 μatm in July 1998 

to 284 μatm in July 2007. The bottom layer has demonstrated elevated values of 

рСО2 in the most of seasons in comparison with surface layer; the average partial 

pressure of carbon dioxide in it was as a rule higher than atmospheric value. Like the 

surface layer the bottom layer have the tendency of rising from 373 μatm in July 

1998 to 397 μatm in July 2007. Comparison of different seasons demonstrates more 

intensive rising of рСО2 in summer months both for surface and for bottom layer. 

1 Olga G. Ignatyeva (Ph.D.): stable2006@list.ru ‐ Marine Hydrophysical Institute 

National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, 99011, Ukraine, 

www.mhi.iuf.net 

2 Sergey K. Konovalov (Dr): sergey@alpha.mhi.iuf.net ‐ Marine Hydrophysical Institute 

National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, 99011, Ukraine, 

www. mhi.iuf.net 

3 Olga N. Kozlovskaya: olja562@mail.ru ‐ Marine Hydrophysical Institute National 

Academy of Science of Ukraine Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, 99011, Ukraine, www. 

mhi.iuf.net



Relatively high level of primary production maintains pСО2 below the atmospheric 

level during the year. A strong stratification of the water column in the warm period 

of year supports accumulation of CO2 in the near‐bottom layer, reducing the 

carbonate and shifting the redox potential to negative values. 

There are dramatic values of рСО2 in the bottom layer and their stable rise reveals 

the influence of polluting urban coastal runoffs. The predominance of the СО2 

invasion is caused by the intensive synthesis of organic matter, which produced due 

to the nutrient elements entry from coastal sources.



Review of marine wastewater disposal in developing countries 

Harvey F Ludwig 1 

Keywords: Marine wastewater disposal, confined marine waters, unconfined (open) 

marine waters, key design parameters, costs for marine disposal 

ABSTRACT 

(a) The essential purpose of this paper is to furnish guidelines to assist engineering 

practicioners of the developing countries (DCs) in designing systems for 

disposal of wastewater to the marine environment which are appropriate for 

use in DCs, as distinguished from designs which utilized in the affluent 

industrialized countries (ICs) which can afford much higher levels of 

environmental standards than are affordable in the DCs. These guidelines 

have been prepared based on the author’s experience in designing marine 

wastewater disposal systems in both the USA and other ICs and in a number of 

DCs in Asia, South America, and Africa. Pertinent references on this relevant 

experience are listed in Annex I. 

(b) Few DC environmental engineering practicioners, and many of their 

counterparts in the International Assistance Agencies (IAAs) (including the 

Multidevelopment Banks, U.N. Agencies, and Bilateral) clearly understand (a) 

that there are two separate alternatives for disposal of wastewaters to marine 

waters, namely (i) disposal to “confined” nearshore waters, including 

nearshore shallow waters and estuaries and bays, and (ii) unconfined open 

ocean waters, and (b) that the design for these two alternatives are vastly 

different. These differences are discussed in detail. 

(c) The paper is organized into the following sections: (i) Introduction, (ii) Significant 

Design Parameters for Disposal to Confined Waters versus Unconfined Ocean 

Waters, (iii ) Design of Disposal Systems to Confined Marine Waters, (iv) 

Disposal to Open Ocean Waters, (v) USA Requirements for Ocean Disposal, and 

(vi) Conclusion and Recommendations 

(d) The paper’s main conclusions are (a) for disposal to confined marine water, the 

treatment requirements are essentially the same as for disposal to inland 

waterways, and (b) for coastal municipalities where access to the open ocean 

is feasible, the marine outfall option with grease/floatables removal is by far 

the preferred option. This option has the great advantage that no sludge is 

generated for processing and disposal. New technologies, like milliscreening, 

provide efficient and lower cost partial primary treatment suitable for use with 

ocean outfalls 

1 Harvey F Ludwig (Dr), hfludwig@truemail.co.th, Samutprakarn, Thailand



Bottom sediments in evaluation of coastal area pollution status (The Black Sea) 

Osadchaya T.S. 1 

Keywords: bottom sediments, oil pollution, indexes of pollution load 

ABSTRACT 

Importance of bottom sediments in forming of coastal marine environment total 

sanitary‐ecological quality is no doubts. Being a final stage in 

precipitation/accumulation processes of all water column pollutants the bottom 

sediments for a long time a “memory” about the happened and happening impacts a 

diversity of which gives possibility for wide choice of the indices both for 

environment state characteristic and assessment of its self‐cleaning potential, i. e. 

perspectives for rehabilitation. 

An object of present study was the Sevastopol Bay (southwestern of Crimea, Black 

Sea). Suspended matter brought into the bay by the inflowing river and from the 

adjoining catchment area, abrasion of the sea bottom and coast and organic matter 

as the result of vital activity of biota are the main sources which contribute to bottom 

sediment accumulation. The ratio between the catchment area and the area of 

Sevastopol Bay is estimated 56 that indicates how significant the terrigenous 

component is to sedimentation. In Sevastopol Bay sedimentation goes at relatively 

high rate – about 2.4 mm/yr as a study based on 137 Cs measurements has shown. This 

estimate closely approximately the sedimentation rates characteristic of the 

northwestern Black Sea and the Azov Sea – 2.3 and 2.5 mm/yr. The morphometric 

structure and hydrodynamic features special for the Bay are the factors which 

strongly influence granulometric fraction distribution in the uppermost layer of the 

bottom sediments. The presence of dynamic anticyclonic formation with 

downwelling sea water in the centre has effect on the dynamics and distribution of 

facies of the present bottom sediments and on accumulation and transfer of 

substances composing the sediments. 

Obtained and available data showed that in spite of a great number of the pollutants 

discharged from numerous and adverse sources, as a result of traditional Bay use ‐ as 

a big port and the Navy’s base, the oil hydrocarbons may be attributed to the main 

factors determining a total ecological status of the Sevastopol Bay. The functional 

specificity together with the features of lythodynamical and hydrodynamical regimes 

provoke an accumulation of pollution in definite sites of the Bay forming thereby the 

zones of ecological risk. 

Characteristic of bottom environment chemical quality in terms of the Pollution Load 

Index (PLI) allowed to pick out some tendencies of deterioration/improvement 

1 Osadchaya T.S., msh@ibss.iuf.net ‐ The A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the 

Southern Seas, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine



dynamics on long‐term scale, for example: a sharp leap (to an improvement) of the 

PLI in 1991 – period of economical stagnation. At the same time, evident 

deterioration of ecological (but improvement of economical) situation in 2003 was 

reflected in a sharp fall of the PLI values. Comparison of pollution status of the 

Sevastopol Bay with different geographical regions showed that total PLI (the 

Pollution Load Index) is confronted with the most polluted estuary of Europe and, 

unfortunately, to speak about possible improvement of total ecological situation now 

seems to be next to impossible.



Modelling the impact of microbial pollution discharge in 

West Cotentin coast (France) 

Riou Philippe, Chini Nicolas, Nalin Clement, Pottecher Georges, Duchemin Jean 

SUMMARY 

With increased demands on coastal activities, microbial contamination of surface 

water is an emerging public health concern for populations using those waters for 

recreational or shellfish farming activities. Sewage effluents, failing septic system, 

runoff from farm feedlots and agriculture lands are important sources of 

contamination. Fecal levels in coastal waters are often peak after a major rainfall 

event. The episodic nature of their origin and the transience of the receiving water 

response make the modeling of fecal contamination events particularly challenging. 

To assess the impact of microbial fluxes and to achieve water quality goals, a water 

quality model has been developed in the west Cotentin coast (Normandie, France) 

A two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model, with a 75 m mesh size, was built to simulate 

the current and dispersion in this sector, which includes areas uncovered at low tide. 

The model was run to describe the hydrodynamic features, including decay rates to 

simulate microorganism behavior. The model was validated by simulating spatial and 

temporal dynamics for dry weather conditions and rainfall events by comparing the 

calculated concentrations to a large data base from shellfish survey monitoring. Using 

this model, different scenarios were simulated to estimate the critical faecal loads. 

This study aims to understand and to solve the local contamination in recreational 

and shellfish farming areas and thus to achieve the European Directives



Water and wastewater monitoring of Guia submarine outfall – an 11 year survey 

Cristina Santos 1 , Justina Catarino 2 , Zélia Figueiredo 3 , Sandra Calixto 4 , Eugénia 

Marques 5 , Pedro Cunha 6 , Margarida Antunes 7 

ABSTRACT 

SANEST is a public sanitation company that manages a wastewater treatment plant 

located at Guia, on the west coast of Lisbon, Portugal. This company collects and 

treats the sewage of four municipalities with an estimated 750 000 population 

equivalent, thus being one of the biggest sanitation companies in Portugal. 

A Decision of the Commission 2001/720/CE conceded SANEST derogation, exempting 

it to apply less than secondary treatment to wastewaters discharged into the Atlantic 

Ocean from the four agglomerations. This decision was supported on a large 

monitoring program, presented to the EU, and set up by SANEST. It surveys the 

impact of the effluent disposal and includes measurements of physical, chemical, 

biological and microbiological properties in the effluent and in the receiving waters. 

This paper presents methods and results for the effluent chemical and 

microbiological quality as well as for the receiving waters and an ichtyofauna survey, 

and resumes an eleven year situation, with the preliminary wastewater treatment 

before effluent disposal. The WWTP results correspond to medium load urban 

effluents without treatment with temporal variability related to flood fluctuations. In 

the receiving waters almost legal values are respected and the plume of the outfall is 

only identifiable by faecal bacteria in the vicinity of the discharge. 

1 Cristina Santos (Mrs.) Biologist, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e 

Inovação. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, nº 22, 1649‐038 Lisboa, Portugal 

cristina.santos@ineti.pt 

2 Justina Catarino (Mrs.), Environmental engineer Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, 

Tecnologia e Inovação. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, nº 22, 1649‐038 Lisboa, Portugal 

3 Zélia Figueiredo (Mrs.), Chemical engineer, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, 


4 Sandra Calixto (Mrs.), Environmental engineer, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, 


5 Eugénia Marques (Mrs.), Microbiologist, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e 

Inovação. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, nº 22, 1649‐038 Lisboa, Portugal 

6 Pedro Cunha (Mr.), Biologist, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação. 

Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, nº 22, 1649‐038 Lisboa, Portugal 

7 Margarida Antunes (Mrs.) Biologist, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e 

Inovação. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, nº 22, 1649‐038 Lisboa, Portugal



The fish community, in particular benthic species, has revealed a slight degradation 

probably due to the fact that pollutants tend preferentially to accumulate on 

sediment. 

The treatment plant is being upgraded to fulfil, by May 2009, an advanced primary 

treatment level that includes disinfection during the bathing season to fully observe 

the European Commission Decision 2001/720/EC.



Copepod diversity in the marine outfall zone of a fertilizer plant off Thal, west coast 

of India 

Rosamma Stephen 1 , S. N. Gajbhiye 2 , K.V. Jayalakshmy 3 and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair 4 

ABSTRACT 

Keywords: Variations, density, diversity community 

The coastal waters of Maharashtra, west coast of India receive copious amount of 

waste water discharge due to urbanization and industrialization. This study focuses 

on the effect of effluents from a fertilizer plant on the copepods the major 

component of zooplankton. The plant is located in Thal along the coastal approaches 

to Mumbai harbour entrance. During baseline study zooplankton samples were 

collected with an H‐T net from three transects in the vicinity of the proposed plant in 

1980‐81. The density, diversity and community structure of copepods were studied in 

relation to the water quality. A total of 24 species were recorded .To evaluate the 

impact if any of the effluent discharge a postoutfall study was conducted after 12 

years of running the plant (1994 ‐95).Comparison of water quality showed increase in 

nitrate and phosphate and a decrease in DO. The average density decreased y a 

factor of 1.4 in the receiving waters and at the discharge point by a factor of 1.8 and 

1.7. Only 21 species were recorded from the area during post outfall study. At the 

discharge point 8 species were obtained in 1994 and 13 species in 1995. The absence 

of neritic species namely Paracalanus crassirostris, Centropages alcocki, Acartia 

tropica and A. erythraea and stragglers namely Euchaeta indica and Calanopia 

elliptica were evident. The density when compared with baseline study showed 

subtle change within a period of 12 years. The community structure is related to the 

niche ‐breadth of the species prevalent during both the period and indicated slight 

alteration at the discharge point. 

1 

Rosamma Stephen, Dr, Scientist (Retired), rosamma.stephen@gmail.com ‐ National 

Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682018, India 

2 

Gajbhiye,S.N, Dr, Scientist, snbhiye@darya.nio.org ‐ National Institute of 

Oceanography, Regional Centre, Lokhandwala Road, Four Bungalows, Andheri (West), 

Mumbai, India 

3 

Jayalakshmi, K.V, Dr, Scientist, jaya@niokochi.org ‐ National Institute of Oceanography, 

Regional Centre, Kochi 682018 India 

4 

Vijayalakshmi , R. Nair, Dr, Scientist (Retired), vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com ‐ National 

Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Lokhandwala Road, Four Bungalows, 

Andheri (West), Mumbai, India



Data Integration System for 

Eutrophication 

Assessment in Coastal Waters

INSEA PROJECT 



INSEA meeting together with MWWD2008, Cavtat/Dubrovnik, Croatia 

About INSEA Project 

INSEA is a project concerned with the development of technologies and knowledge 

for assessing eutrophication in coastal systems. INSEA builds on the hypothesis that 

combining (i) Remote Sensing, (ii) In Situ measurements and (iii) Modelling is the 

quickest and most economic way for assessing the trophic state of coastal waters and 

for planning management responses in case of necessity. 

The control of the trophic level in coastal areas requires maintenance of organic 

matter at level low enough for keeping dissolved oxygen consumption within 

acceptable limits and avoiding oxygen concentration to decrease below critical levels 

(usually taken as 80% of saturation concentration). Primary production is a major 

source of organic matter in coastal areas and consequently it must be kept low to 

avoid eutrophication. 

In coastal areas where turbidity due to terrigenous material is usually low, the control 

of mineral nutrients concentration is the only way for controlling primary production. 

The control of nutrient’s concentrations can be managed controlling loads and/or 

promoting dilution of anthropogenic discharges. 

Submarine outfalls are organs of the Urban Waste Water managing systems in 

coastal areas. They promote decrease of concentrations diluting Urban Waste Water 

in the coastal ocean through discharges in deep water where vertical mixing is high 

and residence time is low. 

Submarine Outfalls are thus organs complementing Urban Waste Water Treatment 

Plants built for reducing loads. They enhance the reduction of concentration, but 

they also transport contaminants of the coast, protecting coastal uses of sea water, 

for bathing but also for aquaculture activities, especially for shellfish production. 

About MWWD2008 

The MWWD2008 meeting is oriented to people involved on submarine outfall design 

and exploitation, including on the control of the state of the receiving waters in the 

plume’s influence zone. These activities require the knowledge of the hydrodynamics 

‐ responsible for the dispersion of the plume ‐ and of the biogeochemical processes 

that are responsible for the transformations of the materials discharged by the 

outfall. These needs can be fulfilled by the knowledge and the tools produced by the 

project INSEA, justifying a special session within MWWD2008. 

INSEA closed session 

An internal meeting for discussing project issues is scheduled on Monday 27 at, 

9.00hrs in Salon 5.



INSEA Open Session 

The INSEA open session will be dedicated to the case studies and the technologies 

developed in the project and will include 7 presentations (abstracts hereafter): 

(the number in front is the page number) 

The INSEA project in the context of the Urban Waste Water Management. Ramiro 

Neves, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal. 

Nutrient Dynamics and Primary Production in the Costa do Estoril Region, off Tagus 

Estuary. Relative importance of upwelling, river load and submarine outfall discharge. 

Luis Fernandes (Instituto Superior Técnico) & Adélio Silva (Hidromod, Lda), Lisboa 

Portugal 

Nutrient Dynamics and Primary Production in Fos Gulf Region and interaction with 

the Rhone River ‐ Clément Fontana (CNRS, Marseille) & Patrick Marsaleix (Univ. de 

Toulouse), France. 

Nutrient Dynamics in the Pagasitikos Gulf. Relative importance of land‐drainage and 

recycling. George Triantafyllou, Annika Pollani, HCMR, Athens, Greece 

Weather forecasting and coastal modeling. Feasibility of local ‐ fine grid – simulations 

‐ George Kallos, University of Athens, Greece 

The Role of Remote Sensing on Ocean and Costal Chlorophyll Monitoring ‐ Eric 

Jeansou, NOVELTIS, Toulouse, France 

Online data discovery and data product publishing for coastal management ‐ Peter 

Thijsse, MARIS, Voorburg, The Netherlands. 

The Open Session will be held in the Salon Orlando Tuesday 28/09, 14.30‐16.00 and 

16.30‐18.00/18.30



The INSEA project in the context of the urban waste water management 

R. Neves 1 

Keywords: Coastal management, modelling, remote sensing, wastewater discharge 

ABSTRACT 

Water is used in urban areas mostly as a means for transporting solid and dissolved 

wastes from all the anthropogenic activities with special emphasis for domestic, 

industrial sources. Organic matter and fecal bacteria are major components of Urban 

Waste Water (UWW), although the specific composition depends on the relative 

domestic and industrial contributions. 

Urban areas are important “patches” in river catchments requiring large fresh water 

volumes provided by upstream rural areas and producing similar volumes of waste 

water discharged downstream. Fresh water is transported from capitations up to 

individual users by a network of successive downsizing conducts and UWW follows an 

opposite path, being driven to main trunk sewers – that drive it outwards urban areas 

‐ by drainage sewer systems of successive upsizing conducts. Organic loads 

discharged in the receiving waters enter in the trophic chain, being consumed mostly 

by bacteria which require oxygen and regenerate mineral nutrients that are made 

available to primary producers. 

Up to the second half of the twentieth century, managing UWW was a synonymous 

of managing the sewer system and deciding on the location of the point (or points) 

where sewage was discharged in the receiving waters. The migration of inhabitants 

from rural to urban areas started in the fifties strongly increased the urban needs of 

fresh water and consequently the volume of UWW generated. The increasing organic 

loads frequently overcome oxygen availability generated eutrophication and strongly 

impacted the trophic chain. 

From that time on, managing UWW also means managing the loads discharged in the 

receiving waters. UWW Treatment Plants (UWWTP) have been built for reducing 

those loads and the concentrations of organic matter and fecal bacteria and in some 

cases the concentration of the trophic activity limiting nutrient (nitrogen or 

phosphorous). In Europe the UWWTP Directive was issued in 1991 imposing the 

secondary treatment to urban areas larger than10,000 e.p. independently of the type 

of environment where the UWW is being discharged. The UWWTP Directive ‐ and 

similar legislation being used all around the world ‐ have contributed for improving 

the quality of the receiving waters. Bathing waters in coastal areas have strongly 

1 Ramiro Neves (Associate Professor), ramiro.neves@ist.utl.pt Instituto Superior 

Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049‐001 Lisboa, Portugal, http://www.insea.info



improved as well as the trophic status of fresh water systems where nutrient loads 

have been reduced. 

A major cost of the UWWTP is however energy, which production contributes directly 

for atmospheric CO2 budgets. The organic matter respired in the UWWTP also 

contribute with additional CO2 for the atmosphere – although less severe because 

most of this CO2 would be produced in the receiving waters anyway. Another 

problem is sludge generated by the treatment process in the UWWTP that has to be 

disposed somewhere, creating a new environmental problem. The UWWTP energy 

requirements and environmental problems associated to the final disposal of sludge 

will require a reanalysis of the management of UWW, including the assessment of the 

UWW impact in the receiving environment, based on the modification of the 

biogeochemical processes. 

The biogeochemical processes depend on concentrations, bringing dilution and 

residence time into the decision process. Ocean disposal is thus expected to become 

an alternative to higher land treatment levels in ocean areas with (i) low trophic level, 

(ii) intense hydro dynamism and (iii) low residence time. In these areas submarine 

outfalls equipped with high capacity diffusers are particularly interesting because (a) 

they promote initial dilution and (b) dispose the effluent far from bathing areas, 

reducing the needs for disinfection. Disposal of effluents in the ocean require (i) a 

good knowledge of the ocean hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry responsible for 

dilution and transformation of the materials included in the UWW and (ii) intense 

monitoring of the receiving environment. 

The project INSEA developed tools for monitoring, understanding and forecasting the 

ocean processes responsible for the fate of the organic and nutrient loads discharged 

in the ocean by rivers and also by point sources as submarine outfalls. Mathematical 

models, remote sensing images and in‐situ measurements were combined for 

maximizing the information obtained in coastal zones. Remote sensing provides ‐ on 

a daily basis ‐ images of surface distributions of chlorophyll, temperature and 

suspended matter while in‐situ measurements provide concentrations in discrete 

points over the water column, usually on a monthly or seasonal basis. Three 

dimensional mathematical models compute time evolutions of the spatial 

distributions, interpolating the in‐situ measurements in space and time and 

extending the surface distributions provided by remote sensing along the vertical and 

to properties not measurable by this technique. 

The mathematical model also permits to understand the processes responsible for 

the distributions measured and the forecast of the consequences of the modification 

of loads. Mathematical models are consequently a basic tool for deciding on the 

capacity of a specific ocean area for receiving UWW and on the land treatment 

required in each area. Results from Costa do Estoril in Portugal, Fos Gulf next to the 

Rhone river mouth in France and from the gulf of Pagasitikos in Greece will be used 

for illustrating the capacity of such a system.



Instituto Superior Técnico is the Engineering school of the Technical 

University of Lisbon. It is the largest Engineering school in Portugal with 

about 7000 undergraduate students and 2000 graduate students and is 

actively involved on research projects. The model www.mohid.com is an 

integrated model applicable yo coastal and deep waters with specific 

modules for simulating the fate of wastewater discharged through 

submarine outfalls. 

The INSEA www.insea.info is a GMES project 

funded by the 6th framework project (contract nº SST4‐CT‐2005‐012336) and aiming 

to develop structural coastal management tools combining remote sensing, 

mathematical modeling and in‐situ data.



INSEA: Nutrient dynamics and primary production in the Estoril Coast, off the Tagus 

estuary 

Fernandes, L., 1 , Silva, A., Leitão, P.C., Neves, R. 

Keywords: nutrient dynamics, primary production, numerical modelling, coastal 

management 

ABSTRACT 

The Tagus estuary (Lisbon, Portugal) ecosystem has been studied on a systematic way 

since the late 1970’s. Recent integrated modelling studies (Neves et al, 2003; Saraiva 

et al, 2007), comprising coupled hydrodynamic‐biogeochemical/ecological models, 

aimed to study the processes responsible for the trophic activity in the estuary and to 

quantify the effect of eventual reductions of the nutrient loads. These studies were 

backed up by a monitoring program set up by public companies managing urban 

waste water in the Lisbon region. Results, in accordance to monitoring data, show 

that the trophic activity in the estuary is mostly limited by light availability in the 

water column due to high turbidity generated by resuspension of particulate matter 

in the tidal flats. The model has shown that a complete removal of urban‐generated 

nutrients would have no effect on the trophic activity in the estuary, as a 

consequence of the light limitation and of the availability of nutrients carried by the 

rivers. 

In the Estoril coast, West of Lisbon and downstream of the Tagus estuary mouth, a 

submarine outfall was constructed in the 1990’s which disposes the effluent from the 

Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) at Guia, which handles the waste waters from 

the Sintra, Cascais and Oeiras municipalities intercepting system. This transitional 

estuarine/coastal area has entirely different environmental conditions when 

compared with the inner estuary. In this area, where the continental shelf starts, 

although the action of the tide is responsible for the dominant flow, the wind can 

generate strong currents and high intensities of turbulence, consequently 

constituting an additional mechanism of dispersion. In this study, nutrient dynamics 

and primary production in the Estoril coast is assessed. The aim is to describe the 

importance of the Tagus estuary exports in terms of nutrients, organic matter and 

phytoplankton, in comparison to what is arriving from the open sea, through shelf 

processes such as upwelling, and also to what is being released by the Guia 

submarine outfall. 

This study consists of 3D model simulations of the Estoril coast using a downscaling 

approach. A 5‐6km resolution, 43 vertical levels, 3D model of the Portuguese coast 

forced by a MERCATOR Psy2v2 North Atlantic solution at the open boundaries and by 

1 Luis Fernandes, lfernandes.maretec@ist.utl.pt – MARETEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, 

Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049‐001 Lisboa, Portugal, http://www.insea.info



MM5 meteorological model at the ocean‐atmosphere interface computes the main 

circulation at the regional scale. A 3D, 35 vertical levels, 1‐2km resolution domain was 

nested into the Portuguese coast model receiving as boundary condition the 

discharge (momentum, salt, heat and biogeochemical parameters) from the Tagus 

estuary, computed offline, with a depth‐integrated high resolution model (300m). 

This methodology enables to compute the fine resolution processes inside the 

estuary and couple it with the large depth scales of the Estoril coast model (ranging 

more than 3000m depth). Two periods were selected (January and May 2007) and 

analysed in terms of residual circulation and main physical features. Model results of 

nutrient dynamics and primary production are discussed in relation with the relative 

importance of the contribution from coastal, estuarine and anthropogenic processes, 

and compared with in observations and remote sensing data.



Nutrient dynamics and primary production in Fos Gulf Region and interaction with 

the Rhone River 

Clement Fontana 




INSEA: Nutrient dynamics in the Pagasitikos Gulf. Relative importance of land‐ 

drainage and recycling 

G. Triantafyllou 1 , A. Pollani, G. Korres, G. Petihakis, K. Tsiaras, D. Raitsos, A. Banks 

ABSTRACT 

Keywords: nutrient dynamics, eutrophication, coastal management 

Pagasitikos is a semi‐enclosed gulf located in the western Aegean Sea north of Evia 

Island surrounded by the mountainous areas of Pilio, Halkodonio, Giouras and Othrys 

(Fig.1). Its mean depth is 69m characterizing the system as shallow while the deepest 

area (108m) is found at the eastern part of the gulf where bigger gradients are 

observed. The total area is 520km 2 with a total volume of 36km 3 connected with the 

Aegean Sea and north Evoikos through the narrow (5.5 km) and relatively deep (80m) 

Trikeri channel. The mean water renewal time of Pagasitikos is 105 days. 

A sewage treatment plant for the domestic effluents was planed as early as 1964, but 

took 23 years to become operational. Another significant event was the draining of 

lake Karla in the early 60’s via an aqua duct in the north part of Pagasitikos during 

when large quantities of enriched waters with nutrients were poured into the system. 

Although the lake is dried at present, winter rainwater washes the soil in the wider 

area of Karla, becoming enriched with fertilizers, pesticides and particulate material 

and a proportion is finally poured into Pagasitikos. It is believed that a significant 

proportion of these nutrients enter the system during winter through a network of 

small torrents (Fig.1). 

During 1982 dense mucilage composed of phytoplankton cells, bacteria, zooplankton 

excretions and detritus covered large areas in the north part of the gulf causing 

significant problems to the fishing community and to tourism. This phenomenon was 

greatly reduced both in space and time in the following years to return however with 

greater severity in 1987 which was the worst year ever recorded. 

1 

George Triantafyllou (Dr), gt@ath.hcmr.gr ‐ HCMR, P.O.Box 712, Mavro Lithari, GR 

19013 Anavissos, Attica – www.hcmr.gr



Fig.1: Pagasitikos Eutrophication sources Fig. 2: Mean time‐series comparison 

of model outcome and Chl‐a products 

In the framework of INSEA project, and in an attempt to understand the dynamics 

behind the bloom formation and evolution the results from the latest monitoring 

program in Pagasitikos were analyzed while significant effort was paid in modeling 

studies. Downscaling methodologies applied to physics to force ecological modeling 

on coastal areas in order to describe biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients 

occurring under different hydrographic and trophic regimes, and satellite 

observations and data assimilation techniques were used to explore the system 

forecasting capabilities to support coastal zone management. SFEK, SEEK and SEIK 

filters were implemented in this non‐linear regime using the concept of twin 

experiments and assimilating satellite real observations. 

Several satellite remote sensing datasets were used to describe and to validate the 

model’s assimilation outcomes. The comparison between the model outcome and 

satellite data performed using both visual maps and weekly mean time‐series (Fig.2). 

Overall, as it can be seen from the graph, there is a relative agreement between the 

model outcome and the remote sensing data.



The Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR) is a governmental research 

organization operating under the auspices of the General Secretariat of Research 

and Technology (Ministry of Development). It has the mandate to promote basic 

research in all fields of aquatic environment and to deliver comprehensive scientific 

and technical support to the public. HCMR operates the 62m R/V Aegaeo, the 23m 

R/V Filia and the manned submersible THETIS as well as two aquariums in Crete 

and Rhode Islands. 

Within the last 20 years HCMR has contributed to a large number of international 

research projects, carried out in several regions of the Mediterranean and the Black 

Seas. HCMR developed the national monitoring and forecasting system, POSEIDON, 

implemented during 1997‐2000, and since the beginning of 2000 it provides 

operationally information and forecasts for meteorological conditions, sea‐state, 

currents, hydrological structure and water quality in the Eastern Mediterranean.



Weather forecasting and coastal modeling: Feasibility of local‐fine grid‐simulations 

ABSTRACT 

G. Kallos 1 , E. Mavromatidis, S. Solomos 

Keywords: Atmospheric model, turbulence, flow dynamics 

Limited Area Meteorological models (LAM) always cover regions ranging from a few 

hundreds of kilometers to a few thousands. The discertization is ranging from a few 

tens of kilometers to a few hundred meters. The spectral modes that are explicitly 

resolved are bounded by the domain size (small wave numbers) and grid increment 

(high wave numbers). Although, horizontal grid size is used as model resolution but 

this is not true. The true model resolution is between 2 and 4 times the horizontal 

resolution. 

Most of the coastal areas are characterized by the complexity of the coastline and the 

neighboring with other topographic features (e.g. hills, mountains, wetlands) and 

landscape variability (e.g. urban conglomerates, industrial and/or agricultural 

activities, forested and non forested areas). This complex variability is mainly 

responsible for the formation of local weather and climatic characteristics and of 

course flow fields. The typical sea/land breeze circulation is not applicable except is 

very few cases. In general, there are three major factors that define local circulations 

in coastal areas: (1) the mechanical (distribution and orientation of topographic 

features), (2) the thermal (mainly due to variability in landscape, the coastline 

formations and their orientation) and (3) the typical characteristics of the regional 

and synoptic scale weather patterns (e.g. seasonal weather). The horizontal scales of 

the variability of all these features are a key factor that must be taken into the 

consideration in coastal meteorological modeling. This is especially true for the 

definition of the most appropriate domain size and grid discretization. Vertical 

discretization (layering) is also a subject of the topographic features. This is critical 

not only on the correct representation of the flow (around or over a topographic 

obstacle) but also on the boundary layer formations. This is absolutely necessary in 

the coastal areas with complex boundary layer formations (e.g. marine boundary 

layer that is always constant within the diurnal cycle, boundary layer over land with 

significant diurnal cycle and of course multiple layering and internal boundary layer 

formations). 

At the framework of INSEA, two areas with complex terrain and coastline have been 

selected namely the Pagassiticos Gulf and the area of Lisbon at the Tagus river 

discharge area. 

Pagassiticos is a semi‐closed gulf that is not directly opened to the Aegean Sea and is 

surrounded by high mountains and neighboring with the island of Evia to the South. 

1 George Kallos (Prof), kallos@mg.uoa.gr, National and Kapodistrian University of 

Athens, School of Physics, Atmospheric Modeling and Weather Forecasting Group, 

University Campus Bldg PHYS‐5, 15784 Athens, Greece, Http://forecast.uoa.gr



The horizontal distance of the gulf is at the order of 50 km with narrow strips of land 

towards South and East interchanged with sea. This horizontal and vertical variability 

define horizontal grid resolution at the order of one km and vertical ranging from few 

tens to a couple of hundreds of meters. The area is characterized by multi‐scale flow 

patterns ranging from synoptic to microscale with key role of the regional scale. 

Therefore, the domain must be appropriate to cover at least the most important 

features. For this reason, the RAMS modeling system has been used in multi‐grid and 

two‐way nesting configuration. The nested domains used are: the first 89x76 points 

and 40.5 km discretization, the second 83x77 grid points with 13.5 km discretization, 

the third 74x65 grid points with 4.5 kilometers discretization and the fourth with 

89x83 grid points and discretization of 1.5 kilometer. In the vertical 30 layers were 

used in logarithmic distribution. 

The Lisbon area is at the discharge part of Tagus River that is a semi‐closed water 

body with opening to sea to the west. A small hill at NW plays a key role on the flow 

formation that has many implications concerning the behavior of the water body of 

the area under consideration. The key landscape characteristics of the area require 

model configuration in two‐way nesting and very high resolution in the area of 

interest (below 1 km). The four RAMS domains are configured with horizontal grid 

increments of 36, 12, 3, 0.75 km. 

The model was capable of capturing the local weather features and provided 

meteorological fields that have been used in hydrodynamic and nutrient dynamics 

modeling applications in the area. The two‐way model configuration was useful to 

cover the multi‐scale flow interactions on a satisfactory way despite the fact that the 

initial and boundary conditions provided are with relatively coarse resolution (0.5x0.5 

degree grid increment). 

This experimental configuration and model simulations showed that the high 

resolution meteorology is absolutely necessary in coastal management applications.



National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – NKUA is the oldest and 

largest Greek University with approximately 110.000 students (Undergraduate 

and Graduate) and 2200 faculty of various disciplines. School of Physics has 

five Divisions ranging from Theoretical Physics to Applied Physics and 

especially Environmental Physics, Meteorology, Telecommunications and 

Automation. The Atmospheric Modeling and Weather Forecasting Group has 

12 members (5 PhD, 6 PhD candidates and one Computer Administrator). It is 

specialized in Atmospheric, wave and air quality model development and 

applications. The modeling systems developed is SKIRON/Dust, WAM4, 

ICLAMS/RAMS, Mediterranean Air Quality System. Saharan dust cycle 

prediction system is well known for its accuarate operations. It runs various 

forecasting applications for weather, wave and air quality at various 

resolutions. In addition, it has installed and runs operationally modeling 

systems worldwide.



The role of remote sensing on ocean and costal chlorophyll monitoring 

E. Jeansou 1 , P. Prunet 2 , J. Donnadille 3 , M. Lux 4 , A. Banks 5 , P. Pina 6 

Keywords: remote sensing, ocean color, data assimilation, radiative transfer 

ABSTRACT 

Remote Sensing is becoming a interesting source of information, bringing a synoptic 

view of the surface signature of ocean processes. Since 10 years, a succession of 

overlapping missions permits a continuous monitoring of the ocean, in particular for 

chlorophyll concentration. This Earth Observation (EO) capability is being improved in 

term of durability (new constellation of satellites) and in term of resolution and 

accuracy. 

In the framework of INSEA, we studied new methods to exploit the data provided by 

Ocean Color imagers (SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS…). These instruments measure 

primarily the reflectance of the sea surface, that is an optical quantity not directly 

comparable to in situ measurements or ocean biogeochemical models outputs. 

Indeed, chlorophyll concentration maps are derived from reflectance and distributed 

by space agencies. The chlorophyll products are directly usable either to validate 

ocean model output, or to be assimilated in them. Nonetheless, it is difficult to 

evaluate the error bars of chlorophyll products: their uncertainty can reach several 

tens of % of the signal. We consider an alternative method to exploit the reflectance 

observation with models, either for validation or assimilation purposes, taking into 

account the non‐uniformity of the vertical distribution of the chlorophyll. This 

approach requires to use a sea water radiative transfer model, which complicates the 

processing, but permits to better control the observations errors in the data 

assimilation process. 

1 Eric Jeansou, eric.jeansou@noveltis.fr – Noveltis, 2 avenue de l’Europe, 31520 

Ramonville‐Saint‐Agne, France www.noveltis.fr 

2 P. Prunet, Noveltis, 2 avenue de l’Europe, 31520 Ramonville‐Saint‐Agne, France 

www.noveltis.fr 

3 J. Donnadille, Noveltis, 2 avenue de l’Europe, 31520 Ramonville‐Saint‐Agne, France 


4 M. Lux, Noveltis, 2 avenue de l’Europe, 31520 Ramonville‐Saint‐Agne, France 


5 A. Banks, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion 

6 P. Pina, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon



NOVELTIS is a French private engineering company focusing its activity on 

atmospheric physics and chemistry, oceanography, land surfaces and astrophysics, 

Noveltis is constantly expanding its expertise in geophysical measurement analysis, 

space technologies, mathematics and computer science. 

Standing at the crossroads of research and industry, NOVELTIS consolidates and 

promotes scientific work as a tool for analysing and managing environmental 

problems. NOVELTIS activities spread from upstream projects, like the preparation 

of space Earth Observation missions, to downstream services like operational 

systems and the development of decision‐making tools. 

www.noveltis.fr



INSEA: Online data discovery and data product publishing for coastal management 

P.R. Thijsse 1 

Keywords: datasets, discovery, viewing service, dataproducts 

ABSTRACT 

MARIS is coordinating data management within the INSEA project. For managing and 

getting access to data sets (in‐situ, remote sensing and model outputs) at partner 

sites a combination of the methodologies/standards used in the EU projects 

SeaDataNet (www.seadatanet.org) and MerSea (www.mersea.eu.org), have been 

adopted, depending on the local set‐up of the INSEA partners in the three study 

areas: Tagus area, Golf du Fos and Golf of Pagasitikos. 

The INSEA data management structure consists of a portal website www.insea.info 

for users and partners that will be demonstrated during the presentation: 

1. Discovery of in‐situ data: 

A search interface to metadatabases for the collected In‐Situ data has been 

developed, including a user registration, and distributed data management systems 

at partners. A key element in the data identification and access to in‐situ data is the 

Common Data Index (CDI) metadatabase based on the ISO19115 metadata model, 

which has been adopted from the SeaDataNet project. This INSEA CDI interface can 

be found via the INSEA website, see www.insea.info/cdi. 

2. Discovery of INSEA data products: 

A catalogue for data product identification has been set up including a Content 

Management System to enter the product description. Just like the CDI metadata 

model this catalogue follows the ISO19115 metadata standard. The catalogue is 

accessible via the INSEA website and gives an overview of the available products in 

the three regions. It directs the users to the distribution points via the metadata. 

3. Visualization of data products and model output: 

The visualization of products is to end‐users the most interesting part. It can be used 

to bring predictions in a visual way directly to the user. To visualize the instances of 

the product inventory (see point 2) a viewing service has been set up that contacts 

the partners web servers (OpenDAP or FTP) 

containing the product data stored in NetCDF 

format. 

MARIS created an OGC compliant mapping 

application, that is the basic application for 

the viewing service at the INSEA portal. It 

creates on the fly images from NetCDF files, 

so the user can choose which data and from 

which date/time should be displayed. Other 

external WMS output can easily be combined 

in the application. The viewing service will be demonstrated. 

1 Peter Thijsse (MSc), peter@maris.nl ‐ MARIS BV, Kon. Julianalaan 345a, 2273JJ, 

Voorburg, The Netherlands – www.maris.nl

WITHDRAWN PAPERS 




Achilli, Andrea (USA) ‐ The Osmotic Membrane Bioreactor: a Novel Approach to 

Wastewater Treatment in Coastal Areas 

Ahmed, Ahmed Sayed Mohamed (Egypt) ‐ Impact assessment of marine agricultural 

wastewater outfall at the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast 

Akkaya, M. Ali (Turkey) ‐ Coastal Zone Management and International Financial 

Institution Activity 

Akkaya, M. Ali (Turkey) ‐ The Administration Strategy of the Coast 

Andtbacka, Anders (Finland) ‐ Expanded application fields for structured‐wall PE pipes 

in the marine environment 

Ayoubloo, Mohammad Karim (Iran) ‐ Using ANNs approach to estimate scour depth 

around a circular pile due to wave in medium dense silt and sand bed 

Azinfar, Mojtaba (Iran) ‐ One‐Dimensional Numerical Model of Mud flow and 

Sediment Transport in Two‐layer flows on irregular beds 

Azinfar, Mojtaba (Iran) ‐ Two‐dimensional Depth Integrated Model of mud flow on 

irregular beds 

Azinfar, Mojtaba (Iran) ‐ Two‐dimensional Numerical model of mud flow and 

sediment transport in two‐layer flows on beds with irregular geometry 

Banaoui, Ali (Morocco) ‐ Use of biomarkers to assess the effects of in vivo exposure to 

organochloined and organophosphorous pesticides in the mussels of Agadir Bay 

(South of Morocco) 

Burak, Selmin (Turkey) ‐ Urban Wastewater Disposal Strategies on Coastal 

Settlements in Turkey 

Caillat, Jean Michel (France) ‐ Early Outfall Engineering for Cost Reduction 

Casazza, Gianna (Italy) ‐ Perspective on the application of the ecosystem approach in 

the Mediterranean sea according to the new EU policies 

Davidson, Mark (New Zealand) ‐ Large Eddy Simulations of Inclined Hypersaline Jets 

Dogan, Ertugrul (Turkey) ‐ Ideas on the Draft of the Amendment of Coastal Zone 

Management Legislation in Turkey 

Doukakis, Efstratios (Greece) ‐ A method of assessing the sensitivity of the coastal risk 

variables to compute the coastal vulnerability index 

Eissa, Sawsan (Egypt) ‐ Study of Different Alternatives to Protect a Sandy Beach South 

of Oman from Seasonal Erosion by Monsoon Waves 

Freire, Alexandre (Spain) ‐ Environmental monitoring of submarine outfalls in the 

Portuguese coastal waters on the context of the WFD: practices and challenges 

Hawboldt, Kelly (Canada) ‐ LCA of Biodiesel from Fish Oil in Remote Fish Processing 

Plants 

Kabbara, Nijad (Lebanon) ‐ Monitoring Water Quality in the Coastal Area of Tripoli 

(Lebanon) Using High‐Resolution Satellite Data 

Kos, Lech (Poland) ‐ Oxidation of nonionic surfactants in water solutions 

Lamparelli, Claudia (Brazil) ‐ The influence of submarine outfalls on beach water 

quality in São Paulo Coast – Brazil



Lamparelli, Claudia (Brazil) ‐ Water and sediment quality near Brazilian submarine 

outfalls 

Lee, Joseph H. W. (China) ‐ Mixing of rosette jet groups from ocean outfalls 

Luz Fernandez, Rocio (Argentina) ‐ Pipe protection design for the marine outfall on 

the East coast of Argentina 

Madihi, Mohammad Saeed (Iran) ‐ Numerical simulation of regular and random 

waves and Wave‐induced currents around detached breakwaters 

Maggiore, Angelo (Italy) ‐ Monetary valuation of damages to marine life and bottom 

sediments 

Mansor, Leonardo (Brazil) ‐ Dilution Models Related to Produced Water Discharge in 

South‐Southeast Brazil 

Mansor, Leonardo (Brazil) ‐ Long Term Environmental Monitoring Produced Water 

Discharge Areas in Brazil 

Mansor, Leonardo (Brazil) ‐ Petrobras Brazil Produced Water Treatment and 

Discharge Program 

Mariyappan, Raman (Malaysia) ‐ Environmental Resources Development in Penang 

Island: Issues, Policies and Challenges 

Mat, Hakan (Turkey) ‐ Coastal Zone Management and Involvement of International 

Financing Institutions 

Meraz, Monica (Mexico) ‐ Anthropogenic impact on marine water quality in the 

Caribbean Costa Maya by untreated wastewater discharges 

Moisi, Petruta (Romania) ‐ The impact of the Black Sea upon the Danube Delta within 

a large timespan (1857‐2007) 

Mukhtasor (Indonesia) ‐ Relative contribution of wave and current to the initial 

dilution of ocean outfalls 

Mukhtasor (Indonesia) ‐ A framework for environmental risk‐based design of ocean 

outfalls 

Orekhova, Natalia (Ukraine) ‐ Voltammetry profiling of the Sevastopol Bay's 

sediments 

Pazandeh Masouleh, Zahra (Iran) ‐ Evaluation of Windblown sand models‐case study: 

Persian gulf beaches 

Pospissil Garbossa, Luis Hamilton (Brasil) ‐ Wastewater marine disposal in Santa 

Catarina – Brazil: Legal requirements and the proposed and used alternatives 

Riad, Tadros (Egypt) ‐ Study of tidal current and water level variation along the Red 

Sea 

Sasaki, Jun (Japan) ‐ Monitoring of Hydrogen Sulfide in Huge Dredged Trenches in 

Tokyo Bay 

Scurtu, Ciprian (Norway) ‐ Combination of organoclay sorption and biodegradation in 

a fluidized bed reactor for the treatment of wastewaters from offshore platform 

operation 

Son, Daeik (South Korea) ‐ Analyzing Sewer Rehabilitation of Erbil in Iraq and 

Cheongju in Korea Using MOUSE S/W 

Treadwell, Donald (USA) ‐ Longevity of marine waste water outfalls



The osmotic membrane bioreactor: a novel approach to wastewater treatment in 

coastal areas 

SUMMARY 

Andrea Achilli 1 , Tzahi Y. Cath, Eric A. Marchand, Amy E. Childress 

A novel submerged osmotic membrane bioreactor (OsMBR) for wastewater 

treatment is presented. The system utilizes a submerged forward osmosis (FO) 

membrane module inside a bioreactor. FO, or simply osmosis, is the transport of 

water across a selectively permeable membrane from a solution of higher water 

chemical potential (low osmotic pressure) to a solution of lower water chemical 

potential (high osmotic pressure). Typically, the FO process results in concentration 

of the feed stream and dilution of a highly concentrated stream (referred to as the 

draw solution (DS)). 

In an OsMBR system, wastewater is fed into a reactor which is continuously aerated 

to supply oxygen for the biomass and to scour the membrane. Through osmosis, 

water diffuses from the bioreactor, across a semi‐permeable membrane, and into a 

high salinity DS. The FO membrane acts as a barrier to solute transport and provides 

high rejection of the contaminants in the wastewater stream. The diluted DS, which 

consists of sea water, is discharged into the ocean. 

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is an attractive alternative for coastal 

wastewater treatment; the membrane retains solids inside the bioreactor and 

achieves high nutrient removals and effluent disinfection. Compared to the 

microfiltration or ultrafiltration process in a conventional MBR, the FO process in the 

OsMBR offers the advantages of much higher rejection (semi‐permeable membrane 

versus microporous membrane) at a lower hydraulic pressure. FO is also likely to 

have lower fouling propensity than pressure‐driven systems. 

Preliminary results from experiments conducted with a flat‐sheet cellulose triacetate 

FO membrane and NaCl solution as the DS demonstrated high sustainable flux and 

relatively low reverse transport of solutes from the DS into the bioreactor. 

Membrane fouling was minimal and controlled with osmotic backwashing. The 

OsMBR process was found to remove 99.8% of organic carbon, and 97.7% of 

ammonium. 

1 Andrea Achilli, (PhD Student), aachilli@unr.edu ‐ University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia 

St. ‐ Mail Stop 258, USA



Impact assessment of marine agricultural wastewater outfall at the Egyptian 

Mediterranean Coast 

Ahmed Sayed Mohamed Ahmed 1 , Ahmed El‐Belasy 2 and Mohamed Bahgat 3 

Keywords: Mediterranean Coast, wastewater discharge, Numerical Modeling, Delft3D 

ABSTRACT 

A new agricultural wastewater outfall is to be located immediately west of a 

prestigious resort located on the Northern Coast of the Mediterranean Sea at a 

distance of about 100 Km west of Alexandria, Egypt. The wastewater outfall structure 

is to be hydraulically designed to release water to the sea considering no 

environmental impact on the neighbouring resort. The study objectives include the 

following: 

• Designing the outfall structure in such a way to ensure no sedimentation or 

erosion at the outfall structure. 

• Investigating the hydraulic design of the drain by determining the water levels 

and the current velocities through the drain outlet 

• Investigating the plume of the wastewater and its extent 

• Confirming that the plume will not reach the outlets of the inland lagoon of 

Marina resort located to the east of the project. 

The study will be employed with two different numerical models to suffice the above 

mentioned objectives which are explained as follows: 

1‐ The drain water cross‐section will be designed with the one‐dimensional 

model SOBEK 1D 

2‐ Coastal Hydrodynamic simulations will be implemented by Flow module of 

Delft3D while the Plume modelling will be made by using the Particle 

Tracking module (PART module) 

The results of such models will be presented in the full paper as well as in the 

conference presentation. 

1 

Ahmed S. M. Ahmed (Dr), ahmed@hri‐egypt.org – Hydraulics Research Institute, 

National Water Research Center, Delta Barrage 13621 

2 

Ahmed El‐Belasy (Dr), Hydraulics Research Institute, National Water Research Center, 

Delta Barrage 13621 

3 

Mohamed Bahgat (Eng.), Hydraulics Research Institute, National Water Research 

Center, Delta Barrage 13621

SUMMARY 



Coastal zone management and international financial institution activity 

M. Ali Akkaya 1 , Selmin Burak 2 

Environmental, marine coastal and coast problems are accepted as the third social 

matter by the political community after having thought of security and economics 

with the globalization procedure; states as accomplished with the public 

management have started to leave the authorities to international associations about 

saving environmental values. Until the 1970’s; international associations haven’t 

attacted importance to environmental matters. With the increasing sea and coastal 

problems besides environmental ones; International Associations have tried to 

examine and control. In that sense, such as International Finance Institutionals World 

Bank, European Investment Bank, IMF, World Trade Center etc…have supported 

many projects financially regarding coastal zone management. This bulletin will 

include how the financial institutions manage the money and their effort and what 

they are arranging to protect sea, coastal and environmental values. 

1 Mehmet Ali Akkaya, mali@istanbul.edu.tr, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey 

2 Semlin Burak (Assoc. Prof.), sburak@istanbul.edu.tr ‐ Istanbul University, Institute of 

Marine Sciences and Management, Marine Environment Div., 34470 Vefa, 

Istanbul/Turkey

SUMMARY 

The administration strategy of the coast 

M. Ali Akkaya 1 



The Caspian Sea had been a boundry between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic 

and Persia until 1990’s but it had divided among five countries since then (Russia, 

Persia, Azerbaijan, Kazakistan and Turkmenistan) The Caspian Sea, which has a 

military, political economical and geopolitical position in Trans‐Kafkasya, has attacted 

the attention of the international media since the process of dispersion started in the 

SSCB. Because of the rich resources of fuel and gas in the region, The Caspian Sea has 

been regarded as the second Basra of the 21st century owning to the rich resources 

of fuel and gas. Not only the countries around the Caspian Sea and the international 

petrol companies have been extremely interested in the Caspian Sea recently and we 

expect that there will be some naval changes in the national, international and 

economical structure of the Caspian Sea in the following century. This expectation 

caused a great deal of necessity for some equipments among the neighbouring 

countries to be able to manage and organize the naval sources. In the meantime, lots 

of negotiations have been made about the legal location of the Caspian Sea among 

the Russia, Persia, Azerbaijan, Kazakistan and Turkmenistan but the parties have not 

been able to reach a consensus. This has been the greatest impediment in terms of 

endeavours for creating an environmental management programme including the 

countries on the coast. In this respect, an agreement will be formed among the 

regional states in order to protect the ecology of the Caspian Sea. As a result of this 

agreement, they will analyse the technical, institutional, social and the legal extents 

of the management system regarding the countries on the coast. 

1 Mehmet Ali Akkaya, mali@istanbul.edu.tr, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey



Expanded application fields for structured‐wall PE pipes in the marine environment 

Anders Andtbacka 1 , Christian Vestman 2 , Ulf Berg 3 

Keywords: Structured‐wall, PE, pipe, marine, intake, outfall, polyethylene, design, 

installation 

ABSTRACT 

Structured‐wall PE pipes have been considered for many years as promising for 

marine applications. The possibility to utilize larger diameters and an attractive 

bottom‐line economy, have been of primary interest. Recently, a number of marine 

installations have been successfully carried out with medium to large diameter 

structured‐wall PE pipes. Reasons for selection and installations solutions are 

reviewed in this article. 

1 

Anders Andtbacka (Mr) M.Sc ChemEng., KWH Pipe Ltd, P.O. Box 21, FI‐65101 Vaasa, 

Finland – anders.andtbacka@kwhpipe.com 

2 

Christian Vestman (Mr), B. Sc., Civ.Eng., KWH Pipe Ltd, P. O. Box 21, FI‐65101 Vaasa, 

Finland christian.vestman@kwhpipe.com 

3 

Ulf Berg (Mr), B. Sc., Mech. Eng., KWH Pipe Ltd, P. O. Box 21, FI‐65101 Vaasa, Finland 

ulf.berg@kwhpipe.com



Using ANNs approach to estimate scour depth around a circular pile due to wave in 

medium dense silt and sand bed 

SUMMARY 

Mohammad Karim Ayoubloo, Amir Etemad‐Shahidi 

Prediction of scour around a pile due to oscillatory wave action is very important in 

many offshore and marine engineering problems. Because of complexity of scour 

process, most of the empirical formulas are unable to estimate scour hole depth 

accurately. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNS) are efficient procedure to understand 

and model complex systems with ambiguous relations. A Multi Layer Perceptron 

(MLP) is one of the most common kinds of ANNs and has been used map input‐ 

output systems. In the present study, a MLP with two input sets were employed to 

estimate scour depth: (a) dimensional parameters such as grain size, pile diameter, 

wave period, wave height, maximum flow velocity and maximum shear velocity (b) 

nondimensional parameters such as pile Reynolds number, shields parameter, 

Keulegan‐Carpenter number, grain Reynolds number, sediment number and relative 

density. Output parameter was nondimensional equilibrium scour depth. The tests 

results reveal that a multi layer perceptron with back propagation learning rule can 

predict scour hole depth better than the existing empirical formula. A sensitive 

analysis was carried out and it showed that Keulegan‐Carpenter number and wave 

height are the most important parameters in scour process.



One‐dimensional numerical model of mud flow and sediment transport in two‐ 

layer flows on irregular beds 

SUMMARY 

Kurosh Hejazi, Masoud Montazeri Namin, Mojtaba Azinfar 

This study presents a finite‐volume first order explicit method to solve 1D two‐layer 

shallow water equations. Two‐layer s hallow flows in which the superposed layers 

differ in velocity, density and rheology in a one dimensional domain is intended to 

describe in this numerical model. The computational approach is based on the HLL 

scheme, an approximate Riemann solver for the purpose of computing a Godunov 

flux proposed by Harten, Lax and van Leer, treats the bottom slope by lateralizing the 

momentum flux, and refines the scheme using the Strang splitting to manage the 

frictional source term, So this study performed 1D two‐layer shallow water 

computations on irregular beds. Also special cases for lower layer such as sediment 

transportation and mud layer are modeled. The analytical results in this study will be 

valuable for further advanced research and for designing or planning hydraulic 

engineering structures.

SUMMARY 



Two‐dimensional depth integrated model of mud flow on irregular beds 


Gravity driven flows such as mud flows cause major economic damage and loss of 

human life. Numerical models are important prediction tools which can help to 

design structures. Bingham models have been frequently used to describe the 

rheology of mudflows. Bingham‐fluids are characterized by a yield stress. Below this 

yield stress the fluid will behave almost like a solid body and above as a liquid. The 

computational approach is based on the HLL scheme, an approximate Riemann solver 

for the purpose of computing a Godunov flux proposed by Harten, Lax and van Leer, 

treats the bottom slope by lateralizing the momentum flux, and refines the scheme 

using the Strang splitting to manage the frictional source term.



Two‐dimensional numerical model of mud flow and sediment transport in two‐ 

layer flows on beds with irregular geometry 

SUMMARY 


This study presents a finite‐volume first order explicit method to solve 2D two‐layer 

shallow water equation s. Two‐layer shallow flows in which the superposed layers 

differ in velocity, density and rheology in a two dimensional domain is intended to 

describe in this numerical model. The computational approach is based on the HLL 

scheme, an approximate Riemann solver for the purpose of computing a Godunov 

flux proposed by Harten, Lax and van Leer, treats the bottom slope by lateralizing the 

momentum flux, and refines the scheme using the Strang splitting to manage the 

frictional source term, So this study performed 2D two‐layer shallow water 

computations on irregular beds. Then special cases for lower layer such as sediment 

transportation and mud layer are modeled. The analytical results in this study will be 

valuable for further advanced research and for designing or planning hydraulic 

engineering structures.



Use of biomarkers to assess the effects of in vivo exposure to organochloined and 

organophosphorous pesticides in the mussels of Agadir Bay (South of Morocco) 

Ali Banaoui, El Hamidi Fatima, Kaaya Abderrazak, Bouhaimi Abdallah et Moukrim 

Abdellatif 

SUMMARY 

The pesticides constitute one of the major pollutants of the environment; their 

increased use in relation to the development of agriculture is at the origin of a great 

number of environmental problems, appearing by noxious effects at various levels of 

the biological organization. These effects can reach the marine and dulçaquicoles 

watery ecosystems via the phenomena of scrubbing of the grounds and material 

haulage rich in potentially toxic residues of pesticides. With an aim of in vivo 

evaluating pollution by the pesticides via the answer of biomarqueurs at two species 

of mussel of bay of Agadir: Perna perna and Donax trunculus, an experiment of 

exposure of these last to 500 µg/l of three pesticides to knowing the 2,4‐D 

(organochlorinated), Malathion (organophosphoré) and carbamate were carried out. 

The follow‐up of the answer of the biomarqueurs: acétylcholinestérase (Aitch) 

biomarquor of neurotoxicity, Catalase (CAT) and Malonedialdhyde (MDA) biomarquor 

of oxidizing stress and Glutathion S‐Transférase (GST) biomarquor of detoxification of 

hydrocarbons at summer carried out at different duration during 7 days. The results 

revealed an overall coherent answer of the various biomarkers; this answer occurred 

in an early way and varies according to the type of the pesticide and the exposure 

time. Indeed, the Aitch showed a significant inhibition at the two species as of the 

first six hours (6h) of exposure and continuous until the end of the experiment almost 

for all the pesticides tested. This answer is explained by the sensitivity of the Aitch to 

the pesticide especially organophosphorés recognized by their neurotoxic effect 

appearing by inhibition of the Aitch. The CAT is induced after 12h of exposure beyond 

this period a rise of the rates of MDA was recorded at the two species, this result 

probably testifies to a notable induction of lipoperoxydation due to the free radicals 

generated by the contamination by the pesticides especially the organochlorinated 

2,4‐D and carbamate. The GST showed a variable answer according to species' and 

the type of the pesticide, namely an induction by all the pesticides at D. trunculus 

contrary to P. perna at which Malathion and the 2,4‐D inhibited remarkably the GST 

whereas the carbamate relatively stimulated at this species. The GST which is an 

enzyme of conjugation intervening in the detoxification of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (HAP) reacts in a variable way under the effect of other pollutants such 

as metals and pesticide. Generally, these results are in agreement with those 

obtained by other international work of biomonitoring using the biomarqueurs and 

the moulds, such as the RNO in France and Mussel Wach in the USA. This is in favour 

of the use of its techniques for in situ evaluation of pollution of the environment in 

particular in marine environment. In addition, the differences in answer of the 

biomarqueurs highlighted at the two species would be allotted to the difference in



sensitivity of each one of these species to the contaminants, in its turn, partly bound 

to the difference in their layout in the surface of distributions (D. trunculus 

characterizes the substrate furnishs it lives in the sandy coasts, P. perna characterizes 

the rock substrate of the médiolittoral)



Urban waste water disposal strategies on coastal settlements in Turkey 

S. Burak 1 , H. Mat 2 , S. Zeki 3 

Keywords: appropriate treatment, coastal settlements, deep‐sea outfall, disposal 

strategies, urban wastewater treatment 

ABSTRACT 

Turkey has been affected by urbanization like other Mediterranean countries since its 

very first years of development, with a rate increasing from 18.5 % in 1950 to about 

62 % after 2000. Coastal and Western cities in particular have had to face congested 

population problems that created a severe financial burden on local municipalities. 

Smaller coastal settlements have become increasingly urbanized as a result of 

legislative and institutional incentives to encourage tourism investment. Construction 

of hotels and secondary housing cooperatives has exploded as a result of unearned 

and real income expectations to the detriment of fertile land. 

Construction of up‐to‐the‐standards sewerage facilities began in the late 1960’s 

initiated by the Bank of Provinces. New sewerage projects have been designed on 

separate systems taking into account land development projections. In urban areas 

approximately 80% of the population is connected to the sewerage network on the 

average. Due to high investment costs, storm water collection systems have been 

constructed only in limited flood prone areas of big cities. So far, in coastal 

settlements, the final disposal by deep‐sea outfall of collected wastewater after 

preliminary treatment has been a common practice. The treatment level of domestic 

wastewater to be discharged into the receiving media is assessed under three 

categories based on the population figures. The regulations prescribe a 

comprehensive list of effluent standards particular to domestic sewage treatment 

works discharging directly into the watercourses and sea and also individual 

industries. Areas of high ecologic importance and sensitive to environmental 

pollution must be given special importance as stipulated in the related clause of the 

Environment Act. Advance treatment is gradually being introduced to the wastewater 

treatment plant design located in touristic coastal areas, special protected areas and 

water protection basins. 

A critical analysis of urban wastewater disposal strategy is made based on case 

studies carried out in various coastal cities of Turkey. 

1 Semlin Burak (Assoc. Prof.), sburak@istanbul.edu.tr ‐ Istanbul University, Institute of Marine 

Sciences and Management, Marine Environment Div., Istanbul/Turkey 

2 Hakan Mat (Financial analyst), hakanmat@superonline.com ‐ Consult International Management 

Engineering Environmental and Information Technologies Ltd. Co.; Istanbul/Turkey 

3 Sibel Zeki (Research assistant), szeki@istanbul.edu.tr ‐ Istanbul University, Institute of Marine 

Sciences and Management, Marine Environment Div., Istanbul/Turkey

SUMMARY 

Early outfall engineering for cost reduction 

Jean‐Michel Caillat 



Most often, an outfall project starts from a ruler drawn straight line linking a 

treatment plant location to a discharge point defined from a dilution study. Most 

often, the line gets included in the administrative authorization document and then 

becomes a parameter, as the dilution ratio, which cannot be changed later on. 

However, at this stage of the project nothing or almost nothing has been studied for 

what concerns engineering aspects such as sea bed characteristics, waves forces on 

pipes, nature of pipes, construction requirements and limitations, etc…When the 

detailed study comes up, one frequently encounters technical and practical 

difficulties which could have been avoided by early considering of engineering 

aspects and which have reduced the project cost. 

Through field examples, this paper reviews a few cases showing how early 

considering of engineering aspects or more flexibility in the 

administrative/contractual management could have improved outfall projects and 

reduced final costs. It also raises the question of over safety in outfall design.



Perspective on the application of the ecosystem approach in the Mediterranean Sea 

according to the new EU policies 

Gianna Casazza 1 , Cecilia Lopez Y Royo, Massimo Dalù, Flavia Saccomandi, Emanuela 

Spada, Cecilia Silvestri 

SUMMARY 

Europe's environmental policy related to water management has been founded on 

the cornerstone of sustainable development which implies, among others, the 

mastering of his urban wastewater and better agricultural practices. The Urban 

Wastewater Treatment and Nitrate Directives promoted an appropriate treatment 

for these discharges. Afterwards, the Water Framework Directive added a new vision 

of water management in which the idea of water quality assumes an ecological 

meaning through the objective of “good ecological status” of waters. The WFD 

introduced an integrated approach allowing to tackle in a more comprehensive way 

the water protection issues. Indicators related to biological quality elements have 

been coupled with physico‐chemical elements and with hydro‐morphological 

conditions for the definition of the ecological status of water bodies. Consistent with 

the WFD definition of “good ecological status” and the concept of “favourable status 

of conservation” included in the Habitat Directive, the future Marine Strategy 

Directive aims to achieve a “good environmental status” of the EU’s marine waters. 

Such concept, based on an ecosystem approach to marine resource management, 

takes in consideration a wider range of relevant ecological , environmental and 

human factors. 

However, its implementation and effectiveness will depend especially on the ability 

to act in synergy with existing European legislations (UWWT, Nitrate, Bird, Habitat, 

IPPC, Bathing), policy areas managed at European level such as Fishery and 

Agriculture, the Euro‐Mediterranean initiative Horizon 2020, International agreement 

such as the International Marine Convention. In the Mediterranean, a special case of 

European seas, the identification of linkages and overlapping effects among existing 

policies and instruments will be a necessary basic step for the application of an 

ecosystem based management to the marine environment. 

1 Gianna Casazza, Dr., gianna.casazza@apat.it ‐ APAT, Roma, Italy

SUMMARY 



Large eddy simulations of inclined hypersaline jets 

Mark Davidson, Cameron Oliver 

Climate variability, population growth and the desire for political independence is 

creating increased discrepancies between the demand and supply of adequate water 

for many communities. These discrepancies are driving a dramatic rise in the 

worldwide desalination capacity. The cost of desalinating water has reduced 

significantly in recent years and it is increasingly becoming a key component in the 

provision of an adequate and secure water supply; where desalination is often 

employed to supplement less reliable sources. Economies of scale dictate that new 

desalination plants are of an increasingly high capacity and there are growing 

concerns about the potential environmental impacts of their discharges and the 

impact of such discharges on the efficiency of the plant itself. Disposal of the 

hypersaline wastewater from these larger capacity plants typically occurs through a 

submarine outfall. The discharged fluid is negatively buoyant and released at some 

inclination to the ocean floor (typically 60o); it therefore rises towards the receiving 

water surface initially, but subsequently sinks back to its floor. Research into the 

behavior of these negatively buoyant flows have to date been limited in number and 

detail, but it has been shown that integral models do not accurately predict the 

dilution of such flows. 

In the current study, Large‐Eddy Simulations of inclined negatively buoyant 

discharges are carried out and predictions are compared with recently acquired 

experimental concentrations fields. Spread, trajectory and mean integrated dilution 

data are shown to compare favorably with the numerical model predictions. 

Predictions from the simulations are then employed to study these flows in increased 

detail. Planar cross‐sectional information is presented and centerline dilution values 

extracted and discussed in the context of the design of hypersaline systems. The 

simulations confirm the importance of ‘buoyancy driven instabilities’ in enhancing 

the mixing of these flows, and provide an improved understanding of their impact on 

mean flow behavior.



Ideas on the draft of the amendment of coastal zone management legislation in 

Turkey 

SUMMARY 

Ertugrul Dogan 1 , M. Ali Akkaya 2 

The term of shore, as a natural land form, was transformed into a legal concept which 

is bound various results by law system pursuant to the socio‐economic importance 

gained by time, besides being the subject of sciences such as geomorphology, 

geography, ecology .. etc. The shore, which has geomorphologic qualification, was 

started to be addressed comprehensively by legal literature as of 1990s. Although 

law‐maker has not need to make the shore area, which has no socio‐economic value, 

the subject of long term legal regulation, the increase in pressure of speculative 

utilization, increasing socio‐economic annuity value obliged the legal approaches for 

the problem. In Turkey, for last fifty years, issues such as utilization of shore, shore 

and shore planning increasingly gained importance and consequently, the need of 

legal regulation was revealed in particular means. 

Until 1972, there were no legal regulation related to the shore in Turkish Law system. 

As of the 1980s, constitutional and legal regulations were made due to increasing 

shore problem together with the increasing socio‐economic transformation period 

both in global scale and in our country. The Article No.43 of fundamental Law 1982 

and the Acts with No. 3086, 3621 and 3080 are the regulations made on this issue. 

Within twenty years, it is possible to find three legal regulations, two decrees of 

annulment of Constitutional Court and hundreds of case on cancellation of 

implementation about the shore areas. The shore‐related problems increasingly 

continue within the social structure. According to the resultant point, “Project for 

Amendment of Coastal Law” prepared by the Department of Public Works and the 

Settlement on present Coastal Law raised a serious discussion in public opinion. In 

fact, this process should be accepted as an opportunity to make an amendment on 

Coastal Law which includes multiple participants and which is accepted in consensus. 

In this declaration, the need and importance of the amendment will be addressed by 

considering the international norms of amendment Project related with Coastal Law 

as well as by taking the principles of contemporary environment, the settlement plan, 

planning, provincial administrations and the requirements of the democratic society 

into account. 

1 Ertugrul Dogan, Prof., edogan@istanbul.edu.tr ‐ Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey 

2 Mehmet Ali Akkaya, mali@istanbul.edu.tr, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey



A method of assessing the sensitivity of the coastal risk variables to compute the 

coastal vulnerability index 

SUMMARY 

Efstratios Doukakis 

Climate change is a threat to mankind! Since the end of the 19th century the earth's 

average surface temperature has increased by 0.3‐0.6 °C. Over the last 40 years, the 

rise has been 0.2‐0.3 °C. Recent years have been the warmest since 1860, the year 

when regular instrumental records became available. IPCC concluded that global 

warming is real, serious, and accelerating. It predicted that over the next 100 years, 

the earth's average temperature could further rise by 1.4‐5.8 °C. The magnitude of 

this predicted warming may seem negligible, but its rate is faster than any seen in the 

last 10,000 years. Some important aspects of our lives can be affected through 

changes in weather patterns and the coastal zone is expected to be impacted by 

serious phenomena. 

The Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) has proved to be a valuable tool for evaluating 

the potential for coastal change in a given area. The CVI ranks the following variables 

in terms of their physical contribution to sea level‐related coastal change: 

geomorphology, regional coastal slope, rate of relative sea‐level change, the rate of 

historical shoreline change, mean tidal range and mean significant wave height. They 

are termed coastal risk variables and the rankings for each variable are combined and 

an index value is calculated, such that the CVI highlights those regions where the 

physical effects of sea‐level change might be the greatest. Several formulae have 

been used for this index and among them the square root of the geometrical mean is 

one used more frequently. 

The purpose of the present study is to propose a method which can assess the 

sensitivity of each risk variable since each of them influences the CVI computation 

with a different weight. The total combinations of the six risk variables are 15,625 but 

140 of them are different because all the rest compute the same CVI value. Minimum 

and maximum values are then corresponded to 0% and 100% respectively and all in‐ 

between values correspond to certain percentages. Having taken the percentages for 

all 140 combinations, the risk variables can be ranked according to their influence 

(sensitivity). This is very important because this ranking is the way with which weights 

can be introduced in computing the CVI, otherwise all risk variables contribute 

equally and this can lead to serious miscomputations and errors.



Study of different alternatives to protect a sandy beach South of Oman from 

seasonal erosion by monsoon waves 

SUMMARY 

Sawsan Eissa, Omnia Kabbany 

In this paper, different alternatives were studies to protect a sandy beach located in 

the Sothern Omani coast from erosion. Different alternatives were studied including 

a system of detached breakwaters, a system of groynes and combination of both to 

different dimensions and alignments. The expected effects of each alternative on the 

surrounding shoreline were investigated using the shoreline change model GENESIS 

which is based on the one line theory for shoreline change and is especially powerful 

for calculating the effects of different coastal structures on the shoreline. 

The calibration parameters in GENESIS were estimated using two successive shoreline 

configurations. Different runs were carried out using the wave characteristics of the 

South‐Western Monsoon and starting from the earlier shoreline. Different 

combinations of calibration parameters were used is such runs and the resulting 

shorelines were compared to that was later measured, then combination of 

calibration parameters that produced a shoreline closest to it was selected for use in 

the rest of GENESIS runs. 

To study the annual effect of each alternative protection scheme on the shoreline, 

the offshore waves for Monsoon season and the transition period between Monsoon 

seasons were used separately as input to GENESIS, to simulate a full year and 

investigate the effects of each of the above‐described alternative structures on the 

shoreline. The simulation of the propagation of such offshore waves over the seabed 

in the study location was carried out using the internal wave module “RCPWAVE” 

which is part of GENESIS model and which considers the effect of irregular bed 

bathymetry in wave propagation. The resulting nearshore waves from RCPWAVE 

were then used in GENESIS to calculate the expected shoreline change over the initial 

one as a result of implementing each of the alternative protection schemes. 

In addition, short term runs were carried out using the extreme wave conditions of 

different return periods and that cover short durations simulating one of the 

Monsoon storms per run to investigate the effect of single extreme storms, a 

condition that is common during Monsoon. 

The results of GENESIS runs showed that all the studied alternatives can protect the 

eroded beach from erosion to different limits and will affect the surrounding 

shoreline by erosion and accretion to different limits which will need different 

maintenance requirements. However, the option of using a system of detached 

breakwaters and two groynes supporting a beach nourishment will provide suitable 

protection to the sandy beach and will need the minimal maintenance requirements, 

therefore, this alternative is recommended for implementation for such a purpose.



Environmental monitoring of submarine outfalls in the Portuguese coastal waters 

on the context of the WFD: practices and challenges 

ABSTRACT 

A. Freire 1 , C. Santos 2 

The Water Framework Directive introduces a new conceptual approach to the 

submarine outfalls monitoring issues, requiring the adoption of new methodologies, 

with the goal of fulfill good chemical and ecological state for the water bodies. Once 

established the coastal waters bodies, their reference conditions and settled the 

criteria to evaluate their ecological state, it’s important to clarify the meaning of the 

concepts of submarine outfall “mixing zone”, “affected zone” and “influence zone”, in 

order to draw the domain in which the operational monitoring programs will be 

handled. These concepts will be analyzed as well as the consequences of their 

practical use to a number of submarine outfalls located at the Portuguese Atlantic 

Coast, where will be analised the current practices on monitoring as well as the new 

challenges imposed by the WFD. The criteria adopted in these monitoring surveys will 

be made explicit and criticized, bearing in mind the new conceptual and 

methodological WFD implementation criteria. Finally, a protocol for monitoring 

submarine outfalls at the Portuguese coast is submitted as a proposal. 

1 

A. Freire, afreire2007@hotmail.com, Submarine Outfall & Environmental Hydraulics 

Group, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain 

2 

C. Santos, cristina.santos@ineti.pt, INETI, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 1649‐038 

Lisboa, Portugal



LCA of biodiesel from fish oil in remote fish processing plants 

K.A. Hawboldt 1 , F.I. Khan 2 , P. Jayasinghe 3 

Keywords: Biodiesel, fish processing plant waste management, wastewater discharge 

ABSTRACT 

Fuels derived from virgin vegetable oils, animal fat, and waste coking oil have 

generated a tremendous amount of research and commercial application in the past 

decade. In areas of substantial fish processing, the use of waste fish oil in biodiesel 

has gained attention. Biodiesel has a number of advantages over conventional 

petroleum based diesel in that it utilizes waste or by‐product from processing plant, 

and lowers emissions of greenhouse gases and most other toxins (excluding nitrogen 

oxides) over life cycle of fuel production, use, and disposal. 

The primary challenges are the heterogeneity of fish waste, remoteness of most fish 

processing plants, and fish oil is typically high in free fatty acids. The remoteness of 

the plants means that producing the biodiesel for export is likely not feasible. The 

high free fatty acid content and rates of degradation of the fish oil exaggerates the 

export problem. Options for fish biodiesel in remote processing plants is on‐site 

generation for blend with diesel for energy and/or a few central facilities close to a 

number of plants for biodiesel production that would be used at the plants. There are 

two major benefits to processing the waste to remove the oil: reduction in organic 

load in wastewater discharge to the marine environment, and reduction in gaseous 

emissions in terms of toxicity and GHGs. 

In this study a life cycle analysis of biodiesel produced from the fish waste, at the fish 

processing plant, for use in the plant’s energy system will be performed. This will be 

compared with straight diesel use to determine the feasibility of processing the oil on 

site and the resulting decrease in the organic load to the marine environment. 

1 

Kelly A. Hawboldt, PhD., P.Eng. (Associate Professor), Memorial University, St. 

John’s, NL, Canada, A1B3X5, www.mun.ca 

2 

Faisal. I. Khan, PhD., P.Eng. (Associate Professor), Memorial University, St. John’s, 

NL, Canada, A1B3X5, www.mun.ca 

3 

Punyama Jayasinghe, B.Eng., (Master’s student) Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, 

Canada, A1B3X5, www.mun.ca



Monitoring water quality in the coastal area of Tripoli (Lebanon) using high‐ 

resolution satellite data 

Abstract 

N. Kabbara 1 and V. Barale 2 

Keywords: Lebanon, coast, monitoring, colour, high resolution, multisensor. 

Water quality in the coastal area of Tripoli (Lebanon) was assessed using Landsat 

ETM+ high‐resolution data, to provide a first baseline for coastal resources 

management. The data were geometrically rectified to a standard geographical grid 

and brightness values were converted to reflectance through radiometric correction. 

Sea‐truth data, collected in the field within 6 hours before/after the time of the 

satellite overpass, were used to derive empirical algorithms for chlorophyll‐a 

concentration, Secchi disk depth and turbidity. Then, maps of the distribution of the 

selected water quality parameters were generated for the entire area of interest, and 

compared with analogous results obtained from SeaWiFS low‐resolution data. The 

maps indicate that the Tripoli coastal area is exposed to moderate eutrophic 

conditions, along most of its shoreline (in particular along the northern stretch), in 

correspondence with fluvial and wastewater runoff sources. The ETM+ data proved 

useful for the intended application, and will be used to start a national database on 

water quality in the Lebanese coastal environment. 

1 

N. Kabbara, nkabbara@cnrs.edu.lb National Council for Scientific Research, Marine 

Research Centre, P.O. Box 189, Jounieh, Lebanon 

2 

V. Barale, vittorio.barale@jrc.it Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint 

Research Centre, European Commission, TP272, 21020 Ispra, Italy

ABSTRACT 



Oxidation of nonionic surfactants in water solutions 

Lech Kos 1 , Jan Perkowski 2 

Keywords: non‐ionic surfactants, oxidation, toxicity, biodegradability 

In general, surfactants are not hazardous to man and aquatic organisms. Their 

negative impact is that they cause dissolution of toxic substances which are hardly 

soluble or completely insoluble in water. A decrease of surface tension causes strong 

foaming which deteriorates the conditions of oxygen diffusion and decreases its 

concentration in water. Low biodegradability of certain surfactants, disturbed 

sedimentation and flocculation processes cause that surfactants must be completely 

or at least partly removed from wastewater prior to biological treatment. 

The most promising methods for removal of surfactants from wastewater is their 

chemical degradation and next elimination of the degradation products by biological 

methods. 

In chemical processes the most interesting are the advanced oxidation methods 

(AOP). The main oxidant in all versions of the AOP is hydroxyl radical HO˙, which has 

one of the highest oxidising potentials and ensures many non‐selective reactions. 

Oxidation of derivatives of alkylphenol ethoxylates and alcohols with different 

lengths of oxyethylene and aliphatic rings, which could be either normal or branched, 

was analysed. Beside the detergent structure, a very important factor is also the form 

in which it appears, i.e. monomeric or aggregated (micelles). 

When investigating the decomposition of various nonionic surfactants by AOP 

methods, not only typically chemical parameters of solutions such as COD or TOC but 

also toxicity and biodegradability measured by the BOD5/COD ratio were analysed. It 

was found that simple toxicity tests were not a real measure of a possibility of 

biological treatment of solutions subjected to chemical oxidation. The formed low‐ 

molecular products are easily subjected to further oxidation reactions which lead to 

their complete mineralisation shown by a decrease of COD and TOC of the solution. 

1 

Lech Kos (Dr), scieki@tricotextil.lodz.pl – Textile Research Institute, Brzezinska 5/15, 92‐ 

103 Lodz, Poland 

2 

Jan Perkowski (Dr), japerepi@mitr.p.lodz.pl ‐ Institute of Applied Radiation 

Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Wroblewskiego 15, 93‐590 Łódź, Poland



The influence of submarine outfalls on beach water quality in São Paulo Coast – 

Brazil 

C.C. Lamparelli 1 , Dario Nery 2 

Keywords: Recreational water quality, beaches, fecal pollution, submarine outfall, 

wastewater discharge, São Paulo coast 

ABSTRACT 

São Paulo State coast has seven sewage submarine outfalls that were built with the 

main objective of preventing bathing waters of fecal pollution. Since CETESB, the 

Environmental Agency of São Paulo State, has a long term monitoring program of 

beach conditions assessment, it was possible to verify the efficiency of these 

wastewater structures comparing beach water quality in the period before with the 

period after their operation. 

With this purpose the study was conducted for 20 sampling sites in 16 beaches 

located in three coastal municipalities: Santos, Guarujá and Praia Grande where there 

are four domestic waste water submarine outfalls. The data set corresponds to 30 

years (1976 to 2005) of beach water quality in terms of the non‐complying percent in 

each year, based on weekly microbiological analysis. 

The influence of the construction of submarine outfalls on the beach quality was then 

verified using SPSS for statistical analysis such as Levene test for comparing variances, 

t and Mann‐Whitney tests for average comparison, and cluster analysis. 

For the Santos municipality the results showed that the outfall had little influence on 

beach quality reducing average non‐compliance index in approximately 10% only, 

comparing the period of 1976 to 1979 with 1989 to 1991. However, the later 

construction of flood gates in the drainage canals played an important role resulting 

in a significant improvement of beach quality with an average reduction of 47% of 

non‐compliance. 

In Guarujá results showed different degrees of improvement for each beach but a 

cluster analysis identified two groups of beaches, before 1994 and after 1994, when 

the outfall started to serve most of the beaches in the municipality. The improvement 

was significant in 5 of 7 sampling points. 

1 Claudia C. Lamparelli (Dr), mailto:claudia@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br‐ CETESB, Av. 


2 Dario Nery (MSc), mailto:darion@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br‐ CETESB, Av. Frederico 

Hermann Jr. 345, 05589‐080 São Paulo, S.P. Brazil – www.cetesb.sp.gov.br.



In Praia Grande there was a significant improvement of beach water quality in the 

years after the construction of the outfalls. An average reduction of non‐compliance 

from 79 to 36% was observed in all six studied beaches. 

The comparison of beach water quality in the years before the installation of a 

submarine outfall with the years after its operation shows that in most cases it is an 

efficient system to reduce water fecal microbiological concentration. This situation is 

observed when all sources of fecal pollution are controlled. If some inputs of polluted 

water remain, draining to the beaches urban runoff or untreated sewage, the 

outfall’s efficiency will be compromised. 

CETESB is the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State, Brazil.



Water and sediment quality near Brazilian submarine outfalls 

C.C. Lamparelli 1 , W. Duleba 2 , D. O. Moura 3 , A. C.Teodoro 4 , J. E. Bevilacqua 5 , S. M. 

Prada 6 , S. Gubitoso 7 

Keywords: Sao Paulo Coast, outfall, sediment quality, water quality, coastal water 

monitoring, wastewater discharge 

ABSTRACT 

Ocean disposal of wastewater can be an adequate solution in coastal regions and has 

been an option in many coastal states of Brazil. At present, most of Brazilian 

submarine outfalls are located in São Paulo State coast. Environmental 

commissioning and monitoring of these systems are important to verify the 

compliance with water quality criteria for specific uses. CETESB, the Environmental 

Agency of São Paulo State is responsible for this evaluation. 

This study analyses the data from the monitoring program of 2005 in four submarine 

outfalls located in two different regions of São Paulo coast, São Sebastião Channel 

and Santos Bay. The main objective was to identify possible impacts due to 

wastewater discharges in marine environment. 

Water quality results when compared to water criteria showed non‐complying values 

for dissolved oxygen and total phosphorus only in the bay area. The results for the 

water quality in the channel didn’t show alterations in the sampling areas. 

However, results of sediment quality, showed in most cases, negative EH values and 

high levels of organic matter and nutrients. Since for the sewage discharges there is 

only pretreatment, without removal of suspended solids, and considering the low 

1 Claudia C. Lamparelli (Dr), claudial@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br ‐ CETESB, Av. Prof. 


2 Wânia Duleba (Dr), wduleba@usp.br – Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de 

Geociências, Rua do Lago, 562 – São Paulo, S.P. Brazil 05508‐080 

http://www2.igc.usp.br/micropaleo/ 

3 Débora O. Moura (MSc), deborao@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br – CETESB. 

www.cetesb.sp.gov.br 

4 Andreia C. Teodoro (MSc), andreia.teodoro@gmail.br Universidade de São Paulo, 

Instituto de Geociências. 

5 José E. Bevilacqua (Dr), zeeduardob@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br ‐ CETESB. 

www.cetesb.sp.gov.br. 

6 Silvio M. Prada (Dr), smprada@unifieo.br – UNIFIEO – São Paulo , Brazil 

7 Silas Gubitoso (PhD Student), Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Geociências



depths of the outfalls locations, the sediments in those areas are accumulating 

particulates, mostly organic matter. 

The consequence of those alterations is the development of a reductive ambient that 

can be harmful to benthic communities. Benthic foraminifer’s assemblages were also 

evaluated and the number of species varied according to the degree of sediment 

degradation. 

The monitoring results of water and sediment quality in the marine environment 

near submarine outfalls located at São Paulo State coast showed that sediments are 

good indicators of environmental disturbance in aquatic ecosystems. Water column 

presented more variable characteristics and few alterations were verified in water 

quality assessments. Most of the alterations observed in those marine environments 

are related to sediment quality which is a more stable compartment. 

CETESB is the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State, Brazil.



Mixing of rosette jet groups from ocean outfalls 

Joseph H. W. Lee 




Pipe protection design for the marine outfall on the East coast of Argentina 

ABSTRACT 

M. Corral 1 , R. Fernandez 2 , P. Gyssels 3 , P. Furchi 4 , A. Rodriguez 5 

Keywords: outfall, pipeline stability, sewage, pipe protection 

The tourist area of Mar del Plata, located on the east coast of Argentina, has more 

than 500,000 habitants. To date, the sewage generated by the city varies in between 

2.8 m 3 seg ‐1 and 3.5 m 3 seg ‐1 along the year, and it is discharged after a pretreatment 

in the Atlantic Ocean. In order to protect the environment and to improve the water 

quality of the coast, a complete treatment plant and a sea outfall were designed. The 

project includes the three main components in the outfall system: the pumping 

station, the discharge pipeline and the diffuser. 

Particularly, this paper focuses on the design and the steps planned to assess the 

protection of the main pipe itself, based on the three parameters: waves, currents 

regime and bottom morphology characteristics. Here, critical aspects were the 

characteristic wave conditions, in combination with the lack of underwater visibility 

and the strong sedimentary dynamics of the region. 

The solution for the functionality and durability of the main pipe was found in the 

combination of six different pipe protections along its length; all the sections made in 

Polyethylene of High Density and with a uniform external diameter of 2m. The 

structural analysis of the subsea design in all sections was performed to approve the 

respective protection methodology. 

1 Mariano Corral (M.Sc.Eng.), mcorral@com.uncor.edu ‐ Laboratorio de Hidraulica – 

Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Av. Filloy, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina 

2 Rocio Luz Fernandez (Ph.D.), rocioluz@uiuc.edu ‐ Laboratorio de Hidraulica – 


3 Paolo Gyssels (Eng.), pgyssels@isrh.unc.edu.ar ‐ Laboratorio de Hidraulica – 


4 Pascual Furchi (Eng.), furchi@osmgp.gov.ar ‐ Obras Sanitarias Mar del Plata, S.E., 

Buenos Aires, Argentina 

5 Andres Rodriguez (Dr.), arodrig@isrh.unc.edu.ar ‐ Instituto Superior de Recursos 

Hídricos ‐ Laboratorio de Hidraulica ‐ Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Av. Filloy, Ciudad 

Universitaria



Numerical simulation of regular and random waves and wave‐induced currents 

around detached breakwaters 

M.S Madihi 1 , H Hakimzade 2 

Keywords: Surf zone, Boussinesq model, Wave breaking, Wave‐induced currents, 

Horizontal near shore, Random waves, Circulation, Detached breakwater 

ABSTRACT 

This paper describes the effect of various parameters on detached breakwaters by 

means of a time‐domain Boussinesq type model, which is extended to the surf zone 

and swash zone by including a simple description of wave breaking and a moving 

boundary at the shoreline. The model is applied to investigate the cross‐shore motion 

of regular waves around a detached breakwater including shoaling and wave 

breaking. This paper also includes a discussion of time averaged quantities derived 

from the time‐domain solutions. The present paper focuses on the wave height, wave 

breaking and wave‐induced currents around a detached breakwater. This is done 

without the traditional splitting of the phenomenon into the wave and current 

problems. In this numerical test, a detached breakwater parallel to the shoreline is 

presented. In this situation, wave‐driven currents are generated and circulation cells 

appear behind breakwater. In turn, the currents appear to affect the waves. Results 

are presented for the case of unidirectional and directional. Effective parameters 

such as wave parameters, wave steepness, incident wave angle, distance from 

shoreline, breakwater length, distance between breakwaters and bed slope are also 

investigated in this study. The numerical results are finally compared with the 

experimental data. 

1 

Mohammad Saeed Madihi (MSc), ms_madihi@sut.ac.ir – Civil Dep.‐ Sahand University 

of Technology‐ Tabriz, Iran – http://www.sut.ac.ir/ 

2 

Habib Hakimzade (Dr) , hakimzadeh@sut.ac.ir ‐‐ Civil Dep.‐ Sahand University of 

Technology‐ Tabriz, Iran – http://www.sut.ac.ir/

SUMMARY 



Monetary valuation of damages to marine life and bottom sediments 

Angelo Maggiore 1 , Giuseppe Di Marco 

A technical and economic methodology capable of achieving a monetary valuation of 

damages to the marine environment and the several services it provides has been 

developed. It can be applied to damages caused by any kind of illicit discharge. 

When dealing with discharges into the marine environment, several problems arise, 

among which effect quantification, discrimination of confounding factors, recovery 

time estimation and cause‐effect link demonstration. 

In spite of these difficulties, the proposed methodology, based on the concepts of 

alteration, deterioration and destruction and on the pollution capacity approach, 

makes it possible to monetarily quantify the damage to the marine environment. 

This methodology is useful for claiming for monetary compensation in tribunal courts 

and for facing other relevant issues introduced by the EU environmental liability 

legislation (Directive 2004/35/CE), like the determination of the extent of 

complementary and compensatory remedial measures. It can also be useful to 

emphasize the patrimonial value of marine resources and services and hence guide 

policy choices between conservation and development. 

The methodology is illustrated by describing an example of monetary valuation of 

damages to marine life and bottom sediments caused by a wastewater treatment 

plant in Italy. 

1 Angelo Maggiore, Dr., maggiore@apat.it – APAT, Rome, Italy



Dilution models related to produced water discharge in South‐Southeast Brazil 

Leonardo Mansor 

Document not delivered in time 

Long term environmental monitoring produced water discharge areas in Brazil 

Leonardo Mansor 




Petrobras Brazil produced water treatment and discharge program 

L.M.Mansor 1 , A. Burburan , F.F. Rodrigues, 

Cerqueira, A.C.F. & Padilha, C.F. 

Keywords: petroleum produced water, effluent management, subsea outfall, 

environmental compliance 

ABSTRACT 

PETROBRAS Produced Water Program understood integrated solutions to dealing, 

treating and discharging produced water associated mainly to Campos Basin oil 

reservoirs, Southeast Brazil. Modelling studies indicating increasing amounts of 

produced water addressed solutions to face the challenges in accomplish 

environmental standards and allow the growing in oil production. Special 

characteristics of Campos Basin produced water, related basically to its salinity, 

impose difficulties in apply successfully biological treatment routes. After two years 

of pilot unit tests, conceptual treatment plant design was finished addressing 

opportunities to construct five produced water treatment plants in maritime 

terminals of PETROBRAS, managed by TRANSPETRO. These plants will be able to treat 

up to 482.000 m³ monthly. Other associated projects comprise two re‐injection sites, 

which will consist in alternatives to treating and sub sea outfall discharging, 

performing additional amount capacity of 195.000 m³ by month. In a way to get 

government permits, EIA procedures and special studies evolving dispersion and 

dilution plumes behaviour and environmental marine characterization has been 

carried out. Sub‐projects have been developed in function of regional particularities 

and special needs, as sludge final disposal and bacteria biomass growing. Effluent 

treatment technology routes comprise oil removal in flotation unit, activated sludge 

biological process (sequential batch reactors) and physical‐chemical process (barium 

and boron removal). 

1 Leonardo Mitidiero Mansor (M.Sc.), leonardo.mitidiero@petrobras.com.br 

PETROBRAS TRANSPORTE S/A – TRANSPETRO. Avenida Presidente Vargas, 328/8° 

andar. Rio de Janeiro – RJ – 20091‐060 – Brazil www.transpetro.com.br



Environmental resources development in Penang Island: issues, policies and 

challenges 

SUMMARY 

Raman Mariyappan 

Developing the environmental resources in Penang Island offers a great future to the 

Island itself and of cause to Malaysia in general. In doing so in the past 10 years the 

Island faced tremendous pressure especially when new problems crops up related to 

environments. The paper will be discussing the issues, policies and challenges due to 

environmental resources development. In doing this it is important to realize that the 

biological and resource base of the island is not fixed entity. It is dependent in part of 

human activity and in part on the changing nature of the biosphere. In Penang Island, 

human activity especially land use changes played very important role in changing 

the environment. 

Human demands on natural resources are increasing to the extend that new 

approaches to their planning and management are needed. The Island one of the 

fasted growing states in Malaysia faces new challenges in developing the 

environmental resources. Land considered the most important resources being 

developed, to accommodate the ever growing industrial and commerce sector. The 

influence of land use changes on environmental tragedies, and also to show how 

sudden shift in land use pattern due to economic development can contribute 

towards environmental degradation. Changes in land usage and land use pattern, 

mostly considered the most affecting factor involving environmental disaster 

tragedies. The current threat to the environment, which is a common concern of all 

mankind, stems essentially from past neglect in managing the natural environment 

and resources. The change occurred drastically when man made powerful change 

through his capacity to develop technology. This can occur directly through activities 

such as habitat loss and urban expansion. 

Penang which experiences a unique situation, where the significant economic 

development was achieved without sacrificing most of the natural environment. 

However, the recent shift in the economic sector has created a new fear, the present 

balance between economic development and natural environment cannot be 

sustained. If above development trends continues, the present balance between 

economic development and natural environmental sustainability cannot be 

maintained in the longer term. The government’s prime concern is to formulate 

appropriate environmental policies for the prevention, protection and preservation 

of existing environmental qualities in the Island.



Coastal zone management and involvement of international financing institutions 

H. Mat 1 , S. Burak 2 , M.A. Akkaya 3 

Keywords: Coastal zone management, environmental protection, globalization, 

international financing institutions, investment, marine and coastal environment 

ABSTRACT 

Environmental, marine and coastal problems are considered to be the most 

important social issues by the political community following security and economics 

related issues in current days of globalization. The public administrations of individual 

states have started to transfer their responsibilities and authorities on the protection 

of the environment to international organizations. Until the end of 1970’s, 

international organizations had not understood the global importance of 

environmental issues. Due to increasing marine and coastal problems, International 

Organizations have tried to investigate and control the gigantic environmental issues. 

In this respect, international financing institutions including The World Bank (IBRD), 

European Investment Bank (EIB), European Bank for Reconstruction and 

Development (EBRD), Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) and other multinational and 

national development banks have supported many projects regarding coastal zone 

management by allocating credits and grants. This article will elaborate the 

involvement of international financing institutions in financing and managing the 

investment protects aimed to protect the environmental generally and marine and 

coastal environment, in particular. 

1 Hakan Mat (Financial analyst), hakanmat@superonline.com ‐ Consult International 

Management Engineering Environmental and Information Technologies Ltd. Co.;7.‐8. 

Kısım C7, H/77 34750 Ataköy, Istanbul/Turkey 

2 Selmin Burak (Assoc. Prof.), sburak@istanbul.edu.tr ‐ Istanbul University, Institute of 

Marine Sciences and Management, Marine Environment Div., 34470 Vefa, 

Istanbul/Turkey 

3 Mehmet Ali Akkaya (Research assistant), mali@istanbul.edu.tr ‐ Istanbul University, 

Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Marine Management Div., 34470 Vefa, 

Istanbul/Turkey



Anthropogenic impact on marine water quality in the Caribbean Costa Maya by 

untreated wastewater discharges 

ABSTRACT 

M. Meraz 1 

Keywords: Costa Maya, anthropogenic, pollution, impact 

Costa Maya is a natural corridor with terrestrial and maritime attractions of 

extraordinary quality located in the Yucatán Peninsula in the Quintana Roo State. It is 

surrounded by natural protected areas that include terrestrial ecosystems as natural 

wetlands and marshes, rainforest, maritime ecosystems as reef lagoons and coral 

reefs. Costa Maya stretches 70 km from Pulticub (19°04’06” N; 87°33’24” W) that is 

the south border with the Natural Reserve of the Biosphere Sian Ka’an, a Mayan 

rainforest, to Bacalar Chico (18°11’23.7’’ N; 87°51’40.8’’ W) that is the international 

border with Belize. 

The marine area is much a bahama along the coastal line due to the reef walls from 

Banco Chinchorro reef system distant from the shore 50 to 500 m. In 2004 a marine 

port located in Mahahual was constructed to receive at least three grand cruisers 

every each day. By 2005 received 650,263 passengers. 

The Quintana Roo State Government has authorized the touristy exploitation of the 

Corridor, keeping at least half of the area as a Natural Reserve actually known as the 

National Park of Coral Reefs of Xcalak that include the Banco Chinchorro Reef and 

demanded a diagnostic study of the area including the lagoon systems along the 

littoral. Also, suitable wastewater treatment technologies were requested. 

The sampling design consisted of six transects with two sampling stations each, 

perpendicular to the coast line from Mahahual to Xcalak, including the Bacalar Chico 

Canal River and Banco Chinchorro Reef, during high and low tourist affluence seasons 

(November to March and July to September, respectively). In the marine area and 

coastal lagoons, water samples and superficial sediments 10 cm deep were collected. 

Samples were also taken at the open sea side of the port. 

Nutrient concentration, as much for ammonium as for ortophosphates, were 

superior to the maximum permissible levels (MPL) of 0.01 mg/L, by Mexican 

Regulations (National Commission for Water, 2005). COD was higher for sampled 

1 Mónica Meraz (Dr), meraz@xanum.uam.mx‐ Dept. of Biotechnology, Universidad 

Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, W106, Col. Vicentina, 

México D.F. 09340 MEXICO‐ www.izt.uam.mx



coastal lagoons reaching a mean value of 742 mgO2/L; while in sea samples the mean 

value was of 711 mgO2/L. Mean organic carbon was higher in coastal lagoons (2.98%) 

compared to the marine area (1.02%). 

For microbiological quality, faecal and total coliform bacteria were found in coastal 

lagoons and in marine zone. The faecal coliform values did not surpass the MPC of 

240 ufc/100 mL (National Commission for Water, 2005), and certainly indicated 

feacal pollution in the whole area, which increases during the high tourist affluence 

(from November to March), representing a potential risk for human health. 

WWT Proposed Technologies 

Until 2005, Quintana Roo State counted with 25 aerobic WWTP (extended aeration, 

trickling filters, sequential batch reactors), with a capacity of 2.05 m 3 /s and a treated 

volume of 1.61 m 3 /s. In contrast, Mahahual and Xcalak, the main towns of the area 

have no WWT infrastructure actually. 

The proposed waste water treatment for this area consisted of an expanded granular 

sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, a down flow fluidized bed (DFFB) reactor and a fixed bed 

reactor (FB) reactor. Municipal waste water and organic garbage leachates mixture 

were used to simulate the waste water discharged in the area since the soluble COD 

concentration found was around 700 mg/L. The EGSB and DFFB reactors were 

operated to 4 and 6 h HRT, while the FB reactor was operated at 12 and 36 h. The 

DFFB reactor reached COD removal efficiency around 40%, while for EGSB and FB 

reactors was above 80%. This result and other parameter evaluated suggest that this 

may be a suitable technology for wastewater treatment of discharges in this area.



The impact of the Black Sea upon the Danube Delta within a large timespan 

(1857‐2007) 

Petruta Moisi 




Relative contribution of wave and current to the initial dilution of ocean outfalls 

Mukhtasor 1 , Puput Sukmana and Sujantoko 

Keywords: Current, initial dilution, marine pollution, outfall design, wave, waste water 

discharge 

ABSTRACT 

Designing an outfall in marine environment has been a challenging task because of, in 

one side, complexity in design parameters to be considered. This is particularly true 

in calculations of initial dilution, by which the degree of effluent initial mixing in the 

marine environment may be evaluated. In traditional initial dilution modeling, 

although ocean wave is often inevitable in the field, it is commonly neglected in 

determining the design parameter. On the other hand, considerable attention has 

been given to include ocean current as a design parameter, through laboratory 

experiments and development of designed‐oriented software. This paper is to study 

a relative contribution of wave and current to the initial dilution of ocean outfalls. 

Laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume tank using temperature 

transducers, applied to heated effluent, discharged from a specified outfall system. 

Initial dilutions were then calculated from the difference in recorded temperatures 

between those of the effluent and the water ambient at a given elevation along the 

plume centerline. The experiments were directed at reflecting scenarios for marine 

environmental conditions in Indonesia. For the cases at hand, compared with 

stagnant water, the increase in dilutions of buoyant jet in wavy environment was 

typically about 40% to 70% for z/LM 7.5, and about 40% to 59% for z/LM 5.7. 

Furthermore, the dilution increase because of the presence of current was typically 

about 38.3% to 390% for the range of z/lb 0.008 to 35.8. This shows that, for the 

purpose of initial dilution design, the effect of currents are often higher than that of 

waves, but for typical cases in wavy environment, the effect of waves can be equal or 

higher than that of currents. Consequently, traditional design approach may consider 

this phenomena closely and may come up with a degign methodology suitable for a 

wider range of marine environmental conditions, including those with significant 

wave actions. 

1 Mukhtasor, mukhtasor@oe.its.ac.id, Department of Ocean Engineering ‐ Faculty of 

Marine Technology Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia



A framework for environmental risk‐based design of ocean outfalls 

Mukhtasor 1 

Keywords: Ecological risk assessment, human health risk assessment, marine 

pollution, ocean outfall design, probabilistic design 

ABSTRACT 

Deterministic approach has traditionally been employed for ocean outfall designs, 

with a basis where worst, normal and best condition scenarios be evaluated to 

comply with specified standard(s). Recent trend towards a risk‐based design rises in 

light of variability and uncertainty, which are inherent in an outfall system. 

Furthermore, considerable attention has been devoted in environmental study to 

look at risks in term of environmental (epidemiological/toxicological) viewpoint. This 

raises a possibility to design an outfall with a viewpoint of environmental risks. This 

paper presents a framework for environmental risk‐based design of ocean outfalls, by 

which a guide to the relative merits of different designs from human health and 

ecological risks viewpoint could be provided. The human health risks could include 

risks of infection, clinical illness, and mortality associated with microbial exposure 

during swimming associated a sewage discharge located at a distance. The ecological 

risks could be based on dose‐response and toxicological data relevant to ecological 

entity and typical effluent under consideration. The framework is described 

systematically by discussing scenarios of outfall discharges relevant to a case study. 

The emphasis of the study is to show how an environmental risk‐based design of an 

outfall could be potentially undertaken and to highlight the importance for the 

current guide of outfall design to consider environmental risk during designs. 

1 Mukhtasor, mukhtasor@oe.its.ac.id, Department of Ocean Engineering ‐ Faculty of 

Marine Technology Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia



Voltammetry profiling of the Sevastopol Bay's sediments 

N. Orekhova 1 , S. Konovalov 2 

Key words: Sevastopol bay, pore waters, Au/Hg‐voltammetry 

microelectrode 

Solid‐state Au/Hg‐microelectrode was used to measure vertical profiling of pore 

waters of bottom sediments of the Sevastopol Bay. Main objectives were possibility 

to use of a technique and identification of species to obtain its vertical distribution to 

analyze geographical features of the profiling of redox species in the bottom 

sediments of the Sevastopol Bay. 

Samples of the bottom sediments were collected on October 2006 in the Sevastopol 

Bay. The samples immediately were returned in the laboratory where were analyzed. 

A standard three‐electrode cell connected with potentiostate DLK‐60 (Analytical 

Instrument System) was used for all electrochemical measurements. The gold 

microelectrode was used as working to obtain the vertical distribution of the key 

redox species in the pore waters of the sediments. 

Obtained voltammetric profiling data allow to observe spatial features of the vertical 

structure of the pore waters of the bottom sediments of the Sevastopol Bay. A high 

abundance of the organic carbon cause penetration of the oxygen in a depth no more 

than 2‐3 mm. A top of the concentration of the oxygen at a bottom surface was 

observed at a station with a low organic carbon abundance. At stations with 

maximum of the organic carbon abundance the content of the oxygen was either 

minimum or it was not here. A lack of the oxygen at the bottom surface are 

determined due to the high abundance of the organic carbon resulting in a fast 

velocity of oxygen consumption and due to the fine‐size structure of the sediments 

that limitation a diffusion flux of the oxygen downward to sediments. 

Lack of the oxygen from the depth about 3 mm makes conditions to participate a 

nitrogen, iron, manganese and sulfur in the redox processes and result in to appear 

suitable signal of polarogramms. Intensive ratios and vertical distribution 

characteristics depend on the organic carbon abundance, iron and manganese 

contents. Iron sulfides (FeS and FeS2) are main result of the organic matter 

diagenesis in the bottom sediments in case iron contents in considerable quantity. 

H2S can appear in trace contents. In the absence considerable content of iron and 

manganese the sulfides are eventual result of organic matter oxidation in marine 

environment. 

The Sevastopol Bay is great anthropogenic impact zone. It results in the content of 

different metals is more than their nature background. Iron is a macro component of 

1 N. Orekhova, naorekh‐2004@mail.ru, Marine Hydrophysical Institute National 

Academy of Science of Ukraine, Sevstopol, Ukraine 

2 S. Konovalov,( Dr.), sergey@alpha.mhi.iuf.net



the bottom sediments. In the considerable content of reactive iron it is generated the 

considerable contents of Fe (II) that bonds H2S and FeS is produced. H2S appears in 

the upper part of sediment's samples. In deeper layers of the sediments it is observed 

increasing of FeS content and decreasing of the organic carbon abundance down to 

the disappearance. Maximum of H2S at the vertical distribution profile is placed 

above boundary of the beginning of the FeS signal increasing. Closer to the surface 

bottom sediments it is beginning the steady rise FeS signal's intensity and the H2S 

peak becomes higher. It can be supposed that the depth of the beginning growth FeS 

content depend on of the organic matter abundance and grain‐size distribution. High 

organic matter abundance and fine‐size sediments are limited the oxidant's fluxes 

from the upper part of the sediments and near‐bottom waters. Thus in the bottom 

sediments maintain conditions to proceed sulphate reduction and FeS formation.

SUMMARY 



Evaluation of Windblown sand models‐case study: Persian Gulf beaches 

Zahra Pazandeh Masouleh 

Evaluation of Windblown sand models‐case study: Persian gulf beaches 

Sand transport by wind blowing from south over north shores of Chabahar Bay in 

Persian gulf is an important component of sand sediment budget of Water 

Desalination plant (WDP) area. In the entire area behind the beach west of WDP for 

about 1.5 km along the shore, small trees have been planted to slow migration of 

sand. This area has been covered with black sprayed‐on mulch, consisting of fertilizer, 

organic matter and a small amount of oil. The mulch was applied in 2004 (1383). 

Dune sands can be seen migrating inland over this mulch. Most of the transport 

occurs from June to August during the monsoon season by south monsoon winds. 

Three different equations (Bagnold, Kawamura, Hsu) were used to predict the sand 

transported by wind at this site. 

Two sets of wind were available for this site from Konarak and Chabahar synoptic 

stations. It was assumed that sand is always dry in the area as there is almost no 

precipitation. The calculations were carried out using a range of sediment grain size 

of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 mm to see the sensitivity of transport rate to the grain size. Sieve 

analyses of sediment samples from the beach west of WDP indicate a median grain 

size of 0.15 mm. 

The sand transported by wind was calculated for the 2000‐2005 period. Sand 

transport was only calculated when the wind speed exceeded the critical threshold 

(recommended method in CEM 2005).The thickness of sand over mulch layer was 

measured at 34 points over the mulch area. Sand thickness decreases landward with 

the distance from the shoreline. Average measured sand thickness was 3 cm over an 

area of about 1,000,000 m2. The total accumulation volume is roughly estimated of 

about 30,000 m3 in 3 years or 10,000 m3/year. The shoreline south of the mulch‐ 

sprayed area is about 1,600 m long Therefore, average wind blown sand transport 

rate is estimated to be about 6.4 m3/m of shoreline. 

Transport rates estimated using Konarak winds for the median grain size of 0.15 mm 

by the three formulation range between 4 to 11 m3/m/year. The prediction by 

Bagnold formula is 5.6m3/m/year and is in close agreement with the rough 

measurement of 6.4m3/m/year.



Wastewater marine disposal in Santa Catarina – Brazil: Legal requirements and the 

proposed and used alternatives 

SUMMARY 

Luis H.P. Garbossa, Katt R. Lapa, Carlos Bavaresco, Vanessa dos Santos 

In this article it is presented the main trends for the wastewater marine disposal in 

Santa Catarina. The marine disposal is used in several cities in Brazil, mainly in the 

southeast and northeast regions of Brazil. The marine disposal in those cities, are 

operational for several years. In Santa Catarina state, there are several costal cities 

that do not have a wastewater treatment system or have a very precarious system. 

Actually there are several cities planed to receive, by the Brazilian government, 

investment in wastewater collection and treatment systems. Although, some cities in 

Brazil use wastewater pre‐treatment system and outfalls, the new legal requirements 

cause misunderstandings among the sanitation professionals and also disagreement 

among the environment agencies that regulate the licenses for this kind of 

enterprise. One of the main discussions is about the treatment level that the 

wastewater should be submitted to. Our main guide line in respect to wastewater 

quality and disposal is the Conama 357/05. This resolution states about what it is 

expected in respect to the wastewater quality to be discharged from the wastewater 

system treatment and the quality expected to be maintained in the water body that 

is receiving the treated wastewater. Based on that information, the main obstacles to 

the marine outfalls utilization are outlined, as the alternatives chosen to some of the 

main outfalls in the Santa Catarina State that have been approved and some 

discrepancies among each one of them. The marine waterfall seems to be 

understood, by some government agencies, as a way to get rid of a problem. This 

question is raised mainly because following the regulation without discussions, it will 

compel, necessarily, the sanitation companies to construct a wastewater treatment 

system with at least a carbon removal and nitrogen nitrification system, 

independently of the location and the oceanic studies developed. It is necessary to 

carefully consider the environment and sanitary risks, to select a safe and economical 

viable alternative. This consideration becomes more evident in a region that does not 

have any wastewater treatment systems

SUMMARY 



Study of tidal current and water level variation along the red sea 

Tadros Riad,Yehia Marmoush, Karim Rakha, Samir Abou Hadima 

The Red Sea water is an essential asset for Egypt and the surrounding countries 

.Nowadays there is an extensive demand for new coastal development along 

Egyptian eastern coast and south Sinai. In general tide ranges between 0.6 m in the 

north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m in the south near the Gulf of 

Aden but it fluctuates between 0.20 and 0.30 m away from the nodal point. In the 

Red Sea detailed water levels and current data are lacking and meagerly researched 

compared to the Arabian Gulf which is relatively well explored because of the 

offshore oil exploration. 

To provide the required essential information for such coastal development, the tidal 

water ‐currents and ‐levels was predicted using RMA (Recourses Management 

Association) numerical model. The RMA finite element models were originally 

developed with the support of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways 

Experiment Station (WES). The numerical results were verified for six months at 12 

stations located all along the coast of the Red Sea using the TIDECALC software which 

is developed by the UK Hydrographic Office and uses the same prediction algorithms 

and Harmonic Constants as the Admiralty Tide Tables. The model gives excellent 

results with an average error of about 10% compared to predicted water levels. Also 

a sensitivity analysis was made for the water levels and total velocities on major input 

values such as computational time step, coefficient of friction and boundary 

condition location. The water level values were compared with the predicted values 

to help to choose the bes t recommended input conditions for the Red Sea model. 

The results present the maximum and minimum water levels, the different tidal 

ranges zones and maximum total velocities for the whole Red Sea. A general Red Sea 

behavior is also explained according to the numerical simulations and the previous 

researches. Also a focus on the Egyptian Coasts divides the sea into three regions; 

Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aquaba and the Eastern Egyptian coasts. The results show the 

zones with high water levels and the maximum tidal ranges and total velocities for 

the three regions.

SUMMARY 



Monitoring of hydrogen sulfide in huge dredged trenches in Tokyo Bay 

J. Sasaki 1 , Y. Yoshimoto, S. Kawamoto, M. Ishii and J. Kakino 

Tokyo Bay is a polluted estuary suffering from excess nutrient loads and resultant 

hypoxia and anoxia in the bottom water at the head of the bay. In addition, the bay 

has huge trenches along the coast, in which anoxic water containing high 

concentration of hydrogen sulfide exists continuously from early spring to late fall. 

These trenches were dredged for the reclamation of the foreshore. Upwelling of 

these anoxic waters, caused by northerly wind induced current, sometimes leads to 

mortality of benthic animals in shallow waters and tidal flats and as a result causes 

damage to fisheries. This problem called “blue tide” has been one of the major 

concerns among governments, citizens and academic sectors for long time in the bay. 

However, since the contribution of each anoxic water, namely, flat bottom water at 

the head of the bay, trench waters, and waters in navigation channels, to the damage 

is unclear, it is difficult to propose remedies for the problem. Therefore, as a first 

step, we tried to clarify the contribution of anoxic waters in dredged trenches. To 

evaluate the contribution of the anoxic water in dredged trenches, we established a 

methodology to estimate the amount of hydrogen sulfide and applied the method to 

evaluate time series of the total amount of hydrogen sulphide in a dredged trench. 

It is known that concentrations of hydrogen sulfide have a relatively high correlation 

with pH. With this idea, we analyzed several datasets collected by some associations 

including Chiba Prefectural Government and Environmental Agency and developed a 

regression curve to determine the concentration of hydrogen suflide. Along with sea 

floor sounding and supplemental water quality measurements, we developed a 

methodology to determine the total amount of hydrogen sulfide in a dredged trench. 

Then we analyzed the relationship between time series of the total amount of 

hydrogen sulfide and the upwelling events of anoxic water using the previous data 

collected by Chiba Prefectural Fishery Research Institute. 

With the monitoring results, we analyzed the effect of the anoxic water in the 

trenches on the occurrence of blue tide in terms of the timing, magnitude and 

duration. We also made discussion on the accuracy of our estimation of the total 

amount of hydrogen suflide. To make a clear conclusion, we need more efforts to 

clarify the effect of the navigation channels and the flat bottom waters, the effect of 

the trenches seems to be not the largest. This suggests us an application of milder 

measures, such as oxygenation of the trench waters by means of offshore bottom 

water transfer, mechanical circulator or aeration system, rather than costly 

alternatives including filling up the trenches with sandy sediments. Restoration of 

aerobic condition in the trenches will lead to the recovery of benthic animals and 

fishes. Consequently, the trenches might work as a good fish source. 

1 Jun Sasaki, Associate Professor, jsasaki@ynu.ac.jpYokohama National University, 

Yokohama, Japan



Combination of organoclay sorption and biodegradation in a fluidized bed reactor 

for the treatment of wastewaters from offshore platform operation 

Ciprian Scurtu 1 , TorOve Leiknes 2 , Herman Helness 3 

Keywords: biodegradation, dissolved organic compounds, fluidized bed reactor, 

organoclay 

ABSTRACT 

Background 

Produced water is the largest wastewater stream in the oil and gas exploitation and 

production processes. The present research work was done as a part of the TOP 

Water project. TOP Water is an acronym for Treatment of Produced Water and 

focuses on new treatment strategies and characterization of produced water. The 

goal of this project is to achieve very efficient removal of dispersed oil (< 2 ppm 

dispersed oil in the effluent) and significant removal of dissolved compounds which 

have a significant contribution to the EIF (environmental impact factor) of a 

discharge. 

A treatment process based on sorption and biodegradation was chosen to be used 

for the removal of the soluble compounds. 

Combination of sorption and biodegradation processes 

This paper studies the effect of biodegradation on the performance of a lab‐scale 

fluidized bed reactor using an organoclay to sorb the BTX (benzene, toluene and 

xylene) but not the acetic acid from synthetic produced water. Initially no microbial 

inoculum, oxygen and nutrients were supplied to the fluidized bed reactor and 

sorption was the only removal mechanism for BTX. The organoclay showed the same 

good performance as during the previous batch sorption tests by retaining only a 

small amount of acetic acid from the synthetic produced water and high amounts of 

BTX. 

The impact of biodegradation process on the performance of the fluidized bed 

system was investigated by providing a special microbial inoculum and supplying 

oxygen and nutrients in the treatment system. In order to prevent the stripping of 

1 Ciprian Scurtu, Mr., PhD candidate, ciprian.scurtu@ntnu.no ‐ Norwegian University of 

Science and Technology, Dep. of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, S.P. 

Andersens vei 5, N‐7491 Trondheim, Norway 

2 TorOve Leiknes, Mr., Prof., torove.leiknes@ntnu.no ‐ Norwegian University of Science 

and Technology, Dep. of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, S.P. Andersens vei 5, 

N‐7491 Trondheim, Norway 

3 Herman Helness, Mr., Senior Scientist, herman.helness@sintef.no ‐ SINTEF Water and 

Environment, Klæbuveien 153, N‐7465 Trondheim, Norway



the volatile BTX compounds a membrane contactor was preferred for aeration. 

Nutrients were supplied into the system in the form of Bushnell‐Haas broth (at a 

stoichiometric ratio of 100/5/1:COD/N/P). A commercial source of microorganisms 

grown in carbon pellets was used to obtain a bacterial culture able to feed on BTX as 

sole carbon source. This culture was repeatedly enriched until a highly concentrated 

microbial inoculum was obtained and subsequently used in the fluidized bed system. 

The obtained results show the superior performance of the sorption‐biodegradation 

system compared with the system based only on sorption. One hypothesis is that the 

biofilm of microorganisms detected on the organoclay particles biodegraded the 

sorbed BTX compounds and in this way the sorbent recovered to some extent its 

sorption properties. On the other hand the microorganisms not attached on the 

organoclay could contribute to the biodegradation of BTX compounds in the water 

phase. The calculated biodegradation of acetic acid was low since the 

microorganisms were previously enriched for BTX degradation. 

Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) 

Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering 

S.P. Andersens vei 5 

N‐7491 Trondheim, Norway



Analyzing sewer rehabilitation of Erbil in Iraq and Cheongju in Korea using MOUSE 

S/W 

ABSTRACT 

Daeik Son 1 , Haejin Yang, Seonghyo Kim, Kwangho Jin, Joonyeon Choung 

Keywords: MOUSE, sewer networks, hydraulic modelling 

Hydraulic modelling is widely used to simulate wastewater flow and to efficiently 

transport wastewater and stormwater during the first flush in planning urban 

development. Through hydraulic modeling, excessive or deficient design as well as 

potential flood can be prevented. In this study, w different computer application 

programs MAKESW, (an engineer, South Korea) and MOUSE (DHI, Denmark) are used 

to conduct hydraulic modelings of hydraulic and hydrology data of Chongju 

Sangdang‐Gu Treatment District and Erbil City, Iraq. 

The studies on basic hydraulic design were conducted before constructing the GIS 

pipe maps of the subject areas. For the preparation of precipitation database, 

accumulative rainfall was determined based on the duration of rainfall according to 

Huff’s quartile method. Critical duration was calculated using an hourly rainfall 

diagram. 

In case of Sangdang‐gu Chongju and Erbil, the calculated length of pipes with low 

capacity projected by MAKESW is 174% and 9% longer than the length calculated by 

MOUSE. The difference is caused mainly by the different runoff models used in those 

programs. In MAKESW, rational formula and rainfall data, calculated using rainfall 

intensity formula, were applied. On the other hand, MOUSE distributed rainfall 

evenly throughout the rainfall duration and resulted in lowered peak discharge. 

For the pipes, which had flowrate above the maximum flowrate, MAKESW projected 

25% longer length than MOUSE for Sangdang‐gu Chongju and Erbil respectively. It is 

considered that the difference was caused by the unique topographic features of 

Sangdang‐gu Chongju. The slope of branch sewer is stiff because the trunk and 

intercepting sewers are laid along the streams within the city. The increment ratio of 

Erbil is low because the depth difference of sewer pipes is not as significant as in the 

Sangdang‐gu Chongju case. 

Hydraulic modelling utilizing MOUSE and MAKESW was conducted for the sewers of 

Sangdang‐gu Chongju and Erbil. As mentioned previously, MOUSE utilizes several 

models based on time‐series rainfall data. On the other hand, MAKESW conducts 

relatively simplified modeling based on the rational formula. 

MOUSE was originally developed for various hydraulic modeling and simulation by 

integrating various factors such as hydraulic and hydrologic computations as well as 

on‐site conditions. According to the requirements and criteria addressed on 

1 Daeik Son (Eng.), disohn@kwater.or.kr ‐ Taejeon city, South Korea



Standards for Sewers (ME, 2005), MAKESW was developed for relatively simplified 

modeling for the first‐hand analysis of flows. Based on the simulation and the 

modeling results, following conclusion can be deduced. 

1) The lengths of pipes of low capacity estimated by MAKESW are 174% and 9% 

longer than the lengths of the same type of pipes estimated by MOUSE in the cases 

of Sangdang‐gu Chongju and Erbil respectively. Because of the time difference 

between the rainfall event and the runoff in the time‐series rainfall data required by 

MOUSE, the initial runoff is considerably small. As MOUSE conducts modeling and 

simulation based on more specified and regional information such as delay of flow, 

detention, and rainfall distribution, it is considered that the results are close to the 

real conditions. However, MAKESW shows instantaneously high runoff because the 

application utilizes rational formula. The bigger the size of the modeled basin, the 

bigger the magnitude of the estimated length of pipes will be. Consequently, using 

MOUSE, more accurate and efficient modeling results can be acquired. 

2) The sewer systems of Sangdang‐gu Chongju and Erbil are combined systems. The 

difference of the lengths of the pipes of low flowrate estimated by MAKESW and 

MOUSE are 80% and 67% shorter in case of Sangdang‐gu Chongju and Erbil. 

3) The lengths of the pipes of high flowrate estimated by MAKESW are 1514% and 

25% longer than the lengths of the same type of pipes estimated by MOUSE. It is 

assumed that these differences are caused by topographic differences of these 

selected cities. In Sangdang‐gu Chongju, relatively stiffly‐sloped branch sewers are 

connected to the trunk and the intercepting sewers, laid along the Mooshimchon. 

However, the increment ratio of Erbil is lower than that of Sangdang‐gu Chongju 

because the sewer pipes of the city are laid relatively flat terrain. 

4) Because the modeling results of MOUSE show the condition of pipes as well as GIS 

information such as the location of potential flood, it is easy to establish hydraulic 

database as well as contingency plans. Setting up of hydraulic information using 

MOUSE is becoming easier because there are GIS data established through multiple 

sewer projects. Thus MOUSE can be efficiently utilized in the stage of planning, 

designing, and operation and maintenance of sewer networks.

SUMMARY 

Longevity of marine waste water outfalls 



Donald Treadwell 1 , Brian Van Weele, Orville Magoon 

It is generally intended that coastal structures be planned, designed, built, operated, 

and maintained to last a long time. However, many such structures fail long before 

their time, some catastrophically. This paper will discuss the critical elements of the 

planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of major marine waste 

water outfalls, including several case histories. 

In terms of durability, the design life of a major outfall system should be 100 years or 

more. All aspects of the design, including materials selection, loading probabilities, 

and so forth must take this objective into account. Because of the long design life, it 

is possible (even probable) that the structure may be damaged through one or more 

of a number of potential risks. If any of these risks actually materialize, the structure 

should be designed to “fail safe” so that the structure can continue to be serviceable 

while repairs are being made. 

Inspection, maintenance, and repair of coastal structures can be dangerous and 

potentially disruptive to other nearby marine operations. Inspection should be 

facilitated by the design, and the need for maintenance and repair reduced through 

the robustness of the facility, durability of the selected materials, and the simplicity 

of the construction details. 

Certain criteria are to be followed in the design of a critical coastal structure to 

ensure the design provides a particular functionality or durability deemed important 

to the overall requirements of the project. Of particular importance are the loads 

that are considered in the preliminary design and the means by which these loads are 

to be incorporated into the detailed design as applied loads, or how they are to be 

reduced or mitigated through the use of a particular design approach or construction 

details. 

Among the elements and objectives to be covered in the proposed paper are: need 

for the structure (benefits versus costs), conditions of service and various loading 

combinations, identification and avoidance of fatal flaws and catastrophic failures, 

provision of redundancies and extra strength and toughness, minimal impact on the 

environment, protection from possible damage (risk assessment), high 

constructability and reasonable construction cost, and minimum operations and 

maintenance requirements. 

1 Donald Treadwell, Consultant, ddtreadwell@comcast.net ‐ USA

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