COSMOS, VOL. II - World eBook Library

Oxygen and its properties,
first notices
of, 730, 731.
Pacific, discovery and navigation of,
642 650 ; its results on the extension
of cosmical knowledge, 643,
644.
Painting, Landscape,
its influence on
the study of nature, 440 457;
early paintings of the Greeks, 441,
442; of the Romans, 442444;
of the Indians, 442 ; paintings (bund
at Herculaneum, Pompeii, Stabise,
443'; missals and mosaics of Byzantine
art, 444; Flemish school
of the Van Eycks, 445; Venetian
and Bolognese schools, 446, 447;
Claude and the Landscape painters,
447, 448; early paintings of tropical
scenery, 449 451; advantages offered
to the artist hy the landscapes
and vegetation of the tropics, 451
453; panoramas, dioramas, and neoramas,
their scenic efl'ect, 456, 457.
Palseontological science, dawn of, 731
734.
Panoramas, more productive of effect
than scenic decorations, 457; suggestions
for their increase, 457.
Pantschab, Chinese expedition under,
to the shores of the Caspian, 553.
Parks of the Persian kings, 461, 462.
Pastoral romances, their defects, 423.
Pendulum, earliest use as a tune measurer,
591 ; modern, 735.
Persia, extension of its rule, 505, 506.
in relation to
Persians, their poetry
nature, 397, 398, 402, 403, 406
410, 460 462; its characteristics,
409; the four paradises celebrated
by the Persian Poets, 409; parks of
the Persian kings, 460.
Petrarch, his sonnet ' on the death of
Laura,' 419; revival of the study of
classical literature, 622, 623.
Phoenicians, their position among the
non-Hellenic civilized nations, on
the shores of the Mediterranean,
their colonies, commerce, and navi-
gation, 480 502; use of and measures, and metallic
weights
coinage,
490; of alphabetical writing, 490,
491 ;
extent of their navigation and
caravan trade, 492,493,499; amber
trade, 493495.
Pharmacy, chemical, first created by
the Arabs, 581 .
Philostratus, his mention of ancien
paintings, 441.
Pigafetta, Antonio, nautical works of
631634, 664, 665, 668, 671.
Pindar, his descriptions of nature
376.
Pinturicchio, landscapes of, 445,446.
Pinzon, Martin Alonzo, his disputes
with Columbus, 633, 638, 639.
Plato, character of his descriptions of
nature, 381 384; on landscape
painting, 441 ; limits of the Mediterranean,
480; value of his doctrines
in the dark ages, 542, 543 ;
misconceived dogmas, 615,616; his
ideas on attraction, 690, 691 ; on
the structure of the universe, 695.
Playfair, 431.
Pliny, the elder, his great work on
Nature, 389; its arrangement and
style, 563 566; on the locality of
the amber islands, 493 ; his description
of the ariena (banana) of India
524; on the benefits of civilization,
552, 553.
Pliny, the younger, descriptions
of na-
ture in his letters, 385, 390, 391 ;
on the 'History of Nature,' by his
uucle, 565.
Plutarch, notice of two Atlantic islands,
in his
Santo
works, supposed to be Porto
and Madeira, 497; on the
marks on
work on
the moon's disc, 561 ;
' The Opinions of Philosophers,'
692.
Poetry, modern, descriptive, and landscape,
its delects, 437 439.
Polarisation of light, discovery of, 715.
Polybius, on the number of peninsulas
in the Mediterranean, 482; "on African
and Indian elephants, 540,
541.
Polygnotus, paintings of, 441.
tradition on his tomb
Porsena, Lars,
503
Porto Santo, 497, 498. See Plutarch.
Portuguese heroic ages, impulses of,
421; faithful individuality of nature
in their great epic poet, Ca-
moens, 424, 427.
Posidonius, his comparison of the titles
with the moon's supposed influence,
617.