PRESENTED PAPERS - Mwwd.org
PRESENTED PAPERS - Mwwd.org
PRESENTED PAPERS - Mwwd.org
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 18 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
<strong>PRESENTED</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>
ORAL PRESENTATIONS<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 19 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Oral presentations are foreseen in<br />
three parallel sessions, starting from<br />
tuesday 28 after the Keynote<br />
Session, as indicated in the general<br />
program.<br />
Each session of 1 ½ hr will host<br />
three papers.<br />
The length of each presentation is<br />
established in 15 minutes ± 5<br />
minutes; there will be therefore a<br />
sufficient “question time”, the<br />
possibility of discussion and some spare time to take care of the delays … or of the<br />
long‐winded speakers.<br />
The detailed program – session and time for each presentation ‐ will be available in<br />
the program booklet.<br />
INDEX (by author)<br />
Acornley, Richard (UK) ‐ Assessment of the effects of improvements to wastewater<br />
pipeline discharges on bacterial contamination of shellfisheries in England and Wales<br />
Al Barwani, Hamdi (Sultanate of Oman) ‐ Merging brine discharge plumes from<br />
desalination plants<br />
Al‐Enezi, Eqbal Hussain (Kuwait) ‐ Phosphorus Adsorption on Kaolinite clay<br />
Antequera, Manuel (Spain) ‐ Research on the behaviour of a brine discharge into a<br />
port using a 3D physical model<br />
Arasaki, Emilia (Brazil) ‐ Sea outfall plume dispersion –Physical modelling study with<br />
wind tunnel and computer modelling evaluation<br />
Avanzini, Carlo (Italy) ‐ Mersin outfall: a long story arriving to conclusion<br />
Bertolotto, Rosa Maria (Italy) ‐ Application of the biological index CARLIT on Ligurian<br />
Coastline<br />
Birmingham, Thomas (USA) ‐ Hilo Bay mixing zone study and dilution modeling<br />
Bjegovic, Dubravka (Croatia) ‐ Performance based durability design of coastal<br />
reinforced concrete structures<br />
Bojanić, Fani (Croatia) ‐ The Adriatic project: coastal cities water pollution control<br />
project<br />
Campos, Pedro (Chile) ‐ Theoretical design of outfall in comparison with real results<br />
Comino, Ana Paula (Argentina) ‐ Beach water quality of Mar del Plata (Argentina)<br />
previous to the outfall construction: ten years of bacterial control and virtual beach<br />
model prediction testing<br />
De Lorenz Santos, Fernando Jesus (Mexico) ‐ Evaluation of the Contamination by<br />
Heavy Metals in the Southwest of the Sound of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico<br />
Di Giovanni, Mirella (Italy) ‐ Interpreting and modelling field data for wastewater<br />
dispersion into sea trough dimensional analysis
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 20 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Domenichini, Paolo (Italy) ‐ Real‐time water‐quality mesurements using an automatic<br />
profiler<br />
Doneker, Robert (USA) ‐ Site scale remote sensing of mixing zone water quality<br />
Dragovich, Jeff (USA) ‐ A Case Study in Marine Outfall Design: HDPE vs. Steel Pipe<br />
Duleba, Wania (Brazil) ‐ A multi‐proxy environmental study based on geochemistry of<br />
sediments and biological bioindicators (foraminifers) from the largest petroleum<br />
terminal of Brazil<br />
Erdelez, Anita (Croatia) ‐ Methodology of the environmental impact assessment of<br />
the coastal sewerage systems ‐ Jadran Project<br />
Figueira, Pedro (Portugal) ‐ Aspects of the design and construction of the sea outfall<br />
of Tangier Port<br />
Frick, Walter (USA) ‐ Model averaging and other issues surrounding environmental<br />
statistical models<br />
Hannoun, Imad A. (USA) ‐ Joint Water Pollution Control Plant Outfall Modeling<br />
Ivancic Aucina, Ana (Croatia) ‐ Installation of Stobrec, Sibenik and Zadar HDPE waste<br />
water outfalls<br />
Izdar, Erol (Turkey) ‐ Fokai (Foca) Waste Water Traetment Plant. An example for<br />
planning, projecting and constructing at the coast of a city in Aegean Region<br />
Kalaitzis, Evangelia (Greece) ‐ Correlation of Hydrodynamic and Qualitative<br />
Parameters for the Environmental Management of Marinas<br />
Kaneshiro, Jon (USA) ‐ Seismic Screening Considering Damage Scenarios, Mitigation<br />
Measures, and Cost Impacts for the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County’s<br />
(LACSD) Joint Water Pollution Control Plant (JWPCP) Tunnel and Ocean Outfall<br />
Project<br />
Kantharaj, Murali (India) ‐ Forces on twin tandem pipelines in the proximity of seabed<br />
Krivokapic, Sladjana (Montenegro) ‐ Trophic level indicators in the Boka Kotorska Bay<br />
Larsen, Ian (Belgium) ‐ 50 years of marine PE piping<br />
Linde, Lutz zur (Germany) ‐ Trenchless installation methods of sea outfalls<br />
Little, Michael (UK) ‐ Outfall design and fast ferry wash<br />
Lorenzoni, Carlo (Italy) ‐ Hydrodynamic laboratory tests on a dissipative submerged<br />
structure for beach protection<br />
Magdaong, Evangeline (Philippines) ‐ Modeling residence time and effluent dispersal<br />
in a mariculture area<br />
Mead, Christopher (UK) ‐ Timestep splitting in Lagrangian marine dispersion models<br />
Meiorin, Luciano (USA) ‐ Feasibility study for a new outfall for the Sanitation Districts<br />
of Los Angeles County, California<br />
Modabbernia, Roozbeh (Iran) ‐ An Analytical Model of the Mathematical Wave<br />
Equation for Sound Propagation in Sound Channel<br />
Mossa, Michele (Italy) ‐ Study of Waste Water Dilution in The Sea by Combined Use<br />
of Mathematical Modeling And Field Measurements<br />
Muhammetoglu, Ayse (Turkey) ‐ Uncertainties of Bacterial Inactivation in Marine<br />
Environment<br />
Niepelt, Anne (Germany) ‐ Desalination brine discharge modelling ‐ Coupling of<br />
Hydrodynamic Models for Brine Discharge Analysis
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 21 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Ostoich, Marco (Italy) ‐ Integrated areal analysis of the biological impact in the<br />
coastal belt of Venice province (Italy‐Northern Adriatic sea)<br />
Ozcan, Merih (Turkey) ‐ Turkey‐Cyprus Water Pipeline Project<br />
Ozel, Tansel (Turkey) ‐ Bridging Potable Water service between Europe and Asia: A<br />
New Bosphorus Crossing with a Underwater PE Pipeline<br />
Pabion, Chrystel (France) ‐ Construction, installation and pigging system of a large<br />
diameter HDPE pipeline in Morocco<br />
Parsons, Gary (South Africa) ‐ Aspects of toxicology of estuarine sediments: The Port<br />
of Durban as a case study<br />
Pascual Barrera, Alina (Spain) ‐ Bacterial pollution due to marine outfalls in the coast<br />
of Valencia (Spain)<br />
Peleg, Miki (Cyprus) ‐ Emergency water supply from tankers for Cyprus<br />
Peleg, Miki (Cyprus) ‐ New Development in Flexible Connections<br />
Pinto Ortiz, Jayme (Brazil) ‐ Santos, Guarujá and Praia Grande 1 submarine outfalls:<br />
computational evaluation of the effluent dispersion process in the Santos Bay using<br />
CFD<br />
Pita Olalla, Eloy (Spain) ‐ Recent works in the construction of marine pipelines for<br />
desalination plants<br />
Pollio, Andrea (Italy) ‐ Current velocity measurements offshore Taranto (Italy):<br />
comparison between vessel‐mounted and moored current meter data<br />
Prem, Marko (Croatia)‐ Guidelines on Integrated Coastal Urban Water System<br />
Planning in Coastal Areas of the Mediterranean: a commented presentation<br />
Roberts, Philip (USA) ‐ Experimental Studies of Dense Jets<br />
Ruiz‐Mateo, Antonio (Spain) ‐ Mathematical models for estimation of dilution of<br />
brine discharges to the sea<br />
Ruiz‐Mateo, Antonio (Spain) ‐ Physical modelling of brine discharges to the sea<br />
Santos Malhadas, Maria Madalena (Portugal) ‐ Hydrodynamics downscaling for<br />
predicting the dynamics of Foz do Arelho submarine outfall plume<br />
Sasaki, Mikio (Japan) ‐ Artificial Headland Method for Beach Erosion<br />
Scroccaro, Isabella (Italy) ‐ Dispersion modeling of submarine waste water discharges<br />
in the Northern Adriatic Sea along Friuli Venezia Giulia and Veneto regions coasts<br />
Spyropoulos, Kyriakos (Greece) ‐ Design of Sea Outfalls for Constanta and Eforie<br />
WWTP's at Romania<br />
Swanson, Craig (USA) ‐ Use of a Lagrangian particle model to simulate the far field<br />
transport and fate of effluent discharged from the proposed new LACSD outfall<br />
Toscano, Paolo (Italy) ‐ Analysis and restoration of an aged marine outfall system: the<br />
Trieste sewer case<br />
Turkel, Veysel (Turkey) ‐ Offshore pipeline applications for natural gas supply to<br />
Princess Islands in Istanbul<br />
van Banning, Gijs (Netherlands) ‐ Evaluation of a shallow water outfall in a congested<br />
nearshore area: Mersin Project<br />
van Banning, Gijs (Netherlands) ‐ Intake / Outfall effects on harbour sedimentation, a<br />
practical case in a tidal environment
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 22 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Varol, Ozgur Evren (Turkey) ‐ Case Study: Gemlik Wastewater Pretreatment Plant and<br />
Marine Outfall System<br />
Vukanic, Vera (Montenegro) ‐ Changes in the Zooplankton Biocenosis of Bay of Boka<br />
Kotorska due to Introduction of Alien Species in Ballast Waters<br />
Webb, Tony (Australia) ‐ Modelling of iron hydroxide settling from a desalination<br />
plant outfall<br />
Wood, Matthew (UK) ‐ Dense jet assessment procedure<br />
Zervou, Anneta D. (Greece) ‐ Aspects of Seismic Analysis of Long Sea Outfalls<br />
Zic, Kresho (Australia) ‐ Field monitoring and oceanographic modeling for a large<br />
desalination plant in Australia
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 23 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Assessment of the effects of improvements to wastewater pipeline discharges on<br />
bacterial contamination of shellfisheries in England and Wales<br />
R.M. Acornley 1 and S.R. Kershaw 2<br />
Keywords: bacterial pollution, bivalve mollusc, Poole Harbour, sewage, shellfish, Teign<br />
Estuary<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Filter‐feeding bivalve molluscs, such as oysters and mussels, can accumulate<br />
contaminants, including microbial pathogens, from sewage‐polluted waters. Sewage<br />
contamination can be a significant cause of shellfish‐related illness and control<br />
measures are required to protect public health from the microbiological impacts of<br />
wastewater pipeline discharges. In Europe, Directive 2006/113/EC on the quality<br />
required of shellfish waters (codified version), aims to reduce the contamination of<br />
waters in which shellfish live. The Directive sets standards for water quality in<br />
designated Shellfish Waters, including a Guideline standard for the level of faecal<br />
coliforms in shellfish flesh. Between 2000 and 2005, approximately €72M was<br />
identified for investment by water companies in sewage treatment and sewerage<br />
improvements targeted at improving water quality in Shellfish Waters in England and<br />
Wales. In this paper, case studies are used to assess the effectiveness of this<br />
investment in reducing bacterial contamination of shellfisheries. The implications for<br />
prioritising and planning future investments are discussed.<br />
1 Richard M. Acornley (Mr), Water Quality Scientist, Centre for Environment, Fisheries<br />
and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth,<br />
Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; e‐mail: richard.acornley@cefas.co.uk<br />
2 Simon R. Kershaw (Mr), Water Quality Advisor, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and<br />
Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth,<br />
Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; e‐mail: simon.kershaw@cefas.co.uk
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 24 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Merging brine discharge plumes from desalination plants<br />
H.H. Al‐Barwani 1 , A. Purnama 2<br />
Keywords: Brine discharges, desalination plant, far field model, long term impact<br />
assessment, two sea outfalls<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Seawater desalination is the long term water supply option to sustain and allow the<br />
continuing development in the arid climate countries. Most of the world's<br />
desalination plants are operated along the coasts of the Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman<br />
and Red Sea. As the projected demands for desalinated seawater is steadily<br />
increasing, not only are the number of new large scale desalination plants<br />
constructed growing, the existing plants are also gradually increasing their water<br />
production capacities.<br />
As the technology can produce up to 60% of desalinated water, desalination<br />
processes also produce reject brine, a highly concentrated salt solution up to more<br />
than two times the ambient seawater salinity. The practical method to dispose of<br />
brine is to continuously discharge into the sea via an outfall at some distance from<br />
the beach. Due to relatively shallow coastal water depth, it is observed that the<br />
elongated brine plumes are spreading towards the shoreline and may cause an<br />
increase in salinity in the coastal waters. Therefore, larger scale brine discharges can<br />
potentially have a significant impact on the marine life and coastal ecosystems.<br />
If desalination plants are closely clustered together along the coastlines, then the<br />
brine effluent discharges from plants such as these will surely make an adverse<br />
environmental impact in the long run. Moreover, when two or more sea outfalls are<br />
discharging brine into shallow coastal waters, the long term impacts are strongly<br />
inter‐dependent. Therefore, if a new large scale seawater desalination plant is to be<br />
built on a coastline where an existing plant is operated that complies with the<br />
imposed regulatory requirements and guidelines for protection of the marine and<br />
coastal environment, how can one calculate the compounded impacts? In particular,<br />
will a possible scenario ever arise in which the existing plant is no longer meeting the<br />
regulatory requirements? This is a situation which may have actually happened along<br />
1 Hamdi H. Al‐Barwani (Dr), hamdi@squ.edu.om – Department of Mathematics and<br />
Statistics, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Al‐Khod PC 123,<br />
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman – www.squ.edu.om<br />
2 Anton Purnama (Dr), antonp@squ.edu.om – Department of Mathematics and<br />
Statistics, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Al‐Khod PC 123,<br />
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman – www.squ.edu.om
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 25 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
the western coast of the Arabian Gulf shared by Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar<br />
and United Arab Emirates.<br />
In an attempt to answer these questions, a far field mathematical model for<br />
continuous brine discharges from two coastal seawater desalination plants to<br />
incorporate the effect of a tidal current is presented. The analytical solutions are<br />
illustrated graphically by plotting contour of salinity concentration to study the<br />
merging and interaction of two brine plumes. Finally, using the maximum shoreline<br />
salinity as a measure for assessing the impact of brine discharges into the sea,<br />
asymptotic approximation will be made to the shoreline's brine concentration to<br />
evaluate and minimize the long term compounded salinity build‐up in the coastal<br />
waters.<br />
سﻮـﺑﺎﻗ نﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ<br />
Sultan Qaboos University<br />
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
ABSTRACT<br />
Phosphorus adsorption on Kaolinite clay<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 26 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
E. Al‐Enezi 1 , B. Bockelmann‐ Evans, and R. Falconer<br />
Keywords: Phosphorus; Adsorption coefficient; Kaolinite<br />
The marine bio‐geochemical cycle of a nutrient element is initiated by its<br />
absorption from solution during plant growth. Phosphorus is a key element in the<br />
bio‐geochemical cycle, particularly since it is an essential nutrient for primary<br />
productivity. It is a unique component within the main bio‐geochemical cycling<br />
process since it has only a tiny gaseous component and thus has no biotic pathway<br />
that brings new phosphorus into the aquatic ecosystem. The interaction between<br />
dissolved phosphorus and sediments in aquatic systems is an important factor<br />
controlling the concentration of phosphorous in many natural water bodies and for<br />
determining the in<strong>org</strong>anic phosphorus levels in natural systems. Phosphorus is<br />
generally the main limiting factor in freshwater systems, whereas nitrogen is the<br />
limiting factor in seawater.<br />
The study reports on experiments to study the phosphorus adsorption coefficient and<br />
the adsorption isotherm for Kaolinite clay, with tests undertaken using distilled water<br />
and artificial seawater. Comparisons between both sets of results enable conclusions<br />
to be drawn with regard to the impact of salinity on phosphorus adsorption. The<br />
results showed that the phosphorus adsorption on Kaolinite was almost linear when<br />
plotted against the Freundlich isotherm, with different concentrations of phosphorus<br />
being measured for distilled and artificial seawater. The phosphorus adsorption<br />
Coefficient (K) was 1.2 and the slope constant (N) was 5.1 for distilled water and (K)<br />
and (N) were 0.8 and 2, respectively for the seawater. The phosphorus adsorption on<br />
Kaolinite for the distilled water was higher than that for artificial sea water.<br />
Therefore, the phosphorus adsorption rate was found to decrease with an increase in<br />
salinity.<br />
1<br />
Al‐Enezi Eqbal, Hydro‐environmental Research Centre, Cardiff University, The Parade<br />
Cardiff, U.K., e mail: alenezie@cf.ac.uk
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 27 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Research on the behaviour of a brine discharge into a port using a 3D physical<br />
model<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
M. Antequera 1 , A. Álvarez 2 , F.J. González 3 , A. Ruiz‐Mateo 4<br />
Keywords: Desalination, brine discharge, physical model<br />
In order to palliate the water deficit suffered in the Southeast of Spain, it is planned<br />
to build several sea water desalination plants on the Mediterranean coast.<br />
The waste brine disposal generated during the desalination process is totally<br />
discharged into the sea. Therefore, a large number of experiments have been carried<br />
out over the last years in order to avoid or minimize the negative impacts that the<br />
concentrate discharges cause on marine ecosystems. Researches aimed to know and<br />
predict the effluent behaviour, lean towards the design and study of several<br />
discharge devices.<br />
The infralitoral zone of the Mediterranean coast is covered by a continuous meadow<br />
of the endemic sea grass P. oceanica whose ecosystem is protected by environmental<br />
regulations due to its great ecological value. For this reason, it is so necessary to<br />
discharge the brine disposal in a suitable area<br />
Up to now, many different experiments have been carried out in order to find out the<br />
most appropriate conditions. These conditions are normally associated with a<br />
discharge system from which a maximum dilution is obtained. The discharge system<br />
is located in a strong hydrodynamic area and, as far as possible from the nearest bank<br />
of Posidonia.<br />
However, depending on the characteristics of the environment in the discharge area,<br />
it may occur that these optimum conditions are not suitable for a specific<br />
desalination plant. Hence, it would be necessary to look for different alternatives.<br />
The main goal of this research is to investigate how the brine disposal of a<br />
desalination plant would behave if it was discharged in a bound mass of water, for<br />
example a port, and eventually, to conclude whether this way of disposal could be<br />
considered as a valid option among the different alternatives.<br />
1 Manuel Antequera , Pharmacist. Centre for Studies on Ports and Coasts of CEDEX.<br />
Madrid, Spain. manuel.antequera@cedex.es<br />
2 Ana Álvarez, Biologist. Centre for Studies on Ports and Coasts of CEDEX. Madrid, Spain.<br />
ana.alvarez@cedex.es<br />
3 Francisco J. González, Marine Scientist. Centre for Studies on Ports and Coasts of CEDEX.<br />
Madrid, Spain. francisco.j.gonzalez@cedex.es<br />
4 Antonio Ruiz‐Mateo, Civil Engineer. Centre for Studies on Ports and Coasts of CEDEX.<br />
Madrid, Spain. antonio.ruiz@cedex.es
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 28 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
In order to achieve this objective, the port of Denia (Alicante, Spain) has been<br />
reproduced on a physical model scaled 1/65, where a concentrated brine effluent<br />
was discharged from a discharge pit into the inner port.<br />
Different simulations changing the discharge conditions were tested to check<br />
whether the dilution, the dispersion or the transport phenomenon were modified.<br />
The evolution of the effluent was monitored from the discharge point to the entrance<br />
of the port.<br />
For an in‐depth study on the initial dispersion and dilution phenomenon (near‐field),<br />
the discharge pit and the adjacent area were reproduced in detail on a 3D reduced<br />
physical model scaled 1/10.<br />
The results obtained from the different experiments will provide information about<br />
the behaviour of a brine effluent in these specific conditions.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 29 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Sea outfall plume dispersion –Physical modelling study with wind tunnel and<br />
computer modelling evaluation<br />
E. Arasaki; P. Alfredini 1 ; J. P. Ortiz 2<br />
Keywords: Sea outfall, physical modelling, wind tunnel, computer modelling, Santos<br />
Bay, Southeastern Brazil<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The ocean disposal via sea outfall for domestic sewage is the main system in<br />
operation in São Paulo State coast. The metropolitan region of Baixada Santista has<br />
many sea outfalls operating and the first built, the Santos outfall, is located in Santos<br />
Bay, Southeastern Brazil. The physical fixed bed model of Santos Estuary and Bay was<br />
built in the Coastal and Harbour Division of Hydraulic Laboratory, University of São<br />
Paulo. It can reproduce local tide, regular waves, wind and the effluent discharge. In<br />
this paper are presented the main results get with a wind tunnel, which was<br />
constructed to simulate the hydrodynamic effect of SW wind storm surge in the sea<br />
outfall plume dispersion.<br />
The model, with geometric scale horizontal ‐ 1:1200 and vertical – 1:200, reproduces<br />
near 1000 km 2 of the study area, including Santos and Praia Grande (coastal area of<br />
São Paulo State), region with 4 sea outfalls in operation. This facility is froudian, with<br />
total area of near 750 m 2 , can generate regular waves and local tide.<br />
At first, the physical model was calibrated and validated considering the present<br />
natural condition. Once calibrated and validated the model, it was carried out several<br />
tests to investigate the change of the currents and effluent dispersion. The study of<br />
effluent dispersion was simulated in spring tide, corresponding to the strongest<br />
intensity of tidal current circulation.<br />
Computer modelling results were compared with the physical modelling ones, in<br />
order to get a consolidated conclusion about the sea outfall dispersion performance.<br />
1 Hydraulic Laboratory, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Emilia<br />
Arasaki (Dr), earasaki@usp.br, earasaki@gmail.com, Paolo Alfredini (Professor),<br />
alfredin@usp.br, ‐ Avenida Professor Lúcio Martins Rodrigues, 120 – Cidade<br />
Universitária – 05508‐900 – São Paulo, Brazil –<br />
www.phd.poli.usp.br/phd/lab/HidraulicaMaritima<br />
2 Jayme Pinto Ortiz (Professor), jportiz@usp.br, Department of Mechanical Engineering,<br />
Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 2231<br />
‐ Cidade Universitária – 05508‐900 – São Paulo, Brazil
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 30 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The main purpose of this research was to get initial conceptual data about the<br />
dispersion efficiency of sea outfalls to define adequate guidelines for Government<br />
Policies. The study was supported by São Paulo State Water Resources Fund.<br />
São Paulo State Hydraulic Laboratory – Coastal and Harbour Division is attached<br />
to Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo. The purposes are working in<br />
Education, Research and Technologies activities, keeping the track of tradition<br />
and up‐to‐date approach for the sea resources improvement in Brazil. Activities<br />
in harbor works, maritime navigation, coastal works, estuarine works, dredging<br />
and environmental evaluations.
SUMMARY<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 31 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Mersin outfall: a long story arriving to conclusion<br />
Carlo Avanzini 1<br />
The “long story” of the construction of an outfall in Mersin (Southern Turkey) goes<br />
back to the early 90s, with ups and downs, until in 2000 the real activity started,<br />
dragging slowly till mid 2006, when the tender has been issued.<br />
The paper examines and evaluates the chain of engineering decisions which has<br />
brought to the present executable design and to the installation of the new ND 1800<br />
outfall in GRP.<br />
1 Professional engineer, MWWD Chairman
ABSTRACT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 32 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Application of the biological index CARLIT on Ligurian Coastline<br />
R.M. Bertolotto 1 , P. Moretto 2 , L. Mangialajo 3 , V. Asnaghi 4 , F.Gaino 5<br />
Macroalgae are a biological key element for the assessment of the ecological status in<br />
coastal waters in the frame of the European Water Framework Directive<br />
(2000/60/EC). The CARLIT index is based on the cartography of littoral and upper‐<br />
sublittoral rocky‐shore macroalgal communities, and has been applied in<br />
Mediterranean coasts (Spain, from 1999 on, and France, from 2006) . In Italy the first<br />
application of this methodology has been tried on Ligurian rocky coasts, by the<br />
Ligurian regional Environmental Agency (ARPAL ) in collaboration with the University<br />
of Genoa.<br />
Ecological quality was assessed in Marine Protected Areas and in other coastal zones<br />
as a function of an urbanization gradient. Some specific studies on Ligurian rocky<br />
shore communities allowed to attribute a quality score to the most common species<br />
in our coasts. This index, which completely fulfils the requirements of the WFD, is<br />
thus expressed as a ratio between the observed values in the sector of shore that is<br />
being assessed and the expected value in a reference condition zone with the same<br />
substrate and coastal morphology (Ecological Quality Ratio, EQR).<br />
The CARLIT index responds correctly to the different levels of urbanization in Ligurian<br />
coast, where the ecological quality grows with distance from the major cities and<br />
ports. It highlights the most vulnerable or impacted areas, where human influence<br />
could favour potentially noxious phenomenon, like micro algal blooms or marine<br />
<strong>org</strong>anisms death, allowing to put into effect the adequate prevention measures.<br />
1<br />
ARPAL, Agenzia Regionale Protezione Ambiente Ligure, Direzione Scientifica, Via<br />
Bombrini 8 , Genova 16100, Italy<br />
2<br />
ARPAL, Agenzia Regionale Protezione Ambiente Ligure, Direzione Scientifica, Via<br />
Bombrini 8 , Genova 16100, Italy<br />
3<br />
DIPTERIS, Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16100, Italy<br />
4<br />
DIPTERIS, Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16100, Italy<br />
5<br />
ARPAL, Agenzia Regionale Protezione Ambiente Ligure, Direzione Scientifica, Via<br />
Bombrini 8 , Genova 16100, Italy
ABSTRACT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 33 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Hilo Bay mixing zone study and dilution modeling<br />
T.P Birmingham 1 , W.K Faisst 2<br />
Keywords: Mixing Zone Study, mathematical model, wastewater discharge<br />
Dye tracer and mathematical modeling studies were conducted on the Hilo<br />
Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) effluent outfall to characterize the dilution and<br />
dispersion of the treated wastewater plume in Hilo Bay. The dye tracer Rhodamine<br />
WT was released into the outfall for approximately 15 hours and tracked offshore<br />
using instruments mounted aboard a 55‐foot fishing boat for approximately eight<br />
hours under varying tidal conditions. The primary objective was to quantify the<br />
dilution of the Hilo WWTP wastewater plume in relationship to a 1,000‐foot‐radius,<br />
regulatory mixing zone around the outfall diffuser. Dye concentrations were<br />
measured for different effluent discharge rates and tidal conditions in receiving<br />
waters.<br />
All measured receiving water dye concentrations from the field survey were used to<br />
calculate effluent dilution and plotted against the distance from the diffuser. Critical<br />
measurements were the highest concentration measured with increasing distance<br />
from the diffuser. These points can be presumed to be the peak concentration along<br />
the center‐line of the plume and were used to plot a curve of minimum dilution<br />
versus distance.<br />
The field results were compared with the predictions of some commonly used near‐<br />
and far‐field plume mathematical models: RSB and CORMIX. Inputs for the prediction<br />
models were based on effective real‐time in situ measurements of dye concentration,<br />
current speed and direction, and density stratification. Dilution of the outfall plume<br />
was found to be influenced by the blockage of diffuser ports and relatively strong<br />
stratification resulting from freshwater entering Hilo Bay from local rivers and<br />
subsurface springs. While most properties of the plume can be reasonably predicted<br />
by plume models, there are still many aspects which cannot, especially with regard to<br />
the non‐uniform nature of the waste field and receiving waters in Hilo Bay and in<br />
other field tests.<br />
1 Thomas P. Birmingham, tbirmingham@brwncald.com – Brown and Caldwell, Walnut<br />
Creek, Ca 94596, United States of America – www.brownandcaldwell.com<br />
2 William K. Faisst (Dr), bfaisst@brwncald.com – Brown and Caldwell, Walnut Creek, Ca<br />
94596, United States of America – www.brownandcaldwell.com
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 34 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Brown and Caldwell is a full‐service environmental engineering and<br />
consulting firm. Founded in 1947, the firm expanded from a single<br />
engineering office in San Francisco to a nationwide firm servicing municipal<br />
and industrial clients – with more than 1,500 professionals in 45 offices. Our<br />
growth has resulted from our commitment to technical innovation, diversity,<br />
quality, and keeping at the forefront of changing environmental needs. Our<br />
focus on listening to our clients’ needs enables us to deliver the best possible<br />
combination of services and technology to resolve their problems.<br />
Our corporate headquarters is located in Walnut Creek, where we have<br />
more than 150 professional, technical, and administrative staff.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 35 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Performance based durability design of coastal reinforced concrete structures<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
D. Bjegović 1 , D. Mikulić 2 , I. Stipanović Oslaković 3 , M. Serdar 4<br />
Keywords: durability, concrete structures, marine environment<br />
Durability of a structure is defined as its ability to preserve functionality, stability and<br />
aesthetic properties under expected environmental influences without larger<br />
maintenance and repair costs during designed service life. Design service life of major<br />
concrete civil engineering structures, like bridges is usually 70, 100 or even 200 years.<br />
Numerous examples of early deterioration of reinforced concrete structures in<br />
marine environment have shown that this task is very difficult to achieve. That is why<br />
durability of civil engineering structures is today one of the key problems of<br />
structures worldwide.<br />
Premature loss in durability of structures is mainly caused by: poor quality of<br />
construction, wrong selection of building materials, poor design and non regular or<br />
absence of maintenance. All these are consequences of inadequate approach<br />
towards durability design. Procedures for bearing capacity design are well defined,<br />
mathematically precise, based on the principles of mechanics, standardized and<br />
commonly used in practice. On the other hand, durability design procedures of<br />
reinforced concrete structures in aggressive environment are for a large extent still<br />
empirical. It is based on deem‐to‐satisfy rules (e.g. minimum cover, maximum<br />
water/cement ratio) and the assumption that if these rules are met, then the<br />
structure will achieve an acceptably long but unspecified life.<br />
1 Dubravka Bjegovic, Ms, Professor PhD C.E., Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of<br />
Zagreb ‐ Kaciceva 26 ‐ 10000 Zagreb ‐ +385 1 4639 212 – dubravka@grad.hr –<br />
www.grad.hr & Civil Engineering Institute – Janka Rakuse 1 – 10000 Zagreb ‐ +385 1<br />
6152 393 – dubravka.bjegovic@igh.hr – www.igh.hr<br />
2 Dunja Mikulic, Ms, Professor PhD Physicist , Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of<br />
Zagreb ‐ Kaciceva 26 ‐ 10000 Zagreb ‐ +385 1 4639 119 – dmikulic@grad.hr –<br />
www.grad.hr<br />
3 Irina Stipanovic Oslakovic, Ms, M.Sc. C.E., PhD candidate, Civil Engineering Institute –<br />
Janka Rakuse 1 – 10000 Zagreb ‐ +385 1 6152 103 – irina.stipanovic@igh.hr –<br />
www.igh.hr<br />
4 Marijana Serdar, Ms, C.E., PhD candidate, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of<br />
Zagreb ‐ Kaciceva 26 ‐ 10000 Zagreb ‐ +385 1 4639 212 – mserdar@grad.hr –<br />
www.grad.hr
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 36 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
In this paper a performance based approach to durability design of reinforced<br />
concrete structures in aggressive marine environment is presented. Performance‐<br />
based approach to the durability design of reinforced concrete structures means that<br />
it is based on durability indicators like materials parameters measured on laboratory<br />
and on site specimens and geometrical characteristic of cross section of reinforced<br />
concrete element. These durability parameters (chloride diffusion coefficient, gas<br />
permeability, water permeability, capillary absorption coefficient) are the input<br />
parameters for calculation models. In this paper mathematical modelling of materials<br />
degradation (corrosion of steel in concrete exposed to chlorides) based on materials<br />
performance parameters is presented. The result of such mathematical calculations is<br />
more realistic and reliable durability design of reinforced concrete structures.<br />
Materials Department at Faculty of Civil Engineering, is involved in educational,<br />
scientific and professional activities in the field of construction materials. The<br />
core research and expertises involve material testing, development of new<br />
materials, improvement of the manufacturing techniques, the structural<br />
performance, durability and reliability of structures. Researchers at department<br />
have a long experience in scientific projects (COST, EUREKA, LIFE and FP6).<br />
Civil Engineering Institute of Croatia (IGH) is one of the Eastern Europe's largest<br />
institutes for research and development in civil engineering. It has 20 renovated<br />
and well equipped testing laboratories and highly qualified and experienced<br />
technical staff. Laboratory for concrete is equipped for performing various<br />
chemical, physical and mechanical tests for building materials, and for providing<br />
technical‐technological solutions, modelling and monitoring activities to be<br />
conducted in existing concrete structures and on construction of new<br />
infrastructures.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 37 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The Adriatic project: coastal cities water pollution control project<br />
Fani Bojanić 1<br />
The Program is of a regional character and shall be realized on the coastal area with a<br />
high potential for tourism, important for the economic development of the Republic<br />
of Croatia, and it is planned to be realized on the principle of active participation of<br />
local authorities in cooperation with competent government agencies.<br />
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the<br />
Government of the Republic of Croatia have concluded a Loan Agreement (Loan no.<br />
APL 7226 HR) on July 2, 2004, in Zadar.<br />
The Project Agreement was signed in Zadar on the same day between the<br />
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and Hrvatske vode, by<br />
which Hrvatske vode have taken over the obligation towards the International Bank<br />
for Reconstruction and Development for the implementation of the Project.<br />
Implementation of the Program is planned in three stages, and the first stage of the<br />
Program shall be implemented in the period of four years (from 2005 to 2008). The<br />
total estimated cost of realization of the Program is ca € 280 million, and the value of<br />
the first stage is ca € 80 million.<br />
The primary objectives of the Program are:<br />
1. protection of seawater quality,<br />
2. creating conditions for a safe economic development in accordance with the<br />
objectives of environmental protection,<br />
3. protection and improvement of the achieved level of environmental protection<br />
The basic developmental objective of the Program is to improve the quality of coastal<br />
water in the Croatian Adriatic and meet EU standards regarding the quality of<br />
environment in local communities.<br />
Consistent with the scope and objectives identified above, the Program has three<br />
components:<br />
1. Coastal Environmental Infrastructure component to be financed according to the<br />
following principles:<br />
- The wastewater treatment and discharge systems<br />
- will be financed by Hrvatske Vode trough the SPSC Hrvatske vode Jadranski<br />
projekt d.o.o., using a combination of loan proceeds, funds from the HV water<br />
pollution fee, specific Project surcharges, and targeted subsidies from<br />
Government budgetary transfers;<br />
- Sewerage and like infrastructure will be financed using a combination of local<br />
sources, loan proceeds, specific Project surcharge, and possible contributions by<br />
Hrvatske vode and/or the Government in the form of direct subsidies<br />
2. Institutional Strengthening and Program Management Component, to finance<br />
equipment, technical assistance, training and studies to:<br />
1 Ms., Hrvatske Vode‐Croatian Waters, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb,<br />
Croatia, www.voda.hr
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 38 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
− Devise and implement an institutional framework for water pollution control;<br />
− Complete engineering designs and environmental and social assessments for<br />
investments after the Phase I of the Program and supervise Project investments;<br />
− Ensure the capacity of the SPSC Hrvatske vode Jadranski projekt d.o.o. for<br />
Project implementation, evaluation and monitoring, including financial<br />
management;<br />
− Strengthen and bring utilities to reasonable levels of management, operational<br />
efficiency and financial viability and potentially facilitate private sector<br />
participation.<br />
3. Strengthening of the Coastal Waters Monitoring Network, to finance equipment,<br />
civil works and technical assistance to:<br />
− Improve the capacity of the Ministry of Environment network of laboratories for<br />
environmental monitoring to assess the impact of the Program on coastal waters<br />
quality;<br />
− Improve the capacity of laboratories of Hrvatske vode to assess the individual<br />
discharges of municipalities and industries, determine the overall pollutant load<br />
contributed by Croatia to the Adriatic, and evaluate and control the efficiency of<br />
the financed infrastructure;<br />
− Give the decision‐makers a decisive and reliable tool for achieving concordance<br />
of Croatian coastal waters quality monitoring with the relevant EU standards and<br />
adaptation of the degree of wastewater treatment so as to achieve concordance<br />
through target investments implemented in phases.<br />
The key elements of the first phase of the Program are:<br />
a) Expansion of the sewerage network, adequate treatment and disposal of<br />
sanitary wastewater;<br />
b) Improvement of operation and management in municipal water and<br />
sewerage companies;<br />
c) Reform of financial and control instruments for wastewater disposal<br />
infrastructure.<br />
The objective of the Coastal Cities Pollution Control Program (the Program) is to<br />
improve the quality of the Adriatic Sea through investments in wastewater<br />
services and technical assistance.<br />
Eleven municipalities participated in the first phase of the Coastal Cities Pollution<br />
Control Program, Phase 1. This included some of the largest municipalities, with<br />
the exception of Split. Phase 2 of the Project is expected to include over 30<br />
municipalities up and down the coast. Many have expressed an interest in<br />
participating, and some have almost completed their documentation and designs.<br />
Implementation of Phase 1 is progressing satisfactorily. Due to the success of Phase<br />
1, and the fact that the triggers to move to Phase 2 have been met by June 2008, the<br />
Ministry of Finance requested the Bank to proceed with preparation of Phase 2.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 39 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Theoretical design of outfall in comparison with real results<br />
Pedro Campos 1<br />
Keywords: outfall design, outfall hydraulics, diffuser hydraulics, materials, plume<br />
performance, pipeline stability<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
There are very few opportunities in which an outfall designer has the chance to check<br />
the theoretical calculations of a pipeline in respect to the real results. This in part, is<br />
because the design conditions, in particular the maximum flow rate, are normally<br />
reached close to the end of outfall usefulness.<br />
The outfall pipeline in La Serena (Chile) was designed in 1985 and built in 1996,<br />
making it the second most modern outfall pipeline in Chile. To check the remaining<br />
lifespan of the pipeline, a monitoring system was developed, which was successfully<br />
performed for two years. It has permitted us to compare the predictive results of the<br />
design (1985) in respect to the real performance of the pipe.<br />
Monitoring consisted in a series of samples, taken around the diffuser, at known<br />
distances, and with demarcations in respect to the north when unfavorable<br />
oceanographic conditions occurred. Additional series of samples were taken in the<br />
same direction of strongest the wind. Fecal coli form concentration was determined<br />
for each sample, all of which permitted us to draw iso‐concentration curves, using<br />
positions and demarcations taken with differential GPS. On the other hand, using<br />
actual parameters of the outfall, plume was modeled using 3‐Plumes and Visual<br />
Plumes of EPA and results obtained were compared with real results from samples.<br />
This paper describes the prediction capacity of the models mentioned above, in<br />
comparison with the real conditions of the bactericide capacity of the sea. A<br />
conservative prediction of models has been evident in verifying the sanitary<br />
treatment of waste waters produced by La Serena outfall. The bactericide treatment<br />
in the sea, is more efficient and effective than previous predictions showed, all of<br />
which have permitted us to extend the service life of the installation.<br />
1 Pedro Campos, Manager and Principal Engineer, pedrocampos@subsea.cl, SUBSEA<br />
Eng. Ltda., – Santiago, CHILE – www.subsea.cl
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 40 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Beach water quality of Mar del Plata (Argentina) previous to the outfall<br />
construction: ten years of bacterial control and virtual beach model prediction<br />
testing<br />
Comino Ana Paula 1 , Frick Walter 2 , Ge Zhongfu 3 , Scagliola Marcelo 4 , Patat Laura 5<br />
Keywords: wastewater discharge, recreational water quality, bacterial levels, ocean<br />
outfall, submarine outfall, Virtual Beach<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The water laboratory of Mar del Plata Public Works (Obras Sanitarias Mar del Plata‐<br />
Batán Sociedad de Estado ‐ OSSE), responsible public enterprise for the city sanitation<br />
service, has been evaluating the impact on the marine environment produced by the<br />
sewage discharge through an Integrated Coastal Management Strategy for almost 20<br />
years. One of the main projects of this programme is the assessment of marine<br />
microbial recreational water quality.<br />
At the present time, the wastewater receives only primary treatment (filtration with<br />
milli‐screens with apertures of 0.5 mm) and is then discharged at a point directly on<br />
the shoreline in a cliff zone of the coast. The recreational sectors begin 2,5 km south<br />
of the discharge and the most popular beaches, situated near the center of the city,<br />
are 10 km south of the discharge.<br />
Microbial water quality results have shown the impact of the wastewater discharge<br />
on a wide section of the coast, affecting the recreational water quality of most<br />
populated beaches; however, the bacterial levels (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and<br />
enterococci) vary widely depending on wind conditions.<br />
The results based on the integrated coastal management strategy constitute the<br />
baseline before the imminent submarine outfall construction, and provide the<br />
fundamental tool to evaluate the environmental situation achieved after the outfall is<br />
operating.<br />
1<br />
Comino Ana Paula (Lic. In Chemistry),laboratorio@osmgp.gov.ar, Water Laboratory,<br />
Mar del Plata Public Work. Municipality of General Pueyrredón County, Argentina<br />
2<br />
Frick Walter (Ph.D Research Oceanographer), Frick.Walter@epamail.epa.gov,<br />
Ecosystems Research Division, NERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, 960 College Station Road, Athens,<br />
Ge<strong>org</strong>ia, 30605, USA.<br />
3<br />
Zhongfu Ge (Ph.D. Research Associate), Ge.Zhongfu@epamail.epa.gov, Nacional<br />
Research Council, Ecosystems Research Division, NERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, 960 College<br />
Station Road, Athens, Ge<strong>org</strong>ia 30605, USA.<br />
4<br />
Scagliola Marcelo (Lic. In Biology), laborat@osmgp.gov.ar, Chief of Water Laboratory,<br />
Mar del Plata Public Work, Municipality of General Pueyrredón County, Argentina<br />
5 (<br />
Patat Laura Mg. Scientae in Biometry), mlpatat@mdp.edu.ar Mathematics Division,<br />
Mar del Plata National University
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 41 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The present work shows some of the results obtained from the assessment project,<br />
with particular emphasis on the correlation between variables and Virtual Beach<br />
Empirical Model Testing. Virtual Beach, developed by the EPA Office of Research and<br />
Development, in collaboration with the USGS, NOAA, and others, is a useful tool for<br />
developing site‐specific predictive models for beaches using multiple linear<br />
regression techniques. The use of this programme tool will allow nowcasting of<br />
bacterial levels at our beaches.<br />
The relation between the results and the different compliance criteria also are<br />
presented in the work. Considering that Mar del Plata city is the principal Argentine<br />
seaside resort, it is of great importance to achieve the required water quality<br />
objective for the marine environment.<br />
Mar del Plata Public Works<br />
Obras Sanitarias Mar del Plata-Batán S.E. (OSSE)<br />
French 6150-7600 Mar del Plata-ARGENTINA.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 42 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Evaluation of the contamination by heavy metals in the Southwest of the Sound of<br />
Campeche, Gulf of Mexico<br />
F. J. De Lorenz 1 , F. Vázquez 2 , L. W. Daesslé 3 , G. Fernández 4<br />
Keywords: heavy metals, geochemistry, gulf, pollution history<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
This work focuses in the South of the Gulf of Mexico, exactly in the southwestern part<br />
of Sonda of Campeche, in the coastal coast that is in front of the unloading of the<br />
Coatzacoalcos river towards the Lagoon of Terms. This region is of great scientific and<br />
socioeconomic importance in the country. Also, an evaluation of the contamination<br />
was made in the site and the influence of the superficial currents, lagoons systems<br />
and estuaries, as well as the oil industry (in the southwest of Sonda of Campeche), by<br />
means of the identification of the concentration of heavy metals derived from<br />
petroleum, that they have been subject in previous studies in the site (PEMEX‐UNAM,<br />
1997, 1999; De Lorenz, 2002 y Rosales Hoz, 1992), which have altered the natural<br />
concentration of these metals (Rosales Hoz, 1992) and the evaluation of geoquímicos<br />
tracers. The evaluation was based on a sedimentologic and geoquímico analysis of 3<br />
nucleos of sediment, product of the erosion of the deltas and main currents of the<br />
Gulf of Mexico. Given to the possible diagenética re‐mobilization and the events of<br />
mixture of numerous chemical elements of environmental interest throughout the<br />
submarine sedimentario registry, indirect methods were applied (the determination<br />
of Fe and Mn in diverse geoquímicas phases of sediments) (PEMEX‐UNAM, 2004).<br />
The results that were obtained allowed to know the evolution the existing<br />
contamination and its origin, specially of a system influenced by superficial currents,<br />
1 Fernando J. De Lorenz S. (C. Dr.), fersin56200@yahoo.com.mx, University National<br />
Autonomous of México, Department of Sanitation Engineering and Environmental of the<br />
Division of Engineering Civil and Geomatic, Faculty of Engineering, Outer circuit s/n,<br />
University City, Mexico D. F. Coyoacán Delegation, C. P. 04510, Mexico<br />
2 Felipe Vázquez G. (Dr.), felipe@icmyl.unam.mx, University National Autonomous of<br />
México, Laboratory of Marine Fisicochemistry, Institute of Sciences of the Sea and<br />
Limnology, Outer circuit s/n, University City, Mexico D. F. Coyoacán Delegation, C. P.<br />
04510, Mexico<br />
3 Luis W. Daesslé H. (Dr), Walter@uabc.mx, University Autonomous of Baja California,<br />
Department of Geochemistry, Institute of Oceanologics Investigations, Faculty of Marine<br />
Sciences<br />
4 Ge<strong>org</strong>ina Fernández V. (Dra.), ge<strong>org</strong>inafernandez@cancun.fi‐a.unam.mx, University<br />
National Autonomous of México, Dearment of Sanitation engineering and<br />
Environmental of the Division of Engineering Civil and Geomatic, Faculty of<br />
Engineering, Outer circuit s/n, University City, Mexico D. F. Coyoacán Delegation, C. P.<br />
04510, Mexico
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 43 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
lagoons systems and estuaries with natural terrain features and human interventions<br />
of great importance, as it is it the oil industry.<br />
As complement studies of granulometric, humidity content and the determination of<br />
total carbon, <strong>org</strong>anic carbon were made, total nitrogen and sulfide, with the purpose<br />
of sustaining better to the evaluation of the results obtained in field and laboratory.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 44 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Interpreting and modeling field data for wastewater dispersion into sea through<br />
dimensional analysis<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
M. Di Giovanni, 1 S. Nicosia 2 , E. Napoli 3 , G. Viviani 4 , G. Ciraolo 5<br />
Keywords: on‐shore discharge, wastewater discharge, pollutant dispersion,<br />
dimensional analysis.<br />
This paper deals with the mathematical and experimental characterization of a<br />
coastal urban wastewater discharge in the Palermo Gulf, western Sicily (Italy).<br />
The morphology of the Gulf strongly influences pollutants dispersion into sea, as a<br />
circle of mountains shields it from the winds blowing from W – SW sectors; this effect<br />
drives currents and waves in such a way that on several occasions the self‐depurative<br />
capacity of seawater is severely reduced.<br />
The stretch of water lying before the central part of the city receives the wastewaters<br />
originating from about 200 000 inhabitants. Raw sewage is still currently discharged<br />
on‐shore by a free‐surface outfall called “Porta Felice”. The outfall has square cross‐<br />
section 2.20 meters wide.<br />
This outfall discharge has crucial importance in the coastal water quality and in any<br />
environmental preservation plan. For this reason the Municipality is implementing a<br />
plan featuring an intercepting pipe and some pumping stations to connect the<br />
sewerage system of these quarters of the town to the main wastewater treatment<br />
plant.<br />
At the moment, no mitigation measure has been applied yet and the quality of the<br />
Gulf is still largely affected by wastewater discharges.<br />
1 Mirella Di Giovanni (B.Sc.), Research fellow, mirydigiovanni@hotmail.com ‐<br />
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni Ambientali (DIIAA), Università di<br />
Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italia – www.idra.unipa.it<br />
2 Salvatore Nicosia (Prof. eng.), nicosia@.idra.unipa.it; Dipartimento di Ingegneria<br />
Idraulica ed Applicazioni Ambientali (DIIAA), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze,<br />
Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italia – www.idra.unipa.it<br />
3 Enrico Napoli (prof. eng.); Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni<br />
Ambientali (DIIAA), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo,<br />
Italia – www.idra.unipa.it<br />
4 Gaspare Viviani (prof. eng.); Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni<br />
Ambientali (DIIAA), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo,<br />
Italia – www.idra.unipa.it<br />
5 Giuseppe Ciraolo (dr. eng.); Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni<br />
Ambientali (DIIAA), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo,<br />
Italia – www.idra.unipa.it
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 45 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
In order to study the quality of seawater in the Gulf, in August and November, 2005,<br />
the Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni Ambientali (DIIAA),<br />
Università di Palermo, carried out two survey campaigns in which the most important<br />
seawater quality variables were investigated.<br />
These cruises were based on 25 measuring stations distributed along the coast in a<br />
stretch of water about 1 million sq.m. wide; a multi‐parametric probe was used to<br />
measure the standard parameters at two depths below sea level. Samples were also<br />
taken for laboratory analysis, both chemical and micro‐biological.<br />
The wastewater outfall was also characterized from the geometric standpoint;<br />
sewage flow data were deduced from served people and pro‐capita drink water<br />
volumes supplied.<br />
It is well known that the wastewater discharged into the sea can hydraulically behave<br />
like a “plume” or a “jet” with different implications on the wastewater mixing process<br />
contributing to pollutants dispersion.<br />
In order to simulate the sewage dilution, the Authors calibrated and applied a simple<br />
mathematical model based on dimensional analysis which implies the assessment of<br />
a) the discharge ideal behaviour and b) the physical parameters of the surrounding<br />
environment, once the features of the outlet are known.<br />
After the theory of diffusion, dimensional analysis lends itself to describe the<br />
behaviour of a jet or a plume flowing out from outfalls of typical shapes through 3<br />
dimensionless groups built from the primary variables.<br />
The factors of prime importance to jet dynamics are: the mass flux of the jet; the<br />
momentum flux; and the buoyancy flux. It is generally agreed that the initial values of<br />
them govern the dilution of round turbulent buoyant jets.<br />
It is possible to deduce almost all of the properties of jets that are of importance to<br />
engineers from simple dimensional arguments (involving the variables just defined)<br />
combined with experimental data.<br />
Since the outfall dealt with in this paper has a configuration other than circular,<br />
Authors first fitted the classical relations to the specific case defining the so‐called<br />
“equivalent diameter”. Under the assumption of Gaussian distribution of tracer<br />
concentration across the jet/plume axis, and choosing the variable “salinity” as<br />
tracer, it was then possible to calculate the predicted sewage dilution into seawater.<br />
The Authors focused their attention on the stretch of water surrounding the “Porta<br />
Felice” sewer discharge. From the information given by one of the monitoring<br />
campaigns, the model yielded the theoretical shape of the salinity plume which was<br />
then compared with measured values.<br />
The monitoring campaign and the applied analytical model led to a better knowledge<br />
of the dynamics of pollutants in the Gulf.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 46 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Real‐time water‐quality measurements using an automatic profiler<br />
P. Botti 1 , P. Buscarinu 1 , P. Domenichini 2 , L. Finotto 3 , G. Ortu 1 , E.Sicuranza 3 , A.<br />
Stagnaro 2<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
10 remote‐controlled systems that continuously profile several physical and chemical<br />
parameters of reservoirs have been installed and have been operating since 2005 in<br />
artificial lakes for drinking water supply.<br />
Sensors are comprehensive of Temperature, Depth, PH, Dissolved Oxygen and “A”<br />
Chlorophyll and are installed on pontoons.<br />
Those systems operate unattended during all weather conditions, and produce a<br />
large amount of data.<br />
The data presented here are provided for the monitoring of the water quality within<br />
the management system of the potable water supplies in Sardinia.<br />
A new automatic profiler system, addressed to the real time monitoring of water<br />
quality parameters in the open sea environment, has been designed and its design<br />
criteria will be described.<br />
1 ENAS, Italy<br />
2 Paolo Domenichini, Biubi Srl, Via Dei Devoto 79, Lavagna, 16033, paolo@biubi.it Italy<br />
3 CAE Spa, Italy
ABSTRACT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 47 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Site scale remote sensing of mixing zone water quality<br />
Robert L. Doneker 1 , Todd Sanders 2 , Adi Ramachandran 3<br />
With USEPA Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II program support,<br />
MixZon has developed a low cost, rapidly deployable, aerial remote sensing<br />
platform and integrated data management system for monitoring water quality<br />
within mixing zones. Mixing zones are limited regions in water bodies where the<br />
initial dilution of point‐source wastewater discharge occurs. Regulatory mixing<br />
zones are an important component of National Pollution Discharge Elimination<br />
System (NPDES) permits in the within Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) water<br />
quality management programs in the USA. Our integrated sensor and data<br />
management system collects real‐time monitoring data for mixing zone model<br />
validation and regulatory compliance.<br />
We have demonstrated the technical feasibility of our system to obtain spatial<br />
water quality data at site scales in riverine mixing zones using infrared, visual,<br />
and sonar sensors. Our patent‐pending aerial remote sensing platform measures<br />
outfall mixing and focuses on temperature as a dilution tracer. We have verified<br />
that our system can collect continuous, real‐time, site scale, geo‐referenced<br />
mixing zone data for regulatory compliance. The cost of our system is expected<br />
to be ½ to 1/3 the cost of mixing zone monitoring alternatives. Application of the<br />
system is presented by several examples. We have recently added several<br />
additional sensors on a survey boat to gather comprehensive mixing zone data.<br />
1<br />
Robert L. Doneker, Prof., Dr., P.E., MixZon Inc. 1033 SW Yamhill St, Suite 301, Portland,<br />
OR 97205 USA, doneker@mixzon.com– http://www.mixzon.com<br />
2<br />
Todd Sanders Prof. Dr. Portland Community College, Portland, OR 97280‐<br />
mailto:tsanders@pcc.edu<br />
3<br />
Adi Ramachadran Mr., Senior Software Engineer, MixZon Inc. 1033 SW Yamhill St, Suite<br />
301, Portland, OR 97205 USA, adiram@mixzon.com– http://www.mixzon.com
ABSTRACT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 48 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
A case study in marine outfall design: HDPE vs. steel pipe<br />
Jeff Dragovich 1 , Ade Bright 2<br />
Keywords: Steel Pipe, HDPE, Finite Element Analysis<br />
A design case study of a 1650 meter long marine outfall is presented. In the design of<br />
the outfall, two options were considered: A 1600 mm Outside Diameter (OD) x 76<br />
mm thick High‐Density PolyEthylene (HDPE) pipe and 1422mm OD x 19 mm thick<br />
steel pipe with ball joints.<br />
The design of the two pipe options utilized the nonlinear analysis program SAP2000<br />
for the large displacement installation and soil contact analysis. Details of the<br />
nonlinear analysis method employed are described including the development of the<br />
nonlinear soil‐spring properties.<br />
The development of an approximate method to estimate HDPE conformance to the<br />
ground profile and internal forces is presented. The benefit of the approximate HDPE<br />
analysis technique is that it can be implemented in a spreadsheet program.<br />
The results of the two analysis methods (nonlinear and approximate HDPE) are<br />
compared.<br />
1 Jeff Dragovich, Mr., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Seattle University, Department of Civil<br />
and Environmental Engineering ‐ 901 12 th Avenue ‐ Seattle, WA 98122 USA – (206) 296‐<br />
5901 – jeffdrag@seattleu.edu<br />
2 Ade Bright, Mr., President, Bright Engineering ‐ 1809 7th Ave , Suite 1100 ‐ Seattle, WA<br />
98101 USA – (206) 625‐3777 – AB@BrightEng.com – www.brighteng.com
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 49 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Jeff Dragovich<br />
Jeff Dragovich earned his Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering from Seattle<br />
University in 1988. He earned his Master of Science and Ph.D. from the University of<br />
Illinois at Urbana Champaign. He worked as a bridge engineer with Andersen<br />
Bjornstad Kane Jacobs and was a software developer with the Boeing Company. Prior<br />
to joining the faculty at Seattle University, he was a senior design engineer with the<br />
Magnusson Klemencic Associates, where he performed structural analysis and design<br />
on a wide variety of projects in the areas of earthquake engineering and blast<br />
analysis. His current research interests include earthquake engineering, engineering<br />
education and finite element analysis. In addition to his faculty position, he is an<br />
active consultant in the area of finite element analysis and earthquake engineering<br />
with a variety of engineering firms.<br />
Seattle University<br />
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering<br />
901 12 th Avenue<br />
Seattle, WA 98122<br />
USA<br />
Phone: (206) 296‐5901<br />
jeffdrag@seattleu.edu<br />
Ade Bright<br />
Ade Bright his BSCE in 1976 and his MSCE in 1977 from the University of<br />
Washington. He holds Civil and Structural Professional Registrations in Washington,<br />
Oregon, Colorado and Hawaii. He is the Founder and President of Bright<br />
Engineering, Inc., a structural engineering consulting service established in 1997.<br />
Ade Bright has over 26 years of structural engineering experience and has worked<br />
on a number of major international and regional projects.<br />
Bright Engineering<br />
1809 7th Ave, Suite 1100<br />
Seattle, WA 98101<br />
USA<br />
Phone: (206) 625‐3777<br />
ab@brighteng.com
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 50 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
A multi‐proxy environmental study based on geochemistry of sediments and<br />
biological bioindicators (foraminifers) from the largest petroleum terminal of Brazil<br />
W. Duleba 1 , S.M. Prada 2 , A.C Teodoro 3 , S. Gubitoso 4 , C.Lamparelli 5 , D. O. Moura 6 , J.<br />
E. Bevilacqua 7 , E. Oliveira 8<br />
Keywords: petrochemical discharges, marine sediments, bioindicators, heavy metals<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The Centre South Ducts and Terminals (DTCS), located along the north coast of the<br />
State of São Paulo, is the site of one of the largest petroleum terminals in Brazil. The<br />
terminal produces two kinds of effluent that come from: i. tanks and the ships and ii.<br />
pluvial polluted water and industrial water with oil. Each kind of effluent is thrown in<br />
two different sewage lines into the Wastewater Treatment. The effluents receive<br />
physical‐chemical treatment in line 1. The other effluents are treated by oil<br />
separation using density variation. Subsequently, the effluents are sent to outfalls.<br />
To understand the biological setting of the area and to assess wastewater treatment<br />
efficiency, a detailed study of living benthic foraminifer assemblages and<br />
geochemistry analyses of the sediments have been performed in ten samples<br />
collected near of riser output of the submarine outfall. One background sample was<br />
taken in another area at the São Sebastião Channel.<br />
Sediments around the DTCS have nutrient enrichments, especially sulphur and<br />
phosphorus, which contain atypically high concentrations compared to background<br />
areas in the marine environment. The phosphorus speciation results showed that<br />
after ten yr of outfall operation, an altered sediment layer has developed that<br />
contains high concentration of labile species of phosphorus. The concentrations of<br />
Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni have values between TEL (threshold effect level) and PEL (probable<br />
1<br />
Wânia Duleba (Mrs) (Professor), wduleba@usp.br – Universidade de São Paulo,<br />
Instituto de Geociências Rua do Lago, 562 – São Paulo, SP Brazil 05508‐080<br />
http://www2.igc.usp.br/micropaleo/<br />
2<br />
Sílvio Miranda Prada (Mrs) (Professor) UNIFIEO. Brazil.<br />
3<br />
Andréia Cristiane Teodoro (Mrs) (PhD Student), Instituto de Geociências, Brazil<br />
4<br />
Silas Gubitoso (Mr) (PhD Student) Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Geociências,<br />
Brazil<br />
5<br />
Claudia Lamparelli (Mrs) (Dr), CETESB Coastal Waters Sector – São Paulo Brazil<br />
6<br />
Debora Ogler Moura (Mrs), CETESB Coastal Waters Sector – São Paulo Brazil<br />
7<br />
José Eduardo Bevilacqua (Mr) (Dr) CETESB Coastal Waters Sector – São Paulo Brazil<br />
8<br />
Elisabeth Oliveira (Mrs) (Professor) Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo,<br />
Brazil
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 51 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
effect level), indicating potential toxicity to biota. These concentrations are strongly<br />
affecting the benthonic meiofauna, where 170 cm 3 of sediment were necessary in<br />
order to find 100 live specimens.<br />
These results allow us to infer that the Wastewater Treatment is not efficient to<br />
remove the nutrient content and some metals from the petrochemical waste liquids<br />
and may impact meiofauna around the DTCS in a potentially harmful manner. The<br />
high concentrations of heavy metals and sulphur and phosphorus in the sediment are<br />
a source of contamination that should be considered for the water quality<br />
management planning of the DTCS system.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 52 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Methodology of the environmental impact assessment of the coastal sewerage<br />
systems ‐ Jadran Project<br />
A. Erdelez 1 , Z. Perović 2 , N. Ravlić 3 , M. Lončar 4<br />
Keywords: environmental impact assessment, Adriatic coast, sewerage system,<br />
submarine outfall, Faecal Coliforms<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Implementation of the Jadran Project, Coastal Cities Water Pollution Control<br />
Project that refers to improvement of public wastewater collection systems,<br />
transport and wastewater treatment in Adriatic coastal settlements is in process.<br />
The Project is carried out in three phases and currently subprojects from the<br />
second group are being prepared. Environmental Impact Assessment has very<br />
important role in this project since the project area is characteristic for diverse<br />
geologic‐hydrogeologic conditions, rich cultural heritage, and after all, it is of<br />
extreme importance to preserve cleanness of the sea, which is one of the most<br />
important resources.<br />
The paper gives overview of the used Environmental Impact Assessment<br />
methodology for the following subprojects: Nin‐Privlaka, Bol, Dugi Rat, Ploče and<br />
Gradac. The Environmental Impact Assessment includes impact analysis of<br />
wastewater treatment plants and submarine outfalls, as well as collectors and<br />
pumping station in the planned sewerage systems.<br />
Due to touristic character of the project area and need to satisfy criteria for the<br />
bathing sea quality in the protected‐coastal zone (200 m offshore distance), special<br />
accent is given to numerical analysis results of the impact of the future submarine<br />
outfalls.<br />
Obtained results of the numerical analysis at different locations have been<br />
interpreted in respect to physical and hydrodynamic characteristics of each marine<br />
area – in reality usually coastal channel with middle depth(
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 53 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Also, the paper gives conclusions about optimal conditions and the effluent<br />
discharge dynamics via submarine outfalls which do not disturb ecological balance<br />
of the recipient neither result in bacteriological pollution at the protected zone<br />
boundary in these relatively narrow coastal aquatic areas.<br />
INSTITUT GRAĐEVINARSTVA HRVATSKE d.d.<br />
CIVIL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF CROATIA<br />
Janka Rakuše 1, 10 000 Zagreb, CROATIA<br />
Shareholding company for research and development in civil engineering.
ABSTRACT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 54 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Aspects of the design and construction of the sea outfall of Tangier Port<br />
P. Figueira 1 , C. Afonso 1 , A. Afonso 2 , N. Ruivo 2<br />
Keywords: Submarine outfall, PE pipe<br />
In the end of 2007 the construction of a sea outfall was concluded at the west limit of<br />
Tangier Port, in the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The main goal of the outfall is to keep<br />
good water quality conditions along the beach front of the town.<br />
The effluent is pumped from a WWTP built in an earth fill coastal platform from<br />
where the outfall starts to attain depths of about 42 m, in a distance of 2152 m.<br />
The area is exposed to North Atlantic generated storms and detailed stability and<br />
resistance studies were carried on to guarantee the integrity and functionality of the<br />
whole system. The built solution was an alternative to the initial one which was<br />
conceived as a buried metallic pipe in the whole length of the structure. The plant<br />
position of the outfall and the general layout of the diffuser were kept from the initial<br />
design. The alternative solution was designed by WW and the construction was held<br />
by an association of Somagec, Etermar and Geocean. At the same time this group has<br />
built the sea outfall of Tétouan‐Azla, also with an alternative solution designed by<br />
WW.<br />
The design flow rate for Tangiers outfall was 1.62 m 3 /s for the year 2007 and 3.76 m 3 /s<br />
for the year 2027. The outfall<br />
material was changed from steel<br />
to PE100 pipe with an external<br />
diameter of 1400 mm with<br />
SDR22. The first section of the<br />
pipe was 450 m long and was<br />
buried in a trench until a depth<br />
of 12 m. The end part of the pipe<br />
was posed over the bottom and<br />
stabilized by means of ring<br />
concrete weights. The diffuser<br />
stays in depths of 42 m and is<br />
292.5 m long with 14 single port<br />
risers with elastomeric valves. In the coastal platform the link between the sea outfall<br />
and the pumping station is achieved with a metallic pipe where a metallic pipe was<br />
1 Pedro Figueira, Cristina Afonso, WW ‐ Consultores de Hidráulica e Obras Marítimas,<br />
S.A. Portugal; e‐mail: figueira@wwsa.pt , cafonso@wwsa.pt<br />
2 Alfredo Afonso, Norberto Ruivo, ETERMAR – Obras Terrestres e Marítimas, S.A.<br />
Portugal;e‐mail: a.afonso@etermar.pt , n.ruivo@etermar.pt
inserted for the entrance for a<br />
cleaning “pig”.<br />
The PE pipe was pulled from Norway<br />
by a tug in 8 sections with lengths<br />
from 200 m to 350 m to Tangier Med<br />
new port where the concrete weights<br />
were assembled. The sinking of the<br />
PE pipe was made in 4 sections from<br />
320 m to 800 m length without any<br />
major problem.<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 55 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 56 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Model averaging and other issues surrounding environmental statistical models<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Walter Frick 1 , Zhongfu Ge 2<br />
The concentration of bacteria in beach water cannot be determined rapidly (samples<br />
requiring about 24 hours to analyze) but can be predicted using real‐time or<br />
forecasted surrogate explanatory variables and multiple linear regression (MLR)<br />
techniques. The program Virtual Beach affords the means to develop MLR models<br />
based on regressions of known bacteria concentrations and concomitant explanatory<br />
variable measurements. This application analyzes many different combinations of<br />
variables to identify the best potential models. The Mallows Cp value is used to find<br />
optimal models, including good variables while not overfitting to the data, yielding<br />
so‐called parsimonious models. Publically available bacteria and ambient and other<br />
data make it possible to develop and test MLR beach bacteria models. Data for<br />
Huntington Beach, Ohio (USA) were used in this study. The quality of the results<br />
obtained is a function of location (such as proximity to sources), climate, and many<br />
other factors. At Huntington Beach six separate models yielded adjusted R 2 measures<br />
that ranged from about
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 57 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Joint water pollution control plant outfall modeling<br />
Li Ding 1 , E. John List 2 , Naomi Hicks 3 , Imad A. Hannoun 4<br />
Keywords: Three‐dimensional modeling, ocean outfall, CFD modeling, Palos Verdes<br />
Shelf<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County (LACSD) are in the preliminary<br />
stage of designing an ocean outfall to carry treated wastewater from the Joint Water<br />
Pollution Control Plant (JWPCP) in Carson, California, to an ocean discharge location<br />
off the southern California coast near the Palos Verdes Shelf. The proposed diffuser<br />
will have an average daily flow rate of 450 million gallons per day (20 m 3 /sec). As<br />
part of the engineering design process, Flow Science Incorporated (Flow Science) has<br />
used three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to evaluate the<br />
impact of this proposed ocean outfall. The near‐field effluent discharge model,<br />
NrField, was coupled with the far‐field hydrodynamic model, ELCOM, to simulate<br />
ocean concentrations of an effluent tracer and various indicator bacteria discharged<br />
from the outfall. The main goal of the analysis is to compare the relative water<br />
quality impacts of several proposed diffuser discharge sites, which are progressively<br />
farther from shore. The results of these studies will assist in the selection of a<br />
preferred discharge site that meets regulatory requirements. Due to the availability<br />
of extensive field data for the year 2005, this year was chosen as the analysis period<br />
for both the model calibration and the evaluation of alternative diffuser sites.<br />
The modeling technique known as data assimilation was used in conjunction with the<br />
CFD modeling to improve the simulation results. Data assimilation uses field data to<br />
“nudge” the solution of the hydrodynamic equations of motion toward measured<br />
flow velocities. However, even without data assimilation the modeling does a<br />
reasonable job of representing ocean current patterns in the Southern California<br />
Bight (SCB) region. Simulated annual mean flow and tidal currents agree reasonably<br />
well with measurements, and the simulation captures the main temporal and spatial<br />
characteristics of both sub‐tidal and tidal components of flow velocity in the vicinity<br />
of Palos Verdes. The large‐scale flow patterns in the Santa Monica and San Pedro<br />
Bays and off the Palos Verdes Peninsula are also well represented by the model, and<br />
1 Li Ding (Dr.) lding@flowscience.com<br />
2 E. John List (Dr.), ejlist@flowscience.com – Flow Science Incorporated,238 Mathis Ferry<br />
Road, Suite 102, Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464 – www.flowscience.com<br />
3 Naomi Hicks (Dr.), nhicks@flowscience.com, – Flow Science Incorporated, 370 Neff<br />
Avenue, Suite R, Harrisonburg, VA 22801 – www.flowscience.com<br />
4 Imad A. Hannoun (Dr.), hannoun@flowscience.com
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 58 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
model‐predicted water temperature profiles compare reasonably well with field<br />
measurements.<br />
Model runs were performed to evaluate each of the diffuser sites. The model<br />
predicted the level of dilution as a function of distance from each site. Simulation<br />
results were also examined at 59 locations within the model domain to assess the<br />
relative impact of the proposed diffuser sites on water quality in the entire region.<br />
These locations included shore stations, kelp beds, and other areas of interest.<br />
Various charts, statistical results, as well as flow animations, will be shown as part of<br />
the presentation.<br />
Flow Science Incorporated was formed by a group of graduate professional<br />
engineers to provide specialty‐consulting services for problems involving fluid<br />
motion and transport. Since its establishment in 1983, Flow Science has<br />
successfully completed more than 1,500 contracts.
ABSTRACT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 59 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Installation of Stobrec, Sibenik and Zadar HDPE waste water outfalls<br />
Ana Ivancic Aucina 1 , Torstein Langgard 2<br />
Keywords: long length installation, S – configuration, outfall<br />
In the last five years, ten kilometers of HDPE pipe was installed as the final step in<br />
waste water treatment in three major coastal Croatian cities. Two out of three have<br />
operational waste water facility before them, and the third one in Zadar is in<br />
construction.<br />
Methodology of long length installation:<br />
• surface weighting of pipe with concrete blocks;<br />
• surface intermediate pipe joining – preparation of long string pipeline;<br />
• surface positioning along the layroute with boats;<br />
• installation in one continuous operation utilizing hdpe flexible properties;<br />
• submersion of pipeline by waterfilling and air evacuation;<br />
• fast practical sinking speed 500‐1.000 m/hour;<br />
• the installation can be reversed if required;<br />
• no sophisticated equipment required.<br />
To carry out an installation there must be a balance between the forces acting<br />
downward (concrete weights) and the forces acting upwards (buoyancy of the air<br />
filled section). The pipe is then transferred to the seabed with the S – configuration.<br />
Acceleration forces on the system are avoided by controlling the sinking speed (inlet<br />
valve) and regulating the internal pressure. If the speed is increasing, we can increase<br />
the air pressure and vice versa (regulation of air pressure by applying valves and<br />
compressor). The most critical situation regarding damage is buckling at the sea<br />
surface or at the bottom due to "exceeded" buckling radius. To secure a sufficient<br />
radius it is necessary to apply a pulling force at the end of the pipe.<br />
This paper presents experiences of long length installations. All three were done in<br />
one continuous operation with S – configuration. The pipes were delivered in length<br />
of apx. 500 m, and joints were mainly done offshore.<br />
1<br />
Ana Ivancic Aucina, anaivancic@mmhidro.hr – Montmontaza – hidroinzenjering<br />
d.o.o., Stinice 26B, Split, Croatia ‐ www.mmhidro.hr;<br />
2<br />
Torstein Langgard, post@tolmarine.no ‐ Tolmarine AS, Langgardsveien 26, N‐1621<br />
Gressvik, Norway
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 60 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The Stobrec outfall (DN 1.000 mm) has a total length of 2.754,0 m (including the 204<br />
m long diffuser). Pipeline joined together with 4 offshore joints and installed together<br />
with 226m long land section. Waterfilling was arranged through an air chamber m<br />
inland. Diffuser was installed separately with pulldown method.<br />
The Sibenik outfall (1.200 mm) with total length of 5.047,0 m (including the 406 m<br />
long diffuser) was installed in three separate submersions (1‐1.589,0 m; 2‐2.627,0 m;<br />
3‐831,0 m) because of its length. Joints with installed pipe were done by pipe end<br />
surface recovery and suspension of S ‐ curve. Diffuser was installed together with the<br />
pipeline in the third submersion also with S – configuration, with diffuser reductions<br />
specially reinforced for installation in S‐configuration on great depths. Special towing<br />
arrangement was made for towing the diffuser end of DN 500 mm.<br />
The Zadar outfall (1.200 mm) with total length of 2.003,0 m (including the 352 m long<br />
diffuser) was also installed with the pipe in one submersion with the reinforced<br />
diffuser reductions and special towing arrangement for the diffuser end of DN 500<br />
mm.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 61 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Fokai (Foca) Waste Water Traetment Plant. An example for planning, projecting and<br />
constructing at the coast of a city in Aegean Region<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
M. Duman & E. Izdar 1<br />
Keywords: Marine survey, wastewater discharge, Aegean Sea<br />
Foça is a typical Mediterranean small sized coastal city, situated at eastern Aegean of<br />
Turkey and around seventy kilometers north, from the capital city of Izmir with four<br />
million habitants.<br />
City Foça has only 30,000 habitants in winter, but in summer season grows over<br />
150,000 through intensive tourism as well as additionally summer settlers together.<br />
Since more than a decade, the need of an efficient treatment facility with well<br />
studied marine wastewater discharging system was grown rapidly.<br />
In the years 2001‐2002 the planning started for 2020 for a treatment of 250,000<br />
population capacities.<br />
At the first stage, the location of the treatment plant and of a suitable nearshore<br />
section, selected for further survey.<br />
A hydrographic, oceanographic and geological/geophysical study has been carried<br />
out. The results achieved will be presented, depending on the existing oceanographic<br />
and bathymetric characteristics of the marine environment, for constructing designs.<br />
1 Muhammet Duman (Dr), m.duman@pirireis.<strong>org</strong>.tr<br />
Erol Izdar (Dr), e.izdar@pirireis.<strong>org</strong>.tr ‐ Pirireis International Applied Marine Research<br />
co ltd. 1642 Sok. 8/6, Bayrakli, Izmir, Turkey
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 62 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Correlation of hydrodynamic and qualitative parameters for the environmental<br />
management of marinas<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
E.S. Kalaitzi 1 , C.D. Memos 2<br />
Keywords: Marina, Pollution prevention, Flushing time, Residence time<br />
The rising popularity of marine tourism creates the need for marinas infrastructure<br />
that can host a large number of boats, having as result the extended degradation of<br />
the coastal environment. In addition, the demand for an attractive and healthy area<br />
for the mooring of boats increases the need of preservation of a good water quality<br />
inside marinas. The main sources of pollution associated with recreational boating<br />
include the surface flows into the basin and sewage disposed off from boats.<br />
The means for maintaining the pollution under an acceptable level is the sufficient<br />
water circulation between the areas inside and outside the marina, assuming that the<br />
users adopt an environmentally friendly behavior. The tool that has been traditionally<br />
used to evaluate water quality is the flushing time defined as the time required to<br />
replace the whole water of the marina basin. Also, the residence time is used,<br />
calculated as the time required to reduce initial pollution concentration within a<br />
semi‐enclosed waterbody to a prescribed value. Nevertheless, both above<br />
parameters can be proved insufficient to give a realistic view of the water quality<br />
conditions since they do not account for the continuous nature of the pollution input<br />
in the marina basin.<br />
In this paper we examine several characteristic marina layouts and for each one of<br />
them we investigate the relation between hydrodynamic and qualitative parameters.<br />
To this purpose the modeling system for free‐surface flows MIKE21 is being used,<br />
simulating the hydrodynamic field and the processes of advection and dispersion that<br />
take place inside the marina. More specifically, we consider a continuous discharge<br />
of a specific conservative pollutant from boats in the basin, determining the pollution<br />
loads in accordance with the number of vessels that can be accommodated in the<br />
marina. Assuming that the tidal effects are negligible, several wind scenarios are<br />
being inserted in the combined hydrodynamic/advection‐dispersion model by which<br />
the modification of the tracer’s concentration during a single wind event is being<br />
derived. In this way we suggest a methodology for the provision of the pollutant’s<br />
1<br />
Evangelia S. Kalaitzi (MSc), evelina@itia.ntua.gr – National Technical University of<br />
Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 5, Athens, Greece<br />
2<br />
Constantine D. Memos (Prof), memos@hydro.ntua.gr – National Technical University<br />
of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 5, Athens, Greece – www.civil.ntua.gr
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 63 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
concentration at a certain moment, having as a basis the wind events that have<br />
preceded. Moreover, in order to have a comprehensive term for the representation<br />
of the hydrodynamic field developed in each case due to wind effects, we use the<br />
flushing time calculated through the flow rate that leaves the basin. As a result, we<br />
produce parametric diagrams connecting flushing time with the rate of removal of<br />
pollutant via the duration of each wind event. These results can be applied to<br />
practically any case, independently of the associated layout, to give a sound<br />
indication have an approximation of the water quality conditions.<br />
The produced information could serve as a management tool for the marina<br />
authorities as it would be feasible to predict the pollution levels by simply using the<br />
prevailing wind conditions along with the occupancy of the marina. They would then<br />
have to make sure that they are in accordance with the relevant water quality<br />
standards, and, if not, take the necessary measures to ensure the preservation of the<br />
coastal environment.<br />
National Technical University of Athens
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 64 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Seismic screening considering damage scenarios, mitigation measures, and cost<br />
impacts for the sanitation districts of Los Angeles County’s (LACSD) joint water<br />
pollution control plant (JWPCP) tunnel and ocean outfall project<br />
Jon Kaneshiro 1 , Luciano Meiorin 2 , Craig White 3 ,<br />
Manny Sinha 4 , Sangyoon Min 5 , and Calvin Jin 6<br />
Keywords: Scenario and Probable Loss, Planning, Tunnel, Ocean Outfall, Marine<br />
Facilities, Seismic<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Several alternatives under consideration for the LACSD Joint Water Pollution Control<br />
Project (JWPCP) will include one of the world’s largest marine outfalls with a 6 m<br />
diameter tunnel coursing over 8 to 11 km of land outfall, 3.5 to 16 km of ocean<br />
outfall, and 1.5 to 3 km of sea floor diffuser and pipelines. The seismic methodology<br />
for evaluating the marine outfall alternatives and configurations utilized Scenario and<br />
Probable Loss analysis, a review of comparable case histories, and the International<br />
Building Code. Over 34 alternative alignments and project configurations were<br />
considered.<br />
Selection of the preferred alternative and establishing the seismic design criteria will<br />
depend on site and soil conditions. Complex geologic conditions confronting the<br />
project range from saturated, liquefiable alluvial soils to weak sedimentary rock,<br />
mixed face and squeezing ground conditions –potentially reaching up to 11 bars of<br />
water pressure, underlying seismically‐active faults and gaseous and contaminated<br />
ground conditions.<br />
Fundamental to establishing the seismic design criteria is determining local<br />
earthquake source(s) magnitude(s), and probability of exceedance in the design<br />
1 Jon Y. Kaneshiro (PE), Technology Leader–Tunnels, Parsons Corporation, San Diego,<br />
California, USA, jon.y.kaneshiro@parsons.com<br />
2 Luciano Meiorin (Dr. Eng.), Technology leader–Outfalls, Parsons Corporation, San Diego,<br />
California, USA, luciano.meiorin@parsons.com<br />
3 Craig White (PE), Project Engineer, Parsons Corporation, San Diego, California, USA,<br />
craig.white@parsons.com<br />
4 Manny Sinha (PE), Structural Engineer, Parsons Corporation, San Diego California, USA,<br />
manny.singha@parsons.com<br />
5 Sangyoon Min, Engineer, Parsons Corporation, San Diego, California, USA,<br />
sangyoon.min@parsons.com<br />
6 Calvin Jin (PE), Principal Engineer/Project Manager, Sanitation Districts of Los<br />
Angeles County, Whittier, California, USA, CJin@LACSD.<strong>org</strong>
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 65 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
return period. Three return periods were considered: 475 years, 975 years, and 2475<br />
years. The design life of the conveyance structures was selected as 100 years, and for<br />
the mechanical equipment – 50 years. The corresponding probability of exceedance<br />
for the three earthquake levels is 19.00%, 9.75%, and 4.76% in 100 years. The<br />
justifications for evaluating several return periods were to balance risk versus<br />
economics of the overall project, as well as to balance code and guideline<br />
expectations in order to evaluate the performance levels that can be achieved for<br />
alternative design strategies.<br />
Seismic design criteria for various tunnel and pipeline projects, and seismic design<br />
codes and guidelines were compiled. This provided the seismic design criteria<br />
framework to compare the JWPCP Tunnel and Ocean Outfall project relative to<br />
similar and contrasting codes and guidelines that apply to outfalls, sewer tunnels,<br />
ports, emergency and water resource pipelines, road and rail tunnel transportation<br />
projects, buildings, nuclear facilities, and dams. Risk tolerance of SDLAC,<br />
consequences to the proposed facility, mitigation measures, and order‐of‐magnitude<br />
costs were reviewed for the three return periods for each facility using the Scenario<br />
Loss and Probable Loss statistical methods.<br />
The greatest potential impacts to the marine facilities would be caused by<br />
seismically‐induced slope instability, liquefaction‐induced lateral spreading,<br />
liquefaction‐induced settlement, and seismically‐induced water hammer effects. The<br />
largest impact to the tunnel facilities would arise from crossing the Palos Verdes<br />
Fault. Tunnel, marine riser, seafloor pipeline, and marine diffuser seismic design<br />
mitigation measure strategies are reviewed and evaluated in this paper.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 66 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Forces on twin tandem pipelines in the proximity of seabed<br />
Murali K. 1 , Vijayakumari P. L. 2 and Sundar V. 3<br />
Keywords: Wave Force, Submarine pipeline, Pressures and Forces, Proximity effect.<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Wave induced forces due to regular and random waves on twin tandem submarine<br />
pipelines ( of diameter 0.315m and 0.14m) in the proximity of a rigid sloping bed<br />
were measured in wave flume experiments. The combination of large and small<br />
diameter pipelines covered different wave force regimes with a ka range of 0.202 to<br />
0.636 and 0.10 to 0.29 respectively. These force regimes cover from lower inertial<br />
regime to diffraction regime. The leeward pipe was kept at a constant water depth of<br />
0.60m and seaward pipe was kept at various horizontal gap ratios.<br />
2700mm<br />
Sloping bed<br />
Test Pipe<br />
Second Pipe<br />
Wave probes<br />
72500mm<br />
d'=1000<br />
wave maker<br />
Fig.1.Details of the wave flume setup with model.<br />
Energy absorbers<br />
The present experimental study was carried out in a 72.5m long, 2m wide wave flume<br />
in a constant water depth of 1.0m in the Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian<br />
Institute of Technology Madras, India. In the wave flume experiments, tests on large<br />
diameter pipelines near a bed of slope 1:10 for four different horizontal gap ratios<br />
(w/D) of 1, 2, 3 and 4 were carried out. For each of the w/D, three different vertical<br />
gap ratios (e/D) of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 were employed. Tests on small pipe lines near<br />
a bed slope of 1:20 for three different horizontal gap ratios (w/D) of 1, 2 and 3 were<br />
carried out. For each of the w/D, four different vertical gap ratios (e/D) of 0.25, 0.50,<br />
0.75 and 1.0 were employed. The effect of vertical gap ratio, e/D and horizontal gap<br />
ratio, w/D on the variations of pressures and forces on single and twin pipelines as a<br />
function of flow parameters that are familiar in Engineering practice have been<br />
brought out through this study. It is found that the horizontal force on a pipeline in<br />
presence of an additional pipe on its leeside increases by a maximum of about 30%<br />
compared to that exerted on a single pipe, while presence of an additional pipe on its<br />
1<br />
Murali K., Dept of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India<br />
600036. e‐mail: murali@iitm.ac.in<br />
2<br />
Vijayakumari P. L., Department of Civil engineering, N.S.S College of Engineering,<br />
Palakkad, Kerala, INDIA. e‐mail: vijayapl@hotmail.com<br />
3<br />
Sundar V., Dept of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India<br />
600036. e‐mail: vsundar@iitm.ac.in
FHmax/(γ DH/2)<br />
FHmax/(γ DH/2)<br />
0.8<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
0.2<br />
0<br />
Seaside Single Leeside<br />
e/D=0.25<br />
0 0.2 0.4 0.6<br />
0.8<br />
e/D=0.50<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
0.2<br />
0<br />
0 0.2 0.4 0.6<br />
0.8<br />
FVmax/(γ DH/2)<br />
0.8<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
0.2<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 67 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
seaside results in 30% decrease compared to that exerted on a single pipe. The<br />
vertical force does not get significantly altered.<br />
FVmax/(γ DH/2)<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
0.2<br />
0<br />
e/D=0.75<br />
0 0.2 0.4 0.6<br />
d/L<br />
FVmax/(γ DH/2)<br />
FVmax/(γ DH/2)<br />
0<br />
e/D=0.25<br />
0 0.2 0.4 0.6<br />
0.8<br />
e/D=0.50<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
0.2<br />
0<br />
0<br />
0.8<br />
0.2 0.4 0.6<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
0.2<br />
0<br />
e/D=0.75<br />
0 0.2 0.4 0.6<br />
d/L<br />
Fig.2. Effect of a second pipeline by the side of a<br />
test pipeline (w/D=2,H/d=0.093).<br />
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, is one among the foremost<br />
institutes of national importance in higher technological education, basic<br />
and applied research in INDIA. The Institute has fifteen academic<br />
departments and a few advanced research centres in various disciplines<br />
of engineering and pure sciences. The Department of Ocean Engineering<br />
at IIT Madras, INDIA has dynamic profile in terms of training graduate<br />
and post graduate professionals for careers across the world.
ABSTRACT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 68 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Trophic level indicators in the Boka Kotorska Bay<br />
Slađana Krivokapić 1 , Nenad Vuksanović 2 ,Branka Pestorić 3<br />
Keywords: eutrophication, chlorophyll a, Adriatic Sea<br />
The Boka Kotorska Bay is located in the southeastern part of Adriatic Sea. Eutrophication<br />
has become a problem in the Boka Kotorska Bay, and all Montenegrin coast, last decade.<br />
These problems came about as result of the continuous enrichment of nutrients from<br />
different sources<br />
(maritime activities, domestic wastes).<br />
Regarding the values for physico‐chemical parameters and concentration of chlorophyll<br />
a, according to the criteria UNEP (1994), it can be ascertained that this area is<br />
mesotropic in spring 2003 and 2008. Therefore, for prevention and protection of the<br />
Boka Kotorska Bay, a permanent monitoring of water quality has to be <strong>org</strong>anized.<br />
The University of Montenegro is<br />
<strong>org</strong>anized like most European<br />
universities. It comprises<br />
faculties, institutes and<br />
colleges, as well as logistic<br />
centers. The University has<br />
unique academic, business and<br />
development objectives.<br />
Nowadays, Institute (founded in<br />
1961) is the only institution in<br />
Montenegro for scientific<br />
investigation, exploitation, control<br />
and protection of the sea.<br />
Approach to the research has an<br />
ecological character, with special<br />
attention to the Southern Adriatic<br />
and Boka Kotorska bay as a<br />
natural phenomenon.<br />
1 Slađana Krivokapić, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of<br />
Montenegro, Cetinjski put bb., 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro, sladjana69@yahoo.com,<br />
www.ucg.ac.yu<br />
2 Nenead Vuksanović, Institute of Marine Biology, P.O. Box 69, 85330 Kotor,<br />
Montenegro, nvuksanovic@ibm.<strong>org</strong>, www.ibmk.<strong>org</strong><br />
3 Branka Pestorić, Institute of Marine Biology, P.O. Box 69, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro,<br />
brankapestoric@t‐com.me , www.ibmk.<strong>org</strong>
ABSTRACT<br />
50 years of marine PE piping<br />
Ian Larsen 1<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 69 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Keywords: polyethylene, pipeline, marine, installation<br />
PE, polyethylene, pipes have been used for about 50 years in the marine<br />
environment for transport of water. This paper traces the development of the<br />
technology from the first fairly small diameter pipes for fresh water discharges to<br />
the present variety in use, domestic and industrial waste water outfalls, intakes for<br />
cooling water and water for desalinisation, mining outfall for slurry, cooling water<br />
outfalls etc<br />
The basic principles were and are based on the flexibility of the PE pipe<br />
1. .. when producing the pipes in long length down a slipway into the water for<br />
storing waiting for further transport to site<br />
2. .. when towing the produced pipes in open sea from factory to assembly site<br />
in usually 400 to 600 m long bundles in the required length and equipped<br />
with flanges.<br />
3. .. when the assembled pipestrings sufficiently weighted are towed from<br />
assembly site to installation site (maximum towage distance today is 250<br />
naut miles)<br />
4. .. when the completed pipe string is installed by controlled flooding and<br />
venting (maximum string length about 5 km and maximum 3 pipes in<br />
parallel)<br />
5. .. when installed directly on the sea bed subject to the possibility of<br />
underscouring and extreme wave and current forces which may dislocate<br />
the pipe without causing structural damage. In this connection it is<br />
imperative to have the weighting firmly attached to the pipe and not in<br />
shape of loose weights installed after installation.<br />
6. .. when/if the pipes are subjected to permanent underpressure or transient<br />
under pressure transients where the pipe can react by acceptable ovalisation<br />
checked by the stiffening effect from the anchor blocs<br />
7. .. when/if the pipes are subjected to overpressure transients (water hammer)<br />
where these loads can be accepted without increase in pressure class due o<br />
the ability of the PE pipe to take large stresses of short duration<br />
Some milestones in the development are shown<br />
1 Ian Larsen, Professor, ian_larsen@compuserve.com ‐ CEO of Zentech Belgium, Avenue<br />
Circulaire 144, 1180 Brussels, Belgium, phone+fax +32 2 3752065
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 70 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
ABOUT THE AUTHOR<br />
Ian Larsen, Professor (retired) and Managing Director of Zentech Belgium is well<br />
experienced in working worldwide with large diameter polyethylene (PE) pipes for<br />
use in the marine environment as outfalls for domestic and industrial waste water,<br />
intake and outfalls for cooling water and of sea water for desalinisation plants, transit<br />
pipelines for raw water or waste water, etc.
Trenchless installation methods of sea outfalls<br />
L. zur Linde 1 , D. Petrow‐Ganew 2<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 71 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Keywords: Tunnelled Outfalls, Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD), Tunnel Boring<br />
Machines (TBM), Microtunnelling, Pipejacking, Direct Pipe.<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
With sea outfalls, wastewater can be transported away from the coastline and<br />
discharged at locations, where diffusion, dispersion and decomposition are<br />
enhanced. The municipal wastewaters may be fully treated, pre‐treated or not<br />
treated at all.<br />
Especially cities near to a coast are able to drain the effluents into the sea, thus not<br />
causing ecological harm. Previous methods were limited by the technologies that<br />
were available.<br />
Trenchless installation methods have less impact on the environment and on the<br />
existing infrastructure than methods applying open cut trenching. The pipeline is<br />
better protected against damage and therefore has a higher lifetime. For the<br />
installation of sea outfalls and seawater intakes, horizontal directional drilling, pipe<br />
jacking, direct pipe and segment lining methods may be applied depending on site<br />
conditions, laying length and pipe diameter as well as on temporal and economic<br />
factors.<br />
Sea outfalls or seawater intakes may generally be installed by trenchless or open cut<br />
trenching methods. The main benefits of trenchless installation methods when<br />
compared to open cut trenching are:<br />
- Minimal impact on the environment due to: minimal surface disruption, no<br />
deterioration of seawater quality, lowers emissions.<br />
- Minimal impact on existing infrastructure, therefore: applicability in high‐density<br />
urban areas, no disturbance of tourism, and no limitation of shipping traffic.<br />
- Higher lifetime of pipelines due to: less risk of settlements, protection of<br />
pipelines, e.g. against damage by ships or sabotage.<br />
- Less influence of environmental conditions, e.g. weather and hydraulic<br />
conditions like ebb, flood, storm, and sediment transport.<br />
- Minimal efforts for reinstatement of site after finishing the installation.<br />
1 Lutz zur Linde zurlinde.lutz@herrenknecht.de<br />
2 Dymitri Petrow‐Ganew ganew.dymitri@herrenknecht.de<br />
avn@herrenknecht.de, ‐ Herrenknecht AG, Schlehenweg 2, 77963 Schwanau‐<br />
Allmannsweier, Germany ‐ http://www.herrenknecht.com
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 72 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Contrary to tunnelled outfalls, submarine pipelines laid on the sea bottom are<br />
directly influenced by hydrodynamic forces resulting from currents.<br />
Hydrodynamic forces can cause erosion, transport and accretion of seabed material.<br />
Offshore buildings in general influence the currents and may lead to enhanced<br />
erosion or accretion near the building.<br />
Due to the fact that the tunneled pipeline lays underground, it is safe and<br />
maintenance‐free for decades.<br />
Herrenknecht microtunnelling techniques allows for sea outfall pipelines which can<br />
be jacked as far as possible and deep under the sea bottom – in nearly every<br />
geological and topographic condition.<br />
Herrenknecht equipment is well suited for rock and mixed soil conditions under<br />
groundwater.<br />
The horizontal directional drilling, tunnelled outfall with segment lining, pipejacking<br />
or direct pipe technique is independent of coast, even at a rocky cliff line or steep<br />
coast tunneled outfalls are practicable.<br />
Another important advantage of a tunnelled sea outfall: The coast and accordingly<br />
the people are not affected. This procedure is environmentally friendly. The tunnel<br />
construction works do not depend on the climatic influences such as high waves,<br />
storms and so on.<br />
Also the installation of the pipe is erected from a onshore jobsite using tunnel<br />
techniques, there is no risky handling of the pipeline during installation, floating and<br />
connection with expensive offshore equipment and diver teams.<br />
Herrenknecht AG is the only company worldwide that develops, manufactures and<br />
sells the entire range of mechanical tunnelling equipment. The tailor‐made<br />
machines can be deployed in all geological and hydrological conditions in a diameter<br />
range from 100mm up to 19000mm. The wide product range covers Mixshields,<br />
Hard Rock TBMs, EPB Machines, Microtunnelling Machines, HDD Rigs and Vertical<br />
Shaft Sinking Equipment
ABSTRACT<br />
Outfall design and fast ferry wash<br />
M.J. Little 1<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 73 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Keywords: Fast ferry wash, soft mud, trenching, pipe stability<br />
This paper describes some aspects of design on recent outfalls.<br />
On a recent project two pipelines were laid piggyback in trench in soft mud: one<br />
315mm diameter to carry treated sewage, the other 900mm diameter to carry storm<br />
water. The site was exposed to waves and to long period wash from fast ferries. The<br />
paper describes the technique to excavate the trench and handle the excavated<br />
material. It also describes the design of a system of concrete saddles to stabilise the<br />
pipeline, avoiding problems of transport and loading rock armour at local facilities.<br />
The site is characterised by shallow water and low available energy to drive the<br />
outfall. The treated sewage discharge was required to meet bathing water standards<br />
within 100m of the diffuser. The paper describes hydraulic design and use of recent<br />
research to design a simple diffuser.<br />
The paper also describes tests on land to illustrate the effect of dropping rock armour<br />
on plastic pipes underwater.<br />
Grosvenor House, 69, London Road, Redhill, Surrey H1 1LQ, UK<br />
www.bv.com.<br />
1 Mike Little, littlem@bv.com – Technical Director, Black & Veatch<br />
Phone: ‐ direct 01737 856380 ‐ switchboard 01737 774155
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 74 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Hydrodynamic laboratory tests on a dissipative submerged structure for beach<br />
protection<br />
C. Lorenzoni 1 , A. Mancinelli 2 , M. Postacchini 3 , E. Seta 4 ,<br />
L. Soldini 5 , M.Zanella 6<br />
Keywords: coastal protection; dissipative submerged structures; macro‐roughness;<br />
macro‐vortices<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The hydrodynamic features of coastal defence structures, which dissipate the energy<br />
of the incoming waves by the action of macro‐roughnesses (vertical or oblique<br />
submerged blades), is investigated by means of a laboratory experimental campaign.<br />
Focus is given to characterize the ability of the structure to efficiently reduce the<br />
wave height with minimal onshore mean water super‐elevations.<br />
An efficient wave height reduction is achieved for this kind of structures, comparable<br />
or slightly superior to that of submerged rubble‐mound breakwaters of the same<br />
volumetric extension. For the incident waves, very small mean water elevations, for<br />
some conditions even negative, have been observed inshore of the structures, the<br />
inclined blades producing the smallest values.<br />
These results suggest that the structures at hand could represent an alternative to<br />
submerged rubble‐mound breakwaters, from an hydrodynamic point of view, for an<br />
efficient defence of coastlines prone to erosion which induces minimal risks of forcing<br />
dangerous rip currents.<br />
1<br />
Carlo Lorenzoni (Dr.Eng.), c.lorenzoni@univpm.it – Istituto di idraulica e<br />
infrastrutture viarie, Università politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce bianche, 60131<br />
Ancona, Italy<br />
2<br />
Alessandro Mancinelli (Pr.Eng.), a.mancinelli@univpm.it – Istituto di idraulica e<br />
infrastrutture viarie, Università politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce bianche, 60131<br />
Ancona, Italy<br />
3<br />
Matteo Postacchini (Dr.Eng.), m.postacchini@univpm.it – Istituto di idraulica e<br />
infrastrutture viarie, Università politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce bianche, 60131<br />
Ancona, Italy<br />
4<br />
Elisa Seta (Dr.Eng.), e.seta@univpm.it – Istituto di idraulica e infrastrutture viarie,<br />
Università politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy<br />
5<br />
Luciano Soldini (Dr.Eng.), c.lorenzoni@univpm.it – Istituto di idraulica e<br />
infrastrutture viarie, Università politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce bianche, 60131<br />
Ancona, Italy<br />
6<br />
Matteo Zanella (Dr.Eng.), matteo.zanella@univpm.it – C.P.S., Gruppo Maccaferri, via<br />
degli Agresti 6, 40123 Bologna, Italy
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 75 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Modeling residence time and effluent dispersal in a mariculture area<br />
Evangeline Magdaong<br />
Document not delivered in time
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 76 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Timestep splitting in Lagrangian marine dispersion models<br />
C.T Mead 1<br />
Keywords: Lagrangian model, pollutant dispersion, wastewater discharge, vertical<br />
mixing, timestep sensitivity<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Lagrangian mathematical models, based on random walk methods, are well‐<br />
established tools for the assessment of discharge dispersion in the aquatic<br />
environment. At HR Wallingford, the PLUME‐RW suite of Lagrangian dispersion<br />
models is in regular use, and is applied with two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐<br />
dimensional (3D) finite element flow models. The range of applications is currently:<br />
• Dissolved pollutant dispersion; for conservative or decaying pollutants.<br />
• Particulate pollutant and suspended cohesive sediment dispersal, deposition and<br />
re‐suspension.<br />
• Non‐cohesive sediment transport.<br />
• Oil slick transport and fate.<br />
Whilst Lagrangian models have long been acknowledged as practical and highly<br />
flexible tools for assessing pollutant dispersion in the marine environment, there<br />
remain limitations in their application, largely associated with timestep sensitivities.<br />
In particular, sensitivities associated with the representation of vertical mixing<br />
processes have been identified. These sensitivities have been considered in recent<br />
years by various authors, and both pragmatic and rigorous mathematical solutions<br />
have been proposed. This paper presents an approach aimed at improving accuracy<br />
over the traditional approach, while avoiding excessively long model run times.<br />
Recently, other modellers have reviewed in detail the criteria for timestep selection<br />
in Lagrangian models with spatially‐varying diffusivity, and have presented methods<br />
for minimising boundary effects and the effects of density discontinuities in such<br />
models. The work presented in this paper utilises this analysis. In both 2D and 3D<br />
models, techniques including the use of shorter timesteps for vertical processes than<br />
for horizontal processes are employed.<br />
Models based on random walk methods employ random number generators to<br />
calculate model particle movements associated with turbulent mixing. During the<br />
model development described in this paper, an unexpected dependence of model<br />
solutions on the sequencing of calls to the random number generator was identified.<br />
1 Christopher T. Mead (Dr), ctm@hrwallingford.co.uk ‐ HR Wallingford Ltd, Howbery<br />
Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, United Kingdom – www.hrwallingford.co.uk
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 77 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
To the author’s knowledge, this is not a well‐known aspect of the use of random<br />
number generators in Lagrangian models, so details are given in the paper.<br />
HR Wallingford is an independent company offering specialist environmental<br />
and engineering consultancy, applied research services and software systems<br />
worldwide. Established in 1947, it has delivered innovative solutions to<br />
complex hydraulic problems ever since, and has gained a well‐deserved<br />
international reputation for scientific and engineering excellence in the<br />
management of water related risks.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 78 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Feasibility study for a new outfall for the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,<br />
California<br />
Luciano Meiorin 1 , Craig White 2 , Alex Steele 3 , Imad Hannoun 4 , Craig Swanson 5<br />
Keywords: Feasibility study, ocean outfall, three‐dimensional modeling, navigation<br />
and geotechnical hazards<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
As southern California has grown, the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County<br />
(LACSD) have provided reliable, cost‐effective, and environmentally sound<br />
management of the region’s solid waste and wastewater, including deepwater<br />
disposal of secondary effluent from their Joint Water Pollution Control Plant (JWPCP).<br />
The LACSD serves approximately 5.3 million people in Los Angeles County, and the<br />
peak wet weather flow for the JWPCP service area may reach 48 m 3 /s by 2050. The<br />
LACSD are evaluating the feasibility of a new tunnel and ocean outfall from the<br />
JWPCP in the context of a comprehensive master facilities plan. The tunnel and<br />
ocean outfall, if constructed, will provide additional capacity for projected growth<br />
and allow the existing tunnels to be removed from service, inspected, and repaired if<br />
necessary. Parsons has overall responsibility for the preparation of the feasibility<br />
study and preliminary engineering design. In the feasibility phase of the study,<br />
existing data were analyzed to define a range of alternatives for analysis. Candidate<br />
sites for a diffuser system were evaluated with respect to initial dilution, compliance<br />
with existing and future effluent discharge permit requirements, geotechnical risks,<br />
construction cost, and schedule.<br />
Starting in 2000, the LACSD began to assemble field data including continuous water<br />
column temperature and current data, which were acquired using thermistor strings<br />
and ADCP current meters. Preliminary geophysical and geotechnical data were also<br />
collected to assist in the evaluation of tunnel and marine pipeline alternatives, which<br />
would be built in a seismically active area. In addition, the tunnel and ocean outfall<br />
1 Luciano Meiorin (Dr Eng), luciano.meiorin@parsons.com, Technology Leader, Parsons,<br />
San Diego, California, USA<br />
2 Craig White, Project Engineer, Parsons, San Diego, California, USA,<br />
craig.white@parsons.com<br />
3 Alex Steele, Environmental Scientist, asteele@lacsd.<strong>org</strong>, Sanitation Districts of Los<br />
Angeles County, Whittier, California, USA<br />
4 Imad Hannoun (PhD), hannoun@flowscience.com, President, Flow Science<br />
Incorporated, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA<br />
5 Craig Swanson (PhD), cswanson@asascience.com, Senior Principal, Applied Science<br />
Associates, Inc., Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 79 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
would be built in the vicinity of the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, which are<br />
the busiest ports in the United States.<br />
The first step in the evaluation of each discharge site was the determination of the<br />
initial dilution (ID) potential using the NRFIELD2 model developed by Dr. Phil Roberts.<br />
ID at each of the prospective discharge sites was estimated based on common<br />
diffuser parameters (diffuser length, port sizes, port spacing, etc.) As expected, the<br />
ID and height of rise of the wastefield depended mainly on water depth at the<br />
discharge site, the density structure of the water column, current strengths, and<br />
current directions. Hourly predictions of ID and the height of rise of the wastefield<br />
were subsequently used as input to two, independent, three‐dimensional far‐field<br />
models, which were developed to evaluate the relative water quality impacts of<br />
treated wastewater discharges at prospective diffuser sites located at varying<br />
distances from shore and at different water depths. The results of these studies will<br />
assist in the selection of a preferred discharge site.<br />
The first far‐field model, developed by Flow Science Incorporated, used<br />
computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Flow Science coupled the near‐field effluent<br />
discharge model with their far‐field hydrodynamic model, ELCOM, to simulate ocean<br />
concentrations of an effluent tracer and various indicator bacteria discharged from<br />
the outfall.<br />
The second far‐field model, developed by Applied Science Associates, was a<br />
Lagrangian particle‐based model that uses particles to represent the waste discharge,<br />
which is advected by currents and dispersed by turbulent diffusion in three<br />
dimensions.<br />
Simulation results were examined at 59 locations within the model domain to assess<br />
the relative impact of the proposed diffuser sites on water quality in the entire<br />
region.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 80 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
An analytical model of the mathematical wave equation for sound propagation in<br />
Sound Channel<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
R. Modabbernia 1 S. M. Mosaddad 2<br />
Keywords: Wave, equation, math, sound, propagation, modeling, channel<br />
Mathematics is an important science in Calculations related to professional studies.<br />
Sound propagation in sea water and its applications is being important in science<br />
researching and fisheries, tomography and solitary fronts. In this paper, we are<br />
following the importance of mathematical solutions for problems related to sound<br />
propagation in sea water. The wave equation is solved and sound propagation would<br />
be modeled from disturbed surface. Paying attention to this article and those similar,<br />
we will understand the importance of mathematics in calculations related to sound<br />
propagation systems and their applications. The mathematical model gotten for<br />
sound propagation in water environment will be useful and applicable in similar<br />
matters.<br />
Wave means form variation that depends on a physical environment for<br />
propagation. Sound lying in acoustic field, has many applications in various sciences<br />
like atmosphere, seas and material studies. The wave equation is solved and noise<br />
directionality is modeled from distributed surface noise sources over a uniformly<br />
sloping sea bed taking account of multipaths. Paying attention to this article and<br />
those similar, we will understand the importance of mathematics in calculations<br />
related to sound propagation systems and their applications. Managing coastal<br />
waters zone in regard to phenomena taking place and things such as submarines<br />
moving underwater would be done better applying instruments for sound waves<br />
propagating and getting photos from them. Acoustic wave equation could be solved<br />
in some ways and solving it well, we know more about sound waves behavior under<br />
water and its applications with its simulation. Sound topography and taking photos<br />
from under water environment would help us to know about phenomena happening<br />
there. Setting an optimum configuration of sound radiation equipped with<br />
mathematical simulation is an important result among the results of this paper.<br />
1<br />
Roozbeh Modabbernia (En), r.modabber@yahoo.com ‐ IAU, Shushtar branch,<br />
Shushtar city, Iran<br />
2<br />
Seyed majid Mosaddad (Dr), mosaddad5@gmail.com ‐ IAU, Shushtar branch,<br />
Shushtar city, Iran
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 81 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Islamic Azad University of Iran was established about 25 years ago. Its purposes are<br />
science development and educating young men and women in all interest fields of<br />
humanity and professional courses. Shushtar branch is located in Shushtar city in<br />
Khuzestan privance. There are more than 90 majors in it. It will be one of the<br />
biggest academic scientific centers in a few years later. Research and education for<br />
faculty members and students is the most important aim. This big and scientific‐<br />
researching academic center has a 80 hectars area and an interesting view<br />
encouraging human sight to be there. I hope to be a successful member in it.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 82 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Study of waste water dilution in the sea by combined use of mathematical modeling<br />
and field measurements<br />
D. Malcangio 1 , M. Mossa 2 , A.F. Petrillo 3<br />
Keywords: Currents, Sea outfall modeling, Measurement survey, Dilution process,<br />
Environmental impact<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Nowadays the sea water quality is particularly at risk, due to the constant discharge<br />
of waste waters that come from industrial, civil and agricultural use. For answering to<br />
this growing problem, a deep attention to the control and monitoring of the dilution<br />
of waste water outfalls in the sea must be focussed.<br />
The objective of this paper is the study of the hydrodynamic aspects of the dilution of<br />
sewages from a treatment plant located in the north part of Bari (South Italy). The<br />
outflow pipeline collects 81500 m 3 /d of treated waste water that come from west Bari<br />
and Bitonto, and discharge this flow rate at a distance from the coast of about 800 m.<br />
One field measurement survey was made in order to determine the spatial<br />
distribution of the sea physical and hydrodynamic proprieties (salinity, temperature,<br />
velocity, etc.) in the domain, with particular attention to the area where the waste<br />
water outfall is positioned. Afterwards, collected data were utilized as input by a 3D<br />
mathematical model. Simulations were forced by different patterns of wind,<br />
temperature and salinity fields, a known tidal wave at the boundaries, and a constant<br />
outflow to simulate the waste water discharge.<br />
Comparisons between mathematical modeling results and field measurements<br />
recorded during the survey, in terms of velocity, temperature and salinity, at<br />
superficial layer, reveal a good approach of the model to simulate dilution processes.<br />
Mostly, the information obtained in this work can be considered really useful for<br />
monitoring the environmental impact of waste water discharges for the wildlife along<br />
1 Daniela Malcangio (Dr), d.malcangio@poliba.it – Dept. of Water Engineering and<br />
Chemistry, Technical University of Bari, Via E. Orabona n.4, 70125 Bari, Italy –<br />
www.poliba.it<br />
2 Michele Mossa (Full Professor), m.mossa@poliba.it ‐ Dept. of Environmental<br />
Engineering and Sustainable Development, Technical University of Bari, Via E. Orabona<br />
n.4, 70125 Bari, Italy – www.poliba.it<br />
3 Antonio Felice Petrillo (Full Professor), petrillo@poliba.it ‐ Dept. of Water Engineering<br />
and Chemistry, Technical University of Bari, Via E. Orabona n.4, 70125 Bari, Italy –<br />
www.poliba.it
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 83 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
the coast, considering different climatic configurations.<br />
Further simulations will be carried out considering baroclinic conditions, in order to<br />
compare measured and calculated data in different layers.<br />
Technical University of Bari
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 84 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Uncertainties of bacterial inactivation in marine environment<br />
Ö.B. Yalçin 1 and A. Muhammetoğlu 2<br />
Keywords: Antalya, marine outfall, T90, bacterial inactivation, uncertainty analysis<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
It is a common final disposal option to discharge treated or pre‐treated domestic<br />
wastewaters utilizing marine outfall systems in coastal areas. The major parameters<br />
used to design a marine outfall system are; treatment level, length of the outfall<br />
system and discharge depth. Especially in sensitive areas in which aquaculture and<br />
recreational activities take place, one major aim is to preserve the sea water quality.<br />
It is vital to put in practice the water quality standards in such areas to protect public<br />
health against water borne diseases originated from pathogens. In this manner, it is<br />
very important to define the case specific bacterial inactivation rates and the time<br />
needed to inactive 90% of the bacteria (T90) in design of marine outfall systems.<br />
According to “Turkish Standards of Water Pollution Control” T90 value in summer<br />
season is 1.5 and 2 hours for Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea respectively in the<br />
surface. The same parameter value increases to 3 to 5 h in winter seasons for both<br />
Mediterranean and Black Sea.<br />
Bacterial inactivation rate is affected by solar radiation, salinity, temperature, pH,<br />
predation by the other <strong>org</strong>anisms and nutrient deficiencies. However, it is known that<br />
the inactivation process is strongly dominated by the solar radiation. The researches<br />
carried out in Marmara Sea of Turkey showed that the T90 values increase<br />
dramatically at night or in dark. At that point, it is clear that the T90 is a dynamic<br />
parameter and the parameter value may vary temporally daily and seasonally.<br />
Therefore, dynamic T90 values, which changes with respect to the varying light<br />
intensities should be used instead of constant values to obtain more reliable dilution<br />
and bacterial concentration predictions and to decrease uncertainty of the predicted<br />
parameters.<br />
The attenuation of the solar radiation below the water surface decreases the rate of<br />
the bacterial inactivation process which increases T90 value. T90 value is dependent on<br />
the light attenuation capacity of sea water which is a function of sea water turbidity<br />
and depth of submergence of the discharged wastewater. Frequently, the discharged<br />
wastewater is observed to be submerged in sea column because of density<br />
1 Özgür Bülent Yalçın (Msc.), obyalcin@akdeniz.edu.tr Akdeniz University, Engineering<br />
Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Antalya, Turkey<br />
2 Ayşe Muhammetoğlu (Prof.Dr.), aysemuh@akdeniz.edu.tr Akdeniz University,<br />
Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Antalya, Turkey
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 85 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
stratification of the sea water. Prediction of the bacterial concentration in case of<br />
submerged waste field formation is a challenging issue and implies uncertainties.<br />
Treated wastewater of Antalya City is disposed off to marine environment by a long<br />
and deep marine outfall system. A previous study has been carried out using the data<br />
obtained from a water quality survey around the discharge point to predict the<br />
pollutant levels around the marine outfall system. The results of the study showed<br />
that the discharged wastewaters are predominantly submerged below the water<br />
surface. Additionally, it is determined that the depth of submergence changes<br />
dramatically in time.<br />
In this study, hourly solar radiation data which has been obtained from “State<br />
Meteorology Office of Antalya” were utilized to assess the hourly values of T90<br />
parameter. T90 parameter is used to predict dilution due to bacterial inactivation.<br />
Additionally the uncertainty of predicted dilution values is evaluated using Monte<br />
Carlo analysis. These results will be used to discuss about the bacteriological pollution<br />
risk from sea outfall systems.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 86 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Desalination brine discharge modelling coupling of hydrodynamic models for<br />
brine discharge analysis<br />
Anne Niepelt 1 , Tobias Bleninger 2 and Gerhard Jirka 3<br />
Keywords: CORMIX, Delft3D, near‐field, far‐field, dense plumes, negatively buoyant<br />
Abstract<br />
The waste stream from sea water desalination plants, called brine or concentrate, is<br />
commonly discharged into coastal waters associated with several potential negative<br />
impacts on the marine environment. The few existing environmental regulations<br />
generally distinguish between local impacts around the discharge point and regional<br />
impacts further away from the source.<br />
Different hydrodynamic models are used for the prediction of either the near‐field<br />
mixing (e.g. CORMIX) and/or the transport processes in the far‐field (e.g. Delft3D). An<br />
optimized approach to couple both model types for brine discharge analysis has been<br />
developed and tested for a case study. The coupling algorithm includes the<br />
transformation of the output data of the near‐field model CORMIX into the input<br />
data for the far‐field model Delft3D‐FLOW. Calculations indicate that the far‐field<br />
model alone (without coupling) cannot simulate the vertical concentration<br />
distribution of the plume in contrast to the near‐field model. Thus, a model coupling<br />
is unavoidable for an environmental assessment. The coupling methodology, though<br />
simple, allows for an considerably improved discharge assessment. This allows for an<br />
optimized environmental hydraulic design of the outfall structure.<br />
1 Dipl.‐Ing., Research assistant, Institute for Hydromechanics, University Karlsruhe,<br />
Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, niepelt@ifh.uka.de, www.ifh.uni‐karlsruhe.de<br />
2 Dr.‐Ing., Research assistant, Institute for Hydromechanics, University Karlsruhe,<br />
Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, bleninger@ifh.uka.de, www.ifh.uni‐<br />
karlsruhe.de<br />
3 Prof., Director, Institute for Hydromechanics, University Karlsruhe, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131<br />
Karlsruhe, Germany, ifh@uka.de, www.ifh.uni‐karlsruhe.de
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 87 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Integrated areal analysis of the biological impact in the coastal belt of Venice<br />
Province (Italy‐Northern Adriatic sea)<br />
Marco Ostoich (1) ,Marina Vazzoler (2) , Emilia Aimo (3) ,Daniel Fassina (2) , Sara Ancona (2) ,<br />
Anna Rita Zogno (2) , Corrado Soccorso (4) ,Chiara Rossi (4)<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Key words: Total and Faecal Coliforms, Faecal Streptococci, Escherichia<br />
Coli, Enterovirus, integrated analysis, water profile<br />
To protect sea resources from enteric bacteria pollution, deriving from discharges of<br />
the rivers and of the wastewaters treatment plants, management and safeguarding<br />
practices must be devised based on a sound knowledge of the water contamination<br />
and of the fate of these <strong>org</strong>anisms in the environment.<br />
This work presents the extension of the previous study (performed for years 2000‐<br />
2004) to the period 2000‐2006 with the necessary consideration of the water profile<br />
required by the Directive 2006/07/EC concerning the management of bathing water<br />
quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC in the coastal belt of the Veneto region<br />
(Italy, Northern Adriatic Sea). The historic data‐base, already recovered in the<br />
previous study, has been implemented with the new monitoring data of the period<br />
2004‐2006 (data on rivers, bathing and marine‐coastal waters and on the<br />
characterization of WWTPs’ discharges) from the institutional activity of ARPAV<br />
(Veneto Regional Environmental Prevention and Protection Agency). An integrated<br />
areal analysis of homogeneous stretches along the coast in the Veneto region was<br />
performed for the microbiological investigation in order to characterize the water<br />
profile with consideration of the water quality status and the pressure sources.<br />
The considered faecal indicators are: Total Coliforms, Faecal Coliforms, Faecal<br />
Strepotococci, Escherichia Coli. The faecal indicators are used because they are much<br />
easier and less costly to detect and enumerate than the pathogens themselves.<br />
The application of the approach expressed in the new European legal framework<br />
(directive 2000/60/EC and directive 2006/07/EC) requires the overtaking of distinct<br />
analysis for each single matrix (rivers, marine waters, WWTP effluents, etc.). The new<br />
1<br />
Marco Ostoich, Mr. Dr., Environmental Policy Department, Province of Venice –<br />
marco.ostoich@provincia.venezia.it – www.provincia.venezia.it<br />
2<br />
Marina Vazzoler, Ms. Dr., Sara Ancona, Ms. Dr., Anna Rita Zogno, Ms. Dr., Daniel<br />
Fassina, Mr. Dr., ARPAV, Marine Waters Service‐ Technical Department, Padua, Italy ‐<br />
mvazzoler@arpa.veneto.it<br />
3<br />
Emilia Aimo, Ms. Dr., ARPAV, Venice Laboratory Service, Mestre (VE), Italy ‐<br />
eaimo@arpa.veneto.it<br />
4<br />
Chiara Rossi, Ms. Dr., Corrado Soccorso, Mr. Dr., Veneto Region, Water Protection<br />
Department, Venice, Italy – corrado.soccorso@regione.veneto.it –<br />
www.regione.veneto.it
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 88 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
approach favours integrated quality assessment of the separated components of the<br />
territorial hydro‐systems, analysed for their reciprocal relationships in accordance to<br />
Driving forces‐Pressures‐State‐Impact‐Responses (DPSIR) model.<br />
REGIONE DEL VENETO<br />
Environment Protection Department<br />
Calle Priuli, Cannaregio 99<br />
30100 VENEZIA<br />
www.regione.veneto.it<br />
ARPAV<br />
Veneto Regional Environmental<br />
Prevention and Protection Agency<br />
Technical Department<br />
Piazzale Stazione, 1<br />
35131 PADOVA – ITALY<br />
www.arpa.veneto.it
ABSTRACT<br />
Turkey‐Cyprus water pipeline project<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 89 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Merih Özcan 1 , Mehmet Halil Tuna 2 , Tunç Gokçe 3<br />
The engineering studies for the pipeline to carry water from mainland Turkey to<br />
Northern Cyprus have commenced in 2005 following the signing of the contract<br />
between Administration of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) and the Turkish contractor<br />
Alsim ALARKO.<br />
The pipeline will be located at the narrowest section of the strait formed by Turkey<br />
and the island and will provide water at a rate of 75 million m³ per year (2.38 m³/s).<br />
The pipeline will be a submerged floating structure and the subsea section of the<br />
pipeline will consist of 1.6 m diameter HDPE pipe approximately 78 km long. In the<br />
shore approaching sections of the route, the pipeline will be trenched and backfilled<br />
below seabed level. Between the 250 m depth contours on both the Turkish and<br />
Cyprus sides, the pipeline will be suspended at a water depth of 250 m. The pipeline<br />
will be spanning from vertical tethers anchored to the sea bed in spans of 500 meters<br />
length each.<br />
Under the scope of engineering studies extensive physical and numerical model tests<br />
have been conducted in order to investigate the behaviour of the pipeline under<br />
complex hydrodynamic conditions.<br />
This paper aims to describe the general design parameters considered in the design<br />
of the pipeline. An overall presentation of the field surveys and the model tests<br />
conducted to develop the design basis will be also made.<br />
1<br />
Merih Ozcan, merih@artiproje.com.tr ‐ Arti Proje Ltd, Istanbul www.artiproje.com.tr<br />
2<br />
Mehmet Halil Tuna, Alsim‐Alarko AŞ, Istanbul ‐ www.alsimalarko.com.tr<br />
3<br />
Tunc Gokce (Dr.), tgokce@artiproje.com.tr ‐ Arti Proje Ltd, Istanbul<br />
www.artiproje.com.tr
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 90 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Bridging potable water service between Europe and Asia: a new Bosphorus crossing<br />
with a underwater PE pipeline<br />
M. Aygun 1 , C.T. Ozel 2 , M. Kutluay 3<br />
Keywords: PE Subsea Pipeline, Off‐bottom Tow, Air filled Installation, Potable Water<br />
Supply<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
On earth, there are only a small number of cities that has been molded by water and<br />
had its fate and character affected by water. Istanbul is one of these special and<br />
important cities that have a special place with its history heritage and its adventure<br />
with water. Moreover, Istanbul is unique amongst others as being situated on two<br />
continents divided again by water. On almost every page of Istanbul History, there is<br />
at least a sentence about bringing water to the city. It was always necessary to go<br />
outside to bring water to the city whose population increased but had insufficient<br />
water supplies all the time. Because of this, the water systems of Istanbul are as old<br />
as the history of the city.<br />
Today, Istanbul population has reached to 15 Millions, where the 60% of its<br />
population is living at European site and where the 65% of water resources has<br />
situated at Asian site. During the last 10 years, the water demand has increased<br />
parallel to the increase in population; however the water supply has decreased due<br />
to very low precipitation with global warming. The year 2007 was an alarming year<br />
for the city which the 13 dams reserves was insufficient for a daily demand of 2<br />
Million cubic meters of potable water. The closest water resource was at Asian site<br />
and 105 km away from the city. The Istanbul Water Administration has started a<br />
water pipeline project for the construction of 105 km onshore pipeline and crossing<br />
the continents. The objective of this project is to complete and to bring water to the<br />
city in 5 months.<br />
The Bosporus Water Pipeline Crossing has designed and developed with the<br />
requirements of this construction time limit, international busy marine traffics and<br />
two ways current characteristics. The pipeline was a twin 1200 mm diameter PE100<br />
SDR 11, PN16, continuously weighted with precast concrete collars and laid to a pre‐<br />
1<br />
Mehmet Aygun, mey@iski.gov.tr – Istanbul Water Administration Istanbul, Turkey–<br />
www.iski.gov.tr<br />
2<br />
C. Tansel Ozel, tozel@detek‐tr.com – Detek Offshore Technology Ltd. Istanbul, Turkey –<br />
www.detek‐tr.com<br />
3<br />
Mahmut Kutluay, mkutluay@kutayins.com – Kutay Construction Ltd. Istanbul , Turkey ‐<br />
www.kutay.ins.com
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 91 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
dredged channel with off‐bottom tow technique. The total 3740 meters of pipeline<br />
has been placed in air filled conditions by crossing a maximum channel depth of 54<br />
meters with successive 71 towing operations. The main objective has been achieved<br />
by completing the channel crossing project in 5 months including the design,<br />
fabrication, construction and commissioning stages.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 92 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Construction, installation and pigging system of a large diameter HDPE pipeline in<br />
Morocco<br />
Chrystel Pabion 1<br />
Keywords: HDPE, sea outfall, long length, large diameter, sinking, connection at sea<br />
surface, stabilization, pigging system, pig launcher<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The construction of the sea outfall of Tetouan‐Azla has been completed at the<br />
beginning of 2008 after 12 months of works.<br />
The sewage marine outfall, of a total length of 3145m and external diameter<br />
1200mm, was installed in water depth up to ‐37.5 m/CD. Seven lengths of 400m and<br />
a length of 300m of HDPE pipes PE100 DN1200 SDR26 was produced by Pipelife AS in<br />
Norway and then towed to Morocco.<br />
The construction of the sea outfall comprised the site surveys, the dredging of the<br />
trench, the installation of the 3145m of sealine (including diffuser), the backfilling,<br />
the installation of concrete blocks for protection of the diffuser and the installation of<br />
the pig launcher.<br />
The paper will show a fast presentation of methodologies of realization and<br />
installation of this sea outfall. Special attention will be paid on the system of cleaning<br />
of the sealine by pigging after the start‐up of the sea outfall.<br />
After installation of the pipes, a “Y shape” pig launcher was installed onshore in order<br />
to ensure the cleaning of the sealine and its correct operation during its operating life<br />
period.<br />
Until the construction of the pretreatment plant and the start‐up of the sea outfall,<br />
all diffuser ports will remain closed.<br />
With the start‐up, part of the ports will be opened as per the present design flow and<br />
required dilution, and the opening of the remaining ports will be done according to<br />
the evolution of the future flows.<br />
1 Chrystel Pabion (Project Manager), c‐pabion@geocean.fr – GEOCEAN SA, Quartier du<br />
Brégadan, ZA Technoparc, CS 60001, 13711 Cassis Cedex, France – www.geocean.fr
GEOCEAN SA<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 93 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
GEOCEAN is a marine work contractor, based in Marseille (Cassis), in the south of<br />
France, with 20 years experience worldwide.<br />
Our primary experience, offshore soil investigations, has been transmitted to all our<br />
teams. They have the know‐how to analyze a natural marine site, evaluate the<br />
difficulties and design and adapt your facilities to the particularities of your site. This<br />
expertise is more particularly focused on nearshore sites, where offshore gradually<br />
become onshore.<br />
GEOCEAN routinely control and perform all aspects of your project to offer turnkey<br />
project services. We specialize in engineering and installation of subsea pipelines<br />
coastal works, such as wharves, jetties, quays, or any type of submarine work, when<br />
special and difficult situations have to be resolved.<br />
With a worldwide operation, GEOCEAN benefits from logistic bases and equipments<br />
bases in France and in Asia, and can rely on very skilled teams, specially trained for<br />
more safety and efficiency.<br />
Always looking toward the sea, GEOCEAN created two specialized subsidiaries,<br />
NYMPHEA WATER for the production of subsea freshwater springs, and MERCLEAN<br />
for the treatment of marine pollutions.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 94 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Aspects of toxicology of estuarine sediments: The Port of Durban as a case study<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Gary Parsons 1<br />
In some instances, chemical tests performed on sediments indicate high probabilities<br />
of harmful effects to biota according to a number of internationally recognized<br />
sediment quality guidelines. In the Port of Durban, with its close proximity to<br />
industrial, urban and agricultural activities, receives a number of chemical pollutants<br />
that settle out of the water column and accumulate in its sediments. Chemical<br />
analysis of these sediments has indicated chemical concentrations that, according to<br />
the abovementioned sediment quality guidelines, suggest a high probability to cause<br />
adverse biological effects. However, although chemical concentrations are elevated,<br />
this does not necessarily indicate that these chemicals are present in bio‐available<br />
concentrations or that they are harmful to those <strong>org</strong>anisms that are exposed to<br />
them. Thus, chemical tests alone do not provide an accurate indication of the<br />
potential of <strong>org</strong>anisms living in the contact with or in the vicinity of these sediments<br />
to experience any adverse effects.<br />
In this regard, bioassay testing procedures have been developed using representative<br />
conditions and <strong>org</strong>anisms to help understand the bioavailability and toxicity of<br />
chemicals adsorbed onto sediments. Further, concurrent procedures have been<br />
developed such as toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) that attempt to identify<br />
and characterize chemicals that cause toxicity in sediments. In this paper, replicate<br />
samples were taken from within the Port of Durban from areas which past analyses<br />
have indicated to contain sediments that have pore waters that are toxic. Sediment<br />
samples taken were shown to contain pore waters that inhibited fertilization of eggs<br />
from the Sea Urchin Tripnuestes gratilla. TIE procedures where then conducted on<br />
these contaminated sediment pore waters to determine the probable chemical<br />
classes that could have been responsible for the toxic response. Preliminary evidence<br />
from pore water TIE procedures indicates that this technique provides useful<br />
information to better understand the causes of toxicity in sediments.<br />
1<br />
Gary Parsons, Lab. Manager, gparsons@csir.co.za ‐ Council for Scientific and Industrial<br />
Research (CSIR), South Africa
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 95 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Bacterial pollution due to marine outfalls in the coast of Valencia (Spain)<br />
A. Pascual 1 , C. Mösso 2 , J.P. Sierra 3 , M. Mestres 4 ,<br />
I. Romero 5 , J. González del Río 6 , S. Falco 7 , M. Rodilla 8<br />
Keywords: pathogenic bacteria, urban wastewater discharge, measuring campaigns,<br />
European Water Framework Directive<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The Valencian coast is one of the major tourist destinations in the Mediterranean<br />
coasts, especially during the summer season, when it receives many tourists which<br />
produce a large quantity of urban wastewater that is eventually discharged into the<br />
sea through marine outfalls, affecting significantly the water quality of coastal zones.<br />
The transported effluent can contain significant loads of toxic components, nutrients<br />
and particularly pathogenic bacteria, which constitute a hazard to public health,<br />
especially if the urban wastewater is, discharged either, without the correct<br />
treatment, or close to the shoreline.<br />
In order to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of bacteriological (total<br />
and fecal coliforms and enterococci) seawater quality in the influence area of the<br />
1<br />
Alina Pascual Barrera (PhD student), alina.pascual@upc.edu – Laboratori d’Enginyeria<br />
Marítima; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; c/Jordi Girona 1‐3, Edif. D1 Campus<br />
Nord, 08034, Barcelona, Spain<br />
2<br />
César Mösso Aranda, (Dr), cesar.mosso@upc.edu ‐ Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima;<br />
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; c/Jordi Girona 1‐3, Edif. D1 Campus Nord, 08034,<br />
Barcelona, Spain.<br />
3<br />
Joan Pau Sierra Pedrico (Dr), joan.pau.sierra@upc.edu ‐ Laboratori d’Enginyeria<br />
Marítima; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; c/Jordi Girona 1‐3, Edif. D1 Campus<br />
Nord, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.<br />
4<br />
Marc Mestres Ridge (Dr), marc.mestres@upc.edu ‐ Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima;<br />
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; c/Jordi Girona 1‐3, Edif. D1 Campus Nord, 08034,<br />
Barcelona, Spain<br />
5<br />
Inmaculada Romero Gil (Dr), inrogi@dihma.upv.es – Laboratorio de Tecnologías del<br />
Medioambiente; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Camino de Vera, s/n 46022,<br />
Valencia, Spain<br />
6<br />
Julio González del Río (Dr), jgonzrio@hma.upv.es ‐ Laboratorio de Tecnologías del<br />
Medioambiente; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Camino de Vera, s/n 46022,<br />
Valencia, Spain<br />
7<br />
Silvia Falco Giacaglia (Dr), sfalcog@hma.upv.es ‐ Escuela Politécnica superior de<br />
Gandia; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia<br />
8<br />
Miguel Rodilla Alama (Dr), mrodilla@hma.upv.es ‐ Escuela Politécnica superior de<br />
Gandia; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 96 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
wastewater discharge and surrounding beaches, a series of field campaigns were<br />
carried out in three marine outfalls, with different discharge characteristics, along the<br />
Valencia coast (Cullera, Gandia and Pinedo). The measuring campaigns were as<br />
follows: five campaigns in Cullera, between July 2002 and April 2003; two in Pinedo,<br />
between March and July 2005 and finally, five in Gandia, between April 2005 and<br />
May 2006. The results were evaluated within the European Water Framework<br />
Directive (Directive 76/160/CE) that establishes a maximum permissible mandatory<br />
value and a guideline value to classify bath water as “good” or “excellent”<br />
respectively. The results indicate that the concentration of fecal coliform in the area<br />
of the discharge is imperatively higher than the mandatory value, while in the<br />
beaches near the area of influence, the concentrations are lower than this value,<br />
despite the fact that at some points the maximum permissible values recommended<br />
by the European Directive were exceeded.
ABSTRACT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 97 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Emergency water supply from tankers for Cyprus<br />
Miki Peleg 1<br />
After four years with no substantial winter rainfall, Cypriot water reserves, already<br />
enhanced by two seawater desalination plants, were at their lowest. As an<br />
emergency measure, the Cypriot government reached an agreement with the Greek<br />
government for the immediate supply of eight million cubic meters of fresh water.<br />
The transportation of the water from Greece to Cyprus would be carried out by<br />
tankers that were adapted to water use and would take approximately eight months.<br />
In the early part of July 2008 the project was accomplished and the water has been<br />
flowing since then to Cyprus water grid, at a rate of some 2,000 cubic meters per<br />
hour – a significant relief to the severe situation.<br />
The Cyprus Water Terminal project is characterized by two unique and challenging<br />
features:<br />
− Execution at record time of 64 days, imposed by the dramatic lack of water<br />
− Works on the water terminal at the heart of Limassol’s tourist area, with no<br />
environmental impact and no disturbance to the daily city life.<br />
These features necessitated an innovative engineering approach, resulting in the<br />
following project components:<br />
− A Monobuoy Mooring facility for the tankers<br />
− A marine 1,313 m long 800 mm OD HDPE pipeline from the monobuoy to an<br />
onshore monitoring station<br />
− A shore interface between the marine and land pipes equipped with water<br />
quality monitoring system.<br />
The paper presents the various elements of the project and describes how the<br />
equipment was adapted to the job, thus permitting the short execution time and<br />
meeting the challenge.<br />
1<br />
Miki Peleg, General Manager, miki@edtmc.com ‐ EDT Marine Construction, 124 Ayias<br />
Paraskevis Yermasoyia, Cyprus
New development in flexible connections<br />
Miki Peleg<br />
Document not delivered in time<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 98 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 99 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Santos, Guarujá and Praia Grande 1 submarine outfalls: computational evaluation<br />
of the effluent dispersion process in the Santos Bay using CFD<br />
Jayme Pinto Ortiz 1 , Kleiber Lima De Bessa 2 , Emília Arasaki 3 ,<br />
Paolo Alfredini (3)<br />
Keywords: submarine outfalls, computer simulation, coastal environment, plume<br />
dispersion<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The usage of preliminary wastewater treatment plants and subsequent ocean<br />
disposal via submarine outfalls for domestic sewage is a design choice which has<br />
been implanted in São Paulo state coast, particularly in the south region named<br />
Baixada Santista. A physical model was constructed in the Hydraulic Laboratory of<br />
Polytechnic School at the University of São Paulo –Brazil, representing Santos estuary<br />
– Baixada Santista and three of these submarine outfalls: Guarujá, Santos and Praia<br />
Grande 1. The study required preliminary computer simulations followed by tests in<br />
the physical model using an advanced methodology for the plume monitoring. In this<br />
paper some computer simulations results will be presented using integral computer<br />
method and CFD, to evaluate the effluent dispersion process in the Santos bay from<br />
the operation of Santos, Guarujá and Praia Grande 1 outfalls. Results will be<br />
presented considering the operation of these three outfalls simultaneously or of the<br />
Santos outfall alone. The simulations were done for transient discharge considering<br />
the tidal variation data in the two entrance of the bay: access channel to Santos<br />
Harbor and Mar Pequeno channel. Wind effect in the effluent dispersion process was<br />
also simulated. The results of computer simulations in terms of the concentration<br />
field of the effluent parameters were confronted with the values established by<br />
Brazilian Environmental Legislation, through CONAMA resolution.<br />
1 Jayme Pinto Ortiz, Mr., Dr. Ing., Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Politécnica,<br />
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2231 CEP 05508‐900,<br />
São Paulo, Brasil, (tel. 55 11 3091‐5335, e‐mail: jportiz@usp.br ). Centro Universitário do<br />
Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia. São Caetano do Sul, SP,Brasil, e‐mail:ortiz@maua.br.<br />
2 Kleiber Lima de Bessa, Mr., Dr. Ing., Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Politécnica,<br />
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2231 CEP 05508‐900,<br />
São Paulo, Brasil, (tel.: 55 11 3091‐5335, email: kleiber@usp.br ).<br />
3 Emília Arasaki, Ms., Dra. Biologist. and Paolo Alfredini, Mr., Dr. Ing., Universidade de<br />
São Paulo, Escola Politécnica, Departamento de Hidráulica, Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 83<br />
CEP 05508‐970, São Paulo, Brasil (tel.: 55 11 3030‐6078, email: earasaki@usp.br and<br />
alfredin@usp.br ).
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 100 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Recent works in the construction of marine pipelines for desalination plants<br />
E. Pita 1 ; Eugenio Gómez 2<br />
Keywords: sea lines, desalination, outfall, brine, construction, pipes, design, intake,<br />
structure<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
In recent years, we have been involved in the design and construction of the<br />
pipelines for several desalination plants. These works include sea‐weather studies,<br />
diffusion, mechanical studies of the pipes, constructions procedures, etc. Special care<br />
has been taken in the study of the procedure to sink these pipes, with their<br />
enormous size.<br />
In this presentation, we will describe our works for the following desalination plants:<br />
‐Valdelentisco‐ Murcia‐ (Spain). For this desalination plant, we were involved in<br />
developing several Projects, including the Constructive one. The project contained<br />
the following main design tasks:<br />
Design of the intake system:<br />
The intake system for the desalination plant in Valdelentisco was comprised of a<br />
series of pipelines with a total length of 1.450 m. The pipeline is a helicoidal high<br />
density polyethelyne (PE80) tube, with an interior diameter of 1.800 mm and varying<br />
thickness and rigidity. A tunnel with polycrete tubes was also constructed. The<br />
pipeline reaches a maximum depth of 26m and will be subject to a maximum flow of<br />
4,62 m 3 /s.<br />
Included in the design is the intake tower. The tower is a cylindrical reinforced<br />
concrete structure with four cage filters.<br />
Design of the discharge system:<br />
The discharge system, also made of helicoidal high density polyethelyne (PE80) tubes,<br />
measured a total length of 1.260 m. The discharge pipeline is located parallel to the<br />
intake pipeline, with a maximum depth of 22,5 m. It was designed with an interior<br />
diameter of 1.500 mm, of variable thickness and rigidity, and exposed to a maximum<br />
flow of 2,32 m 3 /s.<br />
The diffuser is composed of 10 risers spaced 6 meters apart.<br />
‐Skikda (Algeria):<br />
In Skikda Algeria we developed the designs for the complete constructive project for<br />
the pipeline system. The pipelines were designed using helicoidal PEAD tubes,<br />
1<br />
Eloy Pita, Civil Engineer and General Manager, epita@increa.eu ‐ Increa, Avda. de<br />
Betanzos 91, 1ºC. Madrid 28035‐Spain www.increa.eu<br />
2<br />
Eugenio Gómez. Project Manager of Honaine Desalination Plant. Geida.<br />
egomez@geida.net
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 101 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
consisting of an intake system with an interior diameter of 1.800 mm and a discharge<br />
system of an interior diameter of 1.500 mm.<br />
In addition, we designed the intake tower and a diffuser for the brine.<br />
Intake pipeline:<br />
The intake pipeline is a total length of 1.171 m. The service of the pipe will be<br />
subjected to a maximum flow of 2,53 m 3 /s and is located at a maximum depth of 18<br />
m.<br />
Discharge pipeline:<br />
The discharge pipeline is a total length of 676 m, subjected to a maximum flow of<br />
1,34 m 3 /s and located at a maximum depth of 9 m.<br />
Amongst other aspects, the Project included the study of the system with respect to<br />
seismic forces.<br />
‐Beni‐Saf (Algeria)<br />
The constructive Project for the pipelines of IDAM in Beni‐saf involved the following<br />
aspects:<br />
Intake pipeline:<br />
The intake pipeline for sea water is made of High density polyethelyne (PE80). The<br />
interior diameter measures 2.400 mm and the total length of the pipeline 1.200 m.<br />
The pipeline is located at a maximum depth of 18 m, and will be subjected to a<br />
maximum flow of 5 m 3 /s.<br />
Brine discharge pipeline:<br />
The saltwater discharge system is made also of high density polyethelyne (PE80). The<br />
interior diameter is 1.800 mm, with a total length of 1.574 m. The depth is<br />
approximately 8 m, and will be subjected to a flow of 2,68 m 3 /s.<br />
Pumping of water from the sea to the Desalination Plant:<br />
The system to drive water from the sea to the desalination plant was designed with a<br />
pipeline measuring 1.800 mm in diameter, total length of 831 m, and subjected to a<br />
maximum flow of 5 m 3 /s. This pipeline is made of Polyester reinforced fiber glass<br />
(PRFV S5000).<br />
‐Honaine (Algeria) and Mostaganem (Algeria).<br />
We are cooperating in the design of the pipes and their protection, whose sizes are<br />
very large.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 102 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Current velocity measurements offshore Taranto (Italy): comparison between<br />
vessel‐mounted and moored current meter data<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
M. Ben Meftah 1 ,F. De Serio 2 , M. Mossa 3 , A. F. Petrillo 4 , A. Pollio 5<br />
Keywords: current meter, Gulf of Taranto, velocity measurements, CTD<br />
This analysis deals with field measurements made offshore Taranto, South Italy,<br />
about seawater current velocity by using a Nortek AWAC vessel mounted acoustic<br />
velocity profiler, during a survey day. The investigation had the objective to describe<br />
the current field and the velocity vertical profiles in some points of the investigated<br />
area. Furthermore, salinity and temperature of the seawater were acquired by means<br />
a CTD recorder.<br />
The main goal of this work is to present the velocity profiles, the current circulation<br />
pattern and the measured water salinity and temperature at each investigated<br />
stationing point, in order to describe the general behaviour of these quantities, and<br />
to compare the aforementioned measured velocity values with the data available<br />
from a moored current meter placed in the vicinity of one stationing point.<br />
Technical University of Bari<br />
Department of Water Engineering and Chemistry<br />
Department of Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Development<br />
Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari (Italy)<br />
1 Mouldi Ben Meftah (Dr.), nbenme@poliba.it, Technical University of Bari ‐<br />
Department of Water Engineering and Chemistry, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.<br />
2 Francesca De Serio (Dr.), f.deserio@poliba.it, Technical University of Bari ‐<br />
Department of Water Engineering and Chemistry, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.<br />
3 Michele Mossa (Prof.), mossa@poliba.it, Technical University of Bari ‐ Department of<br />
Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Development, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari,<br />
Italy<br />
4 Antonio F. Petrillo (Prof.), petrillo@poliba.it, Technical University of Bari ‐ Department<br />
of Water Engineering and Chemistry, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy<br />
5 Andrea Pollio (Dr.), a.pollio@poliba.it, Technical University of Bari ‐ Department of<br />
Water Engineering and Chemistry, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 103 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Guidelines on integrated coastal urban water system planning in coastal areas of<br />
the Mediterranean: a commented presentation<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Marko Prem 1<br />
Water management is a key factor for sustainable urban development in coastal<br />
areas. By the same token, the sustainable urban development of coastal regions is<br />
necessary for the sustainable management of scarce Mediterranean water resources.<br />
Coastal cities in the Mediterranean are facing significant problems relating to the<br />
management of their water resources. Pollution, scarcity, droughts and floods are<br />
becoming more frequent and are triggering tensions and conflicts, both within cities<br />
and between cities and rural areas. The existing infrastructure is ageing while its<br />
replacement is costly. Continuous urbanisation, especially in peri‐urban areas, poses<br />
costly demands for new infrastructure.<br />
Urbanisation pressures are particularly intense on the coast. Assorted activities and<br />
competing uses are concentrated in a narrow coastal zone (settlements,<br />
infrastructure, various economic activities, ecosystems, etc.). Coastal water resources<br />
have particular characteristics that merit a special approach due to the complex<br />
interaction between surface waters, groundwater and sea water. Urban water<br />
management in coastal Mediterranean settlements is currently approached as a<br />
series of separated tasks: drinking water supply, sewage management and drainage.<br />
Many of the current problems are the result of a fragmented approach. There is a<br />
need to move to a more integrated management approach whereby the three tasks<br />
are managed together and furthermore, in close coordination with urban<br />
development and management, coastal zone management and water resource<br />
management at the river basin level.<br />
These Guidelines aim to:<br />
• Sensitise all those in coastal zone and urban management and water resources<br />
management to urban water management issues<br />
• Sensitise all those involved in urban water system management to coastal zone and<br />
urban management and water resources management issues<br />
• Provide a framework of reference for Integrated Urban Water System Management<br />
in Coastal Areas (IWSMCA).<br />
While there is much information and guidance about separate urban water<br />
management tasks, the issue of integration has received less attention. These<br />
Guidelines seek to rectify this situation. The coastal urban water system is addressed<br />
1 Marko Prem, Deputy Director, marko.prem@ppa.t‐com.hr ‐ PAP/RAC, Split, Croatia ‐<br />
http://www.pap‐thecoastcentre.<strong>org</strong>
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 104 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
as a whole and explicit guidance is provided for its integrated management and<br />
planning, taking into account the particular features of Mediterranean coastal urban<br />
settlements.<br />
The Guidelines are divided into two volumes. Volume I presents the principles and<br />
planning for urban water system management, while the Volume II presents the most<br />
important instruments and tools. The intention is to facilitate a broader use of these<br />
Guidelines. Volume I thoroughly explains the problems relating to integrated urban<br />
water system management, while the Volume II presents the tools and techniques<br />
needed for management in more detail. Accordingly, the Volume I is intended for all<br />
those who wish to get to know the problems of integrated urban water system<br />
management, while the Volume II is intended for those who wish to engage in the<br />
solutions to these problems.
ABSTRACT<br />
Experimental studies of dense jets<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 105 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Philip. J. W. Roberts 1 , Endam Gungor 2 , Semih Nemlioglu 3<br />
Keywords: Dense jets, Brine disposal, Desalination<br />
Dense effluents that originate from desalination plants, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)<br />
terminals and other industrial discharges are frequently discharged into the marine<br />
environment via outfalls. The quantity of dense discharges into the marine<br />
environment is rapidly increasing, especially from desalination plants, and<br />
understanding the dynamics of dense jets is essential to proper design of diffusers to<br />
minimize impacts on the marine environments. Particularly lacking is information on<br />
the effects of ocean currents on the mixing and dispersion of dense jets.<br />
Experiments were performed using three‐dimensional laser‐induced fluorescence on<br />
turbulent vertical and inclined dense jets in flowing currents typical of brine disposal<br />
from seawater desalination plants. The flows are complex and different phenomena<br />
can dominate at different locations and at different current speeds, indicating that<br />
predicting these flows numerically will be quite challenging. For vertical jest at low<br />
current speeds, the rising and falling flows are almost vertical with some interference<br />
between them and the bottom flow spreads upstream as a wedge. At higher current<br />
speeds the wedge is expelled; the ascending flow is still almost vertical, but the<br />
descending flow is more gradual so the jet impacts the lower boundary farther<br />
downstream. Dilutions at the terminal rise height and impact point increase with<br />
increasing current speeds. Cross‐sectional profiles of tracer concentration are<br />
neither axially or self similar. In the descending flow, at low or intermediate current<br />
speeds, the plume is much taller than it is wide, the peak concentration occurs much<br />
closer to the top, and fluid can detrain from the jet. At higher current speeds, the<br />
profiles initially approach radial symmetry, but develop a kidney shape due to<br />
formation of two counter‐rotating vortices farther downstream. These vortices cause<br />
the jet to almost completely bifurcate after impacting the bottom. Inclined jets<br />
exhibit some features similar to vertical jets. The flows exhibit features that violate<br />
some fundamental assumptions of entrainment models so their predictions of<br />
dilution should be viewed with caution.<br />
1<br />
proberts@ce.gatech.edu – School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ge<strong>org</strong>ia<br />
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332‐0355, USA<br />
2<br />
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ge<strong>org</strong>ia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,<br />
GA 30332‐0355, USA<br />
3<br />
Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering,<br />
34320, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 106 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Mathematical models for estimation of dilution of brine discharges to the sea<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
A. Ruiz‐Mateo 1 , M. Antequera 2 , J. González 3<br />
Keywords: Brine discharges, pollutant dispersion, mathematical model<br />
A research on discharges to the sea of brines coming from desalination plants is being<br />
carried out at CEDEX intermittently since year 2000 up to now, but it is planned to go<br />
on with it until the end of 2010 through a project that applies for funding from the<br />
Spanish National R&D Plan.<br />
The aims of the research are to study different ways of discharging brines to the sea,<br />
to know the field of salinity produced, to investigate the threshold of salinity<br />
increment that not impair the marine habitats, to achieve criteria to decide on the<br />
most advisable device for discharging in each case and to propose design<br />
methodologies.<br />
A number of different discharge devices were simulated in physical models in order<br />
to investigate the efficiency of the dilution reached in the near and far field: Free jet<br />
from an open‐ended outfall at a cliff, outlet buried under pebbles at a beach, open‐<br />
ended outfall flowing over the boulders of a breakwater, discharge to a dry torrent<br />
close to its mouth, open‐ended outfall at the bottom of the sea, and finally, several<br />
multiport diffuser system. For the moment, tests have been carried out on stagnant<br />
or wavy environment, but in the next future will be extended to include the effect of<br />
currents.<br />
Description and results of these tests may be found in a companion paper. Present<br />
paper is focused in the mathematical models to be included in the proposal for<br />
design methodologies.<br />
1 Antonio Ruiz‐Mateo. Director, Marine Environment Department, antonio.ruiz@cedex.es<br />
– Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (branch of CEDEX), Antonio Lopez nº 81, 28026<br />
Madrid, SPAIN – www.cedex.es<br />
2 Manuel Antequera Ramos. Marine Environment Department,<br />
manuel.antequera@cedex.es – Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (branch of<br />
CEDEX), Antonio Lopez nº 81, 28026 Madrid, SPAIN – www.cedex.es<br />
3 Javier González Herrera. Marine Environment Department,<br />
francisco.j,gonzalez@cedex.es – Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (branch of<br />
CEDEX), Antonio Lopez nº 81, 28026 Madrid, SPAIN – www.cedex.es
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 107 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
As the dilution in the far field is weak and slow, an essential criteria for the design is<br />
try to achieve the necessary dilution within the near and intermediate fields. The<br />
dilution needed is the quotient between the excess salinity (ES) of the brine over the<br />
salinity of the sea and the ES of the established threshold of tolerance of the benthic<br />
communities exposed to the discharge. Results of our on‐going research show that<br />
discharges from present‐day inverse osmosis desalination plants (conversion index of<br />
45%) need dilutions of about 30 if Posidonia oceanica is to be exposed. Even this<br />
relatively high dilution (required because this habitat is extremely sensible to salinity<br />
rise) may be achieved closed to the discharge point with a proper design of the<br />
discharge device.<br />
The most effective device to reach a high dilution within a small area (provided there<br />
is enough depth) is a submarine outfall producing upwards jets at about 60º over the<br />
bed. So, this device has been the first to be studied in our research. Also, the far field,<br />
which in spite of being a part of the flow not to be considered in the design if the<br />
needed dilution has been achieved within the near and intermediate fields, has the<br />
particularism that is common to (and except for the initial conditions, independent<br />
of) all discharge devices, has been a first object of our research.<br />
Formulae to calculate maximum height of jets and dilution at the end of the<br />
intermediate field were deduced on dimensional grounds and the coefficients<br />
obtained from the experimental results. These formulae have proved to be a good<br />
tool for design of multiport diffusers and have been applied to the design of a<br />
submarine outfall for an actual desalination plant.
ABSTRACT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 108 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Physical modelling of brine discharges to the sea<br />
A. Ruiz‐Mateo 1 , M. Antequera 2 , J. González 3<br />
Keywords: desalination, brine discharge, physical modelling<br />
The brine discharge to the sea from a desalination plant becomes one of the most<br />
difficult problems to be handled in relation with the protection of the marine<br />
environment. The reason rest on the lack of knowledge based on experience more<br />
than that of technical difficulties to obtain the appropriate dilutions before starting<br />
the area of protection.<br />
The aims of the research are to study different ways of discharging brines to the<br />
sea, to know the field of salinity produced, to investigate the threshold of salinity<br />
increment that not impair the marine habitats, to achieve criteria to decide on the<br />
most advisable device for discharging in each case and to propose design<br />
methodologies. The behaviour of different jets and discharge devices were<br />
investigated in physical models. Formulae to calculate dilution and maximum<br />
height of jets were deduced on dimensional grounds and the coefficients obtained<br />
from the experimental results. These formulae have proved to be a good tool for<br />
design of multiport diffusers and have been applied to the design of a submarine<br />
outfall for an actual desalination plant.<br />
The following devises were modelled: Free jet from an open‐ended outfall at a cliff,<br />
outlet buried under pebbles at a beach, open‐ended outfall flowing over the<br />
boulders of a breakwater, discharge to a dry torrent close to its mouth, open‐<br />
ended outfall at the bottom of the sea, and finally, several multiport diffuser<br />
system.<br />
The behaviour of a single jet was investigated in a small glass walled tank with 1 m<br />
x 0,5 m x 0,4 m dimensions. Seven different tests were carried on under different<br />
1 Antonio Ruiz‐Mateo. Director, Marine Environment Department, antonio.ruiz@cedex.es<br />
– Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (branch of CEDEX), Antonio Lopez nº 81, 28026<br />
Madrid, SPAIN – www.cedex.es<br />
2 Manuel Antequera Ramos. Marine Environment Department,<br />
manuel.antequera@cedex.es – Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (branch of<br />
CEDEX), Antonio Lopez nº 81, 28026 Madrid, SPAIN – www.cedex.es<br />
3 Javier González Herrera. Marine Environment Department,<br />
francisco.j.gonzalez@cedex.es – Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (branch of<br />
CEDEX), Antonio Lopez nº 81, 28026 Madrid, SPAIN – www.cedex.es
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 109 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
location and orientation of the jet including two out of the water. The largest<br />
dilution was found for a jet located near the bed and discharging upwards at about<br />
60º. The diffuser of a submarine outfall for two currently operating plants were<br />
modelled in a tank 14 m long, 7 m wide and 1 m deep. In this tank was modelled<br />
the near field while the far field was modelled in a flume 70 m long, 1 m wide and<br />
2 m deep, equipped with a wave generator. Achievable far field dilutions are very<br />
low within long distances (1 to 3 in 800 m in some tests). So, it is advisable to<br />
achieve the needed dilution within the near field.
ABSTRACT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 110 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Hydrodynamics downscaling for predicting the dynamics of Foz do Arelho<br />
submarine outfall plume<br />
Santos M. 1 , P. C. Leitão 2 , R. Neves 3 , S. Carvalho 4 , C. Alves 5<br />
Keywords: nested models, pollutant dispersion, wastewater discharge<br />
Foz do Arelho submarine outfall located on the Western Portuguese coast 150 km<br />
north of Lisbon is the last <strong>org</strong>an of the inter municipal sewer system of Caldas da<br />
Rainha and Óbidos.<br />
The system includes a network of 5 wastewater treatment plants performing<br />
secondary treatment and provides services to about 50000 people in the Óbidos<br />
Lagoon catchment. The submarine outfall is about 2 km long and the diffuser is<br />
located about 30 m deep on a sandy bottom. Before the construction of the trunk<br />
sewer the WWTP were discharging in the river network having the lagoon as final<br />
receiving environment. The eutrophication symptoms in the upper lagoon associated<br />
to its importance for local tourism and shellfish production were reasons enough for<br />
diverting the UWWTP discharges from the lagoon and consequently for the<br />
construction of the trunk sewer and the submarine outfall.<br />
The system is managed by Águas do Oeste S.A. (AdO), a company of the universe<br />
Águas de Portugal (AdP) that set up monitoring programs to assess (1) the fate of the<br />
submarine outfall plume in the sea and of its impact in the receiving waters and (2)<br />
the environmental benefits in the Óbidos Lagoon.<br />
This paper describes the methodologies used in the submarine outfall program and<br />
the results obtained. It will be shown that a modeling component is essential to<br />
explain why the impact is very small. It will also be put into evidence the importance<br />
of the downscaling approach for including the effect of the large scale solution on the<br />
1<br />
Madalena Santos (Physical Oceanography, MsC Student), madalena.maretec@ist.utl.pt‐<br />
Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049‐001 Lisboa, Portugal<br />
2<br />
Paulo Chambel Leitão (Civil Eng., Ph.D), paulo.chambel@hidromod.com‐HIDROMOD<br />
Lda., Av. Manuel da Maia, nº 36, 3º esq. 1000‐201 Lisboa, Portugal<br />
3<br />
Ramiro Neves (Mechanical Eng., Ph.D), ramiro.neves@ist.utl.pt‐ Instituto Superior<br />
Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049‐001 Lisboa, Portugal<br />
4<br />
Sandra Carvalho (Post Graduated Eng.ª Sabitária), s.carvalho@ado.com‐Águas do<br />
Oeste, S.A., Convento de São Miguel das Gaeiras, 2510‐718 Gaeiras, Portugal<br />
5<br />
Cátia Alves (Eng.ª Ambiente), c.alves@aguasdooeste.com‐Águas do Oeste, S.A.,<br />
Convento de São Miguel das Gaeiras, 2510‐718 Gaeiras, Portugal
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 111 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
local solution effectively monitored. A set of 3D nested models and a lagrangean<br />
dispersion model for the plume allow the integrated simulation of the plume in the<br />
near and far fields. The fecal mortality rate was also computed dynamically using the<br />
light intensity available at each instant and location computed as a function of the<br />
light at the surface, of the depth and of the suspended matter concentration.<br />
AdO has started on July of 2004, under it’s direct supervision, a Monitoring<br />
Program in the Óbidos Lagoon and Foz do Arelho Submarine Outfall, with the<br />
support of Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) from the Universidade Técnica de<br />
Lisboa (IST) and Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar (IPIMAR).<br />
Águas do Oeste, S.A. (AdO) is the company responsible for the Multimunicipal<br />
System of Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment of the West region of the<br />
Portuguese and are a part of Águas de Portugal.
ABSTRACT<br />
Artificial headland method for beach erosion<br />
Mikio Sasaki 1 Takahiro Takeuchi 2<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 112 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Keywords: beach erosion,coastal sediment, artificial headland<br />
To prevent the beach erosion, Aomori Prefecture has been constructing artificial<br />
headlands in the north of the Misawa coast since 1991. Misawa coast faces Pacific<br />
Ocean, and it is long sands, and the length is about 40km. In the coast, the dominant<br />
direction of the littoral transport is north, and the dominant incident waves are from<br />
southeast. Since 1971, Misawa fishery port has been constructed in the middle of the<br />
Misawa coast. After the constructing, the beach erosion was severely caused in the<br />
north side beach of the fishery port. Now, the beach deformation has spread to the<br />
entire Misawa coast. Aomori Prefecture had used several coastal structures like the<br />
coast embankment, the wave‐absorbing block, etc. to prevent the beach erosion.<br />
However, all the erosion measures that used such a coast structure failed. The reason<br />
is that those erosion measures were the countermeasure to not the alongshore<br />
coastal sediments but the on /off shore sand drifts. This coast needs to take the<br />
countermeasure for the beach erosion due to the coastal sediment moving<br />
alongshore.<br />
Since 1991, Aomori Prefecture has been constructing artificial headlands in the north<br />
coast to prevent the beach erosion. They are planning to construct 13 artificial<br />
headlands in the north of the Misawa coast and 4 headlands in the Yokomichi coast.<br />
Yokomichi coast is in the south of the Misawa coast.<br />
The construction of the artificial headlands is still on the way. The aim of the<br />
construction of the headlands is to get stable beaches between artificial headlands.<br />
The plan of the headland construction requires enormous amount of coast and long<br />
years. Then, it is very important to investigate the beach deformation and to clarify<br />
the change characteristics. In the present study, the beach deformation was observed<br />
first, and using the results of the observations for the shoreline, the characteristics of<br />
the geographical bottom changes were investigated.<br />
Field observations for the shoreline using the measurement machine with GPS were<br />
carried out once a month in Misawa coast. At the same time, the geographical<br />
1 Mikio Sasaki, Professor (Dr of Engineering), msasaki@hi‐tech.ac.jp, Hachinohe Institute<br />
of Technology, 88‐1, Ohbiraki, Myo, Hachinohe, Japan, http://www.hi‐tech.ac.jp<br />
2 Takahiro Takeuchi, Professor (Dr of Engineering), take@hi‐tech.ac.jp, Hachinohe<br />
Institute of Technology, 88‐1, Ohbiraki, Myo, Hachinohe, Japan, http://www.hi‐tech.ac.jp
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 113 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
bottom changes in long term were obtained by using the aerial photographs. Using<br />
the results of the shoreline observations and the aerial photograph analysis, the<br />
beach deformation after the constructing artificial headlands was shown, and the<br />
characteristics of the geographical bottom changes are investigated, and the effect of<br />
the countermeasures using the artificial headlands for the beach erosion was shown.<br />
On April 1, 1972, after the approval of its founding charter on January 29, 1972,<br />
Hachinohe Institute of Technology (HIT) opened its doors to students. The Institute<br />
is an independent, coeducational, privately‐endowed university.<br />
Now HIT Undergraduate School has six departments: Mechanical Systems on<br />
Information Technology, Electronic Intelligence and Systems, Environmental and<br />
Civil Engineering, Architectural Engineering, Chemical Engineering on Biological<br />
Environment and System and Information Engineering.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 114 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Dispersion modeling of submarine waste water discharges in the Northern Adriatic<br />
Sea along Friuli Venezia‐Giulia and Veneto regions’ coasts<br />
Gi<strong>org</strong>io Mattassi (1) ,Isabella Scroccaro (1) , Ge<strong>org</strong> Umgiesser (2) , Luigi Colugnati (3) ,Marco<br />
Ostoich (4) , Marina Vazzoler (5) , Marco Cuomo (6)<br />
Key words: Marine outfalls, Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Faecal<br />
indicators, waste water discharges, dispersion model, numerical simulations,<br />
environmental impact, SHYFEM model<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
In the coastal areas opposite interests must coexist: the presence of significant cities<br />
and urban centres and the presence of tourist and recreative areas. To avoid local<br />
pollution caused by treated wastewaters along the Northern Adriatic coast (Friuli<br />
Venezia‐Giulia and Veneto regions) marine outfalls systems have been constructed.<br />
The submarine waste water pipes discharging in the North Adriatic Sea until about 6<br />
km from the coast have been considered in this study, 7 of them belonging to the<br />
Friuli Venezia Giulia region and 2 to the Veneto region.<br />
The Environmental Protection Agencies of Friuli Venezia‐Giulia and Veneto regions<br />
(ARPA FVG and ARPAV) and the Wastewater Treatment Plants’ (WWTPs) manager<br />
Veritas collected experimental data that have been used for numerical simulations of<br />
the bacterial pollution dispersion of Escherichia coli. A preliminary application of the<br />
2D version of the finite element model SHYFEM, developed at ISMAR‐CNR in Venice,<br />
is presented to investigate the transport and fate of bacterial pollution. In this study<br />
the application of the numerical model is used to support the traditional monitoring<br />
methods in order to connect the information concerning the hydrodynamic<br />
circulation and microbiological features, to evaluate possible health risks associated<br />
with bathing and coastal activities. The study is a preliminary analysis of the<br />
environmental impact of the WWTPs with submarine discharge outfalls and could be<br />
1<br />
Gi<strong>org</strong>io Mattassi, Mr. Dr., Isabella Scroccaro, Ms. Dr., ARPA FVG (Friuli Venezia‐<br />
Giulia Regional Protection Agency), Water Protection Department, Palmanova (UD),<br />
Italy – gi<strong>org</strong>io.mattassi@arpa.fvg.it ; isabella.scroccaro@arpa.fvg.it<br />
2<br />
Ge<strong>org</strong> Umgiesser, Mr. Dr., CNR‐ISMAR, Venice, Italy ‐ ge<strong>org</strong>.umgiesser@ismar.cnr.it<br />
3<br />
Luigi Colugnati, Mr. Dr., ARPA FVG (Friuli Venezia‐Giulia Regional Protection<br />
Agency), Trieste Provincial Department, Trieste, Italy – luigi.colugnati@arpa.fvg.it<br />
4<br />
Marco Ostoich, Mr. Dr., Province of Venice, Environmental Policy Department,<br />
Mestre‐Venice, marco.ostoich@provincia.venezia.it<br />
5<br />
Marina Vazzoler, Ms. Dr., ARPAV (Veneto Regional Prevention and Protection<br />
Agency), Technical Department, Padua, Padua, Italy ‐ mvazzoler@arpa.veneto.it.<br />
6<br />
Marco Cuomo, Mr. Eng., VERITAS, Wastewater Treatment Plants Management,<br />
Porto Marghera (Venice), Italy – m.cuomo@gruppoveritas.it.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 115 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
useful for the water profile definition according to the Directive 2006/7/EC on the<br />
quality of bathing water. The study can be useful also for the integrated areal analysis<br />
(Ostoich et al., 2006) and to define the area of influence of each submarine discharge<br />
point.<br />
The study needs further investigations (both numerical and ecological) in order to<br />
better analyze the effect of the WWTPs’ discharges on the coastal areas and on the<br />
bathing conditions, on the basis of the European indications.<br />
ARPA FVG<br />
Friuli Venezia‐Giulia Regional<br />
Protection Agency<br />
Water Department<br />
Via Cairoli 14. 30157 Palmanova UD,<br />
Italy<br />
www.arpa.fvg.it<br />
ARPAV<br />
Veneto Regional Environmental<br />
Prevention and Protection Agency<br />
Technical Department<br />
Piazzale Stazione, 1<br />
35131 PADOVA – ITALY<br />
www.arpa.veneto.it<br />
CNR ISMAR<br />
CNR ISMAR, Castello, 1364. 30125<br />
Venice, Italy, www.cnr.it
SUMMARY<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 116 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Design of sea outfalls for Constanta and Eforie WWTP's at Romania<br />
Kyriakos Spyropoulos 1 , Efstratios Andrianis<br />
The paper refers to the detail design for the project «Sea Outfalls for Constanta North<br />
and Eforie South WWTPs». The Contracting Authority of the project is the Central<br />
Finance and Contracting Unit within the Ministry of Public Finance of the Romanian<br />
Government.<br />
Constanta’s project consists of two pipe outfalls, the Long Sea Outfall (LSO) and the<br />
Storm Sea Outfall (SSO). The LSO pipeline, measures a length of 4,1km, 3,75 of which<br />
are offshore. The pipeline consists of GRP pipes, 1,5m internal diameter, discharging<br />
the effluents in the Black Sea at 15m‐depth approximately, via a multiple diffuser.<br />
The SSO pipeline, measures a total length of 500m and consists of same pipes as the<br />
LSO, discharging at 3,5m‐depth respectively via a smaller single riser diffuser,<br />
equipped with a duckbill valve. The LSO outfall discharges the full treated wastes up<br />
to a maximum discharge rate of 1900l/sec, while the SSO discharges the non‐treated<br />
overflows, coming from the storm‐water storage tank of the plant, up to a maximum<br />
discharge rate of 2400l/sec.<br />
The Eforie pipeline, consists of an onshore land section, measuring a length of<br />
approx. 800m, from the interconnection pit to the shoreline and an underwater one,<br />
being 1350m long. The whole pipeline is constructed of GRP pipes with an internal<br />
diameter of 700mm. The pipeline ends in a multiple port diffuser of approximately<br />
127m length with 24 risers, discharging at an approximate 9m depth the fully treated<br />
effluents in a maximum rate of 700l/sec.<br />
The design wave conditions offshore the pipelines installation area measure a wave<br />
height of 7,0m and a wave period of 11 sec.<br />
In the area of underwater pipelines construction, the sea bottom consists mainly of<br />
loose to medium dense, silty, fine, Sand with some thin layers of firm, sandy Clay.<br />
The design aspects of the two pipelines as well as scenes from the construction<br />
activity will be presented.<br />
1 Dr., Civil Engineer, kspyropoulos@tritonsa.gr ‐ Triton Consulting Engineers, 90 Pratinou<br />
Str., 11634Athens, Greece
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 117 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Use of a Lagrangian particle model to simulate the far field transport and fate of<br />
effluent discharged from the proposed new LACSD outfall<br />
C. Swanson 1 and T. Isaji 2<br />
Keywords: Lagrangian model, pollutant dispersion, wastewater discharge, outfall, far<br />
field transport<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The Los Angeles County Sanitary Districts (LACSD) retained Parsons–Water<br />
Infrastructure Group to conduct a feasibility study and preliminary engineering for a<br />
new ocean outfall for disposal of effluent from the LACSD’s Joint Water Pollution<br />
Control Plant in Carson, CA. For the purpose of increasing prediction reliability and<br />
acceptability, the proposed new outfall was modeled independently by the use of<br />
two different models. Parsons retained Applied Science Associates, Inc. to apply a<br />
Lagrangian particle model to estimate the transport and fate of material discharged.<br />
The general area of study for the modeling effort centers on the southern California<br />
waters off the Palos Verdes Peninsula, extends northwest past Point Dume (including<br />
Santa Monica Bay) and extends southeast to Dana Point and includes San Pedro Bay.<br />
A Lagrangian particle based model was applied to estimate the transport and fate of<br />
material discharged from a series of proposed locations selected by Parsons for a<br />
new discharge off the coast of southern California. The model has been successfully<br />
applied to a variety of marine discharge problems both in the United States and<br />
worldwide. The model uses particles to represent the discharged material which is<br />
horizontally advected by currents obtained from measurements and dispersed by<br />
turbulent diffusion in three dimensions. The particles represent a specified mass (or<br />
number of bacteria) which is allowed to decay to represent the fate of bacteria in the<br />
marine environment. Model input was determined from the effluent flow and<br />
concentration.<br />
The model was applied to the coastal area of southern California surrounding the<br />
location of the proposed discharge sites southeast of the Palos Verdes Peninsula in<br />
water depths between 55 and 73 m. The currents used to transport the particles<br />
were based on LACSD current records and other field data gathered within the last<br />
seven years. A numerical procedure (based on a coherence transfer function<br />
approach) to generate synthetic currents from stations that had no data for the<br />
1<br />
Craig Swanson (PhD.), Principal, cswanson@asascience.com ‐ Applied Science<br />
Associates, Inc., Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA<br />
2<br />
Tatsu Isaji (PhD.), Modeler‐ tisaji@asascience.com ‐ Applied Science Associates, Inc.,<br />
Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 118 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
calendar year chosen by the Parsons team (2005) helped to define currents in areas<br />
such as Santa Monica Bay, San Pedro Bay, and the coastal area around Huntington<br />
Beach further southeast. This transfer function approach provided amplitude and<br />
phase of the coherence as a function of frequency.<br />
Bacterial decay was incorporated using a model that is a function of solar radiation,<br />
particle depth in the water, and age of the particle. Empirical decay coefficients for<br />
both total coliform and enterococcus were used in the model. For surface bacteria,<br />
the coliform decays to 0.39% of its original value within 24 hrs while the<br />
enterococcus reduces to 0.03% within 24 hrs. Below a depth of approximately 32 m,<br />
however, the coliform takes 10 days to reduce to 7% of its original count and<br />
enterococcus requires 10 days to reduce to 5.6%. These variations are due to<br />
different decay rates for the two types of bacteria.<br />
Both horizontal and vertical diffusivities were tested in the model to examine the<br />
sensitivity of the predicted concentrations to a range of values. A horizontal diffusion<br />
coefficient of 8 m 2 /s was chosen to represent the mixing processes in the area. A<br />
vertical diffusion coefficient algorithm was developed that explicitly included the<br />
effects of the thermal stratification in the area that is known to limit vertical mixing.<br />
The algorithm varies the vertical diffusion coefficient from 0,3 to 40 cm 2 /s depending<br />
on time and the strength of the thermal stratification. Higher stratification inhibits<br />
the vertical movement of the plume.<br />
The model was run for the three candidate sites using the two bacteria (total coliform<br />
and enterococcus) and a conservative tracer. A series of monitoring stations were<br />
selected by the Parsons team that included shoreline stations, nearshore stations,<br />
stations at the edge of the Horseshoe Kelp area, diffuser stations and model domain<br />
stations in the study area and along the open boundaries. A year‐long time series<br />
(for 2005) was generated for each station.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 119 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Analysis and restoration of an aged marine outfall system: the Trieste sewer case<br />
P. Toscano 1 , V. Fiorotto 2 and E. Caroni 3<br />
Keywords: Wastewaters, ocean disposal, submerged diffusers, outfall sewers, pipe<br />
aging<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The Trieste outfall sewer system is active since 1992, discharging treated sewage at a<br />
distance of 7.5 km offshore and average sea depth of 20 m.<br />
The submerged diffuser has a Y shape, being constituted of a 500 m long inlet pipe,<br />
2 m in diameter, followed by two pipelines, 6 and 6.5 km in length, each leading to<br />
the diffusers, 500 and 1000 m long, respectively.<br />
The diffusers are formed by 600 risers, equally spaced at a 2.5 m interval, each<br />
bearing 4 nozzles with diameter 25 mm, protruding 1 m from the sea bottom.<br />
Ordinary discharges up to some 2200 l/s, flow in a by pass in simple gravity<br />
conditions. For larger discharges the by pass is closed and an auxiliary pumping<br />
station is activated to increase the upstream head.<br />
This system is efficient, provided full nozzle venting. This condition, however, is<br />
difficult to assess, both for difficulties in continuous monitoring and for possible<br />
nozzle occlusions.<br />
Moreover, risers are subject to damaging, for instance by fishing activities, leading to<br />
larger treated sewage fluxes and a lesser dilution efficiency.<br />
In case of low discharge rate, salt water intrusion can choke the diffuser ending<br />
segment thus reducing its efficiency.<br />
The paper presents a series of measurements, taken on the pipeline hydraulic<br />
features to monitor its actual condition and efficiency. The aging of the pipe system is<br />
assessed in comparison with the “as new” and design conditions.<br />
Some site measurements of dilution characteristics give some hints on actual system<br />
efficiency.<br />
Under the assumption of keeping on the actual pipeline, some suggestions for<br />
improving efficiency and continuity in the dilution process are sought and verified,<br />
based on appraisal of the offshore diffusion conditions.<br />
1 Paolo Toscano (Dr.) AcegasAps, v. Svevo, 2, I‐34144, Trieste, Italy,<br />
paolo.toscano@acegas‐aps.it<br />
2 Virgilio Fiorotto (Prof.) DICA, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of<br />
Trieste, piazzale Europa, 1, I‐34127, Trieste, Italy, virgilio@dica.units.it<br />
3 Elpidio Caroni (Ass. Prof.) DICA, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of<br />
Trieste, piazzale Europa, 1, I‐34127, Trieste, Italy, caroni@units.it
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 120 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The present work takes into account a new solution based on use of elastomeric<br />
valves, which can prevent salt water intrusion and avoid rips, due to both their<br />
elasticity and lesser protrusion into the sea.<br />
This solution is optimized for port location, and spacing, which can improve the<br />
system efficiency and reliableness.<br />
Design suggestions are issued, which can be of some help in directing approaches to<br />
similar problems.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 121 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Offshore pipeline applications for natural gas supply to Princess Islands in Istanbul<br />
V. Türkel 1 , Numan Aksoy 2<br />
Keywords: Gas distribution, offshore, gas pipelines, Princess islands, bottom tow,<br />
natural gas submarine lines.<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
It is at least uncommon that a gas distribution Company, even if serving a large<br />
coastal City as Istanbul, with its more than 14 million population, faces the need to<br />
extend the its network to nearby islands, the “Adalar”, known internationally as<br />
Princess Islands. Since long served by a submarine aqueduct built in the 90s, the<br />
islands were apparently f<strong>org</strong>otten in the planning of the city’s gas distribution<br />
network. Background reasons were certainly the scarce resident population (however<br />
increasing drastically in summer), the need of underwater crossings to and between<br />
the islands and the difficulties in the realization of the internal network.<br />
Nevertheless, the economical, safe, clean and easy domestic, industrial use of natural<br />
gas and the increasing demand of the Istanbul inhabitants in having this service<br />
forced İGDAŞ to revive the old idea of connecting the islands to the mainland<br />
network. To develop and realize the first submarine pipeline project connecting the<br />
mainland with the Princess Islands, IGDAŞ engineers needed to re‐invent themselves<br />
as marine engineers, with the cooperation of consultants and contractors. İGDAŞ<br />
started to develop the project outlines and specifications in early 2005 and awarded<br />
the “Design & Construct” contract by the end of 2005. The total pipeline length is<br />
9540 meters, divided in four sections. The main feeder, Dragos ‐ Büyükada is a 3900m<br />
long, 8” steel API 5L‐X60 pipeline. The other interconnections – between Buyukada,<br />
Heybeliada, burgazada and Kinaliada, totaling 5640m, have been designed in steel, 6”<br />
API5L‐X52. The maximum water depths at the crossings varied between 21 and 36m.<br />
Considering the water depths and the single section lengths, the project did not<br />
appear particularly engaging. However, the classical lay‐barge installation would have<br />
been uneconomical; therefore the more common bottom pull was chosen as<br />
installation method. On the other hand, to the characteristics and limited space at<br />
the shore approaches were strongly conditioning the string preparation. The paper<br />
will highlight the technical elements of the final design and illustrate how the local<br />
limitations have been overcome by adapting the bottom pull technique to the<br />
possibilities given by the available shore approach areas. By realizing the Adalar gas<br />
supply project, İGDAŞ has not only provided the natural gas needed by the islanders<br />
1 Veysel Türkel (Dr), vturkel@igdas.com.tr ‐ IGDAS İstanbul Gas Distribution Co.,<br />
Kazım Karabekir Cad.‐No:4, Alibeyköy, İstanbul, Turkey –<br />
2 Numan Aaksoy, naksoy@igdas.com.tr ‐ IGDAS İstanbul Gas Distribution Co., Kazım<br />
Karabekir Cad.‐No:4, Alibeyköy, İstanbul, Turkey www.igdas.com.tr
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 122 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
and by the summer vacationers, but has also implemented the possibility to attract<br />
an increased permanent population.<br />
Istanbul Gas Distribution Company (IGDAS) was established in December 25,<br />
1986 by participation of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and a number of<br />
subsidiaries for the purpose of performing operations to meet natural gas<br />
demand of Istanbul. Investments started and first gas was supplied to<br />
customers in January 1992. IGDAS is the leader of the sector in Turkey with a<br />
natural gas network of 12.3 thousand kilometers long, annual gas sale of 4<br />
billion m3 and more than 3.6 million customers in 2007. IGDAS is a member of<br />
International Gas Union (IGU).
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 123 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Evaluation of a shallow water outfall in a congested nearshore area: Mersin project<br />
Gijs van Banning 1 , Tobias Bleninger 2 and Carlo Avanzini 3<br />
Key words: Eastern Mediterranean, measurement campaign, sewage outfall, water<br />
quality, near, mid and far field models<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Mersin, Turkey is located along the south‐eastern coast of Anatolia, Lat. 36°48’15”,<br />
Lon 34°38’21”. Mersin, a fast growing city has already approximately 700,000<br />
inhabitants. The present wastewater is discharged untreated at the harbour<br />
waterfront.<br />
In order to protect the environment and to improve the present water quality, a full<br />
biological wastewater treatment plant is under construction. The EIB (European<br />
Investment Bank) is supporting the construction of this waste water plant. The<br />
project includes the construction of the plant, ancillary transmission lines and a sea<br />
outfall in order to reduce the impact of the discharge of waste water into the Bay of<br />
Mersin. System Yapi was assigned for the construction of the outfall pipeline. An<br />
earlier evaluation of alternatives was carried out in 2006, see also MWWD 2006.<br />
Nowadays waste water is frequently discharged in very deep waters in front of the<br />
coast. The consequences are costly and long outfall constructions, which are difficult<br />
to control on their impact in deeper water. Environmental Protection Agencies<br />
change their attitude in this respect. Present water quality issues approach changes.<br />
It is better to see and control what happens. In the present study such a choice was<br />
made. A shallow outfall was proposed. It reduces the cost and enables control of the<br />
discharged and treated effluent after construction, by measurements.<br />
The projected rate of treated wastewater is maximum 14,800 m 3 /hr (4.1 m 3 /s) in<br />
2020 and 17,400 m 3 /hr (4.8 m 3 /s) in 2030. The treated wastewater will have to meet<br />
the Turkish directives for water pollution. For some of the critical parameters, being<br />
the Total and Faecal Coliform (TC and FC), these directives are more restrict than the<br />
EU council directives for fresh and Shellfish waters.<br />
An additional measurement campaign was carried out for the proposed pipeline<br />
route by Peri Reis, reported by Avanzini in 2007. The near field modelling was carried<br />
1<br />
Gijs van Banning (Ir. Ing.), Alkyon Hydraulic Consultancy & Research, PO box 248, 8303 AE<br />
Emmeloord, The Netherlands. banning@alkyon.nl<br />
2<br />
Tobias Bleninger (Dr.‐Ing.) Institut für Hydromechanik, Universität Karlsruhe, Geb. 10.81,<br />
Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. bleninger@ifh.uka.de<br />
3<br />
Carlo Avanzini (Dr.Eng.), MWWD Organization, Cemil Topuzlu Cad. 26‐1‐34726 Caddebostan,<br />
Istanbul, Turkey‐+90.216.4113704/3602011 ‐ carlo.avanzini@mwwd.<strong>org</strong> – www.mwwd.<strong>org</strong>
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 124 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
out by Bleninger 2007 and the mid and far field modelling was carried out by Alkyon,<br />
Van Banning 2007.<br />
The method applied was a hybrid approach, using measurements and mathematical<br />
model investigations. The near field dilution was studied using the CORMIX model for<br />
various configurations of pipes and diffusers. The mid and far field mixing was studied<br />
using two and three‐dimensional Delft3D flow and water quality simulations. The<br />
simulation models were calibrated for the existing situation, using the<br />
measurements.<br />
The 2007 measurement campaign confirmed in general the earlier findings. However<br />
there was one exception. High values for FC and TC were found near the future<br />
position of the outfall and along the coastline, increasing towards the mouth of the<br />
Deli Cay River.<br />
The origin of these high values was found in the discharge of the Deli Cay River (low<br />
salinity values near the surface). A sudden burst of river discharge of this in summer<br />
insignificant small river, obviously raises high concentrations of TC’s and FC’s. It<br />
should be emphasized that the values found are of no influence to the work<br />
presented here. In fact it should be realised that the values found point at untreated<br />
wastewater, which will most probably be treated when the WWTP is ready.<br />
It is however also important to take that in account during future monitoring of<br />
wastewater quality according to the Turkish regulations. It should be emphasized to<br />
take not only samples around the outfall itself, but also always near the Deli Cay River<br />
mouth. Also in the future, samples with high concentrations of TC and FC may as well<br />
find their origin in the discharge of the Deli Cay River.<br />
The integrated approach is described and the proposed route for the pipeline is<br />
evaluated. The near field dilution and the diffuser design was evaluated using<br />
CORMIX. 3D plume modelling was applied to simulate the mid and far field behaviour<br />
of the brine. The stability and the buoyancy of the plume were considered as well.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 125 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Intake / Outfall effects on harbour sedimentation, a practical case in a tidal<br />
environment<br />
Gijs van Banning 1 , Gerrit Hartsuiker 2 and Luitze Perk 3<br />
Key words: North Sea, Intake, Outfall, sedimentation, harbours, numerical 3D‐model,<br />
tracer, density effects<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Eemshaven, is located along the west side of the Ems estuary in the north‐east of the<br />
Netherlands, Lat. N53°27’27”, Lon. E6°50’15”. The Ems estuary borders Germany in<br />
the East and the Netherlands in the West.<br />
The Eemshaven was created in 1973, to serve as an industrial development area for<br />
the north‐eastern part of the Netherlands. In 1976 a power station was constructed,<br />
which was expanded and upgraded in 1996 to an advanced natural‐gas fired power<br />
station of 2400 MWe. Recently initiatives have been developed for the expansion of<br />
the Eemshaven, for the deepening and widening of its access channel and for the<br />
exploitation of the area around the Eemshaven. The area is especially suitable for<br />
electricity generation, because fuels and cooling water and a 380 KV high voltage<br />
transmission line are easily available nearby.<br />
The new initiatives together require a maximum total cooling water use of 163 m 3 /s.<br />
This cooling water is taken in in the harbour basin itself. The cooling water is<br />
discharged outside the Eemshaven with various outfalls in open seawater. The intake<br />
of 163 m 3 /s disturbs the normal tidal filling and emptying of the Eemshaven basin. As<br />
a consequence of this change and as a consequence of the expansion, the<br />
sedimentation in the Eemshaven will change.<br />
Two different models were applied to investigate the change in sedimentation in the<br />
future. Both models were calibrated using existing sedimentation figures. The second<br />
model was used to fine tune the first model.<br />
The first model uses an empirical approach, identifying the most important<br />
mechanisms of water exchange between a harbour basin and the water body that it<br />
is connected to. These are:<br />
• the tidal storage capacity of the basin,<br />
1 Gijs van Banning (Ir. Ing.), Alkyon Hydraulic Consultancy & Research, PO box 248, 8303<br />
AE Emmeloord, The Netherlands. banning@alkyon.nl hartsuiker@alkyon.nl<br />
perk@alkyon.nl<br />
2 Gerrit Hartsuiker (Ing.), Alkyon Hydraulic Consultancy & Research, PO box 248, 8303 AE<br />
Emmeloord, The Netherlands. hartsuiker@alkyon.nl<br />
3 Gerrit Hartsuiker Luitze Perk (Ir.) Alkyon Hydraulic Consultancy & Research, PO box 248,<br />
8303 AE Emmeloord, The Netherlands. perk@alkyon.nl
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 126 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
• the density differences between the water in and outside the basin,<br />
• the diffusive exchange of water in the entrance of the basin,<br />
• the withdrawal or discharge of water in the basin itself.<br />
The changes in exchange will indicate the changes in sedimentation.<br />
The second model is a conventional numerical flow model in three dimensions. The<br />
Delft3D software was used to simulate the flow behaviour. The model was nested<br />
into the model train of the Dutch ministry of transport and public works<br />
(Rijkswaterstaat). The model train is a series of nested models that runs four times a<br />
day in the operational prediction system of Rijkswaterstaat. The system is used to<br />
predict the water levels to be expected along the Dutch coast and is one of the tools<br />
used to support the safety of the coast. The models used in this system have been<br />
extensively validated for many years and have proven to be accurate.<br />
The model used for this application was nested in the Ems Dollard model, which on<br />
its turn was nested in the Kuststrook model, the most detailed model in the model<br />
train. The three dimensional model of the Ems Dollard was extensively validated<br />
recently, in the framework of the expansions of the Eemshaven and its access<br />
channel.<br />
The applied Delft3D model solves the three dimensional shallow water equations,<br />
using a K‐epsilon turbulence closure model. Effects of salinity and temperature are<br />
accounted for. The used exchange model uses 14 Sigma layers in the vertical.<br />
A conservative tracer was used to calculate the water exchange in the harbour<br />
entrance. The values were compared with the values for the empirical model and the<br />
empirical model was fine tuned.<br />
PO Box 248<br />
8300 AE Emmeloord<br />
Mail: info@alkyon.nl<br />
Internet:www.alkyon.nl<br />
Tel:+31 527 248 100 Fax:+31 527 248 111
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 127 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Case study: Gemlik wastewater pretreatment plant and marine outfall system<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Ö.E.Varol 1 , T.Men 2 , M.Yaşar Varol 3 , I.Güler 4<br />
Keywords: wastewater discharge, marine outfall construction<br />
Gemlik Municipality (Bursa/TURKEY) wastewater pretreatment and marine outfall<br />
system was designed and constructed at 80’s. The pretreatment plant consisted of<br />
manual coarse and fine screens, and horizontal flow type grit chambers followed by<br />
marine outfall pump station. Marine outfall was constructed using 500mm GRP<br />
pipes, with a total length of 1050m (at sea). Discharge was at 40m water depth with a<br />
10 ported diffuser. The system, however, had become ineffective shortly due to lack<br />
of proper maintenance. In 2005, following an amendment on “Code of<br />
Municipalities”, Gemlik Municipality has entered responsibility area of Bursa<br />
Metropolitan Municipality.<br />
First investigations had revealed that inlet screw pumps, grit chambers and discharge<br />
pumps were mostly out of order, and the outfall pipe was broken approximately<br />
300m from the shore, discharging untreated wastewater into the shallow and still<br />
waters of Gemlik Bay. As an immediate action, Yuksel Proje Uluslararası A.Ş.,<br />
Engineering and consultant company for BUSKI (Bursa Water and Sewerage<br />
Administration), had designed a new wastewater pretreatment plant and marine<br />
outfall system. According to the development plans, the only suitable area for the<br />
new pretreatment plant was the same area of the existing plant. This has lead to a<br />
challenging project, which needed careful construction planning, to build and operate<br />
a new plant over an existing one, without interrupting the wastewater flow.<br />
This study covers brief explanation of both the design and construction phases of the<br />
new system, the problems encountered and solutions applied.<br />
1 Özgür Evren Varol, evarol@yukselproje.com.tr Yuksel Proje Uluslararası A.Ş. BUSKI<br />
Dogu Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi, Osmangazi Bursa / TURKEY<br />
2 Turgut Men, tmen@buski.gov.tr (BUSKI Deputy General Manager) BUSKI Acemler<br />
Bursa/TURKEY<br />
3 M.Yaşar Varol, yvarol@yukselproje.com.tr Yuksel Proje Uluslararası A.Ş. BUSKI Dogu<br />
Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi, Osmangazi Bursa / TURKEY<br />
4 Işıkhan Güler, iguler@yukselproje.com.tr Yuksel Proje Uluslararası A.Ş. Birlik Mah.<br />
9.Cad. no:41 Çankaya Ankara / TURKEY
Bursa Metropolitan Municipality<br />
Water and Sewerage<br />
Administration General Directorate<br />
BUSKI<br />
YÜKSEL PROJE ‐ İLF<br />
JOINT VENTURE<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 128 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 129 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Changes in the zooplankton biocenosis of Bay of Boka Kotorska due to introduction<br />
of alien species in ballast waters<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Vera Vukanić 1 , Sanja Bauk 2 , Špiro Ivošević 3<br />
Bay of Boka Kotorska is situated in the southeastern part of Adriatic in the subtropical<br />
climate zone. It penetrates 28 km inland and is composed of four adjoining bays: Bay<br />
of Hercegnovi (directly communicating with the open sea), Bay of Tivat, and the inner<br />
bays Bay of Risan and Bay of Kotor. On one hand, during the winter the Bay is under a<br />
strong influence of waters from deep South Adriatic and ascending Eastern<br />
Mediterranean current, while on the other hand under the influence of large influx of<br />
fresh water from the surrounding mainland during the autumn and winter‐spring<br />
season. Bay of Boka Kotorska is a dynamic ecosystem with specific physical‐chemical<br />
and biological conditions that vary not only among seasons but also during quite<br />
short time intervals. The estuaries and bay are situated between the inland area and<br />
the pelagial, forming a system under a strong influence of human activities, both<br />
direct and indirect, leading to immense consequences on ecosystem functioning<br />
(C u m m i n s et al. 2004). Such activities can successfully modify the dynamics,<br />
structure and development of marine populations or communities, especially those<br />
of plankton in coastal ecosystems. This paper presents the new data on fluctuations<br />
of zooplankton community in the closed neritic biotope of Bay of Boka Kotorska, and<br />
the appearance of unusual species, especially in the inner bays. The zooplankton of<br />
the bay is characterized by the monotonous character of fauna. Concerning the<br />
qualitative‐quantitative composition of zooplankton in the whole Bay, usually the Bay<br />
of Hercegnovi is the only one with a significant presence of open‐sea species, while<br />
the other bays within Boka Kotorska are characterized by estuary‐neritic species<br />
typical of closed inland area. Therefore, appearance of species Sagitta<br />
serratodentata, Sagitta friderici, Chrysaora hysoscella, Solmaris albescens and others<br />
in the inner bays indicates the possibility of their introduction in ballast water from<br />
the ships.<br />
The biggest port in the inland waters is Port of Kotor (placed in the Bay of Boka<br />
Kotorska). Its operational and service coast is 512m long toward inland aquatorium<br />
and 153m long toward Shurda River. While its depth varies from 14 to 30m, the<br />
1<br />
Vera Vukanić, v_vukanic@yahoo.com, University of Novi Pazar, Faculty of technical<br />
science, Department of biology, Vuka Karadžića bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Republic of<br />
Serbia<br />
2<br />
Sanja Bauk, bsanja@cg.yu ‐ Maritime Faculty, University of Montenegro, Dobrota<br />
36, 85330 Kotor, Republic of Montenegro<br />
3<br />
Špiro Ivošević, spiki@cg.yu‐ Maritime Faculty, University of Montenegro, Dobrota 36,<br />
85330 Kotor, Republic of Montenegro
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 130 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
maximum allowed ship’s draft is 8,5m. What is of particular importance for<br />
mentioning? In the period April‐September 2007, more than 100 passenger (cruise)<br />
ships passed through the Port of Kotor. Their average GWT was more than one<br />
million tons. All these ships normally carried out ballast operations in the Port of<br />
Kotor to maintain stability, and upright position by appropriate trimming and heeling<br />
during unloading/loading operations. If we assume that passenger ships’ ballast<br />
waters are from one‐half to two‐third of overall onboard fuel capacity (Maddison,<br />
2006), the average minimum and the average maximum amount of ballast waters<br />
being released in the Bay of Kotor were between 150 and 200 tons per ships, or 15 to<br />
20 thousands of tons in total! It is obvious that huge amount of ballast waters has<br />
been discharged in the Port of Kotor, due to its aquatorium surface and overall water<br />
capacity, causing, undoubtedly, economic and environment damages by introducing<br />
aquatic nuisance species, what shall be discussed in some more in the paper.<br />
Key words: zooplankton, distribution, Boka Kotorska Bay, Bay of Kotor, ballast waters
ABSTRACT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 131 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Modelling of iron hydroxide settling from a desalination plant outfall<br />
Tony Webb 1 , William Glamore 2<br />
Keywords: desalination, outfall, iron<br />
Desalination plants for coastal communities often incorporate ocean outfalls to<br />
discharge the seawater concentrate from the reverse osmosis units. For efficient<br />
operation of such units it is necessary to pre‐treat to remove as much settleable<br />
material as possible. To enhance this process it is common to add a flocculating agent<br />
such as ferric chloride which can be readily obtained from steelworks. However a by‐<br />
product of the flocculation is ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3), a precipitant that presents as<br />
a red sediment. If this is discharged with the concentrate it could jeopardise<br />
environmental standards for discharge to seawater such as: ‘no significant impacts on<br />
seawater quality from seawater concentrate beyond near field mixing zone, and no<br />
significant impacts on visual amenity from seawater concentrate’.<br />
As part of a study to assess the impact of discharging Fe(OH)3 with the concentrate<br />
we have developed a model of the physical behaviour of the sediment. Underlining<br />
this model separate laboratory studies are being conducted for the concentrate<br />
plume trajectory as well as settling and erosion characteristics of the sediment.<br />
The conceptual design of this typical outfall involves a series of ports on the seabed in<br />
20 m depth, each port angled 60 o up from horizontal. The effluent discharges<br />
independently from each port at speed of about 5 m/s, with salinity about double<br />
that of the receiving waters. The combined action of momentum and (negative)<br />
buoyancy result in rapid dilution and a trajectory that rises towards the surface<br />
before falling to the seafloor and spreading. We have ignored the ambient ocean<br />
currents in this study although they will act to considerably increase dilutions.<br />
Laboratory scale model tests have established the trajectory and centreline dilutions.<br />
Settling rates of the Fe(OH)3 are being determined in laboratory cylinders for a range<br />
of concentrations and, because the sediment flocculates, varying times. Assessment<br />
is also being made on the difference between still water and turbulent.<br />
1 Tony Webb (Dr), t.webb@adfa.edu.au – University of New South Wales at the<br />
Australian Defence Force Academy, Northcott Dr, Campbell, ACT, 2600 Australia ‐<br />
www.unsw.adfa.edu.au<br />
2 William Glamore (Dr), w.glamore@wrl.unsw.edu.au – University of New South Wales,<br />
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Laboratory, King St,<br />
Manly Vale, NSW 2095, Australia ‐ www.wrl.unsw.edu.au
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 132 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
A line‐integral model has been adapted (based on the laboratory scale model results)<br />
in order to define a complete mapping of the mean flow field within the plume.<br />
Added to the mean flow field model is a model of diffusivity based on laboratory<br />
results for simple jets and plumes. The flow field outside the plume is mapped using<br />
inviscid flow theory for a non‐uniform, curved profile, line sink. The molecular<br />
diffusion in this region is ignored. The influence of the bed boundary is treated using<br />
the mirror method. The boundary layer is ignored, as is the spreading bed flow and<br />
the effect of the sea surface.<br />
To predict the fate of the sediment we start with known concentration, assumed fully<br />
mixed, at the port exit. A particle tracking method is used to predict the fate of single<br />
particles combing the mean flow velocity, a random contribution from the diffusion<br />
and the settling velocity.<br />
By combining the results of hundreds or thousands of trajectories it is possible to<br />
estimate the concentration and/or flux of Fe(OH)3 at any point in the computational<br />
domain, including near the surface (important for visibility), at the point where the<br />
plume meets the sea bed (important for checking against laboratory data), and at any<br />
point on the sea bed (the main result required from this research)<br />
These results will eventually be combined with the outcomes of related studies to<br />
assess the impact of the discharge and to advise whether or not the Fe(OH)3 should<br />
be managed in this manner.<br />
School of Aerospace, Civil and Mechanical Engineering<br />
UNSW@ADFA<br />
UNSW School of Civil and Environmental Engineering<br />
WATER RESEARCH LABORATORY
Dense jet assessment procedure<br />
M.J. Wood 1 , C.T Mead 2<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 133 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Keywords: Dense jets, desalination, wastewater discharge, mixing zone, initial<br />
dilution, modelling<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
HR Wallingford has long experience of assessments of the dilution and dispersion of<br />
positively‐buoyant marine discharges from, for example, power stations and<br />
refineries. However, amidst increasing concerns over water resources, it is becoming<br />
more important to understand the behaviour of negatively‐buoyant discharges from<br />
proposed desalination plants. LNG regasification plants and salt cavern leaching<br />
operations are further sources of negatively‐buoyant discharges to the sea.<br />
Studies of dense discharges usually involve two‐stage approaches: a near‐field<br />
dilution assessment, based on mixing zone software; and a mid‐ to far‐field<br />
dilution/dispersion assessment to check longer‐term build‐up of background<br />
concentrations, using hydrodynamic models. This paper presents results from a<br />
study undertaken to assess shortfalls in current modelling techniques, identify<br />
alternative approaches where appropriate, and formulate a procedure for the<br />
assessment of dense discharge dispersion and dilution.<br />
Considerations of the study include:<br />
- Weak ambient currents: initial dilution models are considered to have<br />
limitations when the prediction of dilutions in relatively stagnant<br />
environments is required. The study considers the potential for<br />
supplementing near‐field modelling results with analytic calculations of<br />
dilution in such conditions.<br />
- Model coupling: the study presents relatively simple techniques to take the<br />
results of near‐field models into account when specifying mid/far‐field<br />
dispersion model simulations.<br />
1 Matthew J. Wood (Mr), mjw@hrwallingford.co.uk ‐ HR Wallingford Ltd, Howbery Park,<br />
Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, United Kingdom – www.hrwallingford.co.uk<br />
2 Christopher T. Mead (Dr), ctm@hrwallingford.co.uk ‐ HR Wallingford Ltd, Howbery<br />
Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, United Kingdom – www.hrwallingford.co.uk
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 134 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
HR Wallingford is an independent company offering specialist environmental<br />
and engineering consultancy, applied research services and software systems<br />
worldwide. Established in 1947, it has delivered innovative solutions to<br />
complex hydraulic problems ever since, and has gained a well‐deserved<br />
international reputation for scientific and engineering excellence in the<br />
management of water related risks.
Aspects of seismic analysis of long sea outfalls<br />
A. D. Zervou 1 , C. D. Memos 2<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 135 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Keywords: Pipeline, Fault Rupture Propagation, Seismic Shaking, Earthquake<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Long sea outfalls are particularly sensitive to tensile and compressive deformations<br />
such as those imposed by a normal seismogenic fault rupturing underneath, and to<br />
those generated by the response to seismic waves. Until today, this subject has not<br />
been investigated thoroughly.<br />
In the present study two main aspects of the behaviour of long outfalls under seismic<br />
excitation are analysed: the stresses induced by vertical displacements due to a fault<br />
rupture occurring underneath the pipeline, and the more general case where the<br />
pipeline deformations are sought when it is subjected to seismic waves travelling<br />
along its length.<br />
In the first case, the propagation of a fault rupture through coastal sediments of the<br />
seabed is examined. The parameters expected to influence the behaviour of the pipe<br />
and consequently examined in the present study are: the material of the pipeline, the<br />
depth and the type of the upper layer of soil deposit. More specifically, for each<br />
parameter there are three alternative values:<br />
Material of the pipeline<br />
Depth of the soil deposit (m)<br />
Type of the soil deposit<br />
Concrete<br />
Steel<br />
HDPE<br />
10<br />
40<br />
100<br />
Clay (medium stiff)<br />
Sand (medium dense)<br />
Gravel (medium dense)<br />
For comparison reasons, the external diameter of the pipeline is assumed to be the<br />
same in all models. The wall thickness depends on the selected material. Another<br />
1<br />
Anneta D. Zervou (MSc), annzervou@yahoo.gr – National Technical University of<br />
Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 5, Athens, Greece<br />
2<br />
Constantine D. Memos (Prof), memos@hydro.ntua.gr – National Technical University<br />
of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 5, Athens, Greece – www.civil.ntua.gr
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 136 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
assumption that is kept constant during the analysis is the depth of the protection<br />
layer of rubble over the pipeline.<br />
For each separate model, it is examined how a vertical displacement caused at the<br />
fault location propagates all the way to the pipeline and which is the critical value of<br />
the vertical displacement for which the resulting maximum strain at the pipeline<br />
exceeds the yield strain of the specific material.<br />
In the second case, the earthquake is modeled as a harmonic wave propagating at a<br />
given angle of incidence in a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic medium. The analysis is<br />
divided into two steps. Initially, the free‐field horizontal and vertical ground<br />
displacements, caused by a seismic wave, are being calculated along a distance equal<br />
to the length of the outfall. Subsequently, these displacements are imposed following<br />
a time history on the nodes of the model that represent the pipeline. In this way, it is<br />
possible to perceive how a long pipeline is affected during an earthquake event.<br />
As in the first case, the basic parameters used as input to the model are the material<br />
of the outfall and the type of soil in which the pipeline is buried.<br />
The finite element code ABAQUS was used to perform both seismic analyses of the<br />
pipeline, as mentioned above.<br />
National Technical University of Athens
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 137 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Field monitoring and oceanographic modeling for a large desalination plant in<br />
Australia<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Kresho Zic 1 , Daniel Couton<br />
The paper will present recently completed extensive field monitoring and<br />
oceanographic modeling study served to facilitate engineering design and regulatory<br />
approvals for a large desalination plant, proposed along Western Australian coast,<br />
with a capacity of 100 GL/a. The construction of the large desalination plants in<br />
Australia has been taking momentum, with several large desalination plants in<br />
construction or on planning boards. The transparent evaluation of key features of the<br />
marine environment, allowing for successful design of marine infrastructure, the<br />
seawater intake in particular, and providing a sound understanding of the likely<br />
impact of the brine discharge on the marine environment, represents the key factor<br />
ensuring both, the efficient operation of the desalination plant and streamlined<br />
approval process.<br />
The complexity of the associated challenges, from technical and regulatory approvals<br />
points of view, required cooperation of specialists covering the wide range of skill<br />
sets, from marine/water/chemical engineers to academics with experience in state of<br />
the art oceanographic monitoring and marine water quality.<br />
The study encompassed site selections, extensive field monitoring, both<br />
oceanographic and water quality as well as numerical modeling. Shorter, intensive<br />
field surveys were complemented with the deployment of instruments that provided<br />
continuous data over the long period of time. Numerical modeling deployed a suite<br />
of tools, from near‐field models to evaluate dilution of the brine in the vicinity of the<br />
outfall to detailed 3D oceanographic models used to evaluate the transport and fate<br />
of the brine away from the point of discharge. Two oceanographic models were used<br />
over the range of likely operational conditions, COHERENS and HAMSOM, to ensure<br />
that some particular features of selected numerical tools do not affect results. Key<br />
feature was the development of powerful and intuitive computer graphics to<br />
facilitate communication of complex results to regulatory authorities and within a<br />
large team with members experienced in different aspects of engineering or marine<br />
ecology.<br />
The paper will presents methodology deployed to ensure the comprehensive<br />
assessment of marine conditions for both, design of desalination plant and<br />
understanding of the environmental impact, as well as some of the stat of the art<br />
tools deployed and their respective results.<br />
1<br />
Kresho Zic, kresho.zic@kbr.com, Kellogg Brown & Root, 256 ST Ge<strong>org</strong>es Tce, Perth<br />
Western Australia
POSTER <strong>PAPERS</strong><br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 138 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Some of the colleagues prefer to present<br />
their contribution as Poster paper.<br />
It is a matter of preference, since we<br />
always give the possibility to include their<br />
paper in the program of oral<br />
presentations.<br />
It is evident that a “visual” presentation<br />
is sometimes more effective than a<br />
15min slide show, and permits<br />
sometimes a more focused discussion<br />
with the author.<br />
The posters will be distributed in the Quiet Salon in such a way to permit a good<br />
visibility and the necessary space to stay in front of them and to discuss the subject,<br />
and will be visible all through the conference.<br />
INDEX (by author)<br />
Bianchini, Marco L. (Italy) ‐ Sinking derelict, “cleared” fishing boats off the coast of<br />
Sicily, for environmental protection, resource enhancement and touristic utilization<br />
Jeon, Jun Ho (South Korea) ‐ Changes in physico‐chemical properties and toxicity of<br />
chemical additives discharged from SWRO desalination plant as function of salinity<br />
Pascual Barrera, Alina (Spain) ‐ Monitoring the discharge of marine outfalls in the<br />
coast of Valencia (Spain)<br />
Poje, Mateja (Slovenia)‐ Bacterial pollution in Slovene coastal waters<br />
Rubinic, Josip (Croatia) ‐ Water Management Problems in Coastal Karstic Regions ‐<br />
Interrelationship of Natural Processes and Human Impacts Exemplified by Raša River<br />
Estuary (Istria‐Croatia)<br />
Scroccaro, Isabella (Italy) ‐ 3D Modeling of submarine discharges in the Gulf of Trieste<br />
Teodoro, Andreia C. (Brazil) ‐ Integration of geochemical and foraminifers<br />
associations analysis as a tool for environmental characterization of the Araçá<br />
domestic sewage submarine outfall, São Sebastião Channel, Brazil
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 139 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Sinking derelict, “cleared” fishing boats off the coast of Sicily, for environmental<br />
protection, resource enhancement and touristic utilization<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Marco L. Bianchini 1 , Nancy Spanò 2 , Sergio Ragonese 3<br />
Key words: derelict fishing vessels, artificial reefs, inshore enhancement,<br />
diving tourism<br />
Man‐made structures have been used extensively in the marine environment for<br />
restoring ailing reefs or creating new ones aimed at ecological enhancement, for<br />
increasing fish production and for habitat/species protection (especially against illegal<br />
fishing), for scuba diving and many other specific goals. In general, two basic kinds of<br />
structures are recognized: “generic” or "designed” artificial reefs, where the former<br />
are often simply developed "to improve the marine environment", whereas the latter<br />
are built with specific goals, e.g. estimating species diversity and population densities.<br />
Besides modular concrete/fiberglass units (such as the “reef balls”),<br />
decommissioned metal constructions, i.e. obsolete oil rings or derelict vessels, are<br />
among the possible substrates. Their use as artificial barriers presents many<br />
advantages, such as:<br />
‐ they are already available in or near the area of deployment;<br />
‐ the cost of preparing and “securing” is similar to the cost of scraping;<br />
‐ their efficiency is higher than that of concrete blocks;<br />
‐ their shape allows diving excursions.<br />
Countless wrecks (i.e., vessels sunken unwillingly) occur diffusely on the sea floor;<br />
even if some of them raise concerns for the risk of leaking pollutants in the<br />
environment, the capability of steel wrecks, in particular those located near shore<br />
(i.e. within 40‐50 m of depth), to remain structurally sound, to increase diversity and<br />
abundance of flora and fauna, to enhance small‐scale fisheries and divers activities,<br />
have been recognized by the scientific and lay communities. Incidentally, it is worth<br />
noting that the European Union has funded some projects for the conservation of<br />
“historical” wrecks, as mankind cultural inheritance, and has included the possibility<br />
of using fishing boats, decommissioned within the plan for reducing fishing effort and<br />
1<br />
Senior researcher, Institute of agro‐environmental biology and forestry, Italian National<br />
Research Council, IBAF‐CNR, Monterotondo Scalo (Roma, Italy) ‐ bradipo50@yahoo.com<br />
2<br />
Researcher, Dept. of Animal biology and marine ecology, DBAEM, University of Messina<br />
(Italy) ‐ spano@unime.it<br />
3<br />
Research director, Institute for the marine and coastal environment, Italian National<br />
Research Council, IAMC‐CNR, Mazara del Vallo (Trapani, Italy) ‐<br />
sergio.ragonese@iamc.cnr.it
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 140 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
fleet overcapacity, as artificial reefs. In recent years, the deliberate sinking of<br />
"cleared" vessels of different origin (warships, trawlers, etc.) has become a recursive<br />
and diffuse practice worldwide. This development is also supported by recent studies<br />
that solved the attraction‐production controversy; in fact, wrecks not only attract<br />
species from neighboring natural bottoms but also produce new biomass and furnish<br />
habitat suitable to different species.<br />
As concerns the Sicilian coasts, a visual census carried on recently on various vessels<br />
lost in the past century near Messina has shown a high diversity of assemblages,<br />
confirming their positive role in the coastal environment. Unluckily, the southern<br />
coast lacks "natural" wrecks with suitable characteristics as trawling deterrent and<br />
diving spots. Thus, the creation of artificial reefs with decommissioned (and cleared)<br />
fishing boats was first attempted in the early '90s, when one 30 m steel and<br />
9 wooden (20‐33 m) bottom trawler were deliberately sunken off Capo Granitola at a<br />
depth of about 30 m. Now, after 15 years, only the steel ship remains, but the<br />
distance from the Mazara harbour, the lack of surveillance, the illegal fishing, and the<br />
frequent water turbidity have hampered the biological goals and the promotion of<br />
leisure diving.<br />
With this in mind, and considering the availability of many out‐of‐work fishing<br />
vessels, a project has been proposed for sinking them near Mazara, where water<br />
transparency and surveillance capabilities are higher than in the previous spots. In<br />
particular, 4 boats (steel hulls, 25‐30 m long) shall be readied, removing the<br />
pollutants and making them safe for scuba diving under the strictest standards, to be<br />
sunken perpendicularly to the coastline in two spots, on soft bottoms about 30‐40 m<br />
deep. Other environment‐friendly innovative interventions, such as the “Exfol”<br />
(anti‐climax, self‐exfoliating concrete slabs, supposed to maintain a high diversity of<br />
the benthos) and the “pseudokelp” (ropes imitating plants, making a sort of<br />
submerged prairie), as well as floating “atolls”, will be associated to the sunken<br />
vessels, to enhance their value as fish oasis and tourist attraction. A monitoring<br />
program is envisaged.<br />
In conclusion, the proposed project is multi‐focused, being aimed at integrating:<br />
i) environmental protection, ii) increased resources for the artisanal fishery and iii) an<br />
eco‐compatible touristic exploitation.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 141 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Changes in physico‐chemical properties and toxicity of chemical additives<br />
discharged from SWRO desalination plant as function of salinity<br />
J.H. Jeon 1 and S.D. Kim 2<br />
Keywords: desalination, ecological risk assessment, membrane cleaning agents,<br />
Trihalomethane, physic‐chemical properties, salting‐out<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Recently, the large scale SWRO desalination plant has been designed with advanced<br />
RO membrane technique in Korea. Meanwhile, ecological risks induced by the<br />
desalination plant should be taken into consideration for successive application of<br />
environmental‐friendly water supplier. Brine discharge released from SWRO plant<br />
contains a number of chemical additives which are used for pre‐treatment and<br />
maintenance. Among the chemicals, trihalomethanes(THMs) which are by‐products<br />
of chlorination occurred in pre‐treatment processes have been ecologically<br />
concerned due to its carcinogenic effect. In addition, membrane cleaning agents such<br />
as formaldehyde, isothiazole, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium<br />
dodecylsulfate, etc would be acutely toxic to marine <strong>org</strong>anisms at outfall<br />
concentration. Meanwhile, brine discharge is characterized with high salt<br />
concentration ranging from 40 to 80 g/L. Saline condition induced by the discharge<br />
can affect physico‐chemical properties of chemicals delivered with brine, as well as<br />
causing adverse effects on marine <strong>org</strong>anisms living around the plant. In this study,<br />
physico‐chemical properties of chemical additives such as solubility(Sw),<br />
hydrophobicity(Kow), partition coefficient (Kd), etc are explored, and the change of<br />
their toxic effects on marine <strong>org</strong>anisms is estimated as function of salinity.<br />
GIST is a research‐oriented graduate school that focuses on the essential fields of<br />
applied science and engineering. The institute was founded in 1993 by the Korea<br />
1 Jun Ho Jeon (Ms), jjh0208@gist.ac.kr ‐ Department of Environmental Science and<br />
Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong‐dong,<br />
Buk‐gu, Gwangju 500‐712, Korea<br />
2 Sang Don Kim (Dr), sdkim@gist.ac.kr ‐ Department of Environmental Science and<br />
Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong‐dong,<br />
Buk‐gu, Gwangju 500‐712, Korea
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 142 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
government to meet the nation’s need for advanced research and to enhance the<br />
development of higher education in science and engineering. It is expected to take<br />
a leading role in performing research and development in cooperation with<br />
industry sectors.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 143 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Monitoring the discharge of marine outfalls in the coast of Valencia (Spain)<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
A. Pascual 1 , C. Mösso 1 , J.P. Sierra 1 , M. Mestres 1 ,<br />
I. Romero 2 , J. González del Río 2 , S. Falco 3 , M. Rodilla 3<br />
Keywords: Eutrophication, field campaigns, nutrients, marine outfall<br />
One of the most important problems occurring in coastal areas is the production of<br />
large quantities of urban wastewater that are discharged into the sea through marine<br />
outfalls to reduce their pollution load by dilution. These effluents may carry<br />
important loads of contaminants, nutrients and pathogenic bacteria leading to the<br />
degradation of coastal environment, especially if the discharge is either, without the<br />
correct treatment, or close to the shoreline. This is the case of the coastal waters of a<br />
stretch of the Valencian coast, specifically in the zones of Cullera, Gandia and Pinedo,<br />
where the urban wastewater discharges to the sea have occasionally caused changes<br />
in the ecosystem, mainly due to the eutrophication produced by excessive nutrient<br />
supply. This situation is especially critical during the summer season, since the<br />
increase of tourism in this area generates a dramatic increase in the load of urban<br />
wastewater that is discharged to the marine environment. In order to assess the<br />
consequences of the input of high loads of nutrients and contaminants, these<br />
discharges have been monitored through a series of field campaigns that allowed the<br />
1 Alina Pascual Barrera (PhD student), alina.pascual@upc.edu – Laboratori d’Enginyeria<br />
Marítima; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; c/Jordi Girona 1‐3, Edif. D1 Campus<br />
Nord, 08034, Barcelona, Spain<br />
1 César Mösso Aranda, (Dr), cesar.mosso@upc.edu ‐ Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima;<br />
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; c/Jordi Girona 1‐3, Edif. D1 Campus Nord, 08034,<br />
Barcelona, Spain<br />
1 Joan Pau Sierra Pedrico (Dr), joan.pau.sierra@upc.edu ‐ Laboratori d’Enginyeria<br />
Marítima; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; c/Jordi Girona 1‐3, Edif. D1 Campus<br />
Nord, 08034, Barcelona, Spain<br />
1 Marc Mestres Ridge (Dr), marc.mestres@upc.edu ‐ Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima;<br />
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; c/Jordi Girona 1‐3, Edif. D1 Campus Nord, 08034,<br />
Barcelona, Spain<br />
2 Inmaculada Romero Gil (Dr), inrogi@dihma.upv.es – Laboratorio de Tecnologías del<br />
Medioambiente; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Camino de Vera, s/n 46022,<br />
Valencia, Spain<br />
2 Julio González del Río (Dr), jgonzrio@hma.upv.es ‐ Laboratorio de Tecnologías del<br />
Medioambiente; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Camino de Vera, s/n 46022,<br />
Valencia, Spain<br />
3 Silvia Falco Giacaglia (Dr), sfalcog@hma.upv.es ‐ Escuela Politécnica superior de<br />
Gandia; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia<br />
3 Miguel Rodilla Alama (Dr), mrodilla@hma.upv.es ‐ Escuela Politécnica superior de<br />
Gandia; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 144 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
characterization of the water quality and the transport/dispersion driving<br />
mechanisms. These measurements included records of wind and currents, and<br />
profiles at several stations of salinity, temperature, pH and conductivity. The water<br />
samples were analyzed in laboratory to determine salinity, chlorophyll α, ammonium,<br />
nitrite, nitrate, SRP, TDP, TP and silicate. The results indicate potential eutrophication<br />
levels and deterioration of water quality in these areas, especially in Cullera Bay,<br />
where the situation is more critical than it is on the coasts of Pinedo or Gandia. This is<br />
because the water quality in Cullera is affected additionally by the Júcar river that<br />
supplies important loads of phosphorous‐rich agricultural residues, and the<br />
geomorphology of the area, where the Cullera Cape exerts an effect of retention of<br />
nutrients and contaminants discharged by the outfall.
ABSTRACT<br />
Bacterial pollution in Slovene coastal waters<br />
M. Poje 1<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 145 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Keywords: bacteria pollution, coastal water, monitoring<br />
Squashed between Italy and Croatia, the Slovenian coast is only 46 kms long but it is<br />
quality not quantity that counts. It is full of colourful fishing villages, olive groves and<br />
clean, clear water, which offer various water‐related sports from traditional bathing<br />
and boating for relaxation to adrenaline‐inducing sports. With the intention of<br />
protecting bathers' health, the Bathing Water Directive was adopted in European<br />
Union, which requires each EU Member States to identify bathing waters and to take<br />
all necessary measures to bring these waters up to the quality standards prescribed.<br />
The directive was fully and accurately transposed into Slovenian legislation in 2004<br />
when Slovenia became a part of the union. According to its requirements, the quality<br />
of bathing water is monitored at least every 14 days in 19 coastal bathing waters<br />
during the bathing season, which lasts from 15th June to 30th September. The<br />
parameters that must be checked are microbiological (total coliforms and faecal<br />
coliforms) and physico‐chemical (mineral oils, surface‐active substances and<br />
phenols). The quality results are presented in national annual reports and are also<br />
part of the report on the implementation of the Bathing Water Directive, which must<br />
be sent to the competent institutions in Brussels by the end of each year. Based on<br />
the Member States’ annual reports, the Commission draws up annually a summary<br />
report and publishes it on the internet, with the aim to inform the public of the<br />
quality of bathing waters in the European Union and in each individual Member<br />
State.<br />
The monitoring data from 2004 to 2007 show that the average bathing quality in<br />
Slovene coastal areas is high, but occasionally bacterial pollution appear. According<br />
to that Commission report for bathing season 2007, contrary to the excellent results<br />
of the year 2006, only 68.4 % of the bathing waters met mandatory standards, but,<br />
on the other hand, all of them also met the guideline standard. The microbiological<br />
<strong>org</strong>anisms listed in the Directive are all natural inhabitants of the guts of humans and<br />
other warm‐blooded animals, and are used as indicators of faecal pollution. Their<br />
presence identifies waters which may have received volumes of sewage that have not<br />
been given adequate treatment or dilution. Equally, large concentrations of sea‐birds<br />
or agricultural run‐off may also give rise to these microbiological indicators in bathing<br />
waters. Livestock slurries and manure, if applied to agricultural land inappropriately,<br />
1 Mateja Poje (MSc), mateja.poje@gov.si ‐ Environmental Agency of the Republic of<br />
Slovenia, Vojkova 1b, SI‐1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, http://www.arso.gov.si/
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 146 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
can enter inland watercourses and be transported to coastal areas. The bacteria and<br />
viruses present in sewage and animal excreta may cause illness, especially as a result<br />
of ingestion or infection through wounds or cuts.<br />
In the first phase, Slovenia is endeavoring to collect reliable sets of data on bathing<br />
water quality, which will be used for the planning of measures to be taken to achieve<br />
a required bathing water quality. Construction of numerous water treatment plants<br />
in the bathing water catchment areas, which are planned in the Operative<br />
Programme for the Urban Wastewater Collecting and Treatment, will certainly<br />
contribute to the quality of Slovenian waters.<br />
The Environmental Agency is a body of the Ministry of the Environment and<br />
Spatial Planning. It performs expert, analytical, regulatory and administrative<br />
tasks related to the environment at the national level.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 147 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Water management problems in coastal Karstic regions ‐ Interrelationship of<br />
natural processes and human impacts exemplified by Raša River Estuary<br />
(Istria‐Croatia)<br />
Josip Rubinić 1 , Sandra Visković 2 , Milijana Radić 3 ,<br />
Irina Kelava 4<br />
Keywords: water management, karstic spring, estuary, water quality, water supply,<br />
wastewater management, waste disposal site rehabilitation<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Paper analyzes water management issues in coastal karstic areas exemplified in Raša<br />
River estuary (Istria, Croatia), characteristic for its dynamic natural processes inherent<br />
in the contact of surface watercourses as well as numerous coastal springs with the<br />
sea. Human impact on natural processes and water quality in the area is significant:<br />
extensive irrigation works in a narrow zone of the Raša River estuary, carried out in<br />
the beginning of the 20 th century, dried up shallow Krapanj Lake and part of coastal<br />
sea in the estuary, forming Donja Raša amelioration system. Such practices caused<br />
significant changes in runoff regime of Raša River and several coastal springs in the<br />
vicinity (such as Fonte Gaia, Kokoti, Rakonek and Mutvica) that are part of water<br />
supply system. Influence of the sea on aquifer is evident in increased salinity and<br />
even long‐term brackish spring water at several locations (springs Blaz and Česuni).<br />
During 18 th century and up until 1990, Raša River catchment area was considerably<br />
influenced by the coal mine that is now abandoned and the shafts sunken.<br />
Population density of the study area is high: app. 15.000 inhabitants in the town of<br />
Labin and the surrounding settlements. Therefore, water quality depends greatly on<br />
surface runoff draining practices and wastewater management. Mixed sewage<br />
system and the wastewater treatment plant are built only for the town of Labin. After<br />
treatment, city’s wastewater effluent level of app. 1000 mg/l COD and 500 mg/l BOD‐<br />
5 during dry season changes to an effluent level of app. 30 mg/l COD and 15 mg/l<br />
BOD‐5. Treated water is discharged into Krapanj watercourse – tributary of Raša<br />
River. Part of the river water sinks through several ponors, establishing a hydrological<br />
connection between Raša River and karstic springs Fonte Gaia and Kokoti. After<br />
1<br />
Josip Rubinić, jrubinic@gradri.hr – Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Rijeka,<br />
V.C.Emina 5, 51.000 Rijeka, Croatia;<br />
2<br />
Sandra Višković, sandra@prvimaj.hr ‐ 1.Maj d.o.o., Vinež 81, 52220 Labin; Croatia<br />
3<br />
Milijana Radić, medna@ri.htnet.hr ‐ Fluming‐ eko, Bulevar oslobođenja 31, 51.000<br />
Rijeka, Croatia<br />
4<br />
Irina Kelava, irina_kelava@yahoo.com – Kamgrad, Josipa Lončara 1h, 10.090 Zagreb,<br />
Croatia
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 148 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
reconstruction in 1996, wastewater treatment plant (WTP) induced a positive trend<br />
in water quality of springs Fonte Gaia and Kokoti (evident in COD and BOD‐5 values).<br />
Further improvement of water quality should be ensured with the new WTP planned<br />
for construction in a downstream section of Krapanj watercourse. First wastewater<br />
treatment plant was built in 1930s to reduce negative effects of intensive mining but<br />
was abandoned several years later. Nowadays, wastewaters are discharged directly<br />
into Krapanj watercourse, without previous treatment. Being a periodical<br />
watercourse, Krapanj often dries out during dry seasons. Heavy rainfall that follow<br />
dry seasons, cause sudden increase in effluent level in a watercourse downstream of<br />
Raša settlement – up to 670 mg/l COD and 320 mg/l BOD‐5, which is even higher<br />
than effluent level of Labin’s wastewaters before treatment (400 mg/l COD and 240<br />
mg/l BOD‐5).<br />
Groundwater quality is significantly influenced by waste disposal site Cere. Since<br />
1975, without necessary protective measures, the site collected more than 200.000 t<br />
of communal and technological waste as well as unknown quantities if dangerous<br />
waste. Tracings undertaken in 1970s and 1980s showed that infiltrated water from<br />
the waste area appear on almost all springs mentioned earlier, with apparent flux<br />
velocities up to 900 m/day. Ongoing rehabilitation of the waste disposal site consists<br />
of stabilization of the existing waste as well as improvement of waste disposal<br />
practices.<br />
The paper analyzes long term changes and pressures on water resources and coastal<br />
area as well as operation of the wastewater treatment plant in different hydrological<br />
conditions. Salinization of spring waters that is partially caused by unsuitable<br />
drainage practices in Donja Raša area has also been analyzed and an overview of<br />
possible solutions are given, with an emphasis on integral approach to wastewater<br />
management. Raša River watershed, in that respect, represents a good example of<br />
high complexity level in managing coastal areas where human impact plays an<br />
important role in runoff dynamics. Despite complexity of interrelationship between<br />
natural and anthropogenic influences, it is possible to improve water quality through<br />
appropriate rehabilitation works, structural solutions and water resources<br />
management practices.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 149 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
3D Modeling of submarine discharges in the Gulf of Trieste<br />
Gi<strong>org</strong>io Mattassi 1 , Isabella Scroccaro 2 , Ge<strong>org</strong> Umgiesser 3 , Francesca De Pascalis 4 ,<br />
Luigi Colugnati 5<br />
Keywords: waste water discharges, submarine outfalls, bacterial pollution, dispersion<br />
modeling, numerical simulations<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
During the last years, the waste water discharges from submarine outfalls located in<br />
the Gulf of Trieste had caused concerns for the marine environment along the coast<br />
of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, attracting the health authority focus on the<br />
bacterial dispersion processes that take place in this area.<br />
To understand the relative importance of different processes influencing pollution<br />
transport and bacterial die‐off rate, different scenarios have been studied on the<br />
basis of model simulations and field measurements, in particular for Escherichia coli.<br />
The 3D version of the finite element model SHYFEM, developed at ISMAR‐CNR in<br />
Venice, coupled with a modified version of the EUTRO‐WASP model of US‐EPA, has<br />
been implemented and applied to investigate the bacterial dispersion and the area of<br />
influence of the discharges. Laboratory data and meteo‐marine forcings data (wind,<br />
solar radiation, etc.) have been provided by the Environmental Protection Agency of<br />
the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (ARPA FVG). Results of modeling and data analysis are<br />
discussed, with respect to the understanding of biological wastewater treatment<br />
mechanisms and to plant management.<br />
The greatest effort consisted in the integration of modeling, monitoring and<br />
laboratory analysis to study the relationships between environmental and physical<br />
parameters and bacterial survival, based on literature data.<br />
1 Gi<strong>org</strong>io Mattassi, gi<strong>org</strong>io.mattassi@arpa.fvg.it ‐ ARPA FVG, Via Cairoli 14. 30157<br />
Palmanova UD, Italy<br />
2 Isabella Scroccaro, isabella.scroccaro@arpa.fvg.it ‐ ARPA FVG,, Via Cairoli 14. 30157<br />
Palmanova UD, Italy<br />
3 Ge<strong>org</strong> Umgiesser, ge<strong>org</strong>.umgiesser@ismar.cnr.it ‐ CNR ISMAR Venezia, Castello,<br />
1364/A. 30122 Venice, Italy<br />
4 Francesca De Pascalis, francesca.depascalis@ismar.cnr.it, CNR ISMAR Venezia, Castello,<br />
1364/A. 30122 Venice, Italy<br />
5 Luigi Colugnati, luigi.colugnati@arpa.fvg.it, DIP. ARPA Trieste, via La Marmora, 13.<br />
34139 Trieste, Italy
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 150 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Integration of geochemical and foraminifers associations analysis as a tool for<br />
environmental characterization of the Araçá domestic sewage submarine outfall,<br />
São Sebastião Channel, Brazil<br />
A. C.Teodoro 1 , W. Duleba 2 , S. Gubitoso 3 , S. M. Prada 4 , C. C. Lamparelli 5 , D. O.<br />
Moura 6 , J. Bevilacqua 7 , L. S. Filippos 8<br />
Keywords: Geochemistry, Foraminifers, Sewage submarine outfall, São Sebastião<br />
Channel<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Due to anthropic impact increasing at coastal region one has to analyze and<br />
characterize not only water and sediments qualities, but has to consider microfauna<br />
composition.<br />
In this sense the aim of this paper is to integrate geochemistry analyses with<br />
foraminifers associations characterization, in order to verify environmental changes<br />
near Araçá domestic sewage submarine outfall diffusers at São Sebastião Channel,<br />
Brazil (23 o 40’ ‐ 23 o 53.5’ S and 45 o 19’ ‐ 45 o 30’ W).<br />
Araçá submarine outfall operation has started in 1990 and its length is 1090 m at the<br />
underwater portion. Diffusers with 17 openings are positioned at the last 10 m<br />
length. The effluent flow is equal to 0.14 m 3 s ‐1 and before disposal receive only pre‐<br />
treatment. Sampling grid is placed over on 500 m 2 area surrounding the submarine<br />
outfall diffusers.<br />
1 Andreia C. Teodoro (Mrs) (PhD Student), andreia.teodoro@usp.br ‐ Universidade de<br />
São Paulo, Instituto de Geociências, Brazil<br />
2 Wânia Duleba (Mrs) (Professor), wduleba@usp.br ‐ Universidade de São Paulo,<br />
Instituto de Geociências, Brazil<br />
3 Silas Gubitoso (Mr) (PhD Student), ‐ Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de<br />
Geociências, Brazil<br />
4 Sílvio Miranda Prada (Mrs) (Professor) UNIFIEO. Brazil<br />
5 Claudia Lamparelli (Mrs) (Dr) claudial@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br ‐ CETESB, Av. Prof.<br />
Frederico Hermann Jr. 345, 05589‐080 São Paulo, S.P. Brazil – www.cetesb.sp.gov.br.<br />
6 Debora Ogler Moura (Mrs) (MSc), deborao@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br – CETESB.<br />
www.cetesb.sp.gov.br<br />
7 José Eduardo Bevilacqua (Mr) (Dr) CETESB Coastal Waters Sector – São Paulo Brazil<br />
8 Luciana S. Filippos (Mrs) (PhD Student), Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de<br />
Geociências, Brazil
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 151 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
In the sediment samples were analyzed <strong>org</strong>anic Carbon, total Nitrogen, Phosphorus<br />
speciation (<strong>org</strong>anic and in<strong>org</strong>anic Phosphorus), Sulfur and foraminifers with<br />
bioindicators.<br />
Significant nutrients concentration were showed by geochemistry and this<br />
concentration were higher than those observed in other brazilian impacted<br />
environments such as Santos outfall, in São Paulo state and Ipanema outfall, in Rio de<br />
Janeiro state.<br />
The oxi‐reduction potential, analyzed by C/S ratios, indicates predominance of<br />
sediments with low oxygenation degree and anoxic signals.<br />
Regarding to foraminifers associations its diversity varies from low to moderate, with<br />
predominance of opportunistic species.<br />
Negative Pearson Correlation Coefficients leads to the conclusion that <strong>org</strong>anic<br />
Carbon, Phosphorus and Sulfur are chemical elements that directly influences low<br />
density, diversity variation and richness of foraminifers associations.<br />
Concluding, the environment near Araçá domestic sewage outfall diffusers is<br />
becoming reductor due to chronical intake of <strong>org</strong>anic matter and this change is<br />
already been observed in microfauna.
VIRTUAL <strong>PAPERS</strong><br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 152 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
There are cases in which the colleagues, for<br />
justifiable reasons, inform that they cannot<br />
participate to present their paper.<br />
We have adopted the concept that their papers, if<br />
worthwhile of publication in the proceedings, are<br />
collected in a separate section as “Virtual Papers”.<br />
“Virtual Paper” has been the definition given to<br />
“Papers not presented at the conference by the<br />
author but accepted for publication”.<br />
INDEX<br />
Ardani, Samira (Iran) ‐ Numerical Modeling of Sediment Transport and Shoreline<br />
Position of Beris Port in Dynamic Equilibrium<br />
Demirel, Mehmet Cuneyd (Turkey) ‐ Impact of waste water discharges in Ria Formosa<br />
Coastal Lagoon (Portugal)<br />
Dineva, Slava (Bulgaria) ‐ Climate Extreme Impact on the Black Sea in front of the<br />
Bulgarian Coast in the Beginning of XXI Century<br />
Eissa, Sawsan (Egypt) ‐ Characteristics of waves resulting from tropical cyclones in the<br />
Arabian Sea and their return periods<br />
Eissa, Sawsan (Egypt) ‐ Generation of a Time Series Wave Data Using a Parametric<br />
Spectrum Model<br />
Ghogheliani, Lali (Ge<strong>org</strong>ia) ‐ Surface waves impact on the spreading polluted plume in<br />
coastal regions of non‐flow seas<br />
Ignatyeva, Olga (Ukraine) ‐ Temporal changes in the carbonate system of the<br />
Sevastopol Bay (Black Sea) waters for the last decade<br />
Ludwig, Harvey F. (Thailand) ‐ Review of Marine Wastewater Disposal in Developing<br />
Countries<br />
Osadchaya, Tatyana (Ukraine) ‐ Ecological quality of bottom sediments in coastal area<br />
subjected to long‐term anthropogenic press (the Black Sea)<br />
Philippe, Riou (France) ‐ Modelling the impact of microbial pollution discharge in<br />
West Cotentin coast (France)<br />
Santos, Cristina (Portugal) ‐ Water and Wastewater Monitoring of Guia Submarine<br />
Outfall – an 11 year survey<br />
Stephen, Rosamma (India) ‐ Copepod Diversity in the marine outfall zone of a<br />
fertilizer plant of Thal‐ W. Coast of India
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 153 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Numerical modeling of sediment transport and shoreline position of Beris Port in<br />
dynamic equilibrium<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
S. Ardani 1<br />
Keywords: hydrosed, mike21, genesis, mepbay, LST rate<br />
Beris Fishery Port is located in southeastern of Iran, 85km east of Chabahar. The main<br />
breakwater is extended from south to north where the secondary breakwater is in<br />
east‐west direction. The port is suffering from two mechanisms of sedimentation, i.e.<br />
sedimentation at the head of the main breakwater and remarkable change of<br />
shoreline position at the back of the secondary breakwater which may endanger the<br />
port entrance in future.<br />
The comparison between the existing shoreline of the bay and the predicted<br />
parabolic fitting was done by MEPBAY. MEPBAY software was employed to extract<br />
the parabolic predicted curve. Since the existing shoreline is slightly seaward, it can<br />
be concluded that the bay is not in static equilibrium. Because of complexity of<br />
bathymetry, the wave transformation was modelled by MIKE21, PMS module. The<br />
result of modelling also indicates that Beris is not in static equilibrium.<br />
The longshore sediment transport (LST) rate should be determined to define the final<br />
dynamic equilibrium shape of the bay. Bypassing of the LST at the head of the main<br />
breakwater and the sediment coming out of the seasonal river are two sources of<br />
sediment entering in the bay. Analyzing wave pattern as well as morphological<br />
studies of the mouth of seasonal river suggests a westward LST at downcoast of the<br />
port. Thus, the sediment of seasonal river is mainly transported to downdrift and it<br />
does not contribute to the sedimentation behind the secondary breakwater.<br />
However, the hydrographic surveys show the considerable decrease of the water<br />
depth at the head of main breakwater. This supports the bypassing mechanism that<br />
transfers the longshore sediment coming from east of the port to the bay.<br />
HYDROSED, a 2DH hydrodynamic and sediment transport model, was used for the<br />
modeling of sediment transport (Dibajnia and Watanable, 1992; Dibajnia, 1995).<br />
As result of modelling, The bypassing phenomenon at the head of main<br />
breakwater can be observed.<br />
1 Samira Ardani, s_ardani@sina.kntu.ac.ir ‐ Dept. Civil Eng., K.N.T University of<br />
Technology, No.1346, Vali‐Asr St., P.C. 19697, Tehran, Iran – www.kntu.ac.ir
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 154 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Introducing the actual rate of bypassing sediment, GENESIS software was<br />
employed to predict the final dynamic equilibrium shape of the bay. Good<br />
agreement between the predicted and existing shorelines can be observed. The<br />
simulated LST rate of GENESIS was not much different from the actual LST rate<br />
calculated from the difference of hydrographic surveys.<br />
Since the final position of the predicted shoreline does not affect the port entrance,<br />
no remedy solution is necessary for the shoreline advancement behind the secondary<br />
breakwater. However, the bypassing LST at the head of main breakwater due to<br />
diffraction settles at the lee side and it affects the navigation at the port entrance.<br />
The following options can be considered to overcome this sedimentation:<br />
- A periodic dredging at the head of the main breakwater is sufficient to keep<br />
the required depth of navigation. The past experience shows that dredging<br />
with a period of 15 years is enough to maintain the port operation.<br />
- Construction of a groin at the start of the main breakwater (tip of the<br />
natural headland) or at the updrift side of the port will stop the LST<br />
movement towards the port. This method has already been used to solve<br />
the sedimentation problem of Pozm Fishery Port and it can also be applied<br />
here. If the head of this groin do not change the diffraction point of the bay,<br />
it is expected that erosion will happen behind the secondary breakwater, i.e.<br />
the dynamic equilibrium shape of the bay will change to a static equilibrium.<br />
This results to a favorable retreat of the shoreline.<br />
- The length of the main breakwater can be increased adding a westward<br />
breakwater segment at the end. Choosing this method, the diffraction point<br />
of the bay is changed and it is necessary to derive the final static equilibrium<br />
shape of the bay using the new diffraction point, i.e. the end of the new<br />
added segment.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 155 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Impact of waste water discharges in Ria Formosa Coastal Lagoon (Portugal)<br />
M.C. Demirel 1 , E. Kahya 2<br />
Keywords: Waste Water discharges, Ria Formosa, Mathematical Model, Mohid<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Ria Formosa is a coastal lagoon, located in the South of Portugal. It communicates<br />
with the sea trough 6 inlets. Ria Formosa hosts a Natural Park, important ports of the<br />
southern coast of Portuguese and significant bivalve aquaculture activity. It is<br />
bordered by Faro and Olhão, two important cities of the south of Portugal. Four<br />
major urban wastewater treatment plants are discharging in this lagoon. Moreover<br />
irrigation of greenhouses also conveys diffuse pollutants into the lagoon.<br />
The objectives of this study are to assess the ecological state of Ria Formosa and to<br />
understand the impact of treated urban sewages upon the system. Enteric bacteria<br />
such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) are commonly used as indicators of anthropogenic<br />
contamination in seawaters and aquacultures. In Ria Formosa; both tourism and<br />
shellfish harvesting contribute to turn anthropogenic contamination into an<br />
important health issue.<br />
In this work Field campaigns were performed and a mathematical model was adapted<br />
for the system. The field campaigns integrate Point samples with Laboratory analysis<br />
and continuous onboard measurements using sensors. The mathematical modeling<br />
system include hydrodynamic, microbiologic plume transport using Lagrangian a<br />
model and a water quality/ecological model.<br />
The results enable the identification of the main forcings and flow patterns in the<br />
system, the impact of the microbiologic plumes issuing from the WWTP and the main<br />
biogeochemical processes controlling productivity and eutrophication in Ria Formosa.<br />
The areas of direct impact of the WWTP plumes were identified and are shown do fall<br />
between 500m and 1 Km from the discharge.<br />
1 Mehmet C. Demirel (PhD Fellow), demirelmc@itu.edu.tr – Istanbul Technical University,<br />
Institute of Science and Technology 34469 Istanbul, Turkey www.fbe.itu.edu.tr<br />
2 Ercan Kahya (PhD), kahyae@itu.edu.tr – Istanbul Technical University, Civil<br />
Engineering Department, Hydraulic Division, 34469 Maslak Istanbul, Turkey<br />
www.ins.itu.edu.tr
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 156 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Hidrotec is a research group of Escola Superior de Tecnologia,<br />
University of Algarve. Hidrotec develop research and consultant activities in<br />
Hydrodynamics, Water Quality and Ecology. The study domains range from Coastal<br />
and Estuarine to riverine, natural and artificial reservoirs.<br />
The focus is in Mathematical Modelling and in information systems (Visualization,<br />
Databases, GIS, etc.) The main tool used is the MOHID modelling system. It is an<br />
integrated model developed by the MARETEC group with contribution of<br />
HIDROTEC.<br />
Main results are:<br />
Hydrodynamics (currents, water levels, trajectories, residence times, etc)<br />
Sediment Transport (Concentrations, Loads, Erosion/Deposition Rates, etc)<br />
Water Quality (Coliforms, Heavy Metals, Nutrients, Oxygen, etc)<br />
Ecology (Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Shellfish, Fish, etc)
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 157 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Climate extreme impact on the Black Sea in front of the Bulgarian coast in the<br />
beginning of XXI Century<br />
Slava Dineva 1<br />
Key–words: Climate change, Climate impact, the Black Sea, Danube transformed<br />
waters, temperatures, salinity, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, total nitrogen<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Global temperatures in 2001 were 0.51°C above the long‐term (1880‐2000) average,<br />
which places 2001 as the second warmest year on record. The only warmer year was<br />
1998 in which a strong El Niño contributed to higher global temperatures. Land<br />
temperatures were 0.75°C above average and ocean temperatures 0.40°C above the<br />
1880‐2000 mean. This ranks them as 2nd and 3rd warmest on record respectively. In<br />
2001 temperatures were 1‐3°C above the 1961‐1990 average across much of the<br />
United States as well as most of Europe. The Northern Hemisphere temperature<br />
continues to average near record levels in 2001 at 0.60°C above the long‐term<br />
average. The Southern Hemisphere also reflects the globally warmer conditions, with<br />
a positive anomaly of 0.43°C. Annual anomalies in excess of 1.0°C were widespread<br />
across North America and much of Europe and the Middle East.<br />
The climate extreme impact on the Black Sea in front of the Bulgarian coast caused<br />
warm winter, short and hot summer. Sea temperatures were higher in comparison<br />
with the long‐term average, especially during the summer. The sea temperatures<br />
during the spring and autumn were below the 1995‐2000 average in 2001.<br />
Due to the climate impact in 2001 the seasonal dynamics of the salinity in front of the<br />
Bulgarian Black Sea coast was abnormal. The minimal salinity was measured in July at<br />
3 miles offshore in front of Cape Galata, where the mainstream of Danube<br />
transformed waters was passing along the Bulgarian coast. In August the mainstream<br />
of Danube waters shifted seawards and the minimum salinity was found at 10miles<br />
offshore in front of Cape Galata.<br />
In 2001 in the frames of the “DANUBS” project for first time comprehensively were<br />
studied concentrations of all forms of nitrogen, including total in<strong>org</strong>anic nitrogen and<br />
total nitrogen, in the 30‐miles zone in front of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, up to<br />
150 m isobath. Global precipitation was below the 1961‐1990 average which<br />
predetermined low concentrations of nutrients in front of the Bulgarian Black Sea<br />
coast in 2001. Complete absence or negligible concentrations of all forms of in<strong>org</strong>anic<br />
nitrogen were established during the summer. These low concentrations of in<strong>org</strong>anic<br />
1 Slava I. Dineva (Dr. Eng.), E‐mail: dineva_slava@abv.bg, Institute of Fishing<br />
Resources, 4 Primorski Blvd., P.O. Box 72, BG – 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 158 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
nitrogen were mainly related to the low inflow of nutrients by Danube transformed<br />
waters and remarkable low level of rainfall ‐ the lowest during the last 10 years. In<br />
June the concentrations of <strong>org</strong>anic nitrogen were in average 10 times higher than the<br />
concentrations of in<strong>org</strong>anic nitrogen. In November the in<strong>org</strong>anic nitrogen was<br />
increased and the difference between the in<strong>org</strong>anic and <strong>org</strong>anic forms was not so<br />
significant.<br />
In the open sea the minimal surface oxygen saturation was measured in August ‐<br />
88.19%. In the Varna Bay the situation was worse – in September the surface waters<br />
were oversaturated, whereas in the bottom layer oxygen deficiency was observed –<br />
42.37%.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 159 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Characteristics of waves resulting from tropical cyclones in the Arabian Sea and<br />
their return periods<br />
Sawsan Eissa 1<br />
Keywords: Tropical cyclone, Arabian Sea, Waves, Parametric Models, Cyclone Return<br />
Period<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The data relevant to several cyclones in the northern Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea<br />
covering the period from 1994 to 2008 was collected from meteorological records.<br />
Such data was analyzed using Young’s model to estimate the characteristics of waves<br />
generated by cyclones. The input data needed for Young’s model to simulate wave<br />
generation by cyclones include the cyclone intensity (maximum wind speed), the<br />
speed of cyclone forward movement and the radius of maximum wind. All the above<br />
data were available from the records except the radius of maximum wind which was<br />
missing from most records, thus it was estimated using the method developed by<br />
Holland. The parameters in Holland’s method were calibrated using the data of a few<br />
cyclones for which the radius of maximum wind was available.<br />
The results of the analysis showed that the wave heights resulting from cyclones can<br />
exceed 15 m for grade 5 cyclones such as Gonu, but for most cyclones, the generated<br />
wave heights reached much lower values, that can be generally considered within the<br />
normal order of extreme offshore waves in the Arabian Sea area. Therefore, except<br />
when the cyclone passes directly over a structure or facility, the damage to nearshore<br />
coastal structures will generally result from rainfall and surges due to the cyclone<br />
landfalls and not as a result of waves generated offshore and propagating to the<br />
coast. However, high grade cyclone such as Gonu may generate very high waves<br />
offshore, which can propagate and cause high waves nearshore, even without the<br />
cyclone makes a landfall over the affected coast. The results of the analysis was<br />
presented in the form of plots and tables prepared for a number of studied cyclones<br />
that show the wave heights and periods over the cyclone duration to give an<br />
overview of the cyclone generated waves in the studied area<br />
Analysis of the cyclone data was carried out based on the Empirical Simulation<br />
Technique adopted by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The results showed that high<br />
grade cyclones like Gonu can be considered as a rare event for the Arabian Sea area;<br />
therefore, it is recommended to include waves generated by such cyclones only for<br />
the design of important offshore and nearshore structures, which their damage may<br />
result in disasters that overweigh the extremely high cost that will be needed for<br />
1 Sawsan S. Eissa (Dr), ss1_salah@yahoo.com ‐ Associate Professor, Irrigation and<br />
Hydraulics Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 160 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
their construction. An example is oil facilities where their damage can cause<br />
environmental implications on the area as well as economical implications on the<br />
Country where they are located. It is also recommended to investigate the nearshore<br />
wave climate around the affected coasts as a result from the offshore cyclone<br />
generated waves, using suitable wave propagation software. Such nearshore wave<br />
climate can be then compared to the wave climate resulting from normal storms and<br />
it can then be decided, specifically for each coast, whether the nearshore waves<br />
resulting from cyclone generated offshore waves should be considered in design of<br />
coastal facilities and structures.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 161 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Generation of a time series wave data using a parametric spectrum model<br />
Sawsan Eissa 1 , Hesham Refaat 2<br />
Keywords: Wave data, Spectral Analysis, Parametric Spectrum Models, Extreme Wave<br />
Conditions<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Time series wave data are important in many applications including modeling of wave<br />
propagation and water circulation in coastal areas, design of coastal and port<br />
structures, sediment budget calculation, sediment transport and morphological<br />
studies, design of shore protection works and navigational applications. While wave<br />
measurement and prediction technique has enormously developed in the last<br />
decades, there are still many challenges in obtaining deep water wave measurements<br />
because of difficulties involving installation and maintenance of wave measurement<br />
devices in deep water. In such cases, easier to obtain wind records were always relied<br />
on in predicting wave data.<br />
In this research, a parametric spectrum model was used to predict an 8 years time<br />
series wave record from available wind data off shore the coast of Angola at 177 m<br />
water depth. The wind data used cover 8 years from 1999 to 2007, and comprise a<br />
reading every 6 hours. Such data shows wind speeds in 60% of time reaches up to 6<br />
knot, in 80% of time reaches up to 8 knot, in 93% of time reaches up to 10 knot, and<br />
may exceed 13 knot occasionally.<br />
The used model is based on the well known four parameter JONSWAP spectrum<br />
equation. JONSWAP equation was selected after comparing the agreement of its<br />
results and those of Pierson‐Moskowitz (PM) equation to available short records of<br />
wave data which showed that the former equation is more accurate.<br />
The accuracy of the developed time series was checked by comparing the results to<br />
available short wave records, different than those mentioned in the comparison<br />
above, which showed a good agreement.<br />
The developed time series shows that the prevailing wave sectors are between<br />
180oNorth to 240oNorth, with the most prevailing sector centered at 210oN with a<br />
width of 30o.<br />
The successive wave direction with time, which is particularly important in sediment<br />
transport calculations and morphological studies, was also defined for the developed<br />
time series.<br />
The developed time series showed wave heights up to 2.75 m, when subjected to<br />
extreme value analysis, to obtain the extreme wave conditions at different return<br />
period, the same data showed that the wave height may reach up to 5m for the 100<br />
year return period.<br />
1 Sawsan S. Eissa (Dr), ss1_salah@yahoo.com ‐ Associate Professor, Irrigation and<br />
Hydraulics Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.<br />
2 Hesham M. Refaat, hishammrefaat@yahoo.com – Graduate Student of Civil<br />
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 162 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Surface waves impact on the spreading polluted plume in coastal regions of non‐<br />
flow seas<br />
L.Gogeliani 1 , E.Khatiashvili 2 , Sh.Gagoshidze 3<br />
Key words: Pre‐coastal sea zone, water outlet, water intake, diffusion coefficient,<br />
impurity concentration, permanently acting source of pollution.<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
In the present paper, we derive relations which can be used to predict the size of<br />
propagation of a polluting impurity cloud or spot in the pre‐coastal area of the sea<br />
for the purposes of construction of sewage water outlets and clean sea water inlets<br />
in the recreation zones. In paragraph 2 we consider the problem of a conservative<br />
impurity flow from the point source towards the sea shore (the problem of a<br />
polluting water outlet) taking into account the river flow and the surge of waves over<br />
the shore. The third paragraph deals with the propagation of a polluting impurity<br />
from the shore (a linear source) towards the sea where the clean water intake is<br />
located. As different from the first problem considered in the second paragraph, in<br />
this problem the diffusion turbulence coefficient is determined taking into account<br />
longitudinal coastal waves and drifting flows caused by wind. At the end of the<br />
paper, we give some numerical results on the impurity concentration distribution<br />
calculated by the obtained relations for the clean sea water intake structure which is<br />
being designed in one of the resort areas of Ge<strong>org</strong>ia’s Black sea coast.<br />
1<br />
Lali Gogeliani, Ms, Doctor of Technical Science, Ge<strong>org</strong>ian Technical University,<br />
Tbilisi, Ge<strong>org</strong>ia, lali_gtu@gtu.ge www.gtu.ge www.cetl.gtu.ge<br />
2<br />
Elizbar Khatiashvili , Mr, Ge<strong>org</strong>ian<br />
3<br />
Shalva Gagoshidze, Mr, Doctor of Technical Science, Ge<strong>org</strong>ian Technical University,<br />
Tbilisi, Ge<strong>org</strong>ia, zgagoshidze@gmail.com www.gtu.ge
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 163 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Temporal changes in the carbonate system of the Sevastopol Bay (Black Sea) waters<br />
for the last decade<br />
O.G.Ignatyeva 1 , S.K.Konovalov 2 , O.N.Kozlovskaya 3<br />
Keywords: carbon dioxide flux, carbonate system, the bay, the anthropogenic impact<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The carbonate system is one of the most complicated chemical equilibriums in<br />
seawater. It concerns with air‐sea carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange processes, with<br />
chemistry of seawater and with accumulation of carbonates in marine sediments. CO2<br />
has a key role in the changes of the seawater carbonate system especially in<br />
estuarine and coastal waters. Budget of this substance is closely linked to the <strong>org</strong>anic<br />
carbon pool through photosynthesis and respiration. The level of рСО2 in coastal<br />
waters is usually higher than other open ocean values and as compared to the<br />
atmospheric pCO2 allows considering these regions to be additional sources of carbon<br />
dioxide for the atmosphere. This work is aimed to investigate the carbonate system<br />
of anthropogenically stressed and highly eutrophic coastal zones of the Black Sea.<br />
The carbonate system of the Sevastopol Bay (Black Sea) has been monitored from<br />
1998 to 2007 to investigate its seasonal dynamic and to estimate the carbon dioxide<br />
(CO2) flux at the air‐sea boundary. Results demonstrate that the flux of CO2 from the<br />
atmosphere was typical for the entire area of the bay and for all seasons, as the<br />
partial pressure (рСО2) in the surface waters was usually below than the atmospheric<br />
рСО2. The average value of рСО2 in the surface layer of water is 294 μatm. However,<br />
temporal changes of рСО2 have a tendency of increasing from 226 μatm in July 1998<br />
to 284 μatm in July 2007. The bottom layer has demonstrated elevated values of<br />
рСО2 in the most of seasons in comparison with surface layer; the average partial<br />
pressure of carbon dioxide in it was as a rule higher than atmospheric value. Like the<br />
surface layer the bottom layer have the tendency of rising from 373 μatm in July<br />
1998 to 397 μatm in July 2007. Comparison of different seasons demonstrates more<br />
intensive rising of рСО2 in summer months both for surface and for bottom layer.<br />
1 Olga G. Ignatyeva (Ph.D.): stable2006@list.ru ‐ Marine Hydrophysical Institute<br />
National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, 99011, Ukraine,<br />
www.mhi.iuf.net<br />
2 Sergey K. Konovalov (Dr): sergey@alpha.mhi.iuf.net ‐ Marine Hydrophysical Institute<br />
National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, 99011, Ukraine,<br />
www. mhi.iuf.net<br />
3 Olga N. Kozlovskaya: olja562@mail.ru ‐ Marine Hydrophysical Institute National<br />
Academy of Science of Ukraine Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, 99011, Ukraine, www.<br />
mhi.iuf.net
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 164 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Relatively high level of primary production maintains pСО2 below the atmospheric<br />
level during the year. A strong stratification of the water column in the warm period<br />
of year supports accumulation of CO2 in the near‐bottom layer, reducing the<br />
carbonate and shifting the redox potential to negative values.<br />
There are dramatic values of рСО2 in the bottom layer and their stable rise reveals<br />
the influence of polluting urban coastal runoffs. The predominance of the СО2<br />
invasion is caused by the intensive synthesis of <strong>org</strong>anic matter, which produced due<br />
to the nutrient elements entry from coastal sources.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 165 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Review of marine wastewater disposal in developing countries<br />
Harvey F Ludwig 1<br />
Keywords: Marine wastewater disposal, confined marine waters, unconfined (open)<br />
marine waters, key design parameters, costs for marine disposal<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
(a) The essential purpose of this paper is to furnish guidelines to assist engineering<br />
practicioners of the developing countries (DCs) in designing systems for<br />
disposal of wastewater to the marine environment which are appropriate for<br />
use in DCs, as distinguished from designs which utilized in the affluent<br />
industrialized countries (ICs) which can afford much higher levels of<br />
environmental standards than are affordable in the DCs. These guidelines<br />
have been prepared based on the author’s experience in designing marine<br />
wastewater disposal systems in both the USA and other ICs and in a number of<br />
DCs in Asia, South America, and Africa. Pertinent references on this relevant<br />
experience are listed in Annex I.<br />
(b) Few DC environmental engineering practicioners, and many of their<br />
counterparts in the International Assistance Agencies (IAAs) (including the<br />
Multidevelopment Banks, U.N. Agencies, and Bilateral) clearly understand (a)<br />
that there are two separate alternatives for disposal of wastewaters to marine<br />
waters, namely (i) disposal to “confined” nearshore waters, including<br />
nearshore shallow waters and estuaries and bays, and (ii) unconfined open<br />
ocean waters, and (b) that the design for these two alternatives are vastly<br />
different. These differences are discussed in detail.<br />
(c) The paper is <strong>org</strong>anized into the following sections: (i) Introduction, (ii) Significant<br />
Design Parameters for Disposal to Confined Waters versus Unconfined Ocean<br />
Waters, (iii ) Design of Disposal Systems to Confined Marine Waters, (iv)<br />
Disposal to Open Ocean Waters, (v) USA Requirements for Ocean Disposal, and<br />
(vi) Conclusion and Recommendations<br />
(d) The paper’s main conclusions are (a) for disposal to confined marine water, the<br />
treatment requirements are essentially the same as for disposal to inland<br />
waterways, and (b) for coastal municipalities where access to the open ocean<br />
is feasible, the marine outfall option with grease/floatables removal is by far<br />
the preferred option. This option has the great advantage that no sludge is<br />
generated for processing and disposal. New technologies, like milliscreening,<br />
provide efficient and lower cost partial primary treatment suitable for use with<br />
ocean outfalls<br />
1 Harvey F Ludwig (Dr), hfludwig@truemail.co.th, Samutprakarn, Thailand
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 166 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Bottom sediments in evaluation of coastal area pollution status (The Black Sea)<br />
Osadchaya T.S. 1<br />
Keywords: bottom sediments, oil pollution, indexes of pollution load<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Importance of bottom sediments in forming of coastal marine environment total<br />
sanitary‐ecological quality is no doubts. Being a final stage in<br />
precipitation/accumulation processes of all water column pollutants the bottom<br />
sediments for a long time a “memory” about the happened and happening impacts a<br />
diversity of which gives possibility for wide choice of the indices both for<br />
environment state characteristic and assessment of its self‐cleaning potential, i. e.<br />
perspectives for rehabilitation.<br />
An object of present study was the Sevastopol Bay (southwestern of Crimea, Black<br />
Sea). Suspended matter brought into the bay by the inflowing river and from the<br />
adjoining catchment area, abrasion of the sea bottom and coast and <strong>org</strong>anic matter<br />
as the result of vital activity of biota are the main sources which contribute to bottom<br />
sediment accumulation. The ratio between the catchment area and the area of<br />
Sevastopol Bay is estimated 56 that indicates how significant the terrigenous<br />
component is to sedimentation. In Sevastopol Bay sedimentation goes at relatively<br />
high rate – about 2.4 mm/yr as a study based on 137 Cs measurements has shown. This<br />
estimate closely approximately the sedimentation rates characteristic of the<br />
northwestern Black Sea and the Azov Sea – 2.3 and 2.5 mm/yr. The morphometric<br />
structure and hydrodynamic features special for the Bay are the factors which<br />
strongly influence granulometric fraction distribution in the uppermost layer of the<br />
bottom sediments. The presence of dynamic anticyclonic formation with<br />
downwelling sea water in the centre has effect on the dynamics and distribution of<br />
facies of the present bottom sediments and on accumulation and transfer of<br />
substances composing the sediments.<br />
Obtained and available data showed that in spite of a great number of the pollutants<br />
discharged from numerous and adverse sources, as a result of traditional Bay use ‐ as<br />
a big port and the Navy’s base, the oil hydrocarbons may be attributed to the main<br />
factors determining a total ecological status of the Sevastopol Bay. The functional<br />
specificity together with the features of lythodynamical and hydrodynamical regimes<br />
provoke an accumulation of pollution in definite sites of the Bay forming thereby the<br />
zones of ecological risk.<br />
Characteristic of bottom environment chemical quality in terms of the Pollution Load<br />
Index (PLI) allowed to pick out some tendencies of deterioration/improvement<br />
1 Osadchaya T.S., msh@ibss.iuf.net ‐ The A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the<br />
Southern Seas, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 167 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
dynamics on long‐term scale, for example: a sharp leap (to an improvement) of the<br />
PLI in 1991 – period of economical stagnation. At the same time, evident<br />
deterioration of ecological (but improvement of economical) situation in 2003 was<br />
reflected in a sharp fall of the PLI values. Comparison of pollution status of the<br />
Sevastopol Bay with different geographical regions showed that total PLI (the<br />
Pollution Load Index) is confronted with the most polluted estuary of Europe and,<br />
unfortunately, to speak about possible improvement of total ecological situation now<br />
seems to be next to impossible.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 168 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Modelling the impact of microbial pollution discharge in<br />
West Cotentin coast (France)<br />
Riou Philippe, Chini Nicolas, Nalin Clement, Pottecher Ge<strong>org</strong>es, Duchemin Jean<br />
SUMMARY<br />
With increased demands on coastal activities, microbial contamination of surface<br />
water is an emerging public health concern for populations using those waters for<br />
recreational or shellfish farming activities. Sewage effluents, failing septic system,<br />
runoff from farm feedlots and agriculture lands are important sources of<br />
contamination. Fecal levels in coastal waters are often peak after a major rainfall<br />
event. The episodic nature of their origin and the transience of the receiving water<br />
response make the modeling of fecal contamination events particularly challenging.<br />
To assess the impact of microbial fluxes and to achieve water quality goals, a water<br />
quality model has been developed in the west Cotentin coast (Normandie, France)<br />
A two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model, with a 75 m mesh size, was built to simulate<br />
the current and dispersion in this sector, which includes areas uncovered at low tide.<br />
The model was run to describe the hydrodynamic features, including decay rates to<br />
simulate micro<strong>org</strong>anism behavior. The model was validated by simulating spatial and<br />
temporal dynamics for dry weather conditions and rainfall events by comparing the<br />
calculated concentrations to a large data base from shellfish survey monitoring. Using<br />
this model, different scenarios were simulated to estimate the critical faecal loads.<br />
This study aims to understand and to solve the local contamination in recreational<br />
and shellfish farming areas and thus to achieve the European Directives
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 169 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Water and wastewater monitoring of Guia submarine outfall – an 11 year survey<br />
Cristina Santos 1 , Justina Catarino 2 , Zélia Figueiredo 3 , Sandra Calixto 4 , Eugénia<br />
Marques 5 , Pedro Cunha 6 , Margarida Antunes 7<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
SANEST is a public sanitation company that manages a wastewater treatment plant<br />
located at Guia, on the west coast of Lisbon, Portugal. This company collects and<br />
treats the sewage of four municipalities with an estimated 750 000 population<br />
equivalent, thus being one of the biggest sanitation companies in Portugal.<br />
A Decision of the Commission 2001/720/CE conceded SANEST derogation, exempting<br />
it to apply less than secondary treatment to wastewaters discharged into the Atlantic<br />
Ocean from the four agglomerations. This decision was supported on a large<br />
monitoring program, presented to the EU, and set up by SANEST. It surveys the<br />
impact of the effluent disposal and includes measurements of physical, chemical,<br />
biological and microbiological properties in the effluent and in the receiving waters.<br />
This paper presents methods and results for the effluent chemical and<br />
microbiological quality as well as for the receiving waters and an ichtyofauna survey,<br />
and resumes an eleven year situation, with the preliminary wastewater treatment<br />
before effluent disposal. The WWTP results correspond to medium load urban<br />
effluents without treatment with temporal variability related to flood fluctuations. In<br />
the receiving waters almost legal values are respected and the plume of the outfall is<br />
only identifiable by faecal bacteria in the vicinity of the discharge.<br />
1 Cristina Santos (Mrs.) Biologist, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e<br />
Inovação. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, nº 22, 1649‐038 Lisboa, Portugal<br />
cristina.santos@ineti.pt<br />
2 Justina Catarino (Mrs.), Environmental engineer Instituto Nacional de Engenharia,<br />
Tecnologia e Inovação. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, nº 22, 1649‐038 Lisboa, Portugal<br />
3 Zélia Figueiredo (Mrs.), Chemical engineer, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia,<br />
Tecnologia e Inovação. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, nº 22, 1649‐038 Lisboa, Portugal<br />
4 Sandra Calixto (Mrs.), Environmental engineer, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia,<br />
Tecnologia e Inovação. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, nº 22, 1649‐038 Lisboa, Portugal<br />
5 Eugénia Marques (Mrs.), Microbiologist, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e<br />
Inovação. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, nº 22, 1649‐038 Lisboa, Portugal<br />
6 Pedro Cunha (Mr.), Biologist, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação.<br />
Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, nº 22, 1649‐038 Lisboa, Portugal<br />
7 Margarida Antunes (Mrs.) Biologist, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e<br />
Inovação. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, nº 22, 1649‐038 Lisboa, Portugal
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 170 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The fish community, in particular benthic species, has revealed a slight degradation<br />
probably due to the fact that pollutants tend preferentially to accumulate on<br />
sediment.<br />
The treatment plant is being upgraded to fulfil, by May 2009, an advanced primary<br />
treatment level that includes disinfection during the bathing season to fully observe<br />
the European Commission Decision 2001/720/EC.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 171 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Copepod diversity in the marine outfall zone of a fertilizer plant off Thal, west coast<br />
of India<br />
Rosamma Stephen 1 , S. N. Gajbhiye 2 , K.V. Jayalakshmy 3 and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair 4<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Keywords: Variations, density, diversity community<br />
The coastal waters of Maharashtra, west coast of India receive copious amount of<br />
waste water discharge due to urbanization and industrialization. This study focuses<br />
on the effect of effluents from a fertilizer plant on the copepods the major<br />
component of zooplankton. The plant is located in Thal along the coastal approaches<br />
to Mumbai harbour entrance. During baseline study zooplankton samples were<br />
collected with an H‐T net from three transects in the vicinity of the proposed plant in<br />
1980‐81. The density, diversity and community structure of copepods were studied in<br />
relation to the water quality. A total of 24 species were recorded .To evaluate the<br />
impact if any of the effluent discharge a postoutfall study was conducted after 12<br />
years of running the plant (1994 ‐95).Comparison of water quality showed increase in<br />
nitrate and phosphate and a decrease in DO. The average density decreased y a<br />
factor of 1.4 in the receiving waters and at the discharge point by a factor of 1.8 and<br />
1.7. Only 21 species were recorded from the area during post outfall study. At the<br />
discharge point 8 species were obtained in 1994 and 13 species in 1995. The absence<br />
of neritic species namely Paracalanus crassirostris, Centropages alcocki, Acartia<br />
tropica and A. erythraea and stragglers namely Euchaeta indica and Calanopia<br />
elliptica were evident. The density when compared with baseline study showed<br />
subtle change within a period of 12 years. The community structure is related to the<br />
niche ‐breadth of the species prevalent during both the period and indicated slight<br />
alteration at the discharge point.<br />
1<br />
Rosamma Stephen, Dr, Scientist (Retired), rosamma.stephen@gmail.com ‐ National<br />
Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682018, India<br />
2<br />
Gajbhiye,S.N, Dr, Scientist, snbhiye@darya.nio.<strong>org</strong> ‐ National Institute of<br />
Oceanography, Regional Centre, Lokhandwala Road, Four Bungalows, Andheri (West),<br />
Mumbai, India<br />
3<br />
Jayalakshmi, K.V, Dr, Scientist, jaya@niokochi.<strong>org</strong> ‐ National Institute of Oceanography,<br />
Regional Centre, Kochi 682018 India<br />
4<br />
Vijayalakshmi , R. Nair, Dr, Scientist (Retired), vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com ‐ National<br />
Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Lokhandwala Road, Four Bungalows,<br />
Andheri (West), Mumbai, India
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 172 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Data Integration System for<br />
Eutrophication<br />
Assessment in Coastal Waters
INSEA PROJECT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 173 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
INSEA meeting together with MWWD2008, Cavtat/Dubrovnik, Croatia<br />
About INSEA Project<br />
INSEA is a project concerned with the development of technologies and knowledge<br />
for assessing eutrophication in coastal systems. INSEA builds on the hypothesis that<br />
combining (i) Remote Sensing, (ii) In Situ measurements and (iii) Modelling is the<br />
quickest and most economic way for assessing the trophic state of coastal waters and<br />
for planning management responses in case of necessity.<br />
The control of the trophic level in coastal areas requires maintenance of <strong>org</strong>anic<br />
matter at level low enough for keeping dissolved oxygen consumption within<br />
acceptable limits and avoiding oxygen concentration to decrease below critical levels<br />
(usually taken as 80% of saturation concentration). Primary production is a major<br />
source of <strong>org</strong>anic matter in coastal areas and consequently it must be kept low to<br />
avoid eutrophication.<br />
In coastal areas where turbidity due to terrigenous material is usually low, the control<br />
of mineral nutrients concentration is the only way for controlling primary production.<br />
The control of nutrient’s concentrations can be managed controlling loads and/or<br />
promoting dilution of anthropogenic discharges.<br />
Submarine outfalls are <strong>org</strong>ans of the Urban Waste Water managing systems in<br />
coastal areas. They promote decrease of concentrations diluting Urban Waste Water<br />
in the coastal ocean through discharges in deep water where vertical mixing is high<br />
and residence time is low.<br />
Submarine Outfalls are thus <strong>org</strong>ans complementing Urban Waste Water Treatment<br />
Plants built for reducing loads. They enhance the reduction of concentration, but<br />
they also transport contaminants of the coast, protecting coastal uses of sea water,<br />
for bathing but also for aquaculture activities, especially for shellfish production.<br />
About MWWD2008<br />
The MWWD2008 meeting is oriented to people involved on submarine outfall design<br />
and exploitation, including on the control of the state of the receiving waters in the<br />
plume’s influence zone. These activities require the knowledge of the hydrodynamics<br />
‐ responsible for the dispersion of the plume ‐ and of the biogeochemical processes<br />
that are responsible for the transformations of the materials discharged by the<br />
outfall. These needs can be fulfilled by the knowledge and the tools produced by the<br />
project INSEA, justifying a special session within MWWD2008.<br />
INSEA closed session<br />
An internal meeting for discussing project issues is scheduled on Monday 27 at,<br />
9.00hrs in Salon 5.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 174 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
INSEA Open Session<br />
The INSEA open session will be dedicated to the case studies and the technologies<br />
developed in the project and will include 7 presentations (abstracts hereafter):<br />
(the number in front is the page number)<br />
The INSEA project in the context of the Urban Waste Water Management. Ramiro<br />
Neves, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal.<br />
Nutrient Dynamics and Primary Production in the Costa do Estoril Region, off Tagus<br />
Estuary. Relative importance of upwelling, river load and submarine outfall discharge.<br />
Luis Fernandes (Instituto Superior Técnico) & Adélio Silva (Hidromod, Lda), Lisboa<br />
Portugal<br />
Nutrient Dynamics and Primary Production in Fos Gulf Region and interaction with<br />
the Rhone River ‐ Clément Fontana (CNRS, Marseille) & Patrick Marsaleix (Univ. de<br />
Toulouse), France.<br />
Nutrient Dynamics in the Pagasitikos Gulf. Relative importance of land‐drainage and<br />
recycling. Ge<strong>org</strong>e Triantafyllou, Annika Pollani, HCMR, Athens, Greece<br />
Weather forecasting and coastal modeling. Feasibility of local ‐ fine grid – simulations<br />
‐ Ge<strong>org</strong>e Kallos, University of Athens, Greece<br />
The Role of Remote Sensing on Ocean and Costal Chlorophyll Monitoring ‐ Eric<br />
Jeansou, NOVELTIS, Toulouse, France<br />
Online data discovery and data product publishing for coastal management ‐ Peter<br />
Thijsse, MARIS, Voorburg, The Netherlands.<br />
The Open Session will be held in the Salon Orlando Tuesday 28/09, 14.30‐16.00 and<br />
16.30‐18.00/18.30
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 175 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The INSEA project in the context of the urban waste water management<br />
R. Neves 1<br />
Keywords: Coastal management, modelling, remote sensing, wastewater discharge<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Water is used in urban areas mostly as a means for transporting solid and dissolved<br />
wastes from all the anthropogenic activities with special emphasis for domestic,<br />
industrial sources. Organic matter and fecal bacteria are major components of Urban<br />
Waste Water (UWW), although the specific composition depends on the relative<br />
domestic and industrial contributions.<br />
Urban areas are important “patches” in river catchments requiring large fresh water<br />
volumes provided by upstream rural areas and producing similar volumes of waste<br />
water discharged downstream. Fresh water is transported from capitations up to<br />
individual users by a network of successive downsizing conducts and UWW follows an<br />
opposite path, being driven to main trunk sewers – that drive it outwards urban areas<br />
‐ by drainage sewer systems of successive upsizing conducts. Organic loads<br />
discharged in the receiving waters enter in the trophic chain, being consumed mostly<br />
by bacteria which require oxygen and regenerate mineral nutrients that are made<br />
available to primary producers.<br />
Up to the second half of the twentieth century, managing UWW was a synonymous<br />
of managing the sewer system and deciding on the location of the point (or points)<br />
where sewage was discharged in the receiving waters. The migration of inhabitants<br />
from rural to urban areas started in the fifties strongly increased the urban needs of<br />
fresh water and consequently the volume of UWW generated. The increasing <strong>org</strong>anic<br />
loads frequently overcome oxygen availability generated eutrophication and strongly<br />
impacted the trophic chain.<br />
From that time on, managing UWW also means managing the loads discharged in the<br />
receiving waters. UWW Treatment Plants (UWWTP) have been built for reducing<br />
those loads and the concentrations of <strong>org</strong>anic matter and fecal bacteria and in some<br />
cases the concentration of the trophic activity limiting nutrient (nitrogen or<br />
phosphorous). In Europe the UWWTP Directive was issued in 1991 imposing the<br />
secondary treatment to urban areas larger than10,000 e.p. independently of the type<br />
of environment where the UWW is being discharged. The UWWTP Directive ‐ and<br />
similar legislation being used all around the world ‐ have contributed for improving<br />
the quality of the receiving waters. Bathing waters in coastal areas have strongly<br />
1 Ramiro Neves (Associate Professor), ramiro.neves@ist.utl.pt Instituto Superior<br />
Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049‐001 Lisboa, Portugal, http://www.insea.info
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 176 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
improved as well as the trophic status of fresh water systems where nutrient loads<br />
have been reduced.<br />
A major cost of the UWWTP is however energy, which production contributes directly<br />
for atmospheric CO2 budgets. The <strong>org</strong>anic matter respired in the UWWTP also<br />
contribute with additional CO2 for the atmosphere – although less severe because<br />
most of this CO2 would be produced in the receiving waters anyway. Another<br />
problem is sludge generated by the treatment process in the UWWTP that has to be<br />
disposed somewhere, creating a new environmental problem. The UWWTP energy<br />
requirements and environmental problems associated to the final disposal of sludge<br />
will require a reanalysis of the management of UWW, including the assessment of the<br />
UWW impact in the receiving environment, based on the modification of the<br />
biogeochemical processes.<br />
The biogeochemical processes depend on concentrations, bringing dilution and<br />
residence time into the decision process. Ocean disposal is thus expected to become<br />
an alternative to higher land treatment levels in ocean areas with (i) low trophic level,<br />
(ii) intense hydro dynamism and (iii) low residence time. In these areas submarine<br />
outfalls equipped with high capacity diffusers are particularly interesting because (a)<br />
they promote initial dilution and (b) dispose the effluent far from bathing areas,<br />
reducing the needs for disinfection. Disposal of effluents in the ocean require (i) a<br />
good knowledge of the ocean hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry responsible for<br />
dilution and transformation of the materials included in the UWW and (ii) intense<br />
monitoring of the receiving environment.<br />
The project INSEA developed tools for monitoring, understanding and forecasting the<br />
ocean processes responsible for the fate of the <strong>org</strong>anic and nutrient loads discharged<br />
in the ocean by rivers and also by point sources as submarine outfalls. Mathematical<br />
models, remote sensing images and in‐situ measurements were combined for<br />
maximizing the information obtained in coastal zones. Remote sensing provides ‐ on<br />
a daily basis ‐ images of surface distributions of chlorophyll, temperature and<br />
suspended matter while in‐situ measurements provide concentrations in discrete<br />
points over the water column, usually on a monthly or seasonal basis. Three<br />
dimensional mathematical models compute time evolutions of the spatial<br />
distributions, interpolating the in‐situ measurements in space and time and<br />
extending the surface distributions provided by remote sensing along the vertical and<br />
to properties not measurable by this technique.<br />
The mathematical model also permits to understand the processes responsible for<br />
the distributions measured and the forecast of the consequences of the modification<br />
of loads. Mathematical models are consequently a basic tool for deciding on the<br />
capacity of a specific ocean area for receiving UWW and on the land treatment<br />
required in each area. Results from Costa do Estoril in Portugal, Fos Gulf next to the<br />
Rhone river mouth in France and from the gulf of Pagasitikos in Greece will be used<br />
for illustrating the capacity of such a system.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 177 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Instituto Superior Técnico is the Engineering school of the Technical<br />
University of Lisbon. It is the largest Engineering school in Portugal with<br />
about 7000 undergraduate students and 2000 graduate students and is<br />
actively involved on research projects. The model www.mohid.com is an<br />
integrated model applicable yo coastal and deep waters with specific<br />
modules for simulating the fate of wastewater discharged through<br />
submarine outfalls.<br />
The INSEA www.insea.info is a GMES project<br />
funded by the 6th framework project (contract nº SST4‐CT‐2005‐012336) and aiming<br />
to develop structural coastal management tools combining remote sensing,<br />
mathematical modeling and in‐situ data.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 178 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
INSEA: Nutrient dynamics and primary production in the Estoril Coast, off the Tagus<br />
estuary<br />
Fernandes, L., 1 , Silva, A., Leitão, P.C., Neves, R.<br />
Keywords: nutrient dynamics, primary production, numerical modelling, coastal<br />
management<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The Tagus estuary (Lisbon, Portugal) ecosystem has been studied on a systematic way<br />
since the late 1970’s. Recent integrated modelling studies (Neves et al, 2003; Saraiva<br />
et al, 2007), comprising coupled hydrodynamic‐biogeochemical/ecological models,<br />
aimed to study the processes responsible for the trophic activity in the estuary and to<br />
quantify the effect of eventual reductions of the nutrient loads. These studies were<br />
backed up by a monitoring program set up by public companies managing urban<br />
waste water in the Lisbon region. Results, in accordance to monitoring data, show<br />
that the trophic activity in the estuary is mostly limited by light availability in the<br />
water column due to high turbidity generated by resuspension of particulate matter<br />
in the tidal flats. The model has shown that a complete removal of urban‐generated<br />
nutrients would have no effect on the trophic activity in the estuary, as a<br />
consequence of the light limitation and of the availability of nutrients carried by the<br />
rivers.<br />
In the Estoril coast, West of Lisbon and downstream of the Tagus estuary mouth, a<br />
submarine outfall was constructed in the 1990’s which disposes the effluent from the<br />
Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) at Guia, which handles the waste waters from<br />
the Sintra, Cascais and Oeiras municipalities intercepting system. This transitional<br />
estuarine/coastal area has entirely different environmental conditions when<br />
compared with the inner estuary. In this area, where the continental shelf starts,<br />
although the action of the tide is responsible for the dominant flow, the wind can<br />
generate strong currents and high intensities of turbulence, consequently<br />
constituting an additional mechanism of dispersion. In this study, nutrient dynamics<br />
and primary production in the Estoril coast is assessed. The aim is to describe the<br />
importance of the Tagus estuary exports in terms of nutrients, <strong>org</strong>anic matter and<br />
phytoplankton, in comparison to what is arriving from the open sea, through shelf<br />
processes such as upwelling, and also to what is being released by the Guia<br />
submarine outfall.<br />
This study consists of 3D model simulations of the Estoril coast using a downscaling<br />
approach. A 5‐6km resolution, 43 vertical levels, 3D model of the Portuguese coast<br />
forced by a MERCATOR Psy2v2 North Atlantic solution at the open boundaries and by<br />
1 Luis Fernandes, lfernandes.maretec@ist.utl.pt – MARETEC, Instituto Superior Técnico,<br />
Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049‐001 Lisboa, Portugal, http://www.insea.info
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 179 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
MM5 meteorological model at the ocean‐atmosphere interface computes the main<br />
circulation at the regional scale. A 3D, 35 vertical levels, 1‐2km resolution domain was<br />
nested into the Portuguese coast model receiving as boundary condition the<br />
discharge (momentum, salt, heat and biogeochemical parameters) from the Tagus<br />
estuary, computed offline, with a depth‐integrated high resolution model (300m).<br />
This methodology enables to compute the fine resolution processes inside the<br />
estuary and couple it with the large depth scales of the Estoril coast model (ranging<br />
more than 3000m depth). Two periods were selected (January and May 2007) and<br />
analysed in terms of residual circulation and main physical features. Model results of<br />
nutrient dynamics and primary production are discussed in relation with the relative<br />
importance of the contribution from coastal, estuarine and anthropogenic processes,<br />
and compared with in observations and remote sensing data.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 180 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Nutrient dynamics and primary production in Fos Gulf Region and interaction with<br />
the Rhone River<br />
Clement Fontana<br />
Document not delivered in time
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 181 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
INSEA: Nutrient dynamics in the Pagasitikos Gulf. Relative importance of land‐<br />
drainage and recycling<br />
G. Triantafyllou 1 , A. Pollani, G. Korres, G. Petihakis, K. Tsiaras, D. Raitsos, A. Banks<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Keywords: nutrient dynamics, eutrophication, coastal management<br />
Pagasitikos is a semi‐enclosed gulf located in the western Aegean Sea north of Evia<br />
Island surrounded by the mountainous areas of Pilio, Halkodonio, Giouras and Othrys<br />
(Fig.1). Its mean depth is 69m characterizing the system as shallow while the deepest<br />
area (108m) is found at the eastern part of the gulf where bigger gradients are<br />
observed. The total area is 520km 2 with a total volume of 36km 3 connected with the<br />
Aegean Sea and north Evoikos through the narrow (5.5 km) and relatively deep (80m)<br />
Trikeri channel. The mean water renewal time of Pagasitikos is 105 days.<br />
A sewage treatment plant for the domestic effluents was planed as early as 1964, but<br />
took 23 years to become operational. Another significant event was the draining of<br />
lake Karla in the early 60’s via an aqua duct in the north part of Pagasitikos during<br />
when large quantities of enriched waters with nutrients were poured into the system.<br />
Although the lake is dried at present, winter rainwater washes the soil in the wider<br />
area of Karla, becoming enriched with fertilizers, pesticides and particulate material<br />
and a proportion is finally poured into Pagasitikos. It is believed that a significant<br />
proportion of these nutrients enter the system during winter through a network of<br />
small torrents (Fig.1).<br />
During 1982 dense mucilage composed of phytoplankton cells, bacteria, zooplankton<br />
excretions and detritus covered large areas in the north part of the gulf causing<br />
significant problems to the fishing community and to tourism. This phenomenon was<br />
greatly reduced both in space and time in the following years to return however with<br />
greater severity in 1987 which was the worst year ever recorded.<br />
1<br />
Ge<strong>org</strong>e Triantafyllou (Dr), gt@ath.hcmr.gr ‐ HCMR, P.O.Box 712, Mavro Lithari, GR<br />
19013 Anavissos, Attica – www.hcmr.gr
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 182 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Fig.1: Pagasitikos Eutrophication sources Fig. 2: Mean time‐series comparison<br />
of model outcome and Chl‐a products<br />
In the framework of INSEA project, and in an attempt to understand the dynamics<br />
behind the bloom formation and evolution the results from the latest monitoring<br />
program in Pagasitikos were analyzed while significant effort was paid in modeling<br />
studies. Downscaling methodologies applied to physics to force ecological modeling<br />
on coastal areas in order to describe biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients<br />
occurring under different hydrographic and trophic regimes, and satellite<br />
observations and data assimilation techniques were used to explore the system<br />
forecasting capabilities to support coastal zone management. SFEK, SEEK and SEIK<br />
filters were implemented in this non‐linear regime using the concept of twin<br />
experiments and assimilating satellite real observations.<br />
Several satellite remote sensing datasets were used to describe and to validate the<br />
model’s assimilation outcomes. The comparison between the model outcome and<br />
satellite data performed using both visual maps and weekly mean time‐series (Fig.2).<br />
Overall, as it can be seen from the graph, there is a relative agreement between the<br />
model outcome and the remote sensing data.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 183 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR) is a governmental research<br />
<strong>org</strong>anization operating under the auspices of the General Secretariat of Research<br />
and Technology (Ministry of Development). It has the mandate to promote basic<br />
research in all fields of aquatic environment and to deliver comprehensive scientific<br />
and technical support to the public. HCMR operates the 62m R/V Aegaeo, the 23m<br />
R/V Filia and the manned submersible THETIS as well as two aquariums in Crete<br />
and Rhode Islands.<br />
Within the last 20 years HCMR has contributed to a large number of international<br />
research projects, carried out in several regions of the Mediterranean and the Black<br />
Seas. HCMR developed the national monitoring and forecasting system, POSEIDON,<br />
implemented during 1997‐2000, and since the beginning of 2000 it provides<br />
operationally information and forecasts for meteorological conditions, sea‐state,<br />
currents, hydrological structure and water quality in the Eastern Mediterranean.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 184 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Weather forecasting and coastal modeling: Feasibility of local‐fine grid‐simulations<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
G. Kallos 1 , E. Mavromatidis, S. Solomos<br />
Keywords: Atmospheric model, turbulence, flow dynamics<br />
Limited Area Meteorological models (LAM) always cover regions ranging from a few<br />
hundreds of kilometers to a few thousands. The discertization is ranging from a few<br />
tens of kilometers to a few hundred meters. The spectral modes that are explicitly<br />
resolved are bounded by the domain size (small wave numbers) and grid increment<br />
(high wave numbers). Although, horizontal grid size is used as model resolution but<br />
this is not true. The true model resolution is between 2 and 4 times the horizontal<br />
resolution.<br />
Most of the coastal areas are characterized by the complexity of the coastline and the<br />
neighboring with other topographic features (e.g. hills, mountains, wetlands) and<br />
landscape variability (e.g. urban conglomerates, industrial and/or agricultural<br />
activities, forested and non forested areas). This complex variability is mainly<br />
responsible for the formation of local weather and climatic characteristics and of<br />
course flow fields. The typical sea/land breeze circulation is not applicable except is<br />
very few cases. In general, there are three major factors that define local circulations<br />
in coastal areas: (1) the mechanical (distribution and orientation of topographic<br />
features), (2) the thermal (mainly due to variability in landscape, the coastline<br />
formations and their orientation) and (3) the typical characteristics of the regional<br />
and synoptic scale weather patterns (e.g. seasonal weather). The horizontal scales of<br />
the variability of all these features are a key factor that must be taken into the<br />
consideration in coastal meteorological modeling. This is especially true for the<br />
definition of the most appropriate domain size and grid discretization. Vertical<br />
discretization (layering) is also a subject of the topographic features. This is critical<br />
not only on the correct representation of the flow (around or over a topographic<br />
obstacle) but also on the boundary layer formations. This is absolutely necessary in<br />
the coastal areas with complex boundary layer formations (e.g. marine boundary<br />
layer that is always constant within the diurnal cycle, boundary layer over land with<br />
significant diurnal cycle and of course multiple layering and internal boundary layer<br />
formations).<br />
At the framework of INSEA, two areas with complex terrain and coastline have been<br />
selected namely the Pagassiticos Gulf and the area of Lisbon at the Tagus river<br />
discharge area.<br />
Pagassiticos is a semi‐closed gulf that is not directly opened to the Aegean Sea and is<br />
surrounded by high mountains and neighboring with the island of Evia to the South.<br />
1 Ge<strong>org</strong>e Kallos (Prof), kallos@mg.uoa.gr, National and Kapodistrian University of<br />
Athens, School of Physics, Atmospheric Modeling and Weather Forecasting Group,<br />
University Campus Bldg PHYS‐5, 15784 Athens, Greece, Http://forecast.uoa.gr
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 185 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The horizontal distance of the gulf is at the order of 50 km with narrow strips of land<br />
towards South and East interchanged with sea. This horizontal and vertical variability<br />
define horizontal grid resolution at the order of one km and vertical ranging from few<br />
tens to a couple of hundreds of meters. The area is characterized by multi‐scale flow<br />
patterns ranging from synoptic to microscale with key role of the regional scale.<br />
Therefore, the domain must be appropriate to cover at least the most important<br />
features. For this reason, the RAMS modeling system has been used in multi‐grid and<br />
two‐way nesting configuration. The nested domains used are: the first 89x76 points<br />
and 40.5 km discretization, the second 83x77 grid points with 13.5 km discretization,<br />
the third 74x65 grid points with 4.5 kilometers discretization and the fourth with<br />
89x83 grid points and discretization of 1.5 kilometer. In the vertical 30 layers were<br />
used in logarithmic distribution.<br />
The Lisbon area is at the discharge part of Tagus River that is a semi‐closed water<br />
body with opening to sea to the west. A small hill at NW plays a key role on the flow<br />
formation that has many implications concerning the behavior of the water body of<br />
the area under consideration. The key landscape characteristics of the area require<br />
model configuration in two‐way nesting and very high resolution in the area of<br />
interest (below 1 km). The four RAMS domains are configured with horizontal grid<br />
increments of 36, 12, 3, 0.75 km.<br />
The model was capable of capturing the local weather features and provided<br />
meteorological fields that have been used in hydrodynamic and nutrient dynamics<br />
modeling applications in the area. The two‐way model configuration was useful to<br />
cover the multi‐scale flow interactions on a satisfactory way despite the fact that the<br />
initial and boundary conditions provided are with relatively coarse resolution (0.5x0.5<br />
degree grid increment).<br />
This experimental configuration and model simulations showed that the high<br />
resolution meteorology is absolutely necessary in coastal management applications.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 186 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – NKUA is the oldest and<br />
largest Greek University with approximately 110.000 students (Undergraduate<br />
and Graduate) and 2200 faculty of various disciplines. School of Physics has<br />
five Divisions ranging from Theoretical Physics to Applied Physics and<br />
especially Environmental Physics, Meteorology, Telecommunications and<br />
Automation. The Atmospheric Modeling and Weather Forecasting Group has<br />
12 members (5 PhD, 6 PhD candidates and one Computer Administrator). It is<br />
specialized in Atmospheric, wave and air quality model development and<br />
applications. The modeling systems developed is SKIRON/Dust, WAM4,<br />
ICLAMS/RAMS, Mediterranean Air Quality System. Saharan dust cycle<br />
prediction system is well known for its accuarate operations. It runs various<br />
forecasting applications for weather, wave and air quality at various<br />
resolutions. In addition, it has installed and runs operationally modeling<br />
systems worldwide.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 187 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The role of remote sensing on ocean and costal chlorophyll monitoring<br />
E. Jeansou 1 , P. Prunet 2 , J. Donnadille 3 , M. Lux 4 , A. Banks 5 , P. Pina 6<br />
Keywords: remote sensing, ocean color, data assimilation, radiative transfer<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Remote Sensing is becoming a interesting source of information, bringing a synoptic<br />
view of the surface signature of ocean processes. Since 10 years, a succession of<br />
overlapping missions permits a continuous monitoring of the ocean, in particular for<br />
chlorophyll concentration. This Earth Observation (EO) capability is being improved in<br />
term of durability (new constellation of satellites) and in term of resolution and<br />
accuracy.<br />
In the framework of INSEA, we studied new methods to exploit the data provided by<br />
Ocean Color imagers (SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS…). These instruments measure<br />
primarily the reflectance of the sea surface, that is an optical quantity not directly<br />
comparable to in situ measurements or ocean biogeochemical models outputs.<br />
Indeed, chlorophyll concentration maps are derived from reflectance and distributed<br />
by space agencies. The chlorophyll products are directly usable either to validate<br />
ocean model output, or to be assimilated in them. Nonetheless, it is difficult to<br />
evaluate the error bars of chlorophyll products: their uncertainty can reach several<br />
tens of % of the signal. We consider an alternative method to exploit the reflectance<br />
observation with models, either for validation or assimilation purposes, taking into<br />
account the non‐uniformity of the vertical distribution of the chlorophyll. This<br />
approach requires to use a sea water radiative transfer model, which complicates the<br />
processing, but permits to better control the observations errors in the data<br />
assimilation process.<br />
1 Eric Jeansou, eric.jeansou@noveltis.fr – Noveltis, 2 avenue de l’Europe, 31520<br />
Ramonville‐Saint‐Agne, France www.noveltis.fr<br />
2 P. Prunet, Noveltis, 2 avenue de l’Europe, 31520 Ramonville‐Saint‐Agne, France<br />
www.noveltis.fr<br />
3 J. Donnadille, Noveltis, 2 avenue de l’Europe, 31520 Ramonville‐Saint‐Agne, France<br />
www.noveltis.fr<br />
4 M. Lux, Noveltis, 2 avenue de l’Europe, 31520 Ramonville‐Saint‐Agne, France<br />
www.noveltis.fr<br />
5 A. Banks, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion<br />
6 P. Pina, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 188 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
NOVELTIS is a French private engineering company focusing its activity on<br />
atmospheric physics and chemistry, oceanography, land surfaces and astrophysics,<br />
Noveltis is constantly expanding its expertise in geophysical measurement analysis,<br />
space technologies, mathematics and computer science.<br />
Standing at the crossroads of research and industry, NOVELTIS consolidates and<br />
promotes scientific work as a tool for analysing and managing environmental<br />
problems. NOVELTIS activities spread from upstream projects, like the preparation<br />
of space Earth Observation missions, to downstream services like operational<br />
systems and the development of decision‐making tools.<br />
www.noveltis.fr
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 189 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
INSEA: Online data discovery and data product publishing for coastal management<br />
P.R. Thijsse 1<br />
Keywords: datasets, discovery, viewing service, dataproducts<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
MARIS is coordinating data management within the INSEA project. For managing and<br />
getting access to data sets (in‐situ, remote sensing and model outputs) at partner<br />
sites a combination of the methodologies/standards used in the EU projects<br />
SeaDataNet (www.seadatanet.<strong>org</strong>) and MerSea (www.mersea.eu.<strong>org</strong>), have been<br />
adopted, depending on the local set‐up of the INSEA partners in the three study<br />
areas: Tagus area, Golf du Fos and Golf of Pagasitikos.<br />
The INSEA data management structure consists of a portal website www.insea.info<br />
for users and partners that will be demonstrated during the presentation:<br />
1. Discovery of in‐situ data:<br />
A search interface to metadatabases for the collected In‐Situ data has been<br />
developed, including a user registration, and distributed data management systems<br />
at partners. A key element in the data identification and access to in‐situ data is the<br />
Common Data Index (CDI) metadatabase based on the ISO19115 metadata model,<br />
which has been adopted from the SeaDataNet project. This INSEA CDI interface can<br />
be found via the INSEA website, see www.insea.info/cdi.<br />
2. Discovery of INSEA data products:<br />
A catalogue for data product identification has been set up including a Content<br />
Management System to enter the product description. Just like the CDI metadata<br />
model this catalogue follows the ISO19115 metadata standard. The catalogue is<br />
accessible via the INSEA website and gives an overview of the available products in<br />
the three regions. It directs the users to the distribution points via the metadata.<br />
3. Visualization of data products and model output:<br />
The visualization of products is to end‐users the most interesting part. It can be used<br />
to bring predictions in a visual way directly to the user. To visualize the instances of<br />
the product inventory (see point 2) a viewing service has been set up that contacts<br />
the partners web servers (OpenDAP or FTP)<br />
containing the product data stored in NetCDF<br />
format.<br />
MARIS created an OGC compliant mapping<br />
application, that is the basic application for<br />
the viewing service at the INSEA portal. It<br />
creates on the fly images from NetCDF files,<br />
so the user can choose which data and from<br />
which date/time should be displayed. Other<br />
external WMS output can easily be combined<br />
in the application. The viewing service will be demonstrated.<br />
1 Peter Thijsse (MSc), peter@maris.nl ‐ MARIS BV, Kon. Julianalaan 345a, 2273JJ,<br />
Voorburg, The Netherlands – www.maris.nl
WITHDRAWN <strong>PAPERS</strong><br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 223 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
INDEX (by author)<br />
Achilli, Andrea (USA) ‐ The Osmotic Membrane Bioreactor: a Novel Approach to<br />
Wastewater Treatment in Coastal Areas<br />
Ahmed, Ahmed Sayed Mohamed (Egypt) ‐ Impact assessment of marine agricultural<br />
wastewater outfall at the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast<br />
Akkaya, M. Ali (Turkey) ‐ Coastal Zone Management and International Financial<br />
Institution Activity<br />
Akkaya, M. Ali (Turkey) ‐ The Administration Strategy of the Coast<br />
Andtbacka, Anders (Finland) ‐ Expanded application fields for structured‐wall PE pipes<br />
in the marine environment<br />
Ayoubloo, Mohammad Karim (Iran) ‐ Using ANNs approach to estimate scour depth<br />
around a circular pile due to wave in medium dense silt and sand bed<br />
Azinfar, Mojtaba (Iran) ‐ One‐Dimensional Numerical Model of Mud flow and<br />
Sediment Transport in Two‐layer flows on irregular beds<br />
Azinfar, Mojtaba (Iran) ‐ Two‐dimensional Depth Integrated Model of mud flow on<br />
irregular beds<br />
Azinfar, Mojtaba (Iran) ‐ Two‐dimensional Numerical model of mud flow and<br />
sediment transport in two‐layer flows on beds with irregular geometry<br />
Banaoui, Ali (Morocco) ‐ Use of biomarkers to assess the effects of in vivo exposure to<br />
<strong>org</strong>anochloined and <strong>org</strong>anophosphorous pesticides in the mussels of Agadir Bay<br />
(South of Morocco)<br />
Burak, Selmin (Turkey) ‐ Urban Wastewater Disposal Strategies on Coastal<br />
Settlements in Turkey<br />
Caillat, Jean Michel (France) ‐ Early Outfall Engineering for Cost Reduction<br />
Casazza, Gianna (Italy) ‐ Perspective on the application of the ecosystem approach in<br />
the Mediterranean sea according to the new EU policies<br />
Davidson, Mark (New Zealand) ‐ Large Eddy Simulations of Inclined Hypersaline Jets<br />
Dogan, Ertugrul (Turkey) ‐ Ideas on the Draft of the Amendment of Coastal Zone<br />
Management Legislation in Turkey<br />
Doukakis, Efstratios (Greece) ‐ A method of assessing the sensitivity of the coastal risk<br />
variables to compute the coastal vulnerability index<br />
Eissa, Sawsan (Egypt) ‐ Study of Different Alternatives to Protect a Sandy Beach South<br />
of Oman from Seasonal Erosion by Monsoon Waves<br />
Freire, Alexandre (Spain) ‐ Environmental monitoring of submarine outfalls in the<br />
Portuguese coastal waters on the context of the WFD: practices and challenges<br />
Hawboldt, Kelly (Canada) ‐ LCA of Biodiesel from Fish Oil in Remote Fish Processing<br />
Plants<br />
Kabbara, Nijad (Lebanon) ‐ Monitoring Water Quality in the Coastal Area of Tripoli<br />
(Lebanon) Using High‐Resolution Satellite Data<br />
Kos, Lech (Poland) ‐ Oxidation of nonionic surfactants in water solutions<br />
Lamparelli, Claudia (Brazil) ‐ The influence of submarine outfalls on beach water<br />
quality in São Paulo Coast – Brazil
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 224 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Lamparelli, Claudia (Brazil) ‐ Water and sediment quality near Brazilian submarine<br />
outfalls<br />
Lee, Joseph H. W. (China) ‐ Mixing of rosette jet groups from ocean outfalls<br />
Luz Fernandez, Rocio (Argentina) ‐ Pipe protection design for the marine outfall on<br />
the East coast of Argentina<br />
Madihi, Mohammad Saeed (Iran) ‐ Numerical simulation of regular and random<br />
waves and Wave‐induced currents around detached breakwaters<br />
Maggiore, Angelo (Italy) ‐ Monetary valuation of damages to marine life and bottom<br />
sediments<br />
Mansor, Leonardo (Brazil) ‐ Dilution Models Related to Produced Water Discharge in<br />
South‐Southeast Brazil<br />
Mansor, Leonardo (Brazil) ‐ Long Term Environmental Monitoring Produced Water<br />
Discharge Areas in Brazil<br />
Mansor, Leonardo (Brazil) ‐ Petrobras Brazil Produced Water Treatment and<br />
Discharge Program<br />
Mariyappan, Raman (Malaysia) ‐ Environmental Resources Development in Penang<br />
Island: Issues, Policies and Challenges<br />
Mat, Hakan (Turkey) ‐ Coastal Zone Management and Involvement of International<br />
Financing Institutions<br />
Meraz, Monica (Mexico) ‐ Anthropogenic impact on marine water quality in the<br />
Caribbean Costa Maya by untreated wastewater discharges<br />
Moisi, Petruta (Romania) ‐ The impact of the Black Sea upon the Danube Delta within<br />
a large timespan (1857‐2007)<br />
Mukhtasor (Indonesia) ‐ Relative contribution of wave and current to the initial<br />
dilution of ocean outfalls<br />
Mukhtasor (Indonesia) ‐ A framework for environmental risk‐based design of ocean<br />
outfalls<br />
Orekhova, Natalia (Ukraine) ‐ Voltammetry profiling of the Sevastopol Bay's<br />
sediments<br />
Pazandeh Masouleh, Zahra (Iran) ‐ Evaluation of Windblown sand models‐case study:<br />
Persian gulf beaches<br />
Pospissil Garbossa, Luis Hamilton (Brasil) ‐ Wastewater marine disposal in Santa<br />
Catarina – Brazil: Legal requirements and the proposed and used alternatives<br />
Riad, Tadros (Egypt) ‐ Study of tidal current and water level variation along the Red<br />
Sea<br />
Sasaki, Jun (Japan) ‐ Monitoring of Hydrogen Sulfide in Huge Dredged Trenches in<br />
Tokyo Bay<br />
Scurtu, Ciprian (Norway) ‐ Combination of <strong>org</strong>anoclay sorption and biodegradation in<br />
a fluidized bed reactor for the treatment of wastewaters from offshore platform<br />
operation<br />
Son, Daeik (South Korea) ‐ Analyzing Sewer Rehabilitation of Erbil in Iraq and<br />
Cheongju in Korea Using MOUSE S/W<br />
Treadwell, Donald (USA) ‐ Longevity of marine waste water outfalls
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 225 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The osmotic membrane bioreactor: a novel approach to wastewater treatment in<br />
coastal areas<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Andrea Achilli 1 , Tzahi Y. Cath, Eric A. Marchand, Amy E. Childress<br />
A novel submerged osmotic membrane bioreactor (OsMBR) for wastewater<br />
treatment is presented. The system utilizes a submerged forward osmosis (FO)<br />
membrane module inside a bioreactor. FO, or simply osmosis, is the transport of<br />
water across a selectively permeable membrane from a solution of higher water<br />
chemical potential (low osmotic pressure) to a solution of lower water chemical<br />
potential (high osmotic pressure). Typically, the FO process results in concentration<br />
of the feed stream and dilution of a highly concentrated stream (referred to as the<br />
draw solution (DS)).<br />
In an OsMBR system, wastewater is fed into a reactor which is continuously aerated<br />
to supply oxygen for the biomass and to scour the membrane. Through osmosis,<br />
water diffuses from the bioreactor, across a semi‐permeable membrane, and into a<br />
high salinity DS. The FO membrane acts as a barrier to solute transport and provides<br />
high rejection of the contaminants in the wastewater stream. The diluted DS, which<br />
consists of sea water, is discharged into the ocean.<br />
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is an attractive alternative for coastal<br />
wastewater treatment; the membrane retains solids inside the bioreactor and<br />
achieves high nutrient removals and effluent disinfection. Compared to the<br />
microfiltration or ultrafiltration process in a conventional MBR, the FO process in the<br />
OsMBR offers the advantages of much higher rejection (semi‐permeable membrane<br />
versus microporous membrane) at a lower hydraulic pressure. FO is also likely to<br />
have lower fouling propensity than pressure‐driven systems.<br />
Preliminary results from experiments conducted with a flat‐sheet cellulose triacetate<br />
FO membrane and NaCl solution as the DS demonstrated high sustainable flux and<br />
relatively low reverse transport of solutes from the DS into the bioreactor.<br />
Membrane fouling was minimal and controlled with osmotic backwashing. The<br />
OsMBR process was found to remove 99.8% of <strong>org</strong>anic carbon, and 97.7% of<br />
ammonium.<br />
1 Andrea Achilli, (PhD Student), aachilli@unr.edu ‐ University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia<br />
St. ‐ Mail Stop 258, USA
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 226 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Impact assessment of marine agricultural wastewater outfall at the Egyptian<br />
Mediterranean Coast<br />
Ahmed Sayed Mohamed Ahmed 1 , Ahmed El‐Belasy 2 and Mohamed Bahgat 3<br />
Keywords: Mediterranean Coast, wastewater discharge, Numerical Modeling, Delft3D<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
A new agricultural wastewater outfall is to be located immediately west of a<br />
prestigious resort located on the Northern Coast of the Mediterranean Sea at a<br />
distance of about 100 Km west of Alexandria, Egypt. The wastewater outfall structure<br />
is to be hydraulically designed to release water to the sea considering no<br />
environmental impact on the neighbouring resort. The study objectives include the<br />
following:<br />
• Designing the outfall structure in such a way to ensure no sedimentation or<br />
erosion at the outfall structure.<br />
• Investigating the hydraulic design of the drain by determining the water levels<br />
and the current velocities through the drain outlet<br />
• Investigating the plume of the wastewater and its extent<br />
• Confirming that the plume will not reach the outlets of the inland lagoon of<br />
Marina resort located to the east of the project.<br />
The study will be employed with two different numerical models to suffice the above<br />
mentioned objectives which are explained as follows:<br />
1‐ The drain water cross‐section will be designed with the one‐dimensional<br />
model SOBEK 1D<br />
2‐ Coastal Hydrodynamic simulations will be implemented by Flow module of<br />
Delft3D while the Plume modelling will be made by using the Particle<br />
Tracking module (PART module)<br />
The results of such models will be presented in the full paper as well as in the<br />
conference presentation.<br />
1<br />
Ahmed S. M. Ahmed (Dr), ahmed@hri‐egypt.<strong>org</strong> – Hydraulics Research Institute,<br />
National Water Research Center, Delta Barrage 13621<br />
2<br />
Ahmed El‐Belasy (Dr), Hydraulics Research Institute, National Water Research Center,<br />
Delta Barrage 13621<br />
3<br />
Mohamed Bahgat (Eng.), Hydraulics Research Institute, National Water Research<br />
Center, Delta Barrage 13621
SUMMARY<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 227 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Coastal zone management and international financial institution activity<br />
M. Ali Akkaya 1 , Selmin Burak 2<br />
Environmental, marine coastal and coast problems are accepted as the third social<br />
matter by the political community after having thought of security and economics<br />
with the globalization procedure; states as accomplished with the public<br />
management have started to leave the authorities to international associations about<br />
saving environmental values. Until the 1970’s; international associations haven’t<br />
attacted importance to environmental matters. With the increasing sea and coastal<br />
problems besides environmental ones; International Associations have tried to<br />
examine and control. In that sense, such as International Finance Institutionals World<br />
Bank, European Investment Bank, IMF, World Trade Center etc…have supported<br />
many projects financially regarding coastal zone management. This bulletin will<br />
include how the financial institutions manage the money and their effort and what<br />
they are arranging to protect sea, coastal and environmental values.<br />
1 Mehmet Ali Akkaya, mali@istanbul.edu.tr, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey<br />
2 Semlin Burak (Assoc. Prof.), sburak@istanbul.edu.tr ‐ Istanbul University, Institute of<br />
Marine Sciences and Management, Marine Environment Div., 34470 Vefa,<br />
Istanbul/Turkey
SUMMARY<br />
The administration strategy of the coast<br />
M. Ali Akkaya 1<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 228 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The Caspian Sea had been a boundry between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic<br />
and Persia until 1990’s but it had divided among five countries since then (Russia,<br />
Persia, Azerbaijan, Kazakistan and Turkmenistan) The Caspian Sea, which has a<br />
military, political economical and geopolitical position in Trans‐Kafkasya, has attacted<br />
the attention of the international media since the process of dispersion started in the<br />
SSCB. Because of the rich resources of fuel and gas in the region, The Caspian Sea has<br />
been regarded as the second Basra of the 21st century owning to the rich resources<br />
of fuel and gas. Not only the countries around the Caspian Sea and the international<br />
petrol companies have been extremely interested in the Caspian Sea recently and we<br />
expect that there will be some naval changes in the national, international and<br />
economical structure of the Caspian Sea in the following century. This expectation<br />
caused a great deal of necessity for some equipments among the neighbouring<br />
countries to be able to manage and <strong>org</strong>anize the naval sources. In the meantime, lots<br />
of negotiations have been made about the legal location of the Caspian Sea among<br />
the Russia, Persia, Azerbaijan, Kazakistan and Turkmenistan but the parties have not<br />
been able to reach a consensus. This has been the greatest impediment in terms of<br />
endeavours for creating an environmental management programme including the<br />
countries on the coast. In this respect, an agreement will be formed among the<br />
regional states in order to protect the ecology of the Caspian Sea. As a result of this<br />
agreement, they will analyse the technical, institutional, social and the legal extents<br />
of the management system regarding the countries on the coast.<br />
1 Mehmet Ali Akkaya, mali@istanbul.edu.tr, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 229 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Expanded application fields for structured‐wall PE pipes in the marine environment<br />
Anders Andtbacka 1 , Christian Vestman 2 , Ulf Berg 3<br />
Keywords: Structured‐wall, PE, pipe, marine, intake, outfall, polyethylene, design,<br />
installation<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Structured‐wall PE pipes have been considered for many years as promising for<br />
marine applications. The possibility to utilize larger diameters and an attractive<br />
bottom‐line economy, have been of primary interest. Recently, a number of marine<br />
installations have been successfully carried out with medium to large diameter<br />
structured‐wall PE pipes. Reasons for selection and installations solutions are<br />
reviewed in this article.<br />
1<br />
Anders Andtbacka (Mr) M.Sc ChemEng., KWH Pipe Ltd, P.O. Box 21, FI‐65101 Vaasa,<br />
Finland – anders.andtbacka@kwhpipe.com<br />
2<br />
Christian Vestman (Mr), B. Sc., Civ.Eng., KWH Pipe Ltd, P. O. Box 21, FI‐65101 Vaasa,<br />
Finland christian.vestman@kwhpipe.com<br />
3<br />
Ulf Berg (Mr), B. Sc., Mech. Eng., KWH Pipe Ltd, P. O. Box 21, FI‐65101 Vaasa, Finland<br />
ulf.berg@kwhpipe.com
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 230 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Using ANNs approach to estimate scour depth around a circular pile due to wave in<br />
medium dense silt and sand bed<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Mohammad Karim Ayoubloo, Amir Etemad‐Shahidi<br />
Prediction of scour around a pile due to oscillatory wave action is very important in<br />
many offshore and marine engineering problems. Because of complexity of scour<br />
process, most of the empirical formulas are unable to estimate scour hole depth<br />
accurately. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNS) are efficient procedure to understand<br />
and model complex systems with ambiguous relations. A Multi Layer Perceptron<br />
(MLP) is one of the most common kinds of ANNs and has been used map input‐<br />
output systems. In the present study, a MLP with two input sets were employed to<br />
estimate scour depth: (a) dimensional parameters such as grain size, pile diameter,<br />
wave period, wave height, maximum flow velocity and maximum shear velocity (b)<br />
nondimensional parameters such as pile Reynolds number, shields parameter,<br />
Keulegan‐Carpenter number, grain Reynolds number, sediment number and relative<br />
density. Output parameter was nondimensional equilibrium scour depth. The tests<br />
results reveal that a multi layer perceptron with back propagation learning rule can<br />
predict scour hole depth better than the existing empirical formula. A sensitive<br />
analysis was carried out and it showed that Keulegan‐Carpenter number and wave<br />
height are the most important parameters in scour process.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 231 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
One‐dimensional numerical model of mud flow and sediment transport in two‐<br />
layer flows on irregular beds<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Kurosh Hejazi, Masoud Montazeri Namin, Mojtaba Azinfar<br />
This study presents a finite‐volume first order explicit method to solve 1D two‐layer<br />
shallow water equations. Two‐layer s hallow flows in which the superposed layers<br />
differ in velocity, density and rheology in a one dimensional domain is intended to<br />
describe in this numerical model. The computational approach is based on the HLL<br />
scheme, an approximate Riemann solver for the purpose of computing a Godunov<br />
flux proposed by Harten, Lax and van Leer, treats the bottom slope by lateralizing the<br />
momentum flux, and refines the scheme using the Strang splitting to manage the<br />
frictional source term, So this study performed 1D two‐layer shallow water<br />
computations on irregular beds. Also special cases for lower layer such as sediment<br />
transportation and mud layer are modeled. The analytical results in this study will be<br />
valuable for further advanced research and for designing or planning hydraulic<br />
engineering structures.
SUMMARY<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 232 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Two‐dimensional depth integrated model of mud flow on irregular beds<br />
Kurosh Hejazi, Masoud Montazeri Namin, Mojtaba Azinfar<br />
Gravity driven flows such as mud flows cause major economic damage and loss of<br />
human life. Numerical models are important prediction tools which can help to<br />
design structures. Bingham models have been frequently used to describe the<br />
rheology of mudflows. Bingham‐fluids are characterized by a yield stress. Below this<br />
yield stress the fluid will behave almost like a solid body and above as a liquid. The<br />
computational approach is based on the HLL scheme, an approximate Riemann solver<br />
for the purpose of computing a Godunov flux proposed by Harten, Lax and van Leer,<br />
treats the bottom slope by lateralizing the momentum flux, and refines the scheme<br />
using the Strang splitting to manage the frictional source term.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 233 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Two‐dimensional numerical model of mud flow and sediment transport in two‐<br />
layer flows on beds with irregular geometry<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Kurosh Hejazi, Masoud Montazeri Namin, Mojtaba Azinfar<br />
This study presents a finite‐volume first order explicit method to solve 2D two‐layer<br />
shallow water equation s. Two‐layer shallow flows in which the superposed layers<br />
differ in velocity, density and rheology in a two dimensional domain is intended to<br />
describe in this numerical model. The computational approach is based on the HLL<br />
scheme, an approximate Riemann solver for the purpose of computing a Godunov<br />
flux proposed by Harten, Lax and van Leer, treats the bottom slope by lateralizing the<br />
momentum flux, and refines the scheme using the Strang splitting to manage the<br />
frictional source term, So this study performed 2D two‐layer shallow water<br />
computations on irregular beds. Then special cases for lower layer such as sediment<br />
transportation and mud layer are modeled. The analytical results in this study will be<br />
valuable for further advanced research and for designing or planning hydraulic<br />
engineering structures.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 234 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Use of biomarkers to assess the effects of in vivo exposure to <strong>org</strong>anochloined and<br />
<strong>org</strong>anophosphorous pesticides in the mussels of Agadir Bay (South of Morocco)<br />
Ali Banaoui, El Hamidi Fatima, Kaaya Abderrazak, Bouhaimi Abdallah et Moukrim<br />
Abdellatif<br />
SUMMARY<br />
The pesticides constitute one of the major pollutants of the environment; their<br />
increased use in relation to the development of agriculture is at the origin of a great<br />
number of environmental problems, appearing by noxious effects at various levels of<br />
the biological <strong>org</strong>anization. These effects can reach the marine and dulçaquicoles<br />
watery ecosystems via the phenomena of scrubbing of the grounds and material<br />
haulage rich in potentially toxic residues of pesticides. With an aim of in vivo<br />
evaluating pollution by the pesticides via the answer of biomarqueurs at two species<br />
of mussel of bay of Agadir: Perna perna and Donax trunculus, an experiment of<br />
exposure of these last to 500 µg/l of three pesticides to knowing the 2,4‐D<br />
(<strong>org</strong>anochlorinated), Malathion (<strong>org</strong>anophosphoré) and carbamate were carried out.<br />
The follow‐up of the answer of the biomarqueurs: acétylcholinestérase (Aitch)<br />
biomarquor of neurotoxicity, Catalase (CAT) and Malonedialdhyde (MDA) biomarquor<br />
of oxidizing stress and Glutathion S‐Transférase (GST) biomarquor of detoxification of<br />
hydrocarbons at summer carried out at different duration during 7 days. The results<br />
revealed an overall coherent answer of the various biomarkers; this answer occurred<br />
in an early way and varies according to the type of the pesticide and the exposure<br />
time. Indeed, the Aitch showed a significant inhibition at the two species as of the<br />
first six hours (6h) of exposure and continuous until the end of the experiment almost<br />
for all the pesticides tested. This answer is explained by the sensitivity of the Aitch to<br />
the pesticide especially <strong>org</strong>anophosphorés recognized by their neurotoxic effect<br />
appearing by inhibition of the Aitch. The CAT is induced after 12h of exposure beyond<br />
this period a rise of the rates of MDA was recorded at the two species, this result<br />
probably testifies to a notable induction of lipoperoxydation due to the free radicals<br />
generated by the contamination by the pesticides especially the <strong>org</strong>anochlorinated<br />
2,4‐D and carbamate. The GST showed a variable answer according to species' and<br />
the type of the pesticide, namely an induction by all the pesticides at D. trunculus<br />
contrary to P. perna at which Malathion and the 2,4‐D inhibited remarkably the GST<br />
whereas the carbamate relatively stimulated at this species. The GST which is an<br />
enzyme of conjugation intervening in the detoxification of polycyclic aromatic<br />
hydrocarbons (HAP) reacts in a variable way under the effect of other pollutants such<br />
as metals and pesticide. Generally, these results are in agreement with those<br />
obtained by other international work of biomonitoring using the biomarqueurs and<br />
the moulds, such as the RNO in France and Mussel Wach in the USA. This is in favour<br />
of the use of its techniques for in situ evaluation of pollution of the environment in<br />
particular in marine environment. In addition, the differences in answer of the<br />
biomarqueurs highlighted at the two species would be allotted to the difference in
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 235 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
sensitivity of each one of these species to the contaminants, in its turn, partly bound<br />
to the difference in their layout in the surface of distributions (D. trunculus<br />
characterizes the substrate furnishs it lives in the sandy coasts, P. perna characterizes<br />
the rock substrate of the médiolittoral)
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 236 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Urban waste water disposal strategies on coastal settlements in Turkey<br />
S. Burak 1 , H. Mat 2 , S. Zeki 3<br />
Keywords: appropriate treatment, coastal settlements, deep‐sea outfall, disposal<br />
strategies, urban wastewater treatment<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Turkey has been affected by urbanization like other Mediterranean countries since its<br />
very first years of development, with a rate increasing from 18.5 % in 1950 to about<br />
62 % after 2000. Coastal and Western cities in particular have had to face congested<br />
population problems that created a severe financial burden on local municipalities.<br />
Smaller coastal settlements have become increasingly urbanized as a result of<br />
legislative and institutional incentives to encourage tourism investment. Construction<br />
of hotels and secondary housing cooperatives has exploded as a result of unearned<br />
and real income expectations to the detriment of fertile land.<br />
Construction of up‐to‐the‐standards sewerage facilities began in the late 1960’s<br />
initiated by the Bank of Provinces. New sewerage projects have been designed on<br />
separate systems taking into account land development projections. In urban areas<br />
approximately 80% of the population is connected to the sewerage network on the<br />
average. Due to high investment costs, storm water collection systems have been<br />
constructed only in limited flood prone areas of big cities. So far, in coastal<br />
settlements, the final disposal by deep‐sea outfall of collected wastewater after<br />
preliminary treatment has been a common practice. The treatment level of domestic<br />
wastewater to be discharged into the receiving media is assessed under three<br />
categories based on the population figures. The regulations prescribe a<br />
comprehensive list of effluent standards particular to domestic sewage treatment<br />
works discharging directly into the watercourses and sea and also individual<br />
industries. Areas of high ecologic importance and sensitive to environmental<br />
pollution must be given special importance as stipulated in the related clause of the<br />
Environment Act. Advance treatment is gradually being introduced to the wastewater<br />
treatment plant design located in touristic coastal areas, special protected areas and<br />
water protection basins.<br />
A critical analysis of urban wastewater disposal strategy is made based on case<br />
studies carried out in various coastal cities of Turkey.<br />
1 Semlin Burak (Assoc. Prof.), sburak@istanbul.edu.tr ‐ Istanbul University, Institute of Marine<br />
Sciences and Management, Marine Environment Div., Istanbul/Turkey<br />
2 Hakan Mat (Financial analyst), hakanmat@superonline.com ‐ Consult International Management<br />
Engineering Environmental and Information Technologies Ltd. Co.; Istanbul/Turkey<br />
3 Sibel Zeki (Research assistant), szeki@istanbul.edu.tr ‐ Istanbul University, Institute of Marine<br />
Sciences and Management, Marine Environment Div., Istanbul/Turkey
SUMMARY<br />
Early outfall engineering for cost reduction<br />
Jean‐Michel Caillat<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 237 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Most often, an outfall project starts from a ruler drawn straight line linking a<br />
treatment plant location to a discharge point defined from a dilution study. Most<br />
often, the line gets included in the administrative authorization document and then<br />
becomes a parameter, as the dilution ratio, which cannot be changed later on.<br />
However, at this stage of the project nothing or almost nothing has been studied for<br />
what concerns engineering aspects such as sea bed characteristics, waves forces on<br />
pipes, nature of pipes, construction requirements and limitations, etc…When the<br />
detailed study comes up, one frequently encounters technical and practical<br />
difficulties which could have been avoided by early considering of engineering<br />
aspects and which have reduced the project cost.<br />
Through field examples, this paper reviews a few cases showing how early<br />
considering of engineering aspects or more flexibility in the<br />
administrative/contractual management could have improved outfall projects and<br />
reduced final costs. It also raises the question of over safety in outfall design.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 238 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Perspective on the application of the ecosystem approach in the Mediterranean Sea<br />
according to the new EU policies<br />
Gianna Casazza 1 , Cecilia Lopez Y Royo, Massimo Dalù, Flavia Saccomandi, Emanuela<br />
Spada, Cecilia Silvestri<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Europe's environmental policy related to water management has been founded on<br />
the cornerstone of sustainable development which implies, among others, the<br />
mastering of his urban wastewater and better agricultural practices. The Urban<br />
Wastewater Treatment and Nitrate Directives promoted an appropriate treatment<br />
for these discharges. Afterwards, the Water Framework Directive added a new vision<br />
of water management in which the idea of water quality assumes an ecological<br />
meaning through the objective of “good ecological status” of waters. The WFD<br />
introduced an integrated approach allowing to tackle in a more comprehensive way<br />
the water protection issues. Indicators related to biological quality elements have<br />
been coupled with physico‐chemical elements and with hydro‐morphological<br />
conditions for the definition of the ecological status of water bodies. Consistent with<br />
the WFD definition of “good ecological status” and the concept of “favourable status<br />
of conservation” included in the Habitat Directive, the future Marine Strategy<br />
Directive aims to achieve a “good environmental status” of the EU’s marine waters.<br />
Such concept, based on an ecosystem approach to marine resource management,<br />
takes in consideration a wider range of relevant ecological , environmental and<br />
human factors.<br />
However, its implementation and effectiveness will depend especially on the ability<br />
to act in synergy with existing European legislations (UWWT, Nitrate, Bird, Habitat,<br />
IPPC, Bathing), policy areas managed at European level such as Fishery and<br />
Agriculture, the Euro‐Mediterranean initiative Horizon 2020, International agreement<br />
such as the International Marine Convention. In the Mediterranean, a special case of<br />
European seas, the identification of linkages and overlapping effects among existing<br />
policies and instruments will be a necessary basic step for the application of an<br />
ecosystem based management to the marine environment.<br />
1 Gianna Casazza, Dr., gianna.casazza@apat.it ‐ APAT, Roma, Italy
SUMMARY<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 239 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Large eddy simulations of inclined hypersaline jets<br />
Mark Davidson, Cameron Oliver<br />
Climate variability, population growth and the desire for political independence is<br />
creating increased discrepancies between the demand and supply of adequate water<br />
for many communities. These discrepancies are driving a dramatic rise in the<br />
worldwide desalination capacity. The cost of desalinating water has reduced<br />
significantly in recent years and it is increasingly becoming a key component in the<br />
provision of an adequate and secure water supply; where desalination is often<br />
employed to supplement less reliable sources. Economies of scale dictate that new<br />
desalination plants are of an increasingly high capacity and there are growing<br />
concerns about the potential environmental impacts of their discharges and the<br />
impact of such discharges on the efficiency of the plant itself. Disposal of the<br />
hypersaline wastewater from these larger capacity plants typically occurs through a<br />
submarine outfall. The discharged fluid is negatively buoyant and released at some<br />
inclination to the ocean floor (typically 60o); it therefore rises towards the receiving<br />
water surface initially, but subsequently sinks back to its floor. Research into the<br />
behavior of these negatively buoyant flows have to date been limited in number and<br />
detail, but it has been shown that integral models do not accurately predict the<br />
dilution of such flows.<br />
In the current study, Large‐Eddy Simulations of inclined negatively buoyant<br />
discharges are carried out and predictions are compared with recently acquired<br />
experimental concentrations fields. Spread, trajectory and mean integrated dilution<br />
data are shown to compare favorably with the numerical model predictions.<br />
Predictions from the simulations are then employed to study these flows in increased<br />
detail. Planar cross‐sectional information is presented and centerline dilution values<br />
extracted and discussed in the context of the design of hypersaline systems. The<br />
simulations confirm the importance of ‘buoyancy driven instabilities’ in enhancing<br />
the mixing of these flows, and provide an improved understanding of their impact on<br />
mean flow behavior.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 240 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Ideas on the draft of the amendment of coastal zone management legislation in<br />
Turkey<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Ertugrul Dogan 1 , M. Ali Akkaya 2<br />
The term of shore, as a natural land form, was transformed into a legal concept which<br />
is bound various results by law system pursuant to the socio‐economic importance<br />
gained by time, besides being the subject of sciences such as geomorphology,<br />
geography, ecology .. etc. The shore, which has geomorphologic qualification, was<br />
started to be addressed comprehensively by legal literature as of 1990s. Although<br />
law‐maker has not need to make the shore area, which has no socio‐economic value,<br />
the subject of long term legal regulation, the increase in pressure of speculative<br />
utilization, increasing socio‐economic annuity value obliged the legal approaches for<br />
the problem. In Turkey, for last fifty years, issues such as utilization of shore, shore<br />
and shore planning increasingly gained importance and consequently, the need of<br />
legal regulation was revealed in particular means.<br />
Until 1972, there were no legal regulation related to the shore in Turkish Law system.<br />
As of the 1980s, constitutional and legal regulations were made due to increasing<br />
shore problem together with the increasing socio‐economic transformation period<br />
both in global scale and in our country. The Article No.43 of fundamental Law 1982<br />
and the Acts with No. 3086, 3621 and 3080 are the regulations made on this issue.<br />
Within twenty years, it is possible to find three legal regulations, two decrees of<br />
annulment of Constitutional Court and hundreds of case on cancellation of<br />
implementation about the shore areas. The shore‐related problems increasingly<br />
continue within the social structure. According to the resultant point, “Project for<br />
Amendment of Coastal Law” prepared by the Department of Public Works and the<br />
Settlement on present Coastal Law raised a serious discussion in public opinion. In<br />
fact, this process should be accepted as an opportunity to make an amendment on<br />
Coastal Law which includes multiple participants and which is accepted in consensus.<br />
In this declaration, the need and importance of the amendment will be addressed by<br />
considering the international norms of amendment Project related with Coastal Law<br />
as well as by taking the principles of contemporary environment, the settlement plan,<br />
planning, provincial administrations and the requirements of the democratic society<br />
into account.<br />
1 Ertugrul Dogan, Prof., edogan@istanbul.edu.tr ‐ Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey<br />
2 Mehmet Ali Akkaya, mali@istanbul.edu.tr, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 241 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
A method of assessing the sensitivity of the coastal risk variables to compute the<br />
coastal vulnerability index<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Efstratios Doukakis<br />
Climate change is a threat to mankind! Since the end of the 19th century the earth's<br />
average surface temperature has increased by 0.3‐0.6 °C. Over the last 40 years, the<br />
rise has been 0.2‐0.3 °C. Recent years have been the warmest since 1860, the year<br />
when regular instrumental records became available. IPCC concluded that global<br />
warming is real, serious, and accelerating. It predicted that over the next 100 years,<br />
the earth's average temperature could further rise by 1.4‐5.8 °C. The magnitude of<br />
this predicted warming may seem negligible, but its rate is faster than any seen in the<br />
last 10,000 years. Some important aspects of our lives can be affected through<br />
changes in weather patterns and the coastal zone is expected to be impacted by<br />
serious phenomena.<br />
The Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) has proved to be a valuable tool for evaluating<br />
the potential for coastal change in a given area. The CVI ranks the following variables<br />
in terms of their physical contribution to sea level‐related coastal change:<br />
geomorphology, regional coastal slope, rate of relative sea‐level change, the rate of<br />
historical shoreline change, mean tidal range and mean significant wave height. They<br />
are termed coastal risk variables and the rankings for each variable are combined and<br />
an index value is calculated, such that the CVI highlights those regions where the<br />
physical effects of sea‐level change might be the greatest. Several formulae have<br />
been used for this index and among them the square root of the geometrical mean is<br />
one used more frequently.<br />
The purpose of the present study is to propose a method which can assess the<br />
sensitivity of each risk variable since each of them influences the CVI computation<br />
with a different weight. The total combinations of the six risk variables are 15,625 but<br />
140 of them are different because all the rest compute the same CVI value. Minimum<br />
and maximum values are then corresponded to 0% and 100% respectively and all in‐<br />
between values correspond to certain percentages. Having taken the percentages for<br />
all 140 combinations, the risk variables can be ranked according to their influence<br />
(sensitivity). This is very important because this ranking is the way with which weights<br />
can be introduced in computing the CVI, otherwise all risk variables contribute<br />
equally and this can lead to serious miscomputations and errors.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 242 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Study of different alternatives to protect a sandy beach South of Oman from<br />
seasonal erosion by monsoon waves<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Sawsan Eissa, Omnia Kabbany<br />
In this paper, different alternatives were studies to protect a sandy beach located in<br />
the Sothern Omani coast from erosion. Different alternatives were studied including<br />
a system of detached breakwaters, a system of groynes and combination of both to<br />
different dimensions and alignments. The expected effects of each alternative on the<br />
surrounding shoreline were investigated using the shoreline change model GENESIS<br />
which is based on the one line theory for shoreline change and is especially powerful<br />
for calculating the effects of different coastal structures on the shoreline.<br />
The calibration parameters in GENESIS were estimated using two successive shoreline<br />
configurations. Different runs were carried out using the wave characteristics of the<br />
South‐Western Monsoon and starting from the earlier shoreline. Different<br />
combinations of calibration parameters were used is such runs and the resulting<br />
shorelines were compared to that was later measured, then combination of<br />
calibration parameters that produced a shoreline closest to it was selected for use in<br />
the rest of GENESIS runs.<br />
To study the annual effect of each alternative protection scheme on the shoreline,<br />
the offshore waves for Monsoon season and the transition period between Monsoon<br />
seasons were used separately as input to GENESIS, to simulate a full year and<br />
investigate the effects of each of the above‐described alternative structures on the<br />
shoreline. The simulation of the propagation of such offshore waves over the seabed<br />
in the study location was carried out using the internal wave module “RCPWAVE”<br />
which is part of GENESIS model and which considers the effect of irregular bed<br />
bathymetry in wave propagation. The resulting nearshore waves from RCPWAVE<br />
were then used in GENESIS to calculate the expected shoreline change over the initial<br />
one as a result of implementing each of the alternative protection schemes.<br />
In addition, short term runs were carried out using the extreme wave conditions of<br />
different return periods and that cover short durations simulating one of the<br />
Monsoon storms per run to investigate the effect of single extreme storms, a<br />
condition that is common during Monsoon.<br />
The results of GENESIS runs showed that all the studied alternatives can protect the<br />
eroded beach from erosion to different limits and will affect the surrounding<br />
shoreline by erosion and accretion to different limits which will need different<br />
maintenance requirements. However, the option of using a system of detached<br />
breakwaters and two groynes supporting a beach nourishment will provide suitable<br />
protection to the sandy beach and will need the minimal maintenance requirements,<br />
therefore, this alternative is recommended for implementation for such a purpose.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 243 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Environmental monitoring of submarine outfalls in the Portuguese coastal waters<br />
on the context of the WFD: practices and challenges<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
A. Freire 1 , C. Santos 2<br />
The Water Framework Directive introduces a new conceptual approach to the<br />
submarine outfalls monitoring issues, requiring the adoption of new methodologies,<br />
with the goal of fulfill good chemical and ecological state for the water bodies. Once<br />
established the coastal waters bodies, their reference conditions and settled the<br />
criteria to evaluate their ecological state, it’s important to clarify the meaning of the<br />
concepts of submarine outfall “mixing zone”, “affected zone” and “influence zone”, in<br />
order to draw the domain in which the operational monitoring programs will be<br />
handled. These concepts will be analyzed as well as the consequences of their<br />
practical use to a number of submarine outfalls located at the Portuguese Atlantic<br />
Coast, where will be analised the current practices on monitoring as well as the new<br />
challenges imposed by the WFD. The criteria adopted in these monitoring surveys will<br />
be made explicit and criticized, bearing in mind the new conceptual and<br />
methodological WFD implementation criteria. Finally, a protocol for monitoring<br />
submarine outfalls at the Portuguese coast is submitted as a proposal.<br />
1<br />
A. Freire, afreire2007@hotmail.com, Submarine Outfall & Environmental Hydraulics<br />
Group, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain<br />
2<br />
C. Santos, cristina.santos@ineti.pt, INETI, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 1649‐038<br />
Lisboa, Portugal
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 244 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
LCA of biodiesel from fish oil in remote fish processing plants<br />
K.A. Hawboldt 1 , F.I. Khan 2 , P. Jayasinghe 3<br />
Keywords: Biodiesel, fish processing plant waste management, wastewater discharge<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Fuels derived from virgin vegetable oils, animal fat, and waste coking oil have<br />
generated a tremendous amount of research and commercial application in the past<br />
decade. In areas of substantial fish processing, the use of waste fish oil in biodiesel<br />
has gained attention. Biodiesel has a number of advantages over conventional<br />
petroleum based diesel in that it utilizes waste or by‐product from processing plant,<br />
and lowers emissions of greenhouse gases and most other toxins (excluding nitrogen<br />
oxides) over life cycle of fuel production, use, and disposal.<br />
The primary challenges are the heterogeneity of fish waste, remoteness of most fish<br />
processing plants, and fish oil is typically high in free fatty acids. The remoteness of<br />
the plants means that producing the biodiesel for export is likely not feasible. The<br />
high free fatty acid content and rates of degradation of the fish oil exaggerates the<br />
export problem. Options for fish biodiesel in remote processing plants is on‐site<br />
generation for blend with diesel for energy and/or a few central facilities close to a<br />
number of plants for biodiesel production that would be used at the plants. There are<br />
two major benefits to processing the waste to remove the oil: reduction in <strong>org</strong>anic<br />
load in wastewater discharge to the marine environment, and reduction in gaseous<br />
emissions in terms of toxicity and GHGs.<br />
In this study a life cycle analysis of biodiesel produced from the fish waste, at the fish<br />
processing plant, for use in the plant’s energy system will be performed. This will be<br />
compared with straight diesel use to determine the feasibility of processing the oil on<br />
site and the resulting decrease in the <strong>org</strong>anic load to the marine environment.<br />
1<br />
Kelly A. Hawboldt, PhD., P.Eng. (Associate Professor), Memorial University, St.<br />
John’s, NL, Canada, A1B3X5, www.mun.ca<br />
2<br />
Faisal. I. Khan, PhD., P.Eng. (Associate Professor), Memorial University, St. John’s,<br />
NL, Canada, A1B3X5, www.mun.ca<br />
3<br />
Punyama Jayasinghe, B.Eng., (Master’s student) Memorial University, St. John’s, NL,<br />
Canada, A1B3X5, www.mun.ca
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 245 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Monitoring water quality in the coastal area of Tripoli (Lebanon) using high‐<br />
resolution satellite data<br />
Abstract<br />
N. Kabbara 1 and V. Barale 2<br />
Keywords: Lebanon, coast, monitoring, colour, high resolution, multisensor.<br />
Water quality in the coastal area of Tripoli (Lebanon) was assessed using Landsat<br />
ETM+ high‐resolution data, to provide a first baseline for coastal resources<br />
management. The data were geometrically rectified to a standard geographical grid<br />
and brightness values were converted to reflectance through radiometric correction.<br />
Sea‐truth data, collected in the field within 6 hours before/after the time of the<br />
satellite overpass, were used to derive empirical algorithms for chlorophyll‐a<br />
concentration, Secchi disk depth and turbidity. Then, maps of the distribution of the<br />
selected water quality parameters were generated for the entire area of interest, and<br />
compared with analogous results obtained from SeaWiFS low‐resolution data. The<br />
maps indicate that the Tripoli coastal area is exposed to moderate eutrophic<br />
conditions, along most of its shoreline (in particular along the northern stretch), in<br />
correspondence with fluvial and wastewater runoff sources. The ETM+ data proved<br />
useful for the intended application, and will be used to start a national database on<br />
water quality in the Lebanese coastal environment.<br />
1<br />
N. Kabbara, nkabbara@cnrs.edu.lb National Council for Scientific Research, Marine<br />
Research Centre, P.O. Box 189, Jounieh, Lebanon<br />
2<br />
V. Barale, vittorio.barale@jrc.it Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint<br />
Research Centre, European Commission, TP272, 21020 Ispra, Italy
ABSTRACT<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 246 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Oxidation of nonionic surfactants in water solutions<br />
Lech Kos 1 , Jan Perkowski 2<br />
Keywords: non‐ionic surfactants, oxidation, toxicity, biodegradability<br />
In general, surfactants are not hazardous to man and aquatic <strong>org</strong>anisms. Their<br />
negative impact is that they cause dissolution of toxic substances which are hardly<br />
soluble or completely insoluble in water. A decrease of surface tension causes strong<br />
foaming which deteriorates the conditions of oxygen diffusion and decreases its<br />
concentration in water. Low biodegradability of certain surfactants, disturbed<br />
sedimentation and flocculation processes cause that surfactants must be completely<br />
or at least partly removed from wastewater prior to biological treatment.<br />
The most promising methods for removal of surfactants from wastewater is their<br />
chemical degradation and next elimination of the degradation products by biological<br />
methods.<br />
In chemical processes the most interesting are the advanced oxidation methods<br />
(AOP). The main oxidant in all versions of the AOP is hydroxyl radical HO˙, which has<br />
one of the highest oxidising potentials and ensures many non‐selective reactions.<br />
Oxidation of derivatives of alkylphenol ethoxylates and alcohols with different<br />
lengths of oxyethylene and aliphatic rings, which could be either normal or branched,<br />
was analysed. Beside the detergent structure, a very important factor is also the form<br />
in which it appears, i.e. monomeric or aggregated (micelles).<br />
When investigating the decomposition of various nonionic surfactants by AOP<br />
methods, not only typically chemical parameters of solutions such as COD or TOC but<br />
also toxicity and biodegradability measured by the BOD5/COD ratio were analysed. It<br />
was found that simple toxicity tests were not a real measure of a possibility of<br />
biological treatment of solutions subjected to chemical oxidation. The formed low‐<br />
molecular products are easily subjected to further oxidation reactions which lead to<br />
their complete mineralisation shown by a decrease of COD and TOC of the solution.<br />
1<br />
Lech Kos (Dr), scieki@tricotextil.lodz.pl – Textile Research Institute, Brzezinska 5/15, 92‐<br />
103 Lodz, Poland<br />
2<br />
Jan Perkowski (Dr), japerepi@mitr.p.lodz.pl ‐ Institute of Applied Radiation<br />
Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Wroblewskiego 15, 93‐590 Łódź, Poland
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 247 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The influence of submarine outfalls on beach water quality in São Paulo Coast –<br />
Brazil<br />
C.C. Lamparelli 1 , Dario Nery 2<br />
Keywords: Recreational water quality, beaches, fecal pollution, submarine outfall,<br />
wastewater discharge, São Paulo coast<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
São Paulo State coast has seven sewage submarine outfalls that were built with the<br />
main objective of preventing bathing waters of fecal pollution. Since CETESB, the<br />
Environmental Agency of São Paulo State, has a long term monitoring program of<br />
beach conditions assessment, it was possible to verify the efficiency of these<br />
wastewater structures comparing beach water quality in the period before with the<br />
period after their operation.<br />
With this purpose the study was conducted for 20 sampling sites in 16 beaches<br />
located in three coastal municipalities: Santos, Guarujá and Praia Grande where there<br />
are four domestic waste water submarine outfalls. The data set corresponds to 30<br />
years (1976 to 2005) of beach water quality in terms of the non‐complying percent in<br />
each year, based on weekly microbiological analysis.<br />
The influence of the construction of submarine outfalls on the beach quality was then<br />
verified using SPSS for statistical analysis such as Levene test for comparing variances,<br />
t and Mann‐Whitney tests for average comparison, and cluster analysis.<br />
For the Santos municipality the results showed that the outfall had little influence on<br />
beach quality reducing average non‐compliance index in approximately 10% only,<br />
comparing the period of 1976 to 1979 with 1989 to 1991. However, the later<br />
construction of flood gates in the drainage canals played an important role resulting<br />
in a significant improvement of beach quality with an average reduction of 47% of<br />
non‐compliance.<br />
In Guarujá results showed different degrees of improvement for each beach but a<br />
cluster analysis identified two groups of beaches, before 1994 and after 1994, when<br />
the outfall started to serve most of the beaches in the municipality. The improvement<br />
was significant in 5 of 7 sampling points.<br />
1 Claudia C. Lamparelli (Dr), mailto:claudia@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br‐ CETESB, Av.<br />
Frederico Hermann Jr. 345, 05589‐080 São Paulo, S.P. Brazil – www.cetesb.sp.gov.br.<br />
2 Dario Nery (MSc), mailto:darion@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br‐ CETESB, Av. Frederico<br />
Hermann Jr. 345, 05589‐080 São Paulo, S.P. Brazil – www.cetesb.sp.gov.br.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 248 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
In Praia Grande there was a significant improvement of beach water quality in the<br />
years after the construction of the outfalls. An average reduction of non‐compliance<br />
from 79 to 36% was observed in all six studied beaches.<br />
The comparison of beach water quality in the years before the installation of a<br />
submarine outfall with the years after its operation shows that in most cases it is an<br />
efficient system to reduce water fecal microbiological concentration. This situation is<br />
observed when all sources of fecal pollution are controlled. If some inputs of polluted<br />
water remain, draining to the beaches urban runoff or untreated sewage, the<br />
outfall’s efficiency will be compromised.<br />
CETESB is the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State, Brazil.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 249 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Water and sediment quality near Brazilian submarine outfalls<br />
C.C. Lamparelli 1 , W. Duleba 2 , D. O. Moura 3 , A. C.Teodoro 4 , J. E. Bevilacqua 5 , S. M.<br />
Prada 6 , S. Gubitoso 7<br />
Keywords: Sao Paulo Coast, outfall, sediment quality, water quality, coastal water<br />
monitoring, wastewater discharge<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Ocean disposal of wastewater can be an adequate solution in coastal regions and has<br />
been an option in many coastal states of Brazil. At present, most of Brazilian<br />
submarine outfalls are located in São Paulo State coast. Environmental<br />
commissioning and monitoring of these systems are important to verify the<br />
compliance with water quality criteria for specific uses. CETESB, the Environmental<br />
Agency of São Paulo State is responsible for this evaluation.<br />
This study analyses the data from the monitoring program of 2005 in four submarine<br />
outfalls located in two different regions of São Paulo coast, São Sebastião Channel<br />
and Santos Bay. The main objective was to identify possible impacts due to<br />
wastewater discharges in marine environment.<br />
Water quality results when compared to water criteria showed non‐complying values<br />
for dissolved oxygen and total phosphorus only in the bay area. The results for the<br />
water quality in the channel didn’t show alterations in the sampling areas.<br />
However, results of sediment quality, showed in most cases, negative EH values and<br />
high levels of <strong>org</strong>anic matter and nutrients. Since for the sewage discharges there is<br />
only pretreatment, without removal of suspended solids, and considering the low<br />
1 Claudia C. Lamparelli (Dr), claudial@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br ‐ CETESB, Av. Prof.<br />
Frederico Hermann Jr. 345, 05589‐080 São Paulo, S.P. Brazil – www.cetesb.sp.gov.br.<br />
2 Wânia Duleba (Dr), wduleba@usp.br – Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de<br />
Geociências, Rua do Lago, 562 – São Paulo, S.P. Brazil 05508‐080<br />
http://www2.igc.usp.br/micropaleo/<br />
3 Débora O. Moura (MSc), deborao@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br – CETESB.<br />
www.cetesb.sp.gov.br<br />
4 Andreia C. Teodoro (MSc), andreia.teodoro@gmail.br Universidade de São Paulo,<br />
Instituto de Geociências.<br />
5 José E. Bevilacqua (Dr), zeeduardob@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br ‐ CETESB.<br />
www.cetesb.sp.gov.br.<br />
6 Silvio M. Prada (Dr), smprada@unifieo.br – UNIFIEO – São Paulo , Brazil<br />
7 Silas Gubitoso (PhD Student), Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Geociências
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 250 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
depths of the outfalls locations, the sediments in those areas are accumulating<br />
particulates, mostly <strong>org</strong>anic matter.<br />
The consequence of those alterations is the development of a reductive ambient that<br />
can be harmful to benthic communities. Benthic foraminifer’s assemblages were also<br />
evaluated and the number of species varied according to the degree of sediment<br />
degradation.<br />
The monitoring results of water and sediment quality in the marine environment<br />
near submarine outfalls located at São Paulo State coast showed that sediments are<br />
good indicators of environmental disturbance in aquatic ecosystems. Water column<br />
presented more variable characteristics and few alterations were verified in water<br />
quality assessments. Most of the alterations observed in those marine environments<br />
are related to sediment quality which is a more stable compartment.<br />
CETESB is the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State, Brazil.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 251 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Mixing of rosette jet groups from ocean outfalls<br />
Joseph H. W. Lee<br />
Document not delivered in time
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 252 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Pipe protection design for the marine outfall on the East coast of Argentina<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
M. Corral 1 , R. Fernandez 2 , P. Gyssels 3 , P. Furchi 4 , A. Rodriguez 5<br />
Keywords: outfall, pipeline stability, sewage, pipe protection<br />
The tourist area of Mar del Plata, located on the east coast of Argentina, has more<br />
than 500,000 habitants. To date, the sewage generated by the city varies in between<br />
2.8 m 3 seg ‐1 and 3.5 m 3 seg ‐1 along the year, and it is discharged after a pretreatment<br />
in the Atlantic Ocean. In order to protect the environment and to improve the water<br />
quality of the coast, a complete treatment plant and a sea outfall were designed. The<br />
project includes the three main components in the outfall system: the pumping<br />
station, the discharge pipeline and the diffuser.<br />
Particularly, this paper focuses on the design and the steps planned to assess the<br />
protection of the main pipe itself, based on the three parameters: waves, currents<br />
regime and bottom morphology characteristics. Here, critical aspects were the<br />
characteristic wave conditions, in combination with the lack of underwater visibility<br />
and the strong sedimentary dynamics of the region.<br />
The solution for the functionality and durability of the main pipe was found in the<br />
combination of six different pipe protections along its length; all the sections made in<br />
Polyethylene of High Density and with a uniform external diameter of 2m. The<br />
structural analysis of the subsea design in all sections was performed to approve the<br />
respective protection methodology.<br />
1 Mariano Corral (M.Sc.Eng.), mcorral@com.uncor.edu ‐ Laboratorio de Hidraulica –<br />
Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Av. Filloy, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina<br />
2 Rocio Luz Fernandez (Ph.D.), rocioluz@uiuc.edu ‐ Laboratorio de Hidraulica –<br />
Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Av. Filloy, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina<br />
3 Paolo Gyssels (Eng.), pgyssels@isrh.unc.edu.ar ‐ Laboratorio de Hidraulica –<br />
Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Av. Filloy, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina<br />
4 Pascual Furchi (Eng.), furchi@osmgp.gov.ar ‐ Obras Sanitarias Mar del Plata, S.E.,<br />
Buenos Aires, Argentina<br />
5 Andres Rodriguez (Dr.), arodrig@isrh.unc.edu.ar ‐ Instituto Superior de Recursos<br />
Hídricos ‐ Laboratorio de Hidraulica ‐ Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Av. Filloy, Ciudad<br />
Universitaria
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 253 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Numerical simulation of regular and random waves and wave‐induced currents<br />
around detached breakwaters<br />
M.S Madihi 1 , H Hakimzade 2<br />
Keywords: Surf zone, Boussinesq model, Wave breaking, Wave‐induced currents,<br />
Horizontal near shore, Random waves, Circulation, Detached breakwater<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
This paper describes the effect of various parameters on detached breakwaters by<br />
means of a time‐domain Boussinesq type model, which is extended to the surf zone<br />
and swash zone by including a simple description of wave breaking and a moving<br />
boundary at the shoreline. The model is applied to investigate the cross‐shore motion<br />
of regular waves around a detached breakwater including shoaling and wave<br />
breaking. This paper also includes a discussion of time averaged quantities derived<br />
from the time‐domain solutions. The present paper focuses on the wave height, wave<br />
breaking and wave‐induced currents around a detached breakwater. This is done<br />
without the traditional splitting of the phenomenon into the wave and current<br />
problems. In this numerical test, a detached breakwater parallel to the shoreline is<br />
presented. In this situation, wave‐driven currents are generated and circulation cells<br />
appear behind breakwater. In turn, the currents appear to affect the waves. Results<br />
are presented for the case of unidirectional and directional. Effective parameters<br />
such as wave parameters, wave steepness, incident wave angle, distance from<br />
shoreline, breakwater length, distance between breakwaters and bed slope are also<br />
investigated in this study. The numerical results are finally compared with the<br />
experimental data.<br />
1<br />
Mohammad Saeed Madihi (MSc), ms_madihi@sut.ac.ir – Civil Dep.‐ Sahand University<br />
of Technology‐ Tabriz, Iran – http://www.sut.ac.ir/<br />
2<br />
Habib Hakimzade (Dr) , hakimzadeh@sut.ac.ir ‐‐ Civil Dep.‐ Sahand University of<br />
Technology‐ Tabriz, Iran – http://www.sut.ac.ir/
SUMMARY<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 254 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Monetary valuation of damages to marine life and bottom sediments<br />
Angelo Maggiore 1 , Giuseppe Di Marco<br />
A technical and economic methodology capable of achieving a monetary valuation of<br />
damages to the marine environment and the several services it provides has been<br />
developed. It can be applied to damages caused by any kind of illicit discharge.<br />
When dealing with discharges into the marine environment, several problems arise,<br />
among which effect quantification, discrimination of confounding factors, recovery<br />
time estimation and cause‐effect link demonstration.<br />
In spite of these difficulties, the proposed methodology, based on the concepts of<br />
alteration, deterioration and destruction and on the pollution capacity approach,<br />
makes it possible to monetarily quantify the damage to the marine environment.<br />
This methodology is useful for claiming for monetary compensation in tribunal courts<br />
and for facing other relevant issues introduced by the EU environmental liability<br />
legislation (Directive 2004/35/CE), like the determination of the extent of<br />
complementary and compensatory remedial measures. It can also be useful to<br />
emphasize the patrimonial value of marine resources and services and hence guide<br />
policy choices between conservation and development.<br />
The methodology is illustrated by describing an example of monetary valuation of<br />
damages to marine life and bottom sediments caused by a wastewater treatment<br />
plant in Italy.<br />
1 Angelo Maggiore, Dr., maggiore@apat.it – APAT, Rome, Italy
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 255 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Dilution models related to produced water discharge in South‐Southeast Brazil<br />
Leonardo Mansor<br />
Document not delivered in time<br />
Long term environmental monitoring produced water discharge areas in Brazil<br />
Leonardo Mansor<br />
Document not delivered in time
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 256 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Petrobras Brazil produced water treatment and discharge program<br />
L.M.Mansor 1 , A. Burburan , F.F. Rodrigues,<br />
Cerqueira, A.C.F. & Padilha, C.F.<br />
Keywords: petroleum produced water, effluent management, subsea outfall,<br />
environmental compliance<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
PETROBRAS Produced Water Program understood integrated solutions to dealing,<br />
treating and discharging produced water associated mainly to Campos Basin oil<br />
reservoirs, Southeast Brazil. Modelling studies indicating increasing amounts of<br />
produced water addressed solutions to face the challenges in accomplish<br />
environmental standards and allow the growing in oil production. Special<br />
characteristics of Campos Basin produced water, related basically to its salinity,<br />
impose difficulties in apply successfully biological treatment routes. After two years<br />
of pilot unit tests, conceptual treatment plant design was finished addressing<br />
opportunities to construct five produced water treatment plants in maritime<br />
terminals of PETROBRAS, managed by TRANSPETRO. These plants will be able to treat<br />
up to 482.000 m³ monthly. Other associated projects comprise two re‐injection sites,<br />
which will consist in alternatives to treating and sub sea outfall discharging,<br />
performing additional amount capacity of 195.000 m³ by month. In a way to get<br />
government permits, EIA procedures and special studies evolving dispersion and<br />
dilution plumes behaviour and environmental marine characterization has been<br />
carried out. Sub‐projects have been developed in function of regional particularities<br />
and special needs, as sludge final disposal and bacteria biomass growing. Effluent<br />
treatment technology routes comprise oil removal in flotation unit, activated sludge<br />
biological process (sequential batch reactors) and physical‐chemical process (barium<br />
and boron removal).<br />
1 Leonardo Mitidiero Mansor (M.Sc.), leonardo.mitidiero@petrobras.com.br<br />
PETROBRAS TRANSPORTE S/A – TRANSPETRO. Avenida Presidente Vargas, 328/8°<br />
andar. Rio de Janeiro – RJ – 20091‐060 – Brazil www.transpetro.com.br
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 257 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Environmental resources development in Penang Island: issues, policies and<br />
challenges<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Raman Mariyappan<br />
Developing the environmental resources in Penang Island offers a great future to the<br />
Island itself and of cause to Malaysia in general. In doing so in the past 10 years the<br />
Island faced tremendous pressure especially when new problems crops up related to<br />
environments. The paper will be discussing the issues, policies and challenges due to<br />
environmental resources development. In doing this it is important to realize that the<br />
biological and resource base of the island is not fixed entity. It is dependent in part of<br />
human activity and in part on the changing nature of the biosphere. In Penang Island,<br />
human activity especially land use changes played very important role in changing<br />
the environment.<br />
Human demands on natural resources are increasing to the extend that new<br />
approaches to their planning and management are needed. The Island one of the<br />
fasted growing states in Malaysia faces new challenges in developing the<br />
environmental resources. Land considered the most important resources being<br />
developed, to accommodate the ever growing industrial and commerce sector. The<br />
influence of land use changes on environmental tragedies, and also to show how<br />
sudden shift in land use pattern due to economic development can contribute<br />
towards environmental degradation. Changes in land usage and land use pattern,<br />
mostly considered the most affecting factor involving environmental disaster<br />
tragedies. The current threat to the environment, which is a common concern of all<br />
mankind, stems essentially from past neglect in managing the natural environment<br />
and resources. The change occurred drastically when man made powerful change<br />
through his capacity to develop technology. This can occur directly through activities<br />
such as habitat loss and urban expansion.<br />
Penang which experiences a unique situation, where the significant economic<br />
development was achieved without sacrificing most of the natural environment.<br />
However, the recent shift in the economic sector has created a new fear, the present<br />
balance between economic development and natural environment cannot be<br />
sustained. If above development trends continues, the present balance between<br />
economic development and natural environmental sustainability cannot be<br />
maintained in the longer term. The government’s prime concern is to formulate<br />
appropriate environmental policies for the prevention, protection and preservation<br />
of existing environmental qualities in the Island.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 258 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Coastal zone management and involvement of international financing institutions<br />
H. Mat 1 , S. Burak 2 , M.A. Akkaya 3<br />
Keywords: Coastal zone management, environmental protection, globalization,<br />
international financing institutions, investment, marine and coastal environment<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Environmental, marine and coastal problems are considered to be the most<br />
important social issues by the political community following security and economics<br />
related issues in current days of globalization. The public administrations of individual<br />
states have started to transfer their responsibilities and authorities on the protection<br />
of the environment to international <strong>org</strong>anizations. Until the end of 1970’s,<br />
international <strong>org</strong>anizations had not understood the global importance of<br />
environmental issues. Due to increasing marine and coastal problems, International<br />
Organizations have tried to investigate and control the gigantic environmental issues.<br />
In this respect, international financing institutions including The World Bank (IBRD),<br />
European Investment Bank (EIB), European Bank for Reconstruction and<br />
Development (EBRD), Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) and other multinational and<br />
national development banks have supported many projects regarding coastal zone<br />
management by allocating credits and grants. This article will elaborate the<br />
involvement of international financing institutions in financing and managing the<br />
investment protects aimed to protect the environmental generally and marine and<br />
coastal environment, in particular.<br />
1 Hakan Mat (Financial analyst), hakanmat@superonline.com ‐ Consult International<br />
Management Engineering Environmental and Information Technologies Ltd. Co.;7.‐8.<br />
Kısım C7, H/77 34750 Ataköy, Istanbul/Turkey<br />
2 Selmin Burak (Assoc. Prof.), sburak@istanbul.edu.tr ‐ Istanbul University, Institute of<br />
Marine Sciences and Management, Marine Environment Div., 34470 Vefa,<br />
Istanbul/Turkey<br />
3 Mehmet Ali Akkaya (Research assistant), mali@istanbul.edu.tr ‐ Istanbul University,<br />
Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Marine Management Div., 34470 Vefa,<br />
Istanbul/Turkey
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 259 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Anthropogenic impact on marine water quality in the Caribbean Costa Maya by<br />
untreated wastewater discharges<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
M. Meraz 1<br />
Keywords: Costa Maya, anthropogenic, pollution, impact<br />
Costa Maya is a natural corridor with terrestrial and maritime attractions of<br />
extraordinary quality located in the Yucatán Peninsula in the Quintana Roo State. It is<br />
surrounded by natural protected areas that include terrestrial ecosystems as natural<br />
wetlands and marshes, rainforest, maritime ecosystems as reef lagoons and coral<br />
reefs. Costa Maya stretches 70 km from Pulticub (19°04’06” N; 87°33’24” W) that is<br />
the south border with the Natural Reserve of the Biosphere Sian Ka’an, a Mayan<br />
rainforest, to Bacalar Chico (18°11’23.7’’ N; 87°51’40.8’’ W) that is the international<br />
border with Belize.<br />
The marine area is much a bahama along the coastal line due to the reef walls from<br />
Banco Chinchorro reef system distant from the shore 50 to 500 m. In 2004 a marine<br />
port located in Mahahual was constructed to receive at least three grand cruisers<br />
every each day. By 2005 received 650,263 passengers.<br />
The Quintana Roo State Government has authorized the touristy exploitation of the<br />
Corridor, keeping at least half of the area as a Natural Reserve actually known as the<br />
National Park of Coral Reefs of Xcalak that include the Banco Chinchorro Reef and<br />
demanded a diagnostic study of the area including the lagoon systems along the<br />
littoral. Also, suitable wastewater treatment technologies were requested.<br />
The sampling design consisted of six transects with two sampling stations each,<br />
perpendicular to the coast line from Mahahual to Xcalak, including the Bacalar Chico<br />
Canal River and Banco Chinchorro Reef, during high and low tourist affluence seasons<br />
(November to March and July to September, respectively). In the marine area and<br />
coastal lagoons, water samples and superficial sediments 10 cm deep were collected.<br />
Samples were also taken at the open sea side of the port.<br />
Nutrient concentration, as much for ammonium as for ortophosphates, were<br />
superior to the maximum permissible levels (MPL) of 0.01 mg/L, by Mexican<br />
Regulations (National Commission for Water, 2005). COD was higher for sampled<br />
1 Mónica Meraz (Dr), meraz@xanum.uam.mx‐ Dept. of Biotechnology, Universidad<br />
Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, W106, Col. Vicentina,<br />
México D.F. 09340 MEXICO‐ www.izt.uam.mx
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 260 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
coastal lagoons reaching a mean value of 742 mgO2/L; while in sea samples the mean<br />
value was of 711 mgO2/L. Mean <strong>org</strong>anic carbon was higher in coastal lagoons (2.98%)<br />
compared to the marine area (1.02%).<br />
For microbiological quality, faecal and total coliform bacteria were found in coastal<br />
lagoons and in marine zone. The faecal coliform values did not surpass the MPC of<br />
240 ufc/100 mL (National Commission for Water, 2005), and certainly indicated<br />
feacal pollution in the whole area, which increases during the high tourist affluence<br />
(from November to March), representing a potential risk for human health.<br />
WWT Proposed Technologies<br />
Until 2005, Quintana Roo State counted with 25 aerobic WWTP (extended aeration,<br />
trickling filters, sequential batch reactors), with a capacity of 2.05 m 3 /s and a treated<br />
volume of 1.61 m 3 /s. In contrast, Mahahual and Xcalak, the main towns of the area<br />
have no WWT infrastructure actually.<br />
The proposed waste water treatment for this area consisted of an expanded granular<br />
sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, a down flow fluidized bed (DFFB) reactor and a fixed bed<br />
reactor (FB) reactor. Municipal waste water and <strong>org</strong>anic garbage leachates mixture<br />
were used to simulate the waste water discharged in the area since the soluble COD<br />
concentration found was around 700 mg/L. The EGSB and DFFB reactors were<br />
operated to 4 and 6 h HRT, while the FB reactor was operated at 12 and 36 h. The<br />
DFFB reactor reached COD removal efficiency around 40%, while for EGSB and FB<br />
reactors was above 80%. This result and other parameter evaluated suggest that this<br />
may be a suitable technology for wastewater treatment of discharges in this area.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 261 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
The impact of the Black Sea upon the Danube Delta within a large timespan<br />
(1857‐2007)<br />
Petruta Moisi<br />
Document not delivered in time
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 262 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Relative contribution of wave and current to the initial dilution of ocean outfalls<br />
Mukhtasor 1 , Puput Sukmana and Sujantoko<br />
Keywords: Current, initial dilution, marine pollution, outfall design, wave, waste water<br />
discharge<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Designing an outfall in marine environment has been a challenging task because of, in<br />
one side, complexity in design parameters to be considered. This is particularly true<br />
in calculations of initial dilution, by which the degree of effluent initial mixing in the<br />
marine environment may be evaluated. In traditional initial dilution modeling,<br />
although ocean wave is often inevitable in the field, it is commonly neglected in<br />
determining the design parameter. On the other hand, considerable attention has<br />
been given to include ocean current as a design parameter, through laboratory<br />
experiments and development of designed‐oriented software. This paper is to study<br />
a relative contribution of wave and current to the initial dilution of ocean outfalls.<br />
Laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume tank using temperature<br />
transducers, applied to heated effluent, discharged from a specified outfall system.<br />
Initial dilutions were then calculated from the difference in recorded temperatures<br />
between those of the effluent and the water ambient at a given elevation along the<br />
plume centerline. The experiments were directed at reflecting scenarios for marine<br />
environmental conditions in Indonesia. For the cases at hand, compared with<br />
stagnant water, the increase in dilutions of buoyant jet in wavy environment was<br />
typically about 40% to 70% for z/LM 7.5, and about 40% to 59% for z/LM 5.7.<br />
Furthermore, the dilution increase because of the presence of current was typically<br />
about 38.3% to 390% for the range of z/lb 0.008 to 35.8. This shows that, for the<br />
purpose of initial dilution design, the effect of currents are often higher than that of<br />
waves, but for typical cases in wavy environment, the effect of waves can be equal or<br />
higher than that of currents. Consequently, traditional design approach may consider<br />
this phenomena closely and may come up with a degign methodology suitable for a<br />
wider range of marine environmental conditions, including those with significant<br />
wave actions.<br />
1 Mukhtasor, mukhtasor@oe.its.ac.id, Department of Ocean Engineering ‐ Faculty of<br />
Marine Technology Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 263 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
A framework for environmental risk‐based design of ocean outfalls<br />
Mukhtasor 1<br />
Keywords: Ecological risk assessment, human health risk assessment, marine<br />
pollution, ocean outfall design, probabilistic design<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Deterministic approach has traditionally been employed for ocean outfall designs,<br />
with a basis where worst, normal and best condition scenarios be evaluated to<br />
comply with specified standard(s). Recent trend towards a risk‐based design rises in<br />
light of variability and uncertainty, which are inherent in an outfall system.<br />
Furthermore, considerable attention has been devoted in environmental study to<br />
look at risks in term of environmental (epidemiological/toxicological) viewpoint. This<br />
raises a possibility to design an outfall with a viewpoint of environmental risks. This<br />
paper presents a framework for environmental risk‐based design of ocean outfalls, by<br />
which a guide to the relative merits of different designs from human health and<br />
ecological risks viewpoint could be provided. The human health risks could include<br />
risks of infection, clinical illness, and mortality associated with microbial exposure<br />
during swimming associated a sewage discharge located at a distance. The ecological<br />
risks could be based on dose‐response and toxicological data relevant to ecological<br />
entity and typical effluent under consideration. The framework is described<br />
systematically by discussing scenarios of outfall discharges relevant to a case study.<br />
The emphasis of the study is to show how an environmental risk‐based design of an<br />
outfall could be potentially undertaken and to highlight the importance for the<br />
current guide of outfall design to consider environmental risk during designs.<br />
1 Mukhtasor, mukhtasor@oe.its.ac.id, Department of Ocean Engineering ‐ Faculty of<br />
Marine Technology Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 264 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Voltammetry profiling of the Sevastopol Bay's sediments<br />
N. Orekhova 1 , S. Konovalov 2<br />
Key words: Sevastopol bay, pore waters, Au/Hg‐voltammetry<br />
microelectrode<br />
Solid‐state Au/Hg‐microelectrode was used to measure vertical profiling of pore<br />
waters of bottom sediments of the Sevastopol Bay. Main objectives were possibility<br />
to use of a technique and identification of species to obtain its vertical distribution to<br />
analyze geographical features of the profiling of redox species in the bottom<br />
sediments of the Sevastopol Bay.<br />
Samples of the bottom sediments were collected on October 2006 in the Sevastopol<br />
Bay. The samples immediately were returned in the laboratory where were analyzed.<br />
A standard three‐electrode cell connected with potentiostate DLK‐60 (Analytical<br />
Instrument System) was used for all electrochemical measurements. The gold<br />
microelectrode was used as working to obtain the vertical distribution of the key<br />
redox species in the pore waters of the sediments.<br />
Obtained voltammetric profiling data allow to observe spatial features of the vertical<br />
structure of the pore waters of the bottom sediments of the Sevastopol Bay. A high<br />
abundance of the <strong>org</strong>anic carbon cause penetration of the oxygen in a depth no more<br />
than 2‐3 mm. A top of the concentration of the oxygen at a bottom surface was<br />
observed at a station with a low <strong>org</strong>anic carbon abundance. At stations with<br />
maximum of the <strong>org</strong>anic carbon abundance the content of the oxygen was either<br />
minimum or it was not here. A lack of the oxygen at the bottom surface are<br />
determined due to the high abundance of the <strong>org</strong>anic carbon resulting in a fast<br />
velocity of oxygen consumption and due to the fine‐size structure of the sediments<br />
that limitation a diffusion flux of the oxygen downward to sediments.<br />
Lack of the oxygen from the depth about 3 mm makes conditions to participate a<br />
nitrogen, iron, manganese and sulfur in the redox processes and result in to appear<br />
suitable signal of polarogramms. Intensive ratios and vertical distribution<br />
characteristics depend on the <strong>org</strong>anic carbon abundance, iron and manganese<br />
contents. Iron sulfides (FeS and FeS2) are main result of the <strong>org</strong>anic matter<br />
diagenesis in the bottom sediments in case iron contents in considerable quantity.<br />
H2S can appear in trace contents. In the absence considerable content of iron and<br />
manganese the sulfides are eventual result of <strong>org</strong>anic matter oxidation in marine<br />
environment.<br />
The Sevastopol Bay is great anthropogenic impact zone. It results in the content of<br />
different metals is more than their nature background. Iron is a macro component of<br />
1 N. Orekhova, naorekh‐2004@mail.ru, Marine Hydrophysical Institute National<br />
Academy of Science of Ukraine, Sevstopol, Ukraine<br />
2 S. Konovalov,( Dr.), sergey@alpha.mhi.iuf.net
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 265 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
the bottom sediments. In the considerable content of reactive iron it is generated the<br />
considerable contents of Fe (II) that bonds H2S and FeS is produced. H2S appears in<br />
the upper part of sediment's samples. In deeper layers of the sediments it is observed<br />
increasing of FeS content and decreasing of the <strong>org</strong>anic carbon abundance down to<br />
the disappearance. Maximum of H2S at the vertical distribution profile is placed<br />
above boundary of the beginning of the FeS signal increasing. Closer to the surface<br />
bottom sediments it is beginning the steady rise FeS signal's intensity and the H2S<br />
peak becomes higher. It can be supposed that the depth of the beginning growth FeS<br />
content depend on of the <strong>org</strong>anic matter abundance and grain‐size distribution. High<br />
<strong>org</strong>anic matter abundance and fine‐size sediments are limited the oxidant's fluxes<br />
from the upper part of the sediments and near‐bottom waters. Thus in the bottom<br />
sediments maintain conditions to proceed sulphate reduction and FeS formation.
SUMMARY<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 266 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Evaluation of Windblown sand models‐case study: Persian Gulf beaches<br />
Zahra Pazandeh Masouleh<br />
Evaluation of Windblown sand models‐case study: Persian gulf beaches<br />
Sand transport by wind blowing from south over north shores of Chabahar Bay in<br />
Persian gulf is an important component of sand sediment budget of Water<br />
Desalination plant (WDP) area. In the entire area behind the beach west of WDP for<br />
about 1.5 km along the shore, small trees have been planted to slow migration of<br />
sand. This area has been covered with black sprayed‐on mulch, consisting of fertilizer,<br />
<strong>org</strong>anic matter and a small amount of oil. The mulch was applied in 2004 (1383).<br />
Dune sands can be seen migrating inland over this mulch. Most of the transport<br />
occurs from June to August during the monsoon season by south monsoon winds.<br />
Three different equations (Bagnold, Kawamura, Hsu) were used to predict the sand<br />
transported by wind at this site.<br />
Two sets of wind were available for this site from Konarak and Chabahar synoptic<br />
stations. It was assumed that sand is always dry in the area as there is almost no<br />
precipitation. The calculations were carried out using a range of sediment grain size<br />
of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 mm to see the sensitivity of transport rate to the grain size. Sieve<br />
analyses of sediment samples from the beach west of WDP indicate a median grain<br />
size of 0.15 mm.<br />
The sand transported by wind was calculated for the 2000‐2005 period. Sand<br />
transport was only calculated when the wind speed exceeded the critical threshold<br />
(recommended method in CEM 2005).The thickness of sand over mulch layer was<br />
measured at 34 points over the mulch area. Sand thickness decreases landward with<br />
the distance from the shoreline. Average measured sand thickness was 3 cm over an<br />
area of about 1,000,000 m2. The total accumulation volume is roughly estimated of<br />
about 30,000 m3 in 3 years or 10,000 m3/year. The shoreline south of the mulch‐<br />
sprayed area is about 1,600 m long Therefore, average wind blown sand transport<br />
rate is estimated to be about 6.4 m3/m of shoreline.<br />
Transport rates estimated using Konarak winds for the median grain size of 0.15 mm<br />
by the three formulation range between 4 to 11 m3/m/year. The prediction by<br />
Bagnold formula is 5.6m3/m/year and is in close agreement with the rough<br />
measurement of 6.4m3/m/year.
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 267 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Wastewater marine disposal in Santa Catarina – Brazil: Legal requirements and the<br />
proposed and used alternatives<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Luis H.P. Garbossa, Katt R. Lapa, Carlos Bavaresco, Vanessa dos Santos<br />
In this article it is presented the main trends for the wastewater marine disposal in<br />
Santa Catarina. The marine disposal is used in several cities in Brazil, mainly in the<br />
southeast and northeast regions of Brazil. The marine disposal in those cities, are<br />
operational for several years. In Santa Catarina state, there are several costal cities<br />
that do not have a wastewater treatment system or have a very precarious system.<br />
Actually there are several cities planed to receive, by the Brazilian government,<br />
investment in wastewater collection and treatment systems. Although, some cities in<br />
Brazil use wastewater pre‐treatment system and outfalls, the new legal requirements<br />
cause misunderstandings among the sanitation professionals and also disagreement<br />
among the environment agencies that regulate the licenses for this kind of<br />
enterprise. One of the main discussions is about the treatment level that the<br />
wastewater should be submitted to. Our main guide line in respect to wastewater<br />
quality and disposal is the Conama 357/05. This resolution states about what it is<br />
expected in respect to the wastewater quality to be discharged from the wastewater<br />
system treatment and the quality expected to be maintained in the water body that<br />
is receiving the treated wastewater. Based on that information, the main obstacles to<br />
the marine outfalls utilization are outlined, as the alternatives chosen to some of the<br />
main outfalls in the Santa Catarina State that have been approved and some<br />
discrepancies among each one of them. The marine waterfall seems to be<br />
understood, by some government agencies, as a way to get rid of a problem. This<br />
question is raised mainly because following the regulation without discussions, it will<br />
compel, necessarily, the sanitation companies to construct a wastewater treatment<br />
system with at least a carbon removal and nitrogen nitrification system,<br />
independently of the location and the oceanic studies developed. It is necessary to<br />
carefully consider the environment and sanitary risks, to select a safe and economical<br />
viable alternative. This consideration becomes more evident in a region that does not<br />
have any wastewater treatment systems
SUMMARY<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 268 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Study of tidal current and water level variation along the red sea<br />
Tadros Riad,Yehia Marmoush, Karim Rakha, Samir Abou Hadima<br />
The Red Sea water is an essential asset for Egypt and the surrounding countries<br />
.Nowadays there is an extensive demand for new coastal development along<br />
Egyptian eastern coast and south Sinai. In general tide ranges between 0.6 m in the<br />
north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m in the south near the Gulf of<br />
Aden but it fluctuates between 0.20 and 0.30 m away from the nodal point. In the<br />
Red Sea detailed water levels and current data are lacking and meagerly researched<br />
compared to the Arabian Gulf which is relatively well explored because of the<br />
offshore oil exploration.<br />
To provide the required essential information for such coastal development, the tidal<br />
water ‐currents and ‐levels was predicted using RMA (Recourses Management<br />
Association) numerical model. The RMA finite element models were originally<br />
developed with the support of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways<br />
Experiment Station (WES). The numerical results were verified for six months at 12<br />
stations located all along the coast of the Red Sea using the TIDECALC software which<br />
is developed by the UK Hydrographic Office and uses the same prediction algorithms<br />
and Harmonic Constants as the Admiralty Tide Tables. The model gives excellent<br />
results with an average error of about 10% compared to predicted water levels. Also<br />
a sensitivity analysis was made for the water levels and total velocities on major input<br />
values such as computational time step, coefficient of friction and boundary<br />
condition location. The water level values were compared with the predicted values<br />
to help to choose the bes t recommended input conditions for the Red Sea model.<br />
The results present the maximum and minimum water levels, the different tidal<br />
ranges zones and maximum total velocities for the whole Red Sea. A general Red Sea<br />
behavior is also explained according to the numerical simulations and the previous<br />
researches. Also a focus on the Egyptian Coasts divides the sea into three regions;<br />
Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aquaba and the Eastern Egyptian coasts. The results show the<br />
zones with high water levels and the maximum tidal ranges and total velocities for<br />
the three regions.
SUMMARY<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 269 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Monitoring of hydrogen sulfide in huge dredged trenches in Tokyo Bay<br />
J. Sasaki 1 , Y. Yoshimoto, S. Kawamoto, M. Ishii and J. Kakino<br />
Tokyo Bay is a polluted estuary suffering from excess nutrient loads and resultant<br />
hypoxia and anoxia in the bottom water at the head of the bay. In addition, the bay<br />
has huge trenches along the coast, in which anoxic water containing high<br />
concentration of hydrogen sulfide exists continuously from early spring to late fall.<br />
These trenches were dredged for the reclamation of the foreshore. Upwelling of<br />
these anoxic waters, caused by northerly wind induced current, sometimes leads to<br />
mortality of benthic animals in shallow waters and tidal flats and as a result causes<br />
damage to fisheries. This problem called “blue tide” has been one of the major<br />
concerns among governments, citizens and academic sectors for long time in the bay.<br />
However, since the contribution of each anoxic water, namely, flat bottom water at<br />
the head of the bay, trench waters, and waters in navigation channels, to the damage<br />
is unclear, it is difficult to propose remedies for the problem. Therefore, as a first<br />
step, we tried to clarify the contribution of anoxic waters in dredged trenches. To<br />
evaluate the contribution of the anoxic water in dredged trenches, we established a<br />
methodology to estimate the amount of hydrogen sulfide and applied the method to<br />
evaluate time series of the total amount of hydrogen sulphide in a dredged trench.<br />
It is known that concentrations of hydrogen sulfide have a relatively high correlation<br />
with pH. With this idea, we analyzed several datasets collected by some associations<br />
including Chiba Prefectural Government and Environmental Agency and developed a<br />
regression curve to determine the concentration of hydrogen suflide. Along with sea<br />
floor sounding and supplemental water quality measurements, we developed a<br />
methodology to determine the total amount of hydrogen sulfide in a dredged trench.<br />
Then we analyzed the relationship between time series of the total amount of<br />
hydrogen sulfide and the upwelling events of anoxic water using the previous data<br />
collected by Chiba Prefectural Fishery Research Institute.<br />
With the monitoring results, we analyzed the effect of the anoxic water in the<br />
trenches on the occurrence of blue tide in terms of the timing, magnitude and<br />
duration. We also made discussion on the accuracy of our estimation of the total<br />
amount of hydrogen suflide. To make a clear conclusion, we need more efforts to<br />
clarify the effect of the navigation channels and the flat bottom waters, the effect of<br />
the trenches seems to be not the largest. This suggests us an application of milder<br />
measures, such as oxygenation of the trench waters by means of offshore bottom<br />
water transfer, mechanical circulator or aeration system, rather than costly<br />
alternatives including filling up the trenches with sandy sediments. Restoration of<br />
aerobic condition in the trenches will lead to the recovery of benthic animals and<br />
fishes. Consequently, the trenches might work as a good fish source.<br />
1 Jun Sasaki, Associate Professor, jsasaki@ynu.ac.jpYokohama National University,<br />
Yokohama, Japan
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 270 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Combination of <strong>org</strong>anoclay sorption and biodegradation in a fluidized bed reactor<br />
for the treatment of wastewaters from offshore platform operation<br />
Ciprian Scurtu 1 , TorOve Leiknes 2 , Herman Helness 3<br />
Keywords: biodegradation, dissolved <strong>org</strong>anic compounds, fluidized bed reactor,<br />
<strong>org</strong>anoclay<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Background<br />
Produced water is the largest wastewater stream in the oil and gas exploitation and<br />
production processes. The present research work was done as a part of the TOP<br />
Water project. TOP Water is an acronym for Treatment of Produced Water and<br />
focuses on new treatment strategies and characterization of produced water. The<br />
goal of this project is to achieve very efficient removal of dispersed oil (< 2 ppm<br />
dispersed oil in the effluent) and significant removal of dissolved compounds which<br />
have a significant contribution to the EIF (environmental impact factor) of a<br />
discharge.<br />
A treatment process based on sorption and biodegradation was chosen to be used<br />
for the removal of the soluble compounds.<br />
Combination of sorption and biodegradation processes<br />
This paper studies the effect of biodegradation on the performance of a lab‐scale<br />
fluidized bed reactor using an <strong>org</strong>anoclay to sorb the BTX (benzene, toluene and<br />
xylene) but not the acetic acid from synthetic produced water. Initially no microbial<br />
inoculum, oxygen and nutrients were supplied to the fluidized bed reactor and<br />
sorption was the only removal mechanism for BTX. The <strong>org</strong>anoclay showed the same<br />
good performance as during the previous batch sorption tests by retaining only a<br />
small amount of acetic acid from the synthetic produced water and high amounts of<br />
BTX.<br />
The impact of biodegradation process on the performance of the fluidized bed<br />
system was investigated by providing a special microbial inoculum and supplying<br />
oxygen and nutrients in the treatment system. In order to prevent the stripping of<br />
1 Ciprian Scurtu, Mr., PhD candidate, ciprian.scurtu@ntnu.no ‐ Norwegian University of<br />
Science and Technology, Dep. of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, S.P.<br />
Andersens vei 5, N‐7491 Trondheim, Norway<br />
2 TorOve Leiknes, Mr., Prof., torove.leiknes@ntnu.no ‐ Norwegian University of Science<br />
and Technology, Dep. of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, S.P. Andersens vei 5,<br />
N‐7491 Trondheim, Norway<br />
3 Herman Helness, Mr., Senior Scientist, herman.helness@sintef.no ‐ SINTEF Water and<br />
Environment, Klæbuveien 153, N‐7465 Trondheim, Norway
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 271 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
the volatile BTX compounds a membrane contactor was preferred for aeration.<br />
Nutrients were supplied into the system in the form of Bushnell‐Haas broth (at a<br />
stoichiometric ratio of 100/5/1:COD/N/P). A commercial source of micro<strong>org</strong>anisms<br />
grown in carbon pellets was used to obtain a bacterial culture able to feed on BTX as<br />
sole carbon source. This culture was repeatedly enriched until a highly concentrated<br />
microbial inoculum was obtained and subsequently used in the fluidized bed system.<br />
The obtained results show the superior performance of the sorption‐biodegradation<br />
system compared with the system based only on sorption. One hypothesis is that the<br />
biofilm of micro<strong>org</strong>anisms detected on the <strong>org</strong>anoclay particles biodegraded the<br />
sorbed BTX compounds and in this way the sorbent recovered to some extent its<br />
sorption properties. On the other hand the micro<strong>org</strong>anisms not attached on the<br />
<strong>org</strong>anoclay could contribute to the biodegradation of BTX compounds in the water<br />
phase. The calculated biodegradation of acetic acid was low since the<br />
micro<strong>org</strong>anisms were previously enriched for BTX degradation.<br />
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)<br />
Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering<br />
S.P. Andersens vei 5<br />
N‐7491 Trondheim, Norway
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 272 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Analyzing sewer rehabilitation of Erbil in Iraq and Cheongju in Korea using MOUSE<br />
S/W<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Daeik Son 1 , Haejin Yang, Seonghyo Kim, Kwangho Jin, Joonyeon Choung<br />
Keywords: MOUSE, sewer networks, hydraulic modelling<br />
Hydraulic modelling is widely used to simulate wastewater flow and to efficiently<br />
transport wastewater and stormwater during the first flush in planning urban<br />
development. Through hydraulic modeling, excessive or deficient design as well as<br />
potential flood can be prevented. In this study, w different computer application<br />
programs MAKESW, (an engineer, South Korea) and MOUSE (DHI, Denmark) are used<br />
to conduct hydraulic modelings of hydraulic and hydrology data of Chongju<br />
Sangdang‐Gu Treatment District and Erbil City, Iraq.<br />
The studies on basic hydraulic design were conducted before constructing the GIS<br />
pipe maps of the subject areas. For the preparation of precipitation database,<br />
accumulative rainfall was determined based on the duration of rainfall according to<br />
Huff’s quartile method. Critical duration was calculated using an hourly rainfall<br />
diagram.<br />
In case of Sangdang‐gu Chongju and Erbil, the calculated length of pipes with low<br />
capacity projected by MAKESW is 174% and 9% longer than the length calculated by<br />
MOUSE. The difference is caused mainly by the different runoff models used in those<br />
programs. In MAKESW, rational formula and rainfall data, calculated using rainfall<br />
intensity formula, were applied. On the other hand, MOUSE distributed rainfall<br />
evenly throughout the rainfall duration and resulted in lowered peak discharge.<br />
For the pipes, which had flowrate above the maximum flowrate, MAKESW projected<br />
25% longer length than MOUSE for Sangdang‐gu Chongju and Erbil respectively. It is<br />
considered that the difference was caused by the unique topographic features of<br />
Sangdang‐gu Chongju. The slope of branch sewer is stiff because the trunk and<br />
intercepting sewers are laid along the streams within the city. The increment ratio of<br />
Erbil is low because the depth difference of sewer pipes is not as significant as in the<br />
Sangdang‐gu Chongju case.<br />
Hydraulic modelling utilizing MOUSE and MAKESW was conducted for the sewers of<br />
Sangdang‐gu Chongju and Erbil. As mentioned previously, MOUSE utilizes several<br />
models based on time‐series rainfall data. On the other hand, MAKESW conducts<br />
relatively simplified modeling based on the rational formula.<br />
MOUSE was originally developed for various hydraulic modeling and simulation by<br />
integrating various factors such as hydraulic and hydrologic computations as well as<br />
on‐site conditions. According to the requirements and criteria addressed on<br />
1 Daeik Son (Eng.), disohn@kwater.or.kr ‐ Taejeon city, South Korea
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 273 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Standards for Sewers (ME, 2005), MAKESW was developed for relatively simplified<br />
modeling for the first‐hand analysis of flows. Based on the simulation and the<br />
modeling results, following conclusion can be deduced.<br />
1) The lengths of pipes of low capacity estimated by MAKESW are 174% and 9%<br />
longer than the lengths of the same type of pipes estimated by MOUSE in the cases<br />
of Sangdang‐gu Chongju and Erbil respectively. Because of the time difference<br />
between the rainfall event and the runoff in the time‐series rainfall data required by<br />
MOUSE, the initial runoff is considerably small. As MOUSE conducts modeling and<br />
simulation based on more specified and regional information such as delay of flow,<br />
detention, and rainfall distribution, it is considered that the results are close to the<br />
real conditions. However, MAKESW shows instantaneously high runoff because the<br />
application utilizes rational formula. The bigger the size of the modeled basin, the<br />
bigger the magnitude of the estimated length of pipes will be. Consequently, using<br />
MOUSE, more accurate and efficient modeling results can be acquired.<br />
2) The sewer systems of Sangdang‐gu Chongju and Erbil are combined systems. The<br />
difference of the lengths of the pipes of low flowrate estimated by MAKESW and<br />
MOUSE are 80% and 67% shorter in case of Sangdang‐gu Chongju and Erbil.<br />
3) The lengths of the pipes of high flowrate estimated by MAKESW are 1514% and<br />
25% longer than the lengths of the same type of pipes estimated by MOUSE. It is<br />
assumed that these differences are caused by topographic differences of these<br />
selected cities. In Sangdang‐gu Chongju, relatively stiffly‐sloped branch sewers are<br />
connected to the trunk and the intercepting sewers, laid along the Mooshimchon.<br />
However, the increment ratio of Erbil is lower than that of Sangdang‐gu Chongju<br />
because the sewer pipes of the city are laid relatively flat terrain.<br />
4) Because the modeling results of MOUSE show the condition of pipes as well as GIS<br />
information such as the location of potential flood, it is easy to establish hydraulic<br />
database as well as contingency plans. Setting up of hydraulic information using<br />
MOUSE is becoming easier because there are GIS data established through multiple<br />
sewer projects. Thus MOUSE can be efficiently utilized in the stage of planning,<br />
designing, and operation and maintenance of sewer networks.
SUMMARY<br />
Longevity of marine waste water outfalls<br />
ABSTRACT BOOKLET ‐ Page 274 of 274<br />
MWWD 2008‐CAVTAT/DUBROVNIK (CROATIA)<br />
Donald Treadwell 1 , Brian Van Weele, Orville Magoon<br />
It is generally intended that coastal structures be planned, designed, built, operated,<br />
and maintained to last a long time. However, many such structures fail long before<br />
their time, some catastrophically. This paper will discuss the critical elements of the<br />
planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of major marine waste<br />
water outfalls, including several case histories.<br />
In terms of durability, the design life of a major outfall system should be 100 years or<br />
more. All aspects of the design, including materials selection, loading probabilities,<br />
and so forth must take this objective into account. Because of the long design life, it<br />
is possible (even probable) that the structure may be damaged through one or more<br />
of a number of potential risks. If any of these risks actually materialize, the structure<br />
should be designed to “fail safe” so that the structure can continue to be serviceable<br />
while repairs are being made.<br />
Inspection, maintenance, and repair of coastal structures can be dangerous and<br />
potentially disruptive to other nearby marine operations. Inspection should be<br />
facilitated by the design, and the need for maintenance and repair reduced through<br />
the robustness of the facility, durability of the selected materials, and the simplicity<br />
of the construction details.<br />
Certain criteria are to be followed in the design of a critical coastal structure to<br />
ensure the design provides a particular functionality or durability deemed important<br />
to the overall requirements of the project. Of particular importance are the loads<br />
that are considered in the preliminary design and the means by which these loads are<br />
to be incorporated into the detailed design as applied loads, or how they are to be<br />
reduced or mitigated through the use of a particular design approach or construction<br />
details.<br />
Among the elements and objectives to be covered in the proposed paper are: need<br />
for the structure (benefits versus costs), conditions of service and various loading<br />
combinations, identification and avoidance of fatal flaws and catastrophic failures,<br />
provision of redundancies and extra strength and toughness, minimal impact on the<br />
environment, protection from possible damage (risk assessment), high<br />
constructability and reasonable construction cost, and minimum operations and<br />
maintenance requirements.<br />
1 Donald Treadwell, Consultant, ddtreadwell@comcast.net ‐ USA