CITY SANITATION PLAN - Ministry of Urban Development

BAREILLY 

DRAFT CITY SANITATION PLAN 

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

PREFACE 

ABSTRACT 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 

LIST OF FIGURES/ CHARTS/ GRAPHS 

LIST OF TABLES 

CHAPTER 01 

INTRODUCTION 

1.1 CONTEXT 

1.2 CITY SANITATION RANKING 

1.3 EXPECTED OUTPUTS 

1.4 NUSP AND STATE SANITATION PLAN 

1.5 CSP PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES 

1.6 CSP APPROACH, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 

1.7 CSP METHODOLOGY 

1.8 CSP COMMUNICATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT 

CHAPTER 02 

CITY PROFILE 

2.1 TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE & DEMOGRAPHY 

2.2 ECONOMY 

2.3 URBAN POVERTY & SLUMS 

2.4 GOVERNANCE & INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGMENTS 

CHAPTER 03 

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SANITATION IN THE CITY 

3.1 SERVICE PROFILE OF THE CITY 

3.1.A WATER SUPPLY 

3.1.B SEWERAGE 

3.1.C STORM WATER DRAINAGE 

3.1.D SOLID WASTE 

3.2 ASSESSMENT OF SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN POTENTIAL AREAS 

3.2.A SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL 

3.2.B SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN SLUM AREAS (COMMUNITY TOILETS) 

3.2.C SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN PUBLIC AREAS (PUBLIC TOILETS) 

3.2.D SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN INSTITUTIONAL AREAS 

3.2.E SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOSPITALS 

3.2.F SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT SCHOOLS 

CITY SANITATION PLAN BAREILLY 

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 2

3.2.G SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMERCIAL/ MARKET PLACES 

3.2.H SANITATION AND SITUATION AT INDUSTRIAL AREAS 

3.2.I SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF WATER BODIES 

3.3 COST RECOVERY AND USER CHARGES 

3.4 IEC AND AWARENESS ISSUES 

CHAPTER 04 

4.1 INFERENCES/ GAPS IDENTIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS 

4.2 IEC AND AWARENESS- MESSAGES & CHANNELS 

CHAPTER 05 

KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES 

5.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD 

5.2 PRIORITIZING THE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD 

5.3 SOLUTIONS TO KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD 

CHAPTER 06 

PROPOSALS/ RECOMMENDATIONS 


6.1 SWOT ANALYSIS 

6.2 VISION 

6.3 SANITATION OPTIONS 

6.3.1 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS 

6.3.2 FINANCING OPTIONS 

6.3.3 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST APPROPRIATE OPTIONS 

6.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 

6.3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 

6.3.6 LINKAGE WITH STATE SANITATION PLAN 

6.3.7 IEC AND COMMUNITY ACTION PLAN 

6.3.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 

ROAD MAP 

REFERENCES 

APPENDIX 


1.1 CONTEXT 


CHAPTER 01 

INTRODUCTION 

The population of India is 1027 million with approximately 28% or 285 million living in urban centers and 

it is expected that the share of urban population will increase to about 40% of total population by the 

year 2021. This is in sharp contrast to only 60 million (15 percent) who lived in urban areas in 1947 when 

the country became independent. During the last fifty years the population of the country has grown 

two and half times, while the urban India has grown by nearly five times. The positive role of 

urbanization has often been over-shadowed by the deterioration in the physical environment and 

quality of life in the urban areas caused by widening gap between demand and supply of essential 

services and infrastructure. It is further associated with many problems, such as high levels of poverty, 

environmental stress, risks to productivity, high health costs, and lack of access to basic services, such as 

water supply, sanitation, and housing. The insufficient availability of services, inadequate awareness and 

also poor operation and maintenance has also given rise to poor sanitation conditions. Hence, therefore, 

proper allocation of resources both in terms of human and monetary will improve the sanitary 

conditions and also awareness among people – in turn improve the hygienic conditions of the city. 

Since the level of investments and participation required for this sector i.e. on water supply, sanitation 

and solid waste management is of very high order, it is felt that the national level initiatives are required 

that would bring the Central, State and Local governments and on the other side Non-government 

organizations and public participation are also required together to ensure proper flow of necessary 

funds to bring about any kind of developments and improvements in these sectors to an acceptable 

levels in tune with the international standards. The government should also recognize the urban issues 

which require integrated approaches that specifically target the urban poor and slum areas, promote 

sanitation and sewerage services at basic household levels to community levels and develop the city as a 

living eco-sanitation and foster the involvement of private sectors and also the civil societies. 

According to the survey organized by MoUD, Bareilly is ranking #187 out of 436 cities in India 

considering different indicators. Bareilly has only scored 36.1/100 in these different considered 

indicators. 



Considering Bareilly, this city and its development activities are the prime drivers of sanitation and 

sewerage problems and also problems in solid and liquid waste management and in other key potential 

areas such as slaughter houses, hospitals, public places, institutions, industries and schools, the Vision 

provides incentives or development strategies at every possible potential areas at local level, and also 

incentives that can be undertaken at institutional, structural and fiscal reform levels that are necessary 

for improved and sustainable service delivery systems – addressing all sectors/ groups of population and 

also enhance the operation and maintenance of these services. The incentives also include IEC strategies 

and action plans to bring awareness and improve the public participation in well-utilization of available 

sanitation and sewerage services. Thus, in order to propose any strategies/ proposals for the 

improvements of the city’s sanitation and sewerage conditions and reduce the potential problems of the 

city, it is very important to make a situational analysis of the current conditions. The following section 

provides the city overview of Bareilly giving primary introduction to study area. 

1.2 CSP SANITATION RANKING 

The MoUD, GoI, proposal to commission agencies, appointed on the basis of competitive bidding 

amongst short-listed ones, to carry out sanitation rating exercises for the 436 Class-I cities of India. In 

order to ensure that bidders bid for providing standard outputs and these are administered uniformly 

across cities to enable comparison, it was necessary to lay out a methodology (see Annexure 01) that 

followed a standard set of steps, fixes the protocol for data collection and analysis, and uses a consistent 

analysis and evaluation scheme leading to valid and comparable results. This note details the 

methodology that will form a part of the Request for Proposals (RFP) from short-listed agencies. This will 

become the basic framework that will guide the agencies’ rating exercises, and sets out the standard 

tasks to be accomplished as a part of the rating exercise. 

Three Categories of Indicators 

The rating exercise will involve three categories of indicators: 

1. Output Indicators: pertain to the city having achieved certain results or outputs in different 

dimensions of sanitation ranging from behavioral aspects and provision, to safe collection, 



treatment and disposal without harm to the city’s environment. There are nine main output- 

indicators accounting for 50 points of the total of 100 points. 

2. Process Related: indicators pertain to systems and procedures that exist and are practiced by 

the city agencies to ensure sustained sanitation. There are seven main process-indicators 

accounting for 30 points of the total of 100 points. 

3. Outcome Related: indicators include the quality of drinking water and that of water in water- 

bodies of city, as also the extent of reduction in sanitation-related and water-borne diseases in 

the city over a time period. There are three main outcome-indicators accounting for 20 points of 

a total of 100 points (The weights for output, process and outcome indicators are valid for this 

round of rating. In later years, with improvements in the situation of cities and better availability 

of data, greater importance and hence, weights will be accorded to outcome indicators). 

Ideally, data for the above outputs, processes and outcomes are regularly collected by city authorities 

but at present, very few cities will have, at best, partial data available. This rating exercise will help in 

highlighting the need for regular data-collection and monitoring of indicators. 

Based on CSP ranking methodology (see Annexure 01) which is applied to the current study city i.e. 

Bareilly, following indicators at different levels and giving marks to each indicator resulted in overall 

marks for Bareilly city as 36.01/ 100, which states the rank is # 188 for Bareilly city out of 423 cities in 

India (see Annexure 02). The following chart shows the total points and secured points for the Bareilly 

city for different indicators. 


1A_i 

1A_ii 

City Sanitation Rating Project 

CITY SCORE SHEET 

City Name Bareilly (M Corp) 

State Name UTTAR PRADESH 

City category Other Class 1 

Total score for the city (with color code) 36.101 

Population (as per 2001Census) 720315 

Population (as per projection) 828362 

1.Total Of Output Related Indicators 16.6 

2. Total Of Process Related Indicators 11.6 

3. Total Of Outcome Related Indicators 8.0 

1. OUTPUT RELATED INDICATORS 

DETAILS: 

Access and use of toilets by urban poor 

and other un-served households 

(including slums) by individual and 

community sanitation facilities 

Estimated population of the sample 

slums practicing open defecation 

Access and use of toilets for floating and 

institutional populations - adequate 

public sanitation facilities 

Proportion of Functional and working 

Toilets to number of field visit points 

No. of instance of urination/ open 

defecation 

1A_iii No open defecation visible 

Proportion of field visits where OD was 

visible to the total field visit points 

Max 

Marks 

Max 

Marks - 

4 

Marks 

Obtained 


Deduction 

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 7 

4.0 

Max 

Marks - 

4 

0.5 

1 

Max 

Marks - 

4 

0.3 

Instances of "OD" on railway track 21 

Max 

1A_iv Manual Scavenging eliminated in City Marks - 

4 

Whether Manual scavenging being 

practiced in ULB 

No 

Proportion of total properties with safe Max 

1B collection arrangements for human Marks - 

excreta 

6 

Marks 

Awarded 

3.0 3.0 

2.1 0.5 1.6 

4.0 2.5 1.5 

4.0 0.0 4.0 

4.0 1.5 2.5

1C 

1E 

1F 

1G 

1H 

Percentage of properties having safe 

collection arrangements of human 

excreta 

Total instances of breakage, ex-filtration 

or overflow of fecal matter observed 

Proportion of total black waste water 

generation that is treated and safely 

disposed off 

Percentage of black wastewater treated 

and safely disposed off after Secondary 

treatment 

Total no. of instance of unsafe disposal 

or dumping of black-water into water 

courses, water bodies, or open areas 

Proportion of treated wastewater that is 

recycled and reused for non potable 

applications 

Percentage of treated wastewater 

recycled and re-used (after Secondary 

treatment) 

Proportion of total storm-water and 

drainage that is efficiently and safely 

managed (3 points for 100%) 



85.8 

3.0 

Max 

Marks - 

9 

0.0 

3.0 

Max 

Marks - 

3 

0.0 

Max 

Marks - 

3 

Percentage Storm water Coverage 100.0 

Percentage of drain-overflow and 

breakage are found in more than 50% of 0.0 

observation points 

Whether more than 50% of the road 

network observed/reported to be prone 

to recurrent flooding/water logging 

Proportion of total solid waste 

generation that is regularly collected 

Percentage of total solid waste 

generated that is regularly collected 

Instances of solid waste observed to be 

visibly littered in the city 

Proportion of total solid waste 



Percentage of total solid waste 


No 

Max 

Marks - 

4 

91.0 

8.0 

Max 

Marks - 

4 

0.0 

0.0 1.5 0.0 

0.0 0.0 

3.0 0.0 3.0 

3.0 2.0 1.0 

0.0 0.0

1I 

2A 

2B 


City wastes cause no adverse impacts on 

surrounding areas outside city limits 

No. of locations where land or water 

body outside the city receiving any 

untreated human excreta or untreated 

solid waste (including leachate) 

Instances of untreated grey water 

(water flowing in the drains) 

2. PROCESS RELATED INDICATORS 

M&E systems are in place to track 

incidences of open defecation 

Does the ULB have a mechanism in place 

to monitor incidents of Open 

Defecation? (Y/N) 

If yes, is data of OD incidents collected 

on a monthly basis? (Y/N) 

Is such data reported on a regular basis 

(monthly) in public forums? (Y/N) 

Are awards/ incentives given to 

discourage Open Defecation? (Y/N) 

All sewerage systems in the city are 

working properly and there is no ex- 

filtration 

Has the ULB provided gear and safety 

equipment to the sanitary 

workers?(Y/N) 

Whether Mechanical systems are being 

used for monitoring and 

cleaning/maintenance of sewers (Y/N) 

Max 

Marks - 

5 


5.0 5.0 0.0 


3.0 

0.0 

Max 

Marks 

Max 

Marks - 

4 

NO 

NO 

NO 

NO 

Max 

Marks - 

5 

YES 

YES 

Are workers provided Insurance/ 

YES 

Provident Fund/ Gratuity? (Y/N) 

Does the ULB have a complaint redressal 

system for sewerage related 

YES 

complaints?(Y/N) 

Cost Recovery for Sewerage Services 0.0 

Marks 

Obtained 

Deduction 

Marks 

Awarded 

0.0 0.0 

4.0 5.0

2C 

2D 

2E 

Septage / sludge is regularly cleaned, 

safely transported and disposed after 

treatment, from on-site systems in the 

city 

Has the ULB provided safety gear and 

equipment to the sanitary 

workers?(Y/N) 

Whether the mechanical system is in 

place for cleaning of Tanks and Pits (Y/N) 

Whether the cleaning and disposal of 

sludge from tanks and pits are 

monitored (Y/N) 

whether there is functioning grievance 

redressal mechanism for Septage 

related complaints?(Y/N) 

Are workers provided Insurance/ 

Provident Fund/ Gratuity? (Y/N) 

Storm water drainage systems 

functioning and maintained 

Is there centralized database/map of 

drainage system available (Y/N) 

Is cleaning, repairs and maintenance of 

drains undertaken pre-monsoon (Y/N) 

Is cleaning, repairs and maintenance of 

drains undertaken at one other season 

than pre-monsoon (Y/N) 

Solid waste management (collection and 

treatment) systems are efficient 

ULB has either framed their own rules or 

formally adopted MSW 2000 rules for 

SW Collection and Treatment (Y/N) 

Percentage of households and 

establishments covered by daily door-todoor 

solid waste collection system 

Proportion of the city’s streets 

effectively covered by regular streetsweeping 

(at least once a day) 

Proportion of waste that is processed or 

recycled (in a waste recycling facility 

operated by ULB/agents) 

Max 

Marks - 

10 


0.0 0.0 


NO 

NO 

NO 

NO 

NO 

Max 

Marks - 

4 

NO 

YES 

YES 

Max 

Marks - 

5 

YES 

100.0 

0.1 

0.0 

2.0 2.0 

2.1 2.1

2F 

2G 

Percentage of Cost Recovery for SWM 

Services 

Documented operational system and 

clear institutional responsibility assigned 

for the services 

Whether written manual and 

procedures existing in practice for 

Sewerage 


procedures existing in practice for 

Septage 


procedures existing in practice for Storm 

water drainage 


procedures existing in practice for Solid 

waste management 

Sanctions for deviance on part of 

polluters and institutions is clearly laid 

out and followed in practice 

State/ULB Act explicitly provides for 

punishing/fining offenders a)Letting out 

untreated human excreta in the open 

(Y/N) 

State/ULB Act explicitly provides for 

punishing/fining offenders Littering 

Rules and regulations are framed and 

being implemented in practice for a) 

Letting out untreated human excreta in 

the open(Y/N) 

Rules and regulations are framed and 

being implemented in practice b) 

Littering 

There are instances of fining or 

punishing people in the last one year for 

following (Y/N) 

Letting out untreated human excreta in 

the open (number of instances) 



0.0 

Max 

Marks - 

4 

NO 

NO 

NO 

NO 

Max 

Marks - 

3 

YES 

YES 

YES 

YES 

NO 

Littering (number of instances) YES 

Whether monitoring system exists to 

point out polluters (Y/N) 

YES 

Whether reports produced (Y/N) YES 

0.0 0.0 

2.5 2.5

3. OUTCOME RELATED INDICATORS 

Max 

Marks 

Max 

3A Quality of drinking water 

Marks - 

7 

Number of samples passing quality tests 17.0 

3B 

Water Quality in water bodies in and 

around city 

Max 

Marks - 

7 

Number of samples passing quality tests 0.0 

3C 

Reduction in water Bourne disease 

incidence amongst city population 

Max 

Marks - 

6 

Percentage reduction in diarrheal 

disease over last 3 years 

28.8 

Marks 

Obtained 


Deduction 

Marks 

Awarded 

6.0 6.0 

0.0 0.0 

2.0 2.0 

Thus, one of the main objective of the City Sanitation Plan is to increase the points of Bareilly in these 

different indicators, which is only possible after detailed understanding and analysis of the existing 

situation and ground realities. Based on the situational analysis, key potential issues and gaps are 

identified and then recommendations are made which are economically feasible and ecologically 

sustainable. 

1.3 EXPECTED OUTCOMES 

The expected outcomes of Bareilly City Sanitation Plan are as follows: 

Brings out the Bareilly City Sanitation Situational Analysis 

Highlights the major sanitation gaps and recommendations to overcome them in a acceptable 

timeframe 

Roll out the ‘Sanitation Vision and Goals’ for Bareilly City to become ODF city by 2015. 

IEC & Awareness action plan with indicative budget 

Suggest low cost and high impact initiatives before the DPRs are prepared /funding approved by 

central/state governments 

Suggest convergence of institutions and people participation in city sanitation 

Suggest institutional & regulatory framework to improve and sustain the sanitary services 



The following section provides the background information on goals, objectives and approach of 

National Urban Sanitation Policy which is the prime basis for this study i.e. improving the sanitary 

conditions of the city. 

1.4 NUSP AND STATE SANITATION STRATEGIES 

The National Urban sanitation Policy launched during 2008 envisages “All Indian cities and towns 

become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain good public health and 

environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation 

facilities for the urban poor and women.” 

1.5 CSP PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES 

The overall goal of National policy is to transform Urban India into community-driven, totally sanitized, 

healthy and livable cities and towns. Specific goals include: 

A. Awareness Generation and Behavior Change, 

B. Open Defecation Free Cities, 

C. Integrated City-Wide Sanitation, 

D. Sanitary and Safe Disposal, and 

E. Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations. 

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) is aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant physical 

environment in Bareilly city to promote social, economic and physical well-being of all sections of the 

population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in the city of Bareilly through 

demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection, construction and 

maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional roles and 

responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation. 

The principal components of city-wide approach include: 

(a) Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta, industrial 

wastes, clinical and other hazardous wastes; 

(b) Storm water drainage; 


(c) Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces; 

(d) Environmental sanitation education; 

(e) Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations; 

(f) Monitoring the observance of environmental standards. 

1.6 CSP APPROACH, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 


The process detailed below for planning urban sanitation and wastewater management improvements 

offers a step-by-step guide for: 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

7 

8 

9 

5 

10 

Preparatory 

Steps 

Constituting: CSTF 

Stakeholder Analysis 

Sensitisation / Orientation Workshop 

Profiling ULB 

Core Team – Technical 

Core Team - IEC 

Initiating IEC Activities 

Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status 

Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options 

Developing and Consolidating CSP 

Formulation of Action Plans 

Finalization of CSP at Stakeholder Workshop 

Data gaps 

Quality 

Surveys 

Transect walks 

Planning for: 

Solutions 

FGDs 

Selecting options 

New facilities 

Behavior change 

Monitoring and 

Evaluation 



Profiling ULB: As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of ULBs using SLB indicators and City 

Ratings to highlight the ODF status, sanitation situation, health indicators and current projects was 

undertaken from secondary data sources. 

Stakeholder Analysis: Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are in the frontline of implementation and have a key 

role in ensuring sanitation and should focus on demand responsive approach. Plan formulation through 

stakeholder consultation will provide the foundation for CSP which has government endorsement as 

well as an informed civil society to monitor its implementation. To play their part, as per the 

requirements of CSP, institutions, organizations, individuals, NGOs, academics, journals, local 

councilors, industry owners, consultants, representatives of private sector and etc are identified in 

Nalgonda and analyzed the strengths and competencies required for sanitation. 

Sensitisation / Orientation Workshop: With this background knowledge, a City level orientation 

workshop involving CSTF and identified stakeholders had been organised at Bareilly on 15 December 

2010 to highlight the need to engage with issues relating to toilets access and arrangement especially in 

slums; awareness generation for changed behaviour and practices; community participation and 

mobilization to accord sanitation priority at all levels from policy to action on ground; and a number of 

technical, institutional and financial issues to be addressed in CSP and its various steps of preparation. 

Constituting City Sanitation Task Force (ref annexure) : CSTF has been constituted headed by Mayor 

of Bareilly city to mobilize Stakeholders to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of 

municipal agencies, government agencies and amongst the people of the city. CSTF will organize a multi- 

stakeholder, multi-party meeting in the preparatory stage, and take a formal resolution to make the city 

100% sanitized. 

Initiating IEC activities: The objective of well driven IEC has to be demand-driven with social marketing 

approaches to increase demand for toilets and ensure hygiene behaviors, promote no subsidies for 

household toilets in future and encourage diversity in technology and design. For this purpose ULBs may 

utilize suitable player for inter-personal IEC and training from the existing system like; ward 

development committees, health institutions, schools, National Service Scheme (NSC) volunteers, the 

private sector (retailers, contractors, suppliers, plumbers, masons), neighborhood committees and 

NGOs, Anganwadi workers. 



Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status: The Situation Analysis, prepared by taking into 

consideration the ground realities, local conditions, and assessment of the present sanitation situation 

has been undertaken and broad framework is indicated below: 

Sectors Spatial units Finances Institutional 

Service levels and 

benchmarks for: 

Solid Waste 

Management 

Water Supply 

Storm Water 

Drainage 

Health Situation – 

Statistics and Anecdotal 

Comment 

Environmental Situation – 

Local and Downstream 

and Groundwater. 

Household Sanitation 

Slums 

Public Sanitary 

Conveniences 

School Sanitation 

Institutional Sanitation 

Map spatially 

Any town specific areas. 

Cost Recovery– 

Policy–Tariffs– 

Collections– 

Budget Transfers. 

PPPs. 

Study of current 

programmes (SJSRY, 

ILCS, etc) 

Institutional 

Arrangement – 

Policies, Plans, 

implementation, 

management. 

Staffing, 

Organization & 

Competence 

Tools Used: Data Templates, Survey Formats, Transect Walks along with schedules of interviews (Slums, 

industrial areas, water bodies), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Technical Analysis, Impact, Indicators, 

Stakeholder Consultations at city level (2-3), etc 

Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options: Followed by situational analysis problem and challenges 

have been identified in coverage, access, treatment and disposal, institutional, financial, social and 

cultural aspects and capacity concerns. Also reviewed comprehensive range of sanitation and 

wastewater management options, including industrial and municipal sewerage, sewage treatment , 

conventional and low cost, centralized and decentralized sewerage, separate and combined and 

effluent disposal options, on-site sanitation options, separate programs for schools, public toilets, 

sanitation in slums, community-based NGO-supported programs etc. 

Purpose of options analysis is to identify plausible technical, financial and institutional solutions and 

will consider (i) unit cost per beneficiary, (ii) maximizing both human and environmental benefits, (iii) 



sustainability, (iv) a long term plan, (v) government policy including land use zoning, (vi) piloting new 

approaches, (vii) beneficiary participation, (viii) wastewater as a resource, (ix) lessons learned from the 

past and (x) political commitment. 

Developing and Consolidating CSP: Having completed above steps, CSP has been formulated to 

articulate Sanitation Goals, specific quantifications both in terms of technical, capacities and financials 

based on stakeholder consultations and the analysis of choices made depending on costs of capital 

investments, operation and maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation. 

Project priorities for sanitation considered the following: 

(i) Serving the un-served urban poor 

(ii) Serving the un-served schools 

(iii) Serving the un-served public areas 

(iv) Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring 

(v) Grant elements for demonstration pilot projects for eco-sanitation (private developers) 

(vi) Rehabilitation of existing facilities. 

(vii) Improvement of existing sanitation (septic tank sludge and effluent treatment). 

(viii) Extension of existing sewerage and sewage treatment (as a last priority). 

Action Steps and Fund Estimation in CSP: 

Thus, to achieve the above mentioned goals and objectives of the current project with certain scope and 

limitations as mentioned earlier – requires a detailed methodology and well defined structure. The 

following section illustrates the detailed methodology of the research project study – considering the 

epistemology and ontology, appropriate strategies, methods and design. It also considers the ethical 

issues in detail. 


1.7 CSP RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 


The current project on City Sanitation Plan for Bareilly city highlights the extent of services provided at 

city level and proposes strategies to improve the conditions of services with long term, medium term 

and short terms strategies which are at-most low cost high impact strategies. This research study 

requires wide range of data in various areas and population groups, to develop a robust analysis and 

produce outputs; and this is only possible with well-established methodology to achieve the required set 

of results. This chapter primarily focuses on the methodology of this research and illustrates that is 

undertaken in the current project. The methods used within this project were varied and chosen in 

order to achieve the most robust and valuable information in meeting the requirements of aims and 

objectives. This chapter also outlines the epistemological research methods that are most appropriate 

for this current research study. 

EPISTOMOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS: The research study will consider the 

epistemology, which acts as an important basis for any research in natural and social science projects 

(Willis, 2007). Since the evaluation of existing situation of services require wide range of data, the 

current project shall reflect on components such as water services, sewerage services, solid waste 

management services at city level, making sure that it reflects upon the entire sanitation and solid waste 

management scenario of the city. According to Sarantakos (2005), the diversity in ontology and 

epistemology directly influence the research study. Further, there is no single fixed rule to conduct a 

social research study; different people follow different methods and different ways to explain and 

understand the research. Underlying these different explanations are paradigms which are considered 

by Babbie (2007) to be fundamental models or frames of references we use to organize observations 

and reasoning. These different paradigms are just different ways of looking at a research study; they are 

neither true nor false way of approaches. These paradigms make their own assumptions about the 

nature of the social reality and each inspires different kinds of research (see Babbie, 2007). 

This research has recognized a positivist paradigm which focuses on applications that involve social 

aspects in natural aspects. The social aspects in this current research would be of population and the 

services available to them. The paradigm of positivist is the most suitable approach, since it emphasizes 

on human behavior and surveying different groups of population i.e. in relevant to the current study, 



understanding the human behavior in terms of their usage of the available sanitation and sewerage 

facilities of different respondents. This project study also considers the situational analysis of available 

services provided and the usage patterns of these services by the population throughout the city. This 

research project study also into qualitative analysis to support the interpretations made which includes 

interviews, questionnaire surveys and analysis of primary and secondary data to estimate the current 

status of sanitation and sewerage and other key potential issues and also to evaluate the possible 

recommendations/ proposals to meet the goals of the project. Thus, positivism approach is most 

appropriate to the current study. In addition, the other possible paradigm is Critical Realm which also 

considers social factors involved in shaping the city and its infrastructure services and facilities. It was 

expected that population’s role in usage patterns of these available infrastructure facilities influence the 

healthy and livable conditions of the city. Since the research project study considers the population’s 

socio-economic and demographic details and their behavior that influences the living conditions in the 

city, the critical realism can also be considered as an apt approach. Further to epistemology 

considerations, ontology of the research considered the constructive nature. This is primarily depended 

upon the facts that the research being accomplished solely by population at the city level and also 

unavoidable personal bias in carrying out the research. 

RESEARCH STRATEGIES: The current research project is in assessment of key potential problems related 

to sanitary, sewerage and solid waste management and provides suitable strategy options to overcome 

them. Therefore, this involves robust and in-depth study for which Case Study Approach was used for 

analyzing the situation and gaps in sanitary conditions. As the case study approach of research is more 

precise to specific boundaries and make convenience in collection of data (Denscombe, 2007; Blaxter et 

al, 2006), it became the appropriate strategy for the current project study. Therefore, the case study 

population that was chosen for the current research study includes population at residential areas, slum 

areas, institutional areas, schools, hospitals, public areas, industries, market places, commercial areas 

and understanding the sanitary conditions at these places. 

RESEARCH METHODS: As this research study involves qualitative analysis that involves statistical 

methods to support the situational analysis and interpretations of the research team. And one of the 

best qualitative methods is a closed questionnaire interview which directly helps in collecting the 

required data and estimates the gaps and conditions – based on which the proposal could be given to 



improve the existing conditions. In addition, there is also detailed analysis of policy reviews of various 

documents in order to get the complete picture of present and future scenario of the city developments. 

The prime objective of research study in assessing the situation of key potential problems related to 

sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste management in the city with the chosen research 

paradigm is only possible with questionnaire interviews. The other possibility in the assessment includes 

Focus Group Discussion. This would be used on various participants or respondents within the study 

area, but taking care to cover entire city population and different possible potential areas those 

affecting from poor sanitation and sewerage facilities and high rate of open defecation. The 

questionnaires are the only means of gathering first hand information, thus they play vital role in any 

research studies (Oppenheim, 2001). Further, Oppenheim (2001) also states, questionnaires are 

cheapest means of data collection without any bias, less cost of processing and the best way to cover 

wide range of population within the study region. 

The questionnaire those used in this project study were of different categories and these categories are 

based on the criteria that complete sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste of the city is 

understood and analyzed. The questionnaires are designed so as to get the complete picture and make 

the situational analysis of the city sanitary conditions – thus different questionnaires are designed for 

different target areas such as for households include residential, slums and other possible potential 

areas. The other set of questionnaires target areas such institutions, public areas (community toilets and 

public toilets), hospitals, schools, commercial/ market areas, industries and other potential areas such as 

slaughter houses and water bodies. There are separate questionnaires prepared for each category in 

order to know the present conditions of toilet facilities and their usage conditions. On the other hand to 

support these questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions are also conducted at slum areas, selected 

residential areas, with elected representatives and other potential areas to understand the situation of 

sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste management conditions of the city. The following table 

illustrates the different activities undertaken by the research team to make a situational analysis and 

also the focused areas of the questionnaire interviews and the type of tools used to gather the required 

information and also the sample sizes at each level to support and further understand the situations. 



S.NO. ACTIVITIES FOCUSED AREAS TOOLS SAMPLING SAMPLE SIZE 

01 Household surveys Household level Questionnaire Random Sampling 

02 

Focused Group 

Discussions 

03 Institutions 

04 

05 

06 

07 

08 

09 

Community Toilets 

Public Toilets 

Hospitals 

School Sanitation 

Slaughter Houses 

Commercial/ 

market areas 

Slum areas, 

residential areas, 

elected 

representatives, 

and other 

potential areas 

Collector office, 

Municipal office, 

Bus & Rail station, 

etc., 

Upto 500 

households (can 

be more in high 

populated cities) 

Check list Random Sampling 12 – 15 FGDs 

Questionnaire Random Sampling 10 (in Nos) 

All potential areas Questionnaire Random Sampling 50 – 100% 

All potential areas Questionnaire Random Sampling 50 – 100% 

All Hospitals with 

100+ beds (must) 

or 50 – 100 beds 

Primary, 

Secondary, High 

school and all 

government 

schools 

Questionnaire Random Sampling 10 – 15 (in Nos) 

Questionnaire Random Sampling 

50 – 100%; 10% 

(>10 lacs) 

Potential areas Questionnaire Random Sampling 2 – 3 (in Nos) 

Potential areas 

(include 

questionnaires 

both for 

shopkeeper and 

customers) 

Questionnaire Random Sampling 10 – 15 (in Nos) 

10 Industries Potential areas Questionnaire Random Sampling 5 – 10 (in Nos) 

11 Secondary Data - Check list - - 

12 Water Bodies Potential areas Questionnaire Random Sampling 50 – 100% 



ETHICAL ISSUES: The nature of the current study is highly sensitive, due to involvement of various 

targeted population of the city. It was also important to make the respondents actively and positively 

respond and participate in the questionnaire interviews and focused group discussions – which was 

done by making the questionnaires confidential and self-explanatory and focused group discussions 

much more interactive and confidential. Further, these activities such as questionnaire interviews and 

focused group discussions involved the research team’s explanations to the respondents about the 

project brief, process of the project study, role of respondents, and each question (if possible), assisting 

them in filling up the questionnaire when he/she faces any difficulties. All the personal details were 

remained anonymous in this current project study. It is also further important to consider the 

communication needs assessment for any improvements or developments in a society. 

1.8. CSP COMMUNCATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT 

Bareilly Communication Needs Assessment for Information, Education and Communication Strategy 

Introduction: Information, Education and Communication (IEC) & Capacity Building strategy are integral 

to the core issue of developing the city sanitation plan. In fact it will lead to development of robust yet 

effective awareness and communication strategy for promoting hygiene & sanitation in the city to 

trigger behavior change and demand for sanitation. The strategy will aim for citizen participation in 

improving city sanitation specifically reaching out to the slum dwellers and urban poor in the city. It will 

evolve a methods, tools & techniques, and use of various media (interpersonal, print, electronic, folk 

etc) including advocacy with opinion leaders, NGOs/CBOs and other stakeholders to deliver awareness 

strategy in the city. 

Objectives: The objective of IEC & Capacity Building Strategy is to evolve an effective plan of sustainable 

programmes for capacity building and sensitization of implementers, education and enhanced 

awareness for stakeholders specifically citizens regarding sanitation activities in Bareilly city. The 

strategy is designed to: 

Strengthening CSP implementation by Nagar Nigam Bareilly (NNB) through training and capacity 

building; 



Sensitize citizens for adopting water wastage minimization, segregation & management of solid 

waste and open defecation free practices through IEC campaign. 

By working at both the levels mentioned above a culture of communications and consultations is 

fostered leading to participation. 

Methodology: Bareilly is a prominent city of UP state. The city faces specific challenge of Water and 

Sanitation services. This pose challenges to the city administration with respect to water supply, toilets, 

solid waste management and storm water drainage. It is found that communication strategy is a crucial 

element in improving service delivery standards. However, apart from educating citizens on health and 

hygiene, improving municipal processes by way of citizen consultation and participation remains a 

necessary goal; without citizen inputs right from the design stage to implementation of water and 

sanitation projects risk failure. 

Communication needs assessment identified three stages for implementation of Information, Education 

and Communication strategy for improvement in water and sanitation services. These are 1) Awareness, 

2) Process and 3) Compliance. While it is generally understood that these stages would lead to better 

citizen participation in the schemes, it is in fact imperative for all stakeholders to be appraised of them 

from their own specific stand points. Awareness includes an understanding of health and hygiene 

related education specifically directed towards slums. Equally important is an awareness of municipal 

officials about the problems face by all the city residents including slum & middle class households and 

sanitation workers. This awareness is generally taken for granted. Here, we propose that open and 

specific appraisals be carried out without assuming too much of prior knowledge regarding sanitation 

issues. Next is to create processes which are essential to maintain improved services. These could 

include citizen participation in community toilet maintenance, outsourcing of operations and 

maintenance to private partners in public toilets, solid waste management and establishing citizen 

grievance resolution systems to name a few. A consolidation of these gains can only occur when all 

stakeholders comply with the laid down norms. As system of incentivizing desirable behaviors and 

weeding out undesirable behaviors must be developed, these programmes, processes and goals will be 

set by the Nagar Nigam. 



The key idea is to carry out a needs assessment within the existing infrastructure of service delivery. 

Following steps were identified before visiting the field: 

1. Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication 

2. Focus Group Discussions, Interviews, Transect Walks 

3. Topic Guides and Probes prepared for each stakeholder group. 

4. Field assessment of communications needs to be carried out. 

These methods helped us to evolve a case study approach towards communication needs assessment 

for Bareilly city. Case study approach offers the best possible method for evolving a Information, 

Education and Communications strategy for the city concerned. The random sampling based survey will 

be labor intensive and time consuming. Moreover, such a survey is likely to conceal extreme situations 

within the city. A case study approach utilizing information sampling can reveal much more through 

discussions with citizens on the margins and those on the frontlines of implementation. 

Stakeholders: Opinion leaders to be targeted as a high influence group both for interviews and 

implementation of communications strategies among residents, establishments and Nagar Nigam 

officials. Residents include all those living within city municipal limits; they can be classified as HIG, LIG 

and slum dwellers. Shopkeepers and commercial establishments constitute a separate group especially 

for generation of market waste. Specifically, in Bareilly a series of focus group discussions (FGDs) 

conducted with slum residents in various parts of the city. Interview and discussions included officials 

from various Nagar Nigam departments particularly Health & Sanitary officials, sanitation workers, 

prominent citizens, residents in middle class areas, NGOs involved in water and sanitation sector, 

shopkeepers, media persons etc. 

Locations for FGDs & Transect Walks were selected to represent the variety of samples. Slum locations 

can be classified based on local knowledge. Generally, slum in outskirts and those in interiors offer two 

different typologies. The core city areas are predominantly by business class. Similarly there are slum on 

the outskirts are predominant with Muslim, SC or ST population. 

Probes for interviews and FGDs: 


1. Residents including slum residents 


Awareness regarding Health and Hygiene: The current practices and awareness regarding ill- 

effects of lack of sanitation, ODF, hand washing, water logging etc. 

Awareness regarding government schemes/policies for improving water and sanitation: NUSP, 

DUDA, sources and channels of such knowledge and communication. 

Awareness regarding various technical options toilets. 

Willingness to upgrade sanitation facilities: financial, space and behavioral constraints 

Participation in any public awareness campaign regarding sanitation, agencies that carried the 

campaign and learning from the campaign. 

Activities of local SHGs and other community organizations such as RWAs. 

Media consumption patterns reading newspapers, Cable TV etc 

Information regarding demography of the slum, quality of water supply etc. 

Complaint resolution system: complaints and mechanisms of resolution, how do they deal with 

water and sanitation crisis, approaching local corporators, complain to Nagar Nigam, satisfaction 

level with current arrangement. 

2. Municipal officials 

Role envisaged for communication for implementing CSP. 

Channels of communication at Nagar Nigam’s disposal, extent to which these channels are being 

exploited. 

Technological options, geographic and infrastructural issues involved in implementing Water 

and Sanitation schemes. 

M&E, feedback, support, rewards: Maintenance of citizen grievance records, discernible 

patterns in complaints, efficiency of complaint redressal. 

Details of any specific communication campaign being taken up, Content, Channels used, budget 

allocated, awareness regarding multiplying message through media. 

Kinds of training given to Safai Karamcharies for safe disposal of waste etc and their satisfaction 

level what has been provided to them. 


3. Commercial establishment and Public places 

Observation regarding sanitation is these places. 


Practices involved in disposal of commercial waste such as door to door collection, segregation. 

O&M practices, regular upkeep of public places. 

Major complaints, public redressal mechanisms and its effectiveness. 

Willingness to pay user charges for public toilets. 


INTRODUCTION 


CHAPTER 02 

CITY PROFILE 

Bareilly pronunciation is a metro city in Bareilly district in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. 

Standing on the Ramganga River, it is the capital of Rohilkhand Division and is a center for the 

manufacture of furniture and for trade in cotton, grain, and sugar. This fast-growing city is also known as 

Bans-Bareilly, due to its big bamboo market. Bareilly is also known as the counter-magnet city because it 

is equidistant from New Delhi and Lucknow and has a lot of potential for setting up industries to attract 

people to settle. It is one of the biggest city of Uttar Pradesh state. Historically it was the part of the 

ancient kingdom of Panchal. In the Medieval period it was under the Rohillas. The modern city's 

foundation was laid by Mukrand Rai in 1657. 

The Bareilly city is located on the banks of river Ramganga, in the fertile indo-gangetic plain, and it is 

also the head quarter of Rohilkhand division and Bareilly Commissionary. It is situated on NH 24 and 5 

State and National Highways’ coverage on it. The adjoining districts are Nainital in north, Pilibhit in east, 

Shahjahanpur in southeast and Budaun in south. It is the largest urban centre in western zone of Utter 

Pradesh, outside the NCR and has been identified as the counter magnet city of the region in 1962. 


2.1 TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE & DEMOGRAPHY 

TOPOGRAPHY 


Bareilly is located at 28°10′N, 78°23′E, and lies in northern India. It borders Pilibhit and Shahjahanpur on 

east and Rampur on west, Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand) in north and Badaun in south. Bareilly lies 

entirely in the Ganges plains. The low-lying Ganges plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for 

agriculture. However, these some lower part of plains is prone to recurrent floods. Bareilly lies on the 

bank of river Ramganga and there are seven rivers passing through this district. The 

lower Himalayan range is just 40 km from it and it lies in north of it. 

CLIMATE 

Bareilly has a humid subtropical climate with high variation between summer and winter temperatures. 

Summers are long, from early April to October, with the monsoon season in between. Winter starts in 

October and peaks in January and is notorious for its heavy fog. Extreme temperatures range from 4 °C 

to 44 °C. The annual mean temperature is 25 °C (77 °F), monthly mean temperatures range from 14 °C 

to 33 °C (58 °F to 92 °F). The average annual rainfall is approximately 1714 mm (28.1 inches), most of 

which is during the monsoons in July and August. 

The temperature of the district fluctuates from a maximum of 44ºC in the months of May-June to a low 

of 4ºC during the cool months of Dec-Jan. The climate of the district is influenced by its proximity to the 

hills and the tarai swamps in the north. Although the air is dry in summers, it contains moisture during 

the rest of the year. The district goes through a cycle of four seasons, during the year. The cool winters 

from December to February, followed by the warm summers which continue till about the middle of 

June, relief from the heat coming in the form of the South-West monsoons, ushering during the rainy 

season which lasts till the end of September; October and November constitute the post-monsoon 

season. 

DEMOGRAPHY 

According to the 2001 census report of the Government of India, the total population of Bareilly City 

Region (Bareilly Municipal Corporation and Bareilly Cantt.) is 875,165 having distribution as 53% males 

and 47% females nearly. The area under the city region is 123.46 km². The density of the population is 

among the high in the country touching 5000 per km 2 . The main population consists 



of Jatavs and Balmikis, and other castes such as the Baniyas,Kurmi, Thakurs, Kayasthas & Punjabis 

Hindus from 62% of population and Muslims 26% mainly Ansari, Behna, Rohilla, Rayeen, Ranghar and 

Shaikh) of the population, Sikhs form about 10% of population and rest are Jain ,Buddhist and Christians. 

Bareilly has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%, with 88% of the 

males and 65% of females literate making it under top three districts in terms of literacy in Uttar 

Pradesh . The main languages spoken are Hindi, Urdu, English, Punjabi, and Kumauni. For administrative 

convenience, the district of Bareilly has been divided into six tehsils namely Aonla, Faridpur, 

Bareilly, Mirganj, Nawabganj, and Baheri and 14 blocks. 

2.2 ECONOMY 

Since the period of Liberalization in India, Bareilly is one of the fastest growing cities in the region on 

account of its booming economy. Trade and commerce have flourished in the urban city and followed 

diversification, though the rural economy of the district is largely agrarian. 

Brands: Following the foray of Multi-national corporations in the city, a significant capital infusion and 

various investments have occurred throughout the city in different sectors. Bareilly, today, has most of 

the major global apparel brands including Adidas, Reebok, and Levi’s. Reebok has also opened their 

Factory Outlet in Bareilly which is located at Pilibhit By-Pass Road. Nike is to open an outlet soon. 

Accompanying these are all other well-known clothing, footwear and accessory brands which have their 

authorized show-rooms and commercial outlets in the 'Civil Lines areas' and 'D.D.Puram area' of the city. 

Most of the major automobile companies like Toyota, Mahindra & Mahindra, Tata Motors, Maruti 

Suzuki, General Motors, Hyundai, and Honda have their showrooms and service centers in the city. 

Industries: Bareilly houses a lot of Industries in the industrial zone called the Parsakhera Industrial Zone. 

Major Companies such as Coca- Cola, Camphor & Allied Products Ltd., Paras, Vadilal, Mercury and many 

others are present in the City. 

The Ahmadabad-based Ice-cream maker Vadilal has its manufacturing plant in Bareilly. The plant is the 

sole plant in Northern and Eastern India and caters to both the zones. Vadilal enjoys a 10-12% market 

share in the Rs 120-crore Delhi market and around 6-8% in the Rs 200-crore eastern market, which 

comprises territories such as Kolkata, Orissa, Jharkhand and Bihar. 



Media: A lot of Hindi Newspapers including Dainik Jagran, Hindustan, Amar Ujala, Aaj are printed in the 

city. Various English Newspapers including the Times of India, The Hindu, Hindustan Times, and The 

Economic Times can be found on the stalls at around 7 a.m. as they are published in the Delhi NCR and 

sent to the city. 

HT Media Ltd has recently come out with a printing facilities in Bareilly, printing of its Hindi newspaper 

"Hindustan" starting October 10, 2009 and catering to the Rohilkhand area of western Uttar Pradesh 

comprising of Bareilly, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur, Lakhimpur and Badaun districts. They also plan to start 

printing the local edition of their English Daily "The Hindustan Times" very soon. 

The city also has its dedicated News Channel called the Alliance News Channel which broadcasts local 

news at different slots throughout the day. 

Agriculture: Corporate giant Hindustan Unilever has undertaken contract farming of rice in Bareilly and 

Punjab and its success has ensured low-cost, better-quality produce for its products. The company now 

plans to extend the experiment but feels an enabling environment in terms of agri-laws and 

infrastructure facilities is required for the purpose. 

Passport Office: The Passport Office, Bareilly was created in 1983 as a subordinate office of Ministry of 

External Affairs under the supervision of Central Passport Organization. The issue of passport is a central 

subject under the Indian Constitution and allotted to the Ministry of External Affairs, Initially Passport 

Office, Bareilly was catering to the needs of residents of the State of Uttrakhand and 24 Districts of 

Western Uttar Pradesh. Separate passport Office for the residents of Meerut, Aligarh and Agra Division 

was opened in the year 1997 at Ghaziabad on bifurcation of this office. Again the office bifurcated and 

another passport office at Dehradun was opened in June 2008 for the residents of the State of 

Uttrakhand. 

Today, this office deals with the issue of passport/travel documents to the citizens of 12 districts of 

Uttar Pradesh i.e. Bareilly, Shahjahanpur, Pilibhit, Badaun, Moradabad, Rampur, Bijnor, Jyotiba Phule 

Nagar, Firozabad, Kashi Ram Nagar, Etah & Mainpuri. 

Electricity: In 2009, Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) moved a step ahead in 

implementing the franchisee system in the power sector of the state. Under the new system, private 



players will be awarded contract to maintain and supply power in nine cities of the state. The same 

companies will be the outsource points for collecting revenue on behalf of the state government. The 

system will be implemented in nine cities of the state on a pilot basis. Bareilly, Agra, Kanpur, Moradabad 

and Gorakhpur will be covered in the first phase. 

Fuel: The Indian government initiated the ten per cent ethanol-blending programme on a pilot basis in 

two districts - Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh and Belgaum in Karnataka. Bareilly also has CNG and Auto-LPG 

outlets operated by Satya Service station owned by Hon. Shri Raj Kumar Agarwal, first mayor of the city. 

Bareilly became the first district in India to implement Bio-fuel norms. 

There are about 2500 commercial establishments registered at Nagar Nigam. The average growth rates 

of commercial establishments are high compared to hotels & restaurants. This also increases additional 

burdens on existing infrastructure facilities. The following table gives the statistical figures of trade and 

commerce establishments for the year 2009 – 2010. 

Total Number of establishments 2498 

Commercial Number n/a 

Hotels & Restaurants Number n/a 

Offices & Institutions Number n/a 

Markets Number n/a 

2.3 URBAN POVERTY AND SLUMS 

Though no recent study is available to accurately assess the extent of poverty levels in Bareilly but from 

the discussions with various stakeholders we understand that poverty levels are quite high in Bareilly. 

In addition to this, more than twenty percent of the population in Bareilly stays in areas marred with 

unhygienic living conditions and lack of civic amenities. The urban infrastructure is not satisfactory 



enough to bring homogenous development in new areas. The growth of housing stock is not able to 

keep pace with the population growth. This has increased the housing stock deficit which has given rise 

to slum dwellings. 

As per the survey conducted by DUDA and documents from NNB, total notified slums in Bareilly are 85. 

According to census 2001, the slum population was 77109 i.e. 20.5 percent of total Population. As per 

the survey conducted by S.U.D.A in 2000-01, the population was 77109 and total households were 

10050. A large number of below poverty line (BPL) population (about 25%) also live-in slums. The 

current slum population is about 2.44 lacs with 31850 of households i.e. about 26.47% of the total 

population. 

ULB Profile Year 2001 Year 2010 

Slum Population 77109 244373 

Slum Households 10050 31850 

No. of slums 85 85 

Water Supply Facilities: It may be seen that in slums access to individual water connections is low and 

people generally use public stand posts, hand pumps, or wells in a few cases. Majority of households 

(55%) get water from public stand posts and only 19% percent have individual taps. It has been observed 

that main source of water supply in slum areas is hand pumps and wherever piped water supply is there, 

either supply is inadequate or it’s not regular or it’s very dirty. They are only able to use the water after 

carrying out the sedimentation and filtering. Out of total households in slum, about 30 percent have 

electricity whereas others use either kerosene, wood etc. 

Sanitation Facilities: Presently, access to sanitation services is markedly less than access to other basic 

services. While, it may be worthwhile to note that the proportion of people having access to sanitation 

in urban areas is considerably greater when compared to their rural counterparts, the problems are 

more exacerbated in slums. Urban sanitation is perceived as being important because of the health 



factor. In case of slums, it has been observed that sanitation facilities are worst and in alarming 

condition. 

Majority of households use public toilets followed by households using individual flush. Even then open 

defecation is still at a large scale i.e. about 35% of the slum households openly defecate. During the visit 

in slums located at different part of the Bareilly city, it has been observed that sanitation condition is still 

very poor in most of the slum areas considering only 20 percent people have individual toilets and the 

others i.e. approx. 5 percent use community toilets and 35 percent still go for open defecation. The 

present condition is shown in the situational analysis of sanitation facilities in slum areas 

To minimize open defecation and to bring improvement in overall sanitation, two schemes have been 

introduced: a) Low Cost Sanitation Scheme b) Construction of Community toilets. These provisions of 

individual toilets and construction of community toilets has reduced the open defecation in Bareilly city 

– to some extent. The percentage share of slum population still open defecate is about 25% (details in 

situational analysis). 

During visit to different slums following observations were made: 

Poor construction i.e. bad designing, usage of poor quality material etc. and maintenance 

Lack of proper management of community toilets 

Inadequate water supply and lighting in the toilets 

Cleaning service is not administered properly. 

Unhygienic condition of the public toilets 

Distance 

Lack of willingness to pay and use the community toilet facility 


Sewerage System and Solid Waste Management in slum areas: 


In most of the slums, sewerage system is either non-existent or it is found chocked. The problem of 

blocked sewerage also exists in the slums where people stay in pucca houses. The open drains in the 

slums are of very small size and are mostly blocked due to lack of cleaning and solid waste finding its 

way into drains. There is no proper way of solid waste disposal which exists at the slum level. In 30% of 

the slums solid waste is collected by govt. or private persons but disposal sites are either non-existent or 

are poorly managed. In many slums solid waste can be seen flowing in the drains leading to chocked 

drains and health hazardous situation. 

Key issues: 

As per the DUDA and NNB, total notified slums in Bareilly are 85. The current slum population is 

about 2.44 lakh with about 32000 of households i.e. about 26% of the total population. 

Majority of households i.e. more than 51 percent live in Kutcha Houses made of grass, mud etc. and 

jhuggi jhopri’s. Only 21 percent stay in Pucca Houses. In slums, about 47 percent have their own 

houses whereas 41% lives in as tenant whereas rest is living as unauthorized occupants. 

It may be seen that in slums access to individual water connections is low and people generally use 

public stand posts, hand pumps, or wells in a few cases. Majority of households (55%) get water 

from public stand posts and only 19% percent have individual taps. 

It has been observed that main source of water supply in slum areas is hand pumps and wherever 

piped water supply is there, either supply is inadequate or it’s not regular or it’s very dirty. 

Lack of proper shelter, poor access to basic needs and lack of awareness make the slum dwellers life 

style very poor. About 25 percent of the Bareilly’s population is living in slums; hence all housing 

programmes should target provision of better shelter for them on priority basis. 

In many of the slums water through public stand posts and hand pumps have been provided but it 

has been observed that lots of water is wasted. 

Only in a few slums sewerage lines have been provided and they were often chocked. 



No proper mechanism of solid waste disposal exists. Either the disposal sites are non-existent or 

even if they exist, they are located at faraway place which the slum dwellers find inconvenient to 

use. The few waste disposal sites that exist are in a sad state of affairs as they are not cleaned on a 

daily basis and the waste gets scattered all over the place creating a health hazard. 

In most of the slums, no provision has been made to provide storm water drains. Due to which 

water logging takes place adding to the unhygienic condition within the slums. 

While the city has made provision for public sanitation facilities in a few slums, still about 25-30% of 

slum population goes for open defecation, causing both a health hazard and a problem of safety. 

At present the number of notified slum is 85 and strategies for rehabilitation and implementation of 

central and state government schemes can only be carried out in the notified slums. There is a need 

to carry out a fresh survey to cover all slums and poor communities so that the actual demand for 

housing and basic services for urban poor can be ascertained and overall city environment can be 

improved. 

2.4 GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 

'Good governance' is the overarching objective of public administration in the civic arena. In virtually all 

sectors of public intervention and service delivery, it is now agreed that unless and until the state of 

governance is 'good', service or product delivery will not be proper. In the recent past, a large number of 

people and organizations have given a variety of definitions of what governance is all about. 

Governance is defined differently in terms of the context. According to one definition, “the ways in 

which stakeholders interact with each other in order to influence the outcomes of public policies " is 

public governance. According to the World Bank, “the manner in which power is exercised in the 

management of a country's economic and social resources for development " is good governance. 

There are today dozens of definitions of what governance and good governance is. However, if one has 

to summaries and list downs the ten characteristics of good governance, they would be: 

Citizen involvement, participation and satisfaction 

Transparency in all decision making 

Accountability of actions taken 


Equality and social inclusion 

Ethical and honest behavior 

Ability to compete in a global environment 

Efficiency of service delivery 

Respect for democratic values 

Respect for the rule of law 

Use of appropriate technology and environmental sustainability 


The United Nations-HABITAT launched a Global Campaign on Urban Governance in the year 1999 in 

order to support the implementation of the Habitat Agenda goal of "sustainable human settlements 

development in an urbanizing world ". The goal of the Campaign is to contribute to the eradication of 

poverty through improved urban governance. It is now widely believed that the quality of governance is 

the key factor for the eradication of poverty and the creation of prosperity in cities. The United Nations- 

HABITAT has also been propagating the concept of the 'inclusive city'; a city which promotes growth 

with equity, a place where everyone, regardless of their economic status, gender, race, ethnicity or 

religion, is enabled and empowered to fully participate in the social, economic and political 

opportunities that cities have to offer. 

The definition of urban governance according to the Campaign is as follows: "Urban Governance is the 

sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, plan and manage the common 

affairs of the city. It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be 

accommodated and cooperative action can be taken. It includes formal institutions as well as informal 

arrangements and the social capital of citizens". Further, the Campaign also defines good urban 

governance as follows: "Urban governance is inextricably linked to the welfare of the citizenry. Good 

urban governance must enable women and men to access the benefits of urban citizenship. Good urban 

governance, based on the principle of urban citizenship, affirms that no man, woman or child can be 

denied access to the necessities of urban life, including adequate shelter, security of tenure, safe water, 

sanitation, a clean environment, health, education and nutrition, employment and public safety and 

mobility. Through good urban governance, citizens are provided with the platform which will allow 

them to use their talents to the full to improve their social and economic conditions". 



In order to implement the good urban governance agenda, the United Nations HABITAT has proposed 

that good urban governance is characterized by the following principles: 

Sustainability 

Subsidiary 

Equity 

Efficiency 

Transparency and accountability 

Civic engagement and citizenship and 

Security 

Based on the above, several nations have drawn up action plans for good urban governance in their 

respective contexts. It is in this broad world view, taking into specific cognizance the peculiarities of 

urbanization and urban local administration in India, for the better health of Government it is important 

to have good coordination and self responsibility of the government organizations from central to local 

level and also proper coordination with local NGO’s, private organizations and community participation. 

Thus, based on the same – the recommendations/ proposals also focus on the capacity building of public 

and private organizations at different levels. But, it is also important to consider the legal background of 

different organizations and their functions and jurisdictions before proposing the strategies for 

improvements. 

Urban Areas are the engines of economic growth. The quality of civic infrastructure and civic services 

has a critical bearing on economic development of the city and State as a whole. The 74th amendment 

to the constitution devolved the role of management and development of the city to the elected 

representatives of the city through the city’s Urban Local Body (ULBs). Hence the ULBs are both the 

custodians of civil infrastructure and providers of civic services. Thus, ULBs are catalysts of economic 

growth of a city. However, the management of a city like Bareilly is a complex task and several 

institutions are involved in it, as given below. 

Agencies Involved In Providing Urban Services in Bareilly : 

UP Housing & Development Board 


Functions of the Nagar Nigam Bareilly 


The UP Municipal Corporation Adhiniyam, 1959 as amended from time to time provides for majority of 

the function listed in the 12th schedule of the constitution. These are: 

Urban planning including town Planning 

Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings 

Planning for economic and social development 

Roads and bridges 

Water Supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes 

Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management 

Fire services 

Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects 

Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of the society, including the handicapped and 

mentally retarded 

Slum improvement and up gradation 

Provision of Urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds 

Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetics aspects 

Burials, burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums 

Cattle Ponds; Prevention of cruelty to animals 

Vital Statistics including registration of births and deaths 

Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and Public Conveniences 

Regulation of slaughter houses 


Nagar Nigam Bareilly (NNB) : 

The administrative chart of NNB is given below: 

Varishth Nagar Swasth Adhikari 

Zonal health officers 

Chief Sanitary Inspectors (2) 

Sanitary Inspectors (5) 

DEPARTMENT Supervisors 

Safai karamcharis 

HEALTH DEPARTMENT 

Nagar Ayukt 

Upper Nagar Ayukt 

Sahayak Nagar Ayukt 


Chief Engineer 

Executive Engineers 

Assistant Engineers 

Junior Engineers 

ENGINEERING 


U.P. HOUSING AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD 

U.P. Housing and Development Board have been set up under the Act of 1965 in April 1966. It has 

been established to implement the various housing and development schemes in a planned way and 

to bring harmony by keeping in mind the state level and national level residential policy and 

programmes. 

The main objectives of U.P. Housing and Development Board are to: 

Make the plan for all residence related activities in the urban areas and to get them 

implemented fast and in effective way; 

Receive grant and loan from central and state government, commercial bank, financial 

organizations, public bodies etc. 

Acquire the land and construct roads, electricity, water supply, and other urban facilities and 

to arrange and distribute the land and constructed houses according to the demand from 

registered people 

Make special arrangement for the houses for the backward class and scheduled caste and 

tribe, security workers and freedom fighters. 

OVERLAP OF INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES 

The multiplicity of organizations involved in providing urban services makes the management of 

affairs of the city highly complex. It becomes essential to define the roles and responsibilities of each 

of the Agencies very clearly. The inter-relationships of various departments play an important role in 

making available good quality of services to the community /citizens of the city. More-over 

overlapping of some of the functions requires a high level of coordination. The following table 

indicates the service-wise planning, implementation and operation and maintenance function being 

carried out by various agencies involved in providing services in Bareilly Urban Area. It will be seen 

that many services are being provided by more than one agency resulting in avoidable delays at the 

time of handing over the assets who has to ultimately maintain them.

KEY ISSUES 

The critical issues that emerge from the existence of multiple agencies include: 

Spatial and functional fragmentation 

Overlapping functions 

Multiple accountability lines 

High service delivery gaps and 

Increasing Urban poverty 


Lack of clarity in local functions: The Constitution 74th Amendment Act, 1992 envisages that the 

functions listed in 12th schedule of the Constitution is entrusted to elected municipalities. This is 

with a view to minimize ambiguities and overlapping functions between local bodies and other 

authorities. However, in practice, several agencies are responsible for the functions and in some 

cases local bodies have no role. 

Inter-institutional conflicts: The large number of departments, institutions, agencies and officers 

undertaking similar, related and overlapping functions or the functions not clearly defined lead to 

conflicts in operation. Moreover the various agencies over the same or overlapping jurisdiction and 

are not in a position to understand and evaluate the backward and forward linkages associated with 

these functions. 

Municipal-Parastatal Coordination: There is a lack of coordination between urban local bodies and 

parastatals in areas such as inter-municipal, inter district and inter-state roads, Storm water drainage 

and sewerage, common amenities like whole -sale markets, truck terminals, bus stations, garbage 

dumping yards, landfill sites. The real problem is noticed in plan implementation. No clearly defined 

mechanism exists to take up such works in an integrated manner taking into account the 

geographical factors. 

Managerial Coordination Issues: There are many managers connected with metropolitan service 

delivery and infrastructure management. All these make the task of metropolitan management 

highly complex and difficult. In addition to general coordination between urban and rural local 



authorities, there are several inter-departmental and inter institutional coordination issues, which 

arise in day to day administration of the metropolitan area. 

Jurisdictional Issues: It is very difficult to arrive at a common boundary for all services. The 

geographical Area required for internalizing the costs and benefits of a service like urban transport, 

water supply, storm water drainage etc. 

If such matching is not ensured, there will be perennial problems of service revenues falling short of 

service costs, mounting inter -institutional conflicts, increased cost of public administration, lack of 

integrated development and imposition of high social cost on the public. Thus it is important that the 

jurisdictional issues are sorted out carefully. 

While it is important to keep the costs of metropolitan administration low, exploitation of 

development potential of the metro area and its contribution to national wealth and income should 

be the primary consideration for metropolitan spatial organization. 

Grievance Redressal: The Grievance Redressal mechanism in the city is weak and the people are 

made to run from pillar to post for grievance redressal. There is also no proper platform to provide 

information to the citizens on all services. Lack of awareness and information is affecting the 

citizen’s access to grievance redressal mechanisms. Though citizen’s charters are established for the 

service providing agencies, majority of the public is not aware of the duties and rights under the 

same. 

Institutional Strategies 

There is a need to address the institutional and other challenges to provide good governance to the 

city. Unless the roadblocks are removed, economic development is hampered and efficient service 

delivery becomes difficult. This adversely affects the community particular the ‘poor’. There is need, 

therefore, to restructure the governance framework, remove the roadblocks and streamline the 

lines of accountability. The governance reforms become all the more critical in the context of 

Bareilly, which has got the dying city reputation to become more competitive and to become an 

investment destination. The city should offer high quality services and promote inclusiveness and 

citizen friendly governance institution. Only when it is environment friendly and is well governed, 

the vision of the city can be realized. The institutional strategies required include: 



Spatial integration of NNB surrounding municipalities and their service providing agencies 

for better planning and delivery of services (Bareilly Metropolitan Area) 

Establishing clear lines of accountability of service delivery agencies Constituting 

autonomous service delivery agencies in different structures like water supply, sanitation, 

sewerage, transport, roads, solid waste management etc. with NNB playing the role of a 

regulator. 

Performance based memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the Municipality (NNB) 

and various service delivery agencies, focusing on targets and outcomes 

Institutional Implementation Mechanisms 

Within the overall framework, institutional and implementation mechanisms need to be worked out. 

These include: 

Establishing a Reform monitoring Unit as an ‘Overseeing Body’ to monitor the reforms under 

way and being proposed 

Strengthening local Government capacities by outsourcing project management and M & E 

function 

Establishing appraisal mechanism for institutions and processes 


3.1. SERVICE PROFILE OF THE CITY 


CHAPTER 03 

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SANITATION IN THE CITY 

Like most of the other Nagar Nigam, there is a large gap between the level of infrastructure services 

required for the city and the actual services to cater the proliferating population. In addition to this, 

there is also lack of operation and maintenance of existing infrastructure facilities and services – 

which in turn deteriorating the existing services and facilities and making much worse conditions 

with the city limits. The city is having high percentage share of slum population results in more 

unhygienic and unhealthy pockets of areas in and around the city limits. The existing facilities and 

services to these slum populations are also not able to cater the needs; instead - it is creating more 

stress on the city ecology, environment and health due to its improper functioning. 

Considering the existing service profile of the Bareilly city which was designed to cater the growing 

population of Bareilly city with a population of 9.23 lacs (projected population from Census data 

which states that according to Census 2001 the population is 7.2 lacs); with the current family size of 

07 - the number of households for the population size of 9.23 lacs are 1.2 lacs. Within this set of 

population there are 85 notified slums areas which is accounting to about 25% of the total 

population (census 2001) i.e. about 6.28 lacs with the family size of 07 – the number of households 

for the slum population is 1.28 lacs. The service profile of the city in this current report focuses on 

water supply, sewerage, and solid waste and sanitation facilities. 

3.1.1. WATER SUPPLY 

The total length of distribution network in the city is about 578 km and this network distribution 

includes both slum and non slum areas. The city is divided into 04 zones and the total number of 

service connections is about 54608 which include only residential service connections. And these 

residential service connections include bulk supply and connections to apartments. In addition to 

these residential service connections, there are about 2457 commercial service connections and 

these include commercial establishments, shops and small scale industries. 

Further to this, the duration of water supply in the city is about 6 hours per day and this is further 

bifurcated into 3 hours in the morning and 3 hours in the evening. In addition to the household 



service connections, there are also about 512 public stand posts and most of them are located in 

slum areas. The following table illustrates the broad overview of water supply facilities in the city. 

Data Total 

Working Not 

working/disconnected 

No. of Power Bores 49 49 Nil 

No. of hand bores 2610 2560 50 

No. of Bore wells Nil Nil Nil 

No. of Storage Reservoirs 22 22 Nil 

Length of Distribution Network(KM) 578.2 

Number of Service Connections 54608 

Domestic HSC House service connections 52151 

Commercial Connections 2457 

Duration 6 Hrs 

Number of PSPs (Public Stand Posts) 512 

No. of tankers(capacities also) 10 Nos., 3000 it capacity of each 

Total water Supplied in MLD(ward wise - 36) 102 MLD 

Zone -1 27 MLD 




It is also important to consider the basic background information of the city likely about – number of 

wards, slum settlements, area of the city, population distribution, number of residential properties 



and non residential properties. The following table illustrates the data on the above mentioned 

categories. 

Unit Yr.2009 

Number of Wards Number 70 wards & 4 

zones 

Number of Slum Settlements Number 85 

Area Sq. Kms 106 

Population Number 923138 

Number of Residents Properties Number 120000 

Number of Non Residents Properties Number 2498 

The following table illustrates the property details of both residential and non residential areas in 

respective zones. This table also gives the areas of each zone and road length in each zone. 

Ward 

or 

Zone 

Name 

Slums Area (sq km) Population 

(number) 

(num 

ber) 

Households 

(number) 

Properties 

(number) 

Total Slum Total Slum Total Slum Reside 

ntial 

Non 

residential 

Road 

Length 

Zone-1 30 43.56 N.D. 253667 78654 N.D. N.D. 26361 N.D. 152.121 

Zone-2 19 20.10 N.D. 292650 43934 N.D. N.D. 48665 N.D. 167.886 

Zone-3 20 19.66 N.D. 226348 53676 N.D. N.D. 22201 N.D. 157.849 

Zone-4 16 23.11 N.D. 150474 47109 N.D. N.D. 23089 N.D. 109.625 

Total 85 106.4 

3 

0.00 923138 22337 

3 

0.00 0.00 12031 

6 

2498 



The following table illustrates the water supply served to total population in the city and also the 

population served in the slum areas. 

Ward 

or Zone 

Name 

Total Population 

Coverage 

Slum 

population 

Population Served (%) Pop Served Cover 

age 

Slum (%) Per 

capita 

Supply 

lpcd 

% 

Passin 

g 

RC 

Test 

Availability 

Hours/day 

1 253667 190250 75% 78654 N.D. N.D. N.D. 100% 6 Hours 

2 292650 234120 80% 43934 N.D. N.D. N.D. 100% 6 Hours 

3 226348 181078 80% 53676 N.D. N.D. N.D. 100% 6 Hours 

4 150474 60190 40% 47109 N.D. N.D. N.D. 100% 6 Hours 

Total/a 

verage 

923138 665638 72% 223373 N.D. N.D. N.D. 100% 

It is also important to understand the type of connections in the city in different sectors. Statistical 

analysis shows that most of the connections at different levels are unmetered and non –functional 

metered connections. The following table illustrates the statistical figures of type of connections. 

Type of connection Unit 

Metered 

(Functional) 

Metered 

(nonfunctional) 

Unmetered Total 

House service Number Nil 35526 16625 52151 

Public taps Number Nil Nil 512 512 

Commercial Number Nil 1674 783 2457 

Industrial Number Nil Nil Nil Nil 

Institutional Number Nil Nil Nil Nil 



Bulk supply Number Nil Nil Nil Nil 

Other Number Nil Nil Nil Nil 

Total Number Nil 37200 17920 55120 

The following table illustrates the type of connections that the household served. There are about 

54608 connections in house services, where as that of slum households are about 8865. There are 

also about 512 public taps connections and of which 149 public taps are serving to households in 

slum areas. In addition to these household connections and public taps, there are also about 1800 

functional hand pumps in the city and of which there are about 900 located in slum areas. The 

following table illustrates number of households and population served by water. 

Households Served 

Type of connection Unit Residential Slums 

House service Number 54608 8865 

Public taps Number 512 149 

Bulk supply Number Nil Nil 

Other Number Nil Nil 

Sub-total Number 55120 9014 

Other types of service Number By Tankers By Tankers 

Hand pumps (Functional) Number 1827 783 

Tankers Number - - 

Sub-total Number 45486 9797 

Total HHs served Number About 80,000 20424 

Total Population Served Number 636098 223156 



The following table illustrates the different sources of water installed and total volume of water 

generated from different sources. Statistical figures related to sources of water and volume of water 

generated shows that the total volume of water produced from all different sources together is 

about 113 MLD and the majority share i.e. about 102 MLD is produced from ground water. 

Sources of water 

Type of Source Unit Installed 

capacity 

Volume Metered 

(Y/N) 

Ground water (power pumps) MLD 102.0 102.0 N 

Other sources (Hand pump) MLD 11.00 11.00 N 

Total 113.00 113.00 

The total length of distribution network in the city is about 578.20 Kms i.e. about 65 sq.km of total 

area of city is covered with distribution networks. And the total service storage capacity in the 

network is about 22.975 ML. The following statistical table also illustrates the water storage and 

distribution network within the city. 

Water storage and Distribution Network 

Length of distribution network Kilometers 578.20 

Average age of distribution Years 30 


Total service storage capacity in network Million liters 22.975 

Tankers Trips Trips/Month As required 

New connections added in 2008-09 Number 516 

Total area covered by distribution 

network 


65 Sq.Km 

The water service quality in Bareilly city is satisfactory. The average duration of water supply is 

about 6 hours a day. The average pressure in the system is about 4 metres and residual pressure at 

critical measure point is about only 1.5 meters. There are also leaks reported in the pipe line 

network and pipe breaks reported which causes hindrance to quality of water supply services. The 

following table illustrates the water service quality factors. 

Water Service Quality 

Average duration of water supply Hours/day 6.00 

Average pressure in the system Meters 4.00 

Residual pressure at critical 

measurement point 

Meters 1.5 

Leaks reported in the year Number 1125 

Leaks repaired in the year Number 1125 

Pipe breaks repaired in the year Number 415 

Details of Water Quality Lab Utility/Other Other 

The following table illustrates the treated water quality surveillance with accordance to number of 

samples tested for residual chlorine, bacteriological and physical/ chemicals at different points and 

the number of tests passed. 


Treated Water Quality Surveillance 

Sample Location 

At the outlet of WTP 

At intermediate points 

Sampling 

Residual 

Chlorine 


Number of Samples Tested For 

Bacteriological 

At consumer end 4580 4500 36 44 

Total 4580 36 44 

Total Tests Passed 4580 4500 36 44 

Tests required as per standard ND ND ND ND 

Physical/ 

chemical 

The following table illustrated the customer services from water supply department to general 

public. 

Customer Services 

Complaints on no water, quality of water during the 

year 

Number 52 

Complaints redressed within 24 hrs during the year Number 48 

Other complaints recorded during the year Number 1125 

Other complaints resolved during the year Number 1112 

The following table illustrates the ways of making complaints about the service of water supply 

Ways of making complaints 

At utility office Yes/No Yes 

Letter Yes/No Yes 

Telephone Yes/No Yes 

E-mail Yes/No Yes 

SMS Yes/No Yes 



But the level of computerization is not available at any level of organization. The following table 

shows the level of computerization at different sectors of water supply department. 

Level of computerization 

Billing System Yes/No No 

Customer Complaints Yes/No No 

Accounts Yes/No No 

Administration/HR Yes/No No 

The following table illustrates the percentage share of total budget of water supply for urban poor. 

ULB policy for providing water to the urban poor 

Please state the policy 

20% of the Total Budget of water supply is mandatory for urban poor. 

It is also important to consider the staff information for water supply department. The following 

table illustrates the number of technical and non technical staff information of water supply 

department. 

Staff Information 

Category 

Unit Technical 

Nontechnical 

Class I Number 01 Nil 

Class II Number 01 Nil 



Class III Number 04 18 

Class IV Number 38 84 

Contracted staff Number Nil Nil 

Other Number Nil Nil 

Total Number 44 102 

On the other hand, there is also private sector participation in water supply operations. The 

following table illustrates the service contracted to private sector and their type of contracts, its 

contract period and value. 

Private Sector Participation in Water Supply Operations 

Service Contracted 

Contract 

Type 

Contract 

Period 

Value Rs. 

Per Year 

Operation of Tube Well Labor rate 1 Year 27.00 Lac 

Hand pump Maintenance Job work 1 Year 13.41 Lac 

The following table illustrates the financial information of the water supply department: 

Financial Information 

Annual Operating Revenues from 

Consumption 

Opening Balance as on 31-03-08 Rs. Lakhs 120.16 

Demand raised for the period 2008- 

09 

Rs. Lakhs 201.45 

House Service Connections Rs. Lakhs 104.56 

- Public taps Rs. Lakhs Nil 


- Commercial Rs. Lakhs N.D. 

- Industrial Rs. Lakhs Nil 

- Bulk supply Rs. Lakhs Nil 

- Other Rs. Lakhs Nil 

Total Revenue Demand Rs. Lakhs 426.17 

Collection against arrears Rs. Lakhs 73.53 

Collection against current demand Rs. Lakhs 171.58 

Closing Balance as on 31-03-09 Rs. Lakhs 181.06 

Other revenues (taxes, connection 

fees) 

Debt Service (interests & principal) in 

Rupees 

Annual Operation Expenses (Rupees in Lakhs) 

Category 

Rs. Lakhs Nil 

Regular Staff Costs Rs. Laks 261.00 

Contracted Staff Costs Rs. Laks 27.00 

Electricity charges/Fuel costs Rs. Laks 498.00 

Chemical Costs Rs. Laks 7.50 

Repairs/Maintenance costs Rs. Laks 169.00 

Contracted Service Costs Rs. Laks Nil 

Bulk Supply (Raw/Treated Water) Rs. Laks Nil 

Depreciation Rs. Laks Nil 

Other Costs Rs. Laks Nil 

Total Rs. Laks 962.50 


Rs. Lakhs 2.17 



The following table illustrates the capital expenditure and different sources of capital investments of 

water supply department. 

Key Issues: 

Capital expenditure during the year Rs. Lakhs 93.36 

Sources of capital investments 

Government Grants Rs. Lakhs 8.93 

Loans from Government Rs. Lakhs Nil 

Loans from Multilaterals Rs. Lakhs Nil 

Loans from Public Banks Rs. Lakhs Nil 

Loans from Private banks Rs. Lakhs Nil 

Market Borrowing Rs. Lakhs Nil 

Total Rs. Lakhs 8.93 

The total water supplied is about 124 MLD. 

The availability of water is adequate but distribution system needs improvement. 

Issues are that numbers of connection is not increasing due to excess use of ground water, 

low pressure and unreliable service, low utilization due to old and leaky system, Inadequate 

funds for O&M. 

The need is felt to expand distribution as demand is high. 

The piped water supply of Bareilly City was started about 30 years ago. 

The distribution network covers 60% of the city area. 

The leakage (UFW - unaccounted-for water) is estimated to be 30 percent due to old and 

leaky pipelines. 

The most significant drawback of Bareilly water supply is the huge amount of water wastage 

and negligible revenue collection from public utilities (for example parks and fire fighting 

etc.) and stand posts which takes away about 10 percent of water. 


SEWERAGE 


The total length of sewerage network pipes in the city is about 206.2 km but, the age of the 

sewerage network pipes is about 35 years. Further, the total area covered by sewerage network is 

only about 25 sq.km. The total municipal water supplied is about 113 MLD and that from other 

sources is about 11.54 MLD. The total water supplied is about 124.54 MLD of which 99.2 MLD of 

waste water is being generated from different sources within the city. The following table illustrates 

the volume of drinking water consumed and waste water generated from different sources within 

the city. 

Volumes of Drinking Water Consumed and Wastewater Generated 

Type of connected Property Unit ULB 

Drinking Water Consumed Wastewater 

Water 

Supply 

Other 

Source 

Total 

Generated 

80% of 

water 

supplied 

Residential MLD n.a. n.a n.a n.a. 

Public taps MLD n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 

Industrial MLD n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 

Institutional MLD n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 

Other MLD n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 

Total MLD 113.0 11.54 124.54 99.2 

The following table illustrates the length of sewer lines in each zone and the area covered, 

properties with toilets connected to sewer lines, flood prone areas and water logging areas. 


Ward/ 

Zone 

Zone - 

1 

Zone - 

2 

Zone - 

3 

Zone - 

4 

Sever Lines Properties with toilets 

connected to 

Length Area 

covere 

d 

(km) (sq km) 

Sewer 

s lines 

Soak 

pits 

Storm 

drains 

or 

canals 

Properti 

es 

without 

access 

to 

toilets 


Standalone 

Sewage 

w/effluent 

disposal 

Flood 

Prone 

Areas 

(numbe 

r) 

Waterlogging 

Flooding 

(number 

) 

43 9.00 1517 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D 05 07 

71 8.46 4044 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D 12 14 

59 3.97 4045 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D - 06 

33 4.33 2022 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D 04 03 

Total 206 25.76 11628 N.D. N.D. 10026 N.D 21 30 

But, there is no treatment of the waste water that is being generated within the city. 

It is also important to consider the Septage management in the city. The sludge and effluent waste 

that is being collected in the soak pits and septic tanks is being collect by the Septage sucking 

machines handled by NNB. But the sludge that is being collected, discharged/disposed into open 

drains. The following table illustrates the Septage management in the city: 

Septage Management 

Does to NNB practice Septage Management Yes/No Yes 

Septage Sucking Machines available within NNB Number 2 

Private Septage Machine Licensed by NNB Number Nil 



The following are the sewerage related complaints recorded in the year and the number of sewerage 

related complaints rectified in the year. 

Sewage related complaints Recorded in the year Number 3850 

Sewage related complaints Rectified in the year Number 3837 

There are different ways of making complaints. The following table illustrates the ways of making 

complaints. 

Ways of making complaints 

At Utility office Yes/No Yes 

Letter Yes/No Yes 

Telephone Yes/No Yes 

E-Mail Yes/No No 

SMS Yes/No No 

Policy for Sewerage connection for the urban poor 

There is no any specific policy for sewer connections to urban poor. But normal fee’s for sewer 

connection is only Rs. 250/- which is very less and any one got sewer connection by deposit Rs. 250/- 

only. 


The following table illustrates the staff information details: 



Type of Staff Unit Technical Non Technical 

Class I Number 01 Nil 

Class II Number 01 Nil 

Class III Number 02 01 

Class IV Number 12 103 

Other Number Nil 35 

Contracted Staff Number Nil Nil 

Total Number 16 139 

There is also private sector participation in sewage activities. The following table illustrates the 

private sector participation in sewage, service contracted, its contract type, period and its value. 

Private Sector Participate in Sewage 

Service Contracted Contact Type Period Value Rs 

Sewer Cleaning Labor Rate 3 month 4.95 

Operation of Sewer Pumping Station Job Work 1 year 4.05 


The following table illustrates the financial information 

Financial Information 

Annual Operating Revenues (Rupees in Lakhs) 


Opening Balance as on 31 st March 2008 Rs.Lakhs 26.19 

Demand Raised for the Period 2008-09 Rs.Lakhs 50.80 

Collection against arrears Rs.Lakhs 9.38 

Collection against current Demand Rs.Lakhs 21.89 

Closing Balance as on 31 st March 2009 Rs.Lakhs 19.53 

Other Revenue (Taxes, Connection Fees) Rs.Lakhs N.D. 

Annual Operating Expense (Rupees in Lakhs) 

Staff Rs.Lakhs 94.98 

Power/Fuel Rs.Lakhs 21.46 

Chemicals Rs.Lakhs nil 

Repairs/Maintenance Rs.Lakhs 92.23 

Administrative & other establishment Rs.Lakhs N.D. 

Contracted Labor Rs.Lakhs 19.80 

Deprecation Rs.Lakhs N.D. 

Contractor costs for O&M Rs.Lakhs N.D. 

Total Rs.Lakhs 228.47 

Type of Staff Unit No. of Staff 

Class I Number 03 



Class II Number 04 

Class III Number 16 

Class IV Number 320 

Other Number - 

Contracted Staff Number 130 

Total Number 473 

Annual Operating Expense (Rupees in Lakhs) 

Staff Rs.Lakhs 80.00 

Equipment Rs.Lakhs 04.60 

Repairs/Maintenance Rs.Lakhs 12.10 

Administrative & other establishment Rs.Lakhs 5.00 

Contracted Labor Rs.Lakhs 11.70 

Contractor costs for Maintenance Rs.Lakhs 10.00 


Debt Service (interests & principals) Rs.Lakhs Nil 

Capital Expenditure For the year Rs.Lakhs 123.40 

The following table illustrates the source of capital investments 

Source of Capital investment 

Government Grant Rs.Lakhs 80.00 

Loans from Government Rs.Lakhs Nil 

Loans from Foreign Agencies Rs.Lakhs Nil 



Government Banks Rs.Lakhs Nil 

Commercial Banks/Bonds Rs.Lakhs Nil 


Key Issues: 

The source of sewer is mostly from domestic households. 


sewerage network pipes is only about 35 years. 

The total area covered by sewerage network is only about 25 sq.km 

The thus produced waste water is about 99.2 MLD from all the sources within the city. 

No sewerage treatment plant. 

STORM WATER DRAINS 

The following table illustrates the storm water drainage network for each zone. The table illustrates 

the number of slum areas in each zone, total area of storm water drainage network in each zone and 

total length of roads in each zone. This also illustrates the total length of drains – primary, secondary 

and tertiary drains within the city. The following also illustrates the major flood prone drains. 

Word Name Read Total Length of Drains Flood Prone 

Length Primary Secondary Tertiary Areas 

(K.M) (K.M) (K.M) (K.M) (Number) 

Ward-1 Jatavpura 6.636 9.60 1.60 0.80 - 

Ward-2 Biharipur Civil 

Lines 

Ward-3 Nawada 

Shakhan 

5.840 6.60 3.00 2.00 - 

9.212 13.20 3.20 1.80 - 

Ward-4 Suger Foctory 4.845 7.50 1.00 1.10 - 



Ward-5 Noumehla 10.872 15.20 4.10 2.50 - 

Ward-6 Nakpur 7.366 12.10 1.50 1.13 One 

Ward-7 Delapeer 13.530 19.40 4.20 3.40 

Ward-8 VeerBatti 8.455 14.10 1.80 0.90 One 

Ward-9 Haziyapur 8.775 9.92 3.40 2.08 - 

Ward-10 Katra Chand 

Khan 

5.435 8.50 1.50 0.80 - 

Ward-11 Sanjay Nager 12.735 21.60 2.32 1.50 - 

Ward-12 Sneiya Dhan 

Singh 

12.445 17.40 4.15 3.32 One 

Ward-13 I.V.R.I 8.358 14.80 1.20 0.60 - 

Ward-14 Marinath 7.547 11.40 2.30 1.27 One 

Ward-15 Harunagla 14.340 22.90 3.25 2.50 One 

Ward-16 Awas Vikas 10.973 18.50 2.25 1.0 - 

Ward-17 Nadousi 10.767 20.30 0.600 0.500 - 

Ward-18 Madel Town 12.872 17.10 3.50 2.30 - 

Ward-19 Moula Nagar 6.246 8.70 2.25 1.53 - 

Ward-20 Bankhana 5.626 7.5 2.40 1.30 - 

Ward-21 Azam Nagar 9.352 16.80 1.21 0.600 - 

Ward-22 Kanjadasspur 7.365 10.60 2.50 1.50 - 

Ward-23 Partapur 

Choudry 

Ward-24 Banipur 

Choudry 

8.676 13.85 2.10 1.25 - 

10.556 17.75 2.20 1.15 One 

Ward-25 Katghar 6.353 8.15 2.70 1.75 One 

Ward-26 Knoongoyan 6.340 10.60 1.50 0.70 - 



Ward-27 Swale Nagar 10.827 19.90 1.30 0.400 One 

Ward-28 Kalilpur 10.736 20.20 1.60 - - 

Ward-29 Indra Nagar 8.772 11.65 3.25 2.50 - 

Ward-30 Malukpur 5.372 7.15 2.30 1.15 - 

Ward-31 Rampur 

Gardun 

Ward-32 Faridapur 

Choudry 

Ward-33 Choudry 

Moulla 

10.872 16.15 3.20 2.25 - 

6.448 8.400 2.600 1.800 One 

6.533 7.400 3.200 2.100 - 

Ward-34 Mathurapur 12.553 22.50 1.800 0.800 - 

Ward-35 Kuwarpur 5.363 7.400 2.200 1.00 - 

Ward-36 Gandhi Udhyan 10.735 15.10 3.600 2.80 - 

Ward-37 Shaukara 6.732 9.10 2.80 1.50 - 

Ward-38 Shikarpur 7.656 9.75 3.20 2.25 One 

Ward-39 Biharipur 

Mamran 

6.358 9.40 3.30 - - 

Ward-40 Saidpur Hakins 12.357 20.50 2.70 1.50 One 

Ward-41 Bukharpura 8.353 10.90 3.50 2.25 - 

Ward-42 Subhash Nagar 5.782 7.85 2.10 1.45 One 

Ward-43 Surkha Chavni 14.268 24.30 2.75 1.35 - 

Ward-44 Gandhi Nagar 9.356 14.05 3.10 1.45 - 

Ward-45 Joherpur 11.753 18.100 3.60 1.80 - 

Ward-46 Nawada 

Jogiyan 

15.835 26.800 3.20 1.60 - 

Ward-47 Bhoor 6.340 8.100 3.10 1.40 - 

Ward-48 Peer Bhoura 8.537 13.200 2.30 1.20 - 


Ward-49 Rhapura 

Choudry 


10.977 15.800 3.80 2.30 - 

Ward-50 Soofi Tola 5.265 7.700 1.70 1.10 - 

Ward-51 Phaltoon Ganj 6.358 10.300 1.60 0.80 - 

Ward-52 Bhidhouliya 12.753 18.800 3.90 2.80 - 

Ward-53 Khannu 

Mhoulla 

5.380 8.500 1.40 0.80 - 

Ward-54 Kanker Tola 6.563 9.70 2.30 1.10 - 

Ward-55 Gulab Nagar 6.872 10.20 2.50 0.900 - 

Ward-56 Shabad 5.932 9.30 1.80 0.700 - 

Ward-57 Maheshpur 

Atariya 

11.768 20.10 2.80 0.600 One 

Ward-58 Shadana 6.454 8.55 2.75 1.50 - 

Ward-59 Bagariya 

Puranmal 

6.968 11.05 1.80 0.95 - 

Ward-60 Katkuiya 6.350 10.35 2.35 - - 

Ward-61 Nawi Basti 7.360 10.10 2.40 2.20 - 

Ward-62 Shiklapur 5.323 6.35 2.50 1.75 - 

Ward-63 Allamgiri Ganj 5.872 8.85 2.75 - - 

Ward-64 Chuk 

Mahmood 

8.427 13.30 2.40 1.10 - 

Ward-65 English Ganj 3.762 8.30 3.10 - - 

Ward-66 Shoudagran 6.378 9.75 2.85 - - 

Ward-67 Azaz Nagar 10.810 10.55 2.80 2.25 - 

Ward-68 Rholi Tola 8.756 15.10 2.30 - - 

Ward-69 Ghar Shakh 

Mithoo 

0.368 10.200 2.40 - - 



Ward- 70 Rabri Tola 5.130 8.40 1.80 - - 

Total 

586.881 903.22 176.43 92.68 

The flood prone areas are – ganesh nagar, shanty vihar, ravindar nagar, ganga nagar, mandinath, 

vishwanath puram, veera batatti, Subhash nagar, joginavadaa, hajiyapura, sanjay nagar, chak 

mahamud, yejajnagar ghautiya, gausai ghautai, indira nagar, bakarganj etc. 

Key Issues: 

Each ward is having primary, secondary and tertiary drains of different lengths. 

The waste drained into these nallas - includes waste water from households, commercial 

areas, and industrial areas. 

Most of the open/ closed drains are chocked with solid waste and sludge. 

There are many flood prone drains within the city. 

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 

There is a heavy waste generated within the city from many sources, but there is no household door 

to door collection of solid waste management services in the city. The total waste generated in the 

city is about 450 metric tons per day. And the majority share of waste that is being generated is from 

households. There is also relatively high share of waste generation i.e. about 95 MT/day from 

markets. The following table illustrates the quantity of waste generation from different sources 

within the city. 

Waste Generation 

Waste Generated by Households MT/day 230 

Waste Generated by Street Sweeping MT/day 39 

Waste Generated by Hotels and 

Restaurants 

MT/day 52 


Waste Generated by Markets (Vegetable 

Markets, Mandis etc) 

Waste Generated by Commercial 

Establishments ( Institutions, etc) 

Waste Generated by other sources ( debris, 

horticulture waste etc) 


MT/day 95 

MT/day 14 

MT/day 20 

Total Estimated Waste Generated MT/day 450 

There is no arrangement of solid waste treatment in the city. Since, there is no processing/ recycling 

unit – the extent of municipal solid waste recovered is nil. The waste that is being collected from the 

secondary sources of points is being disposed off in the open dump sites. The total waste that is 

being generated from different sources within the city is about 450 MT/ day and the total waste that 

is being collected and disposed off is about only 420 MT/ month. The rest 30 MT is loss due to 

transportation losses. 

EXTENT OF SCIENTIFIC DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE 0 

Quantity of Waste Disposal 

Quantity of waste disposed in compliant landfill sites MT/month 0 

Quantity of waste disposed in open dump sites MT/month 420 

There are many problems raised by public in solid waste management, but the efficiency in redressal 

of customer complaints in about 96%. The following table illustrates the redressal mechanism details 

of solid waste management. 



EFFICIENCY IN REDRESSAL OF CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS 96.35417 

Customer Service 

Complaints received during the year Number 768 

Complaints resolved within 24 hours during the year Number 740 

The following table illustrates the financial information on solid waste management. 

Financial Information - Operational Expenditure on SWM during previous 

year 

Regular Staff & Administration Rs. In 

Lakhs 

Outsourced/Contracted Staff Costs Rs. In 

Lakhs 

Electricity Charges/Fuel Costs Rs. In 

Lakhs 

Chemical Costs Rs. In 

Lakhs 

Repair/Maintenance Costs Rs. In 

Lakhs 

Contracted Services Cost Rs. In 

Lakhs 

Other Costs (Specify) Rs. In 

Lakhs 

2,331.7 


9 

13.21 

216.60 

Total Operational Expenses Rs. In 2577.6 

6.00 

0 

0 

10



Lakhs 

Senior Management-Health Officer (Sanctioned) Number 2 

Senior Management-Health Officer (Working) Number 2 

Sanitary Inspector (Sanctioned) Number 2 

Sanitary Inspector (Working) Number 0 

Sanitary Supervisor (Sanctioned) Number 3 

Sanitary Supervisor (Working) Number 2 

Maistries/Safai Karam chari (Sanctioned) Number 250 

Maistries/Safai Karam chari (Working) Number 242 

Cleaners/Drivers (Sanctioned) Number 450 

Cleaners/Drivers (Working) Number 567 

Labourers (Sanctioned) Number 0 

Labourers (Working) Number 0 

Others Specify Number 0 

Total (Sanctioned) Number 707 

Total (Working) Number 813 

Key Issues 

The issues confronting in collection of garbage at Bareilly are as under:- 

No processing/ recycling facilities. 

No door to door collection of waste. 



The dumping grounds, by roadside and elsewhere, are unhygienic and have deplorable look. 

Disposal of waste into drains leads to choking of drains 

Rains washed out part of garbage from these secondary points into drains and Nalas which 

leads to silting. 

Mixing of bio-medical and other forms of waste with municipal waste is a serious health 

hazard. 

Lack of segregation of bio-degradable and non-degradable waste at source 

Large scale public littering leading to inattentiveness of street sweeping and cleaning 

activities 

Shortage of staff and lack of motivation amongst the existing staff 

Presently there is no waste processing plant at Bareilly and the total waste is dumped 

openly. 

At present waste generation in the city is around 450MT per day. 

For Bareilly, household and organic waste constitutes largest component followed by inert 

material such as building material and debris etc. in overall composition of waste i.e. waste 

generated from households, commercial establishments and institutions in Bareilly. 

The main sources of waste generation includes Residential, commercial, industrial 

establishments, hospital & nursing homes, hotels & restaurants, slaughter houses, street 

sweeping, sanitary drains and construction and demolition sites. 

The quantity of waste generated from these medical institutions is approx 2.74 tonnes per 

day. 

Out of total bio -waste generated, only 1350 Kg (about 20 %) is sent to the centralized bio- 

medical waste management facility. Some estimate that about 30 percent of bio-medical 

waste is getting mixed up with other type of waste. 

Most of the slaughtered waste is thrown into the nallas. Total waste generation is 

approximately 4-5ton/day. 

The dust generated through street sweeping constitutes 5% (72.35 MT) of total waste. 


The drain silt constitutes about 15% of the MSW generated in Bareilly city. 


A major portion of this waste is generally used in reconstruction activities for filling up of the 

low-lying areas or kutcha road – i.e. about 20% of this waste is collected at these sites and 

become a part of MSW. 

3.2. ASSESSMENT OF SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN POTENTIAL AREAS 

SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL (SLUM AND NON-SLUM AREAS): 

An extensive survey has been conducted, which includes primary household surveys, focused group 

discussions and field visit surveys - that are primarily conducted to understand the exiting situation 

of sanitation facilities at household levels both in slum and non slum areas and identify the key 

issues and gaps in the sanitary facilities at this level. The present population in total city is about 9.23 

lacs with a bifurcation of slum and non slum population. Statistics show that there is about 26% of 

the slum population i.e. about 2.44 lacs and the remaining in non slum areas i.e. about 6.79 lacs. The 

non slum population includes HIG, MIG and LIG and also non notified slums that can be categorized 

into low income population groups. The number of slums that are notified are about 85 in number 

that spread across the city. In addition to these notified slums there are number of unnotified slums 

and are categorized in low income groups in Bareilly. Further considering the number of households 

in slum areas – the number of households in slum areas is about 31850 and the number of 

households in non slum areas is about 88466. The following table shows the population and 

household distribution in slum and non slum areas. 

Non Slum Slum 

Percentage 73.53% 26.45% 

Population 6.76 lacs 2.44 lacs 

Household 88466 31850 


total no. of HH 120316 

slum pop 244170 

non slum pop 678968 

total 923138 

slum HH 31850 

non slum HH 88466 

total 120316 


% no. of HH 

dry latrine 10.8 12994 

pour flush 74.2 89274 

no toilets 15 18047 

CT 6.37 1150 

OD 14.04 16897 

Further considering the different types of individual toilet facilities in Bareilly city are soak pit toilets, 

pour flush toilets, Kuddi. Kuddi is a small structure built on bricks and is directly connected to an 

open nalla. This is very prevalent in slum areas. The only difference is that these people don’t open 

defecate rather leaves it directly to drain which is much more dangerous. Gaddewali is also 

prevalent in places where there is availability of space good enough. A pit like structure is built with 

admeasuring 4X4 or 4X6 structure closed by a slab. This gets filled generally by a year or two and is 

cleaned by the municipal vehicle (sludge sucking machine and thrown into a bigger nalas) on the 

payment basis. From the primary analysis, focused group discussion and stakeholder meetings it is 

known that about 94% of the non slum households are with household individual toilets – and these 

household individual toilets include pit latrine, water closet, and septic tank. In addition to the above 



mentioned households and their access to different types of individual toilets – there is also certain 

portion of population, i.e. from the primary survey analysis shows that there is about 1% of the total 

number of households in non slum areas using community toilets. 

non slum population total 

total 678968 923138 

access to toilets 638230 784732 

no toilets 40738 138406 

CT 407 8816 

OD 40331 129590 

non slum HH total 

total 88466 120316 


no toilets 5308 18048 

CT 53.08 1150 

OD 5255 16898 

The analysis shows that there are about 83158 households have access to individual household 

toilets i.e. about 6.38 lacs population from non slum areas. There is about 5% of the total number of 

households do not have any kind of access to toilets i.e. about 5255 households i.e. about 40 

thousand of population in non slum areas defecate openly. This is only because of the number of 

unnotified slums/ low income group households/ population categories into non slum regions and 

location of low income groups. 



Further considering the sanitation facilities in slum areas, the access to individual toilets is very poor. 

There is more access to community toilets than the individual/ private toilets. The different types of 

toilets at individual level in slum areas that are most prevalent are pour flush toilets, Kuddi, 

Gaddewali/ soak pit and community toilets. The usage of community toilets is very prevalent in slum 

areas. The pour flush type of toilets at individual level includes the individual toilets provided by ILCS 

i.e. about 5826 HH are constructed mainly in slum areas to reduce the open defecation and improve 

the sanitary conditions by DUDA. 

Further considering the percentage share of households/ population having access to household 

individual toilets is about 60% of the households and these also include the individual pour flush 

toilets build by different agencies as mentioned above. These different types of households include 

pour flush, soak pits, toilets connected to open drain. From the primary survey analysis, focused 

group discussions and field visits shows that there are about 5% of slum households in addition to 

the private/ public individual toilets there are also community toilets in the slum areas – which 

majorly cater to the certain share of the slum population. There are about 23 community toilets in 

Bareilly city – of which 21 community toilets are located in slum areas, each catering to about 15 (no. 

of seats in a community toilet) X 35 (no. of persons per seat per day) i.e. about a total population of 

8049 i.e. about 1097 households i.e. about 5% of the total slum populations are dependent on 

community toilets. This shows that there is about 36.5% of the total slum population are using other 

options i.e. open defecation is very common i.e. about 11643 slum households i.e. about 89259 of 

population. 

slum population total 

Total 244170 923138 


no toilets 97668 138406 

CT 8409 8816 

OD 89259 129590 

slum HH total 



Total 31850 120316 


no toilets 12740 18048 

CT 1097 1150 

OD 11643 16898 

Finally for the analysis, it is shown that about 5% of the non slum area population and about 36.5% 

of the slum area populations do not have any access to toilet facilities and they open defecate. This 

shows that about 40331 persons in non slum areas i.e. about 5255 of households defecate openly. 

And about 89259 persons in slum areas i.e. about 11643 households defecate openly. On the whole 

there are about 1.29 lacs of total population i.e. about 16898 of households of Bareilly city i.e. about 

14.04% of the total population/ households of Bareilly open defecate. 

Key Issues: 

The present population in total city is about 9.23 lacs with a bifurcation of slum and non 

slum population. Statistics show that there is about 27% of the slum population i.e. about 

2.44 lacs and the remaining in non slum areas i.e. about 6.74lacs. 

The numbers of slums that are notified are about 85 in number that spread across the city. 

In addition to these notified slums there are number of unnotified slums and are categorized 

in low income groups in Bareilly. 

The different types of individual toilet facilities in Bareilly city are soak pit toilets, WC with 

septic tanks, pour flush toilets , Kuddi etc. 

About 94% of the non slum households are with household individual toilets – and these 

household individual toilets include pit latrine, water closet with septic tank. 

There is about 1-2% of the total number of households in non slum areas using community 

toilets. 



There is about 5% of the total number of households do not have any kind of access to 

toilets i.e. about 5255 households i.e. about 40 thousand of population in non slum areas 

defecate openly. 

The percentage share of households/ population having access to household individual 

toilets is about 60% of the households and these also include the individual pour flush toilets 

build by different agencies as mentioned above. 

There are about 5% of slum households in addition to the private/ public individual toilets 

there are also community toilets in the slum areas. 

About 89259 persons in slum areas i.e. about 11643 households defecate openly. 

There are about 1.29 lacs of total population i.e. about 16898 of households of Bareilly city 

i.e. about 14.04% of the total population/ households of Bareilly open defecate. 

SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMUNITY TOILETS: 

One of the most dependent sanitary facilities in the city for about 5 – 10% of the total households is 

community toilets. There are about 23 community toilets with about 21 of them located in slum 

areas and the rest in non slum regions i.e. in low income group areas. Thus, it is important to analyze 

the situation of these facilities for any further improvements or to give any proposals for situational 

development of the existing status. The following table gives the distribution of community toilets 

according the different development agencies in Bareilly. 

Organization Community Toilets 

DUDA 02 

NEDA 21 

Further to this, from the primary survey analysis and field verification the total number of seats 

available in any community toilet, on an average, is about 10-15 seats. And the total number of users 

per day per seat is about 35 persons. This shows that the total numbers of persons dependent on 

community toilets are about 8816 i.e. about 1150 households i.e. about 5-7% of the total 

population. But, it has been noticed that most of the community toilets available in slum areas are in 


23


bad condition. Thus, it is important to analyze the condition of these toilets. The following graph 

shows the percentage distribution of community toilets according to condition of toilets. 

The analysis shows that about 50% of the available community toilets are in bad state. The 

infrastructure facilities in these toilets are almost broken conditions but even then, the people are 

still dependent upon these community toilets. But about 6% of the community toilets are not in a 

usable state. There are few community toilets i.e. only about 2% are in good and 19% are in average 

conditions. The condition of these community toilets depend upon the maintenance of them. With 

the same regard, the analysis shows that about 60% of the community toilets are cleaned regularly 

i.e. more than once a day. Further, about 20% of them are cleaned at least once a day. And about 5% 

of them are not at all cleaned. There are also certain numbers of community toilets i.e. about 15% of 

them are cleaned at least once in a week. The following graph illustrates the percentage distribution 

of community toilets according to frequency of cleaning. 

In addition to the above mentioned analysis, the primary survey results also focused on type of 

latrine available in these community toilets. This is mainly to analyze how the management of the 



waste is done. The following graph shows the percentage share of community toilets according to 

type of latrine. 

The analysis shows that about 30% of the community toilets are equipped with pour flush pit latrines 

and about 37% of them with water closets. There are also about 17% of the community toilets with 

dry pit latrine and the rest with service and unimproved pit latrines. The type of latrine provided in 

these community toilets reflect upon the sludge management. The following graph illustrates the 

percentage distribution of community toilets according to different types of fecal sludge 

management. 

The analysis shows that about 32% of the community toilet facilities are connected to septic tanks 

and about 44% of them are connected to sewer lines. And the primary survey analysis and field 

verification shows that there relatively small proportion with manual scavenging. It is also important 

to consider – where actually the effluent sludge goes. There are different options such as septic 



tanks, to sewer and to nalas. The sludge that is collected into septic tanks is disposed-off improperly. 

And the present conditions of the septic tanks are also bad. From the analysis, about 30% of the 

community toilets with septic tanks are in broken status or over flowing. This is creating the 

surrounding areas very unhygienic and with stinking smell – that creates hurdle to most of the usage 

of community toilets. In about 80% of the community toilets with septic tanks, the fecal sludge 

collected from these septic tanks by the municipalities or private sludge sucking machine and they 

dispose it into nearby nalas. This shows that there need to some serious or potential problems in 

sludge management systems with community toilets. In addition to the disposal of sludge produced 

at community toilets there are also about 10% of the community toilets using the sludge to soak pits. 

There are about 15% of the community toilets whose sludge is directly let into open nalas. 

In addition to the above mentioned sludge management, there is also effluent waste that is 

generated from the community toilets – which also require proper disposal mechanisms. The 

analysis shows that there is about 98% of the community toilets have no proper effluent waste 

management. There are all let into open drains. There is only about 2% of the number of community 

toilets effluent waste disposed/ connected to sewer lines. The following graph shows the percentage 

share of community toilets according to their discharge mechanism of effluent waste. 

In addition to the above mentioned analysis, it is also important to consider who all are responsible 

for O&M arrangements of these community toilets. There are different government bodies, private 

agencies and NGOs those are responsible for O&M arrangements of these community toilets. The 

different organizations those are responsible are Nagar Nigam, DUDA, Jal Nigam, NEDA, Nagla Teja 



etc. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of community toilets according to O&M 

arrangements. 

The two agencies responsible for the O&M of community toilets in Bareilly city are DUDA and NEDA. 

There is about 96% of the total number of community toilets whose O&M is done by DUDA and 

about 4% of them who’s O&M are done by NEDA. 

Key issues: 

1. There are about 23 community toilets with about 96% of them located in slum areas and the 

rest in non slum regions i.e. in low income group areas. 

2. The total numbers of persons dependent on community toilets are 5 – 10% of the total 

population. 

3. About 50% of the available community toilets are in bad state, but about 5% of the 

community toilets are not in a usable state. 

4. No O&M of community toilets and its infrastructure. 

5. No proper fecal sludge management. 

6. The fecal sludge collected from these septic tanks by the municipalities sludge sucking 

machine and they dispose it into nearby nallas leading to the rivers. 



7. 50% of the available community toilets are in bad state. The infrastructure facilities in these 

toilets are almost broken conditions but even then, the people are still dependent upon 

these community toilets. 

8. About 6% of the community toilets are not in a usable state 

9. About 30% of the communities toilets are equipped with pour flush pit latrines and about 

37% of them with water closets. There are also about 17% of the community toilets with dry 

pit latrine and the rest with service and unimproved pit latrines. 

10. About 32% of the community toilet facilities are connected to septic tanks and about 50% of 

them are connected to sewer lines. 

11. In about 80% of the community toilets with septic tanks, the fecal sludge collected from 

these septic tanks by the municipalities or private sludge sucking machine and they dispose 

it into nearby nalas which lead to Ganga River. 

12. In addition to the disposal of sludge produced at community toilets there are also about 10% 

of the community toilets using the sludge at bio gas treatment. 

13. There is about 98% of the community toilets have no proper effluent waste management. 

There are all let into open drains. There is only about 2% of the number of community toilets 

effluent waste disposed/ connected to sewer lines. 

Key Issues of Fecal Sludge Management: 

FS management component 

and aspect 

Emptying + collection 

Technical 

-Limited or no 

accessibility to pits 

-Inappropriate 

emptying equipment 

-Manual, nonmechanized 

emptying 

Institutional/Financial -Poor 

management 

service 

-Users. low 

affordability for pit 

emptying 

-Lack of information 

(e.g. on how septic 

Causes Problems Consequences 

- Overflowing pits 

_ Emptying 

frequency often 

very low 

_ Informal or 

emergency 

emptying of 

pits and 

indiscriminate 

disposal of FS 

At neighbourhood 

level, mainly 

--Health hazards 

from openly 

dumped FS and 

through use of 

contaminated water 

_ Eye and nose 

sores 

_ Non-functionality 

of infrequently 

emptied septic 

tanks-solids carryover 


Transport 

tanks work) 

Technical -Lack of suitable 

disposal or 

treatment sites at 

short distance from 

the area of FS 

collection 

Institutional -Lack of urban 

planning - lack of 

suitable disposal or 

treatment sites at 

short distance from 

the area of FS 

collection 

-Lack of involvement 

of private sector 

service Providers 

-Lack of suitable 

incentive and 

sanctions structure 

Treatment 

Technical Lack of proven and 

appropriate 

treatment options 

Financial/economic FS treatment exists: 

private collectors 

/entrepreneurs 

avoid the paying of 

treatment fees 

Institutional/Financial -Lack of political will 

to invest in 

treatment 

- Lack of effective 

cost recovery 

- Lack of urban 

planning 

-Lack of information 

Disposal 

Institutional Lack of 

implementation of 

FS treatment 

-Collectors dump FS 

in an uncontrolled 

manner at the 

shortest possible 

distance from 

where FS was 

collected 

FS is dumped 

untreated 

-Non-availability of 

suitable treatment 

sites 

-discharge of 

untreated FS 

haphazardly 

Indiscriminate 

dumping of 

untreated FS 


At municipal level, 

mainly: 

-Pollution of surface 

and (shallow) 

Groundwater 

- Eye and nose sores 

- Health hazards 

from use of 

contaminated 

surface water (e.g. 

for 

vegetable irrigation) 

At municipal level, 

mainly: 

-Health hazards 

through use of 

contaminated water 

sources and water 

pollution 

Water pollution and 

risks to public health 


schemes of town 

planning and 

designation of 

suitable treatment 

sites; lack of 

adequate fee 

structure and 

incentives for 

transport of FS to 

treatment sites 

- Indiscriminate 

dumping of 

untreated FS 

- Water pollution 

and risks to public 

health 

-Lack of promotion 

and marketing of 

bio-solids produced 

in FS treatment 

High-quality biosolids 

remain 

unused and need 

to be land filled 


-Depletion of soil 

organic fraction and 

deterioration of soil 

productivity 

SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMERCIAL/ MARKET PLACES FOR SHOPKEEPERS: 

As reported by NNB, there are about 3000 shops & commercial establishment registered at Nagar 

Nigam. At this rate the total waste contributed by commercial establishment to MSW is about 109 

MT/ Day approximately. In addition to waste generation from the commercial and market places 

tones of garbage is left on the road sides and disposed off on the road sides and the total waste left 

out on the road sides per month is about 39 tones. 

In addition to the waste generation, there are also some potential issues related to sanitation 

facilities at individual shops. This reflects on the safe disposal or proper usage of sanitation facilities 

within or nearby respective shops would definitely reduce the open defecation. But, the situational 

analysis of these sanitation facilities at commercial/ market places show some contrast. This can be 

related to gender category, since the provision and usage of sanitary facilities depend upon the 

gender category. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of commercial shops 

according to male/ female workers in their respective shops. 



The analysis show that there are about 98% of the commercial shops with male workers and the rest 

2% of commercial places having their shops with female population. This can reflect upon the 

provision of toilet facilities is also must for the female workers at the shops itself and also same is 

the case with male workers. But this is not the case with majority of the male workers population. 

Most of the male workers use some community toilets, public toilets nearby and some in the 

commercial complexes itself. And there is also certain percentage share of male workers population 

who openly defecate. Further to this, the usage of toilet facilities also reflects upon the duration of 

stay at the work places. The more the duration of work hours – the more are the chances to usage 

the availability of toilets or open defecating (in necessity). The following graph shows the percentage 

share of commercial shops according to duration of work hours. 

The analysis shows that there about 70% of the commercial shops where the working hours are 

ranging in 11-15 hours per day. And there are also commercial places with fewer working hours i.e. 

in between 1-10 hours. The field verifications and focused group discussions shows that the 

commercial shops with fewer working hours are mainly petty shops which hardly have any toilets 



and depend upon public toilets or community toilets and also certain percentage of population 

openly defecate. Further to this, there are majority share of commercial shops that have more 

working hours and also to certain percentage share of shops with complex toilets. The availability of 

usage of toilet facilities further also depends upon the number of workers in each commercial shop. 

The more the number of workers - the less is the chance of persons in using the toilets (if available in 

commercial complex) and more is the chances of open defecation (in case of emergency). The 

following graph shows the percentage share of commercial/ market places in accordance to the 

number of workers. 

The analysis shows that the number of workers population in any given commercial shop is in 

between 3-5 i.e. about 55% of the commercial shops is having workers population in between 3-5. 

Thus, it is important to consider the availability of sanitary facilities in the commercial shops or 

within the vicinity. Further to this, it is also important to consider the number of commercial shops 

with male and female category. The following graph shows the percentage share of commercial/ 

market places in accordance to the number of workers in male category. 



The following graph shows the percentage share of commercial/ market places in accordance to the 

number of workers in female category. 

The analysis show that there are about 92% in male category and 3% in female category of the 

commercial places/ shops with number of workers ranging in between 1-5. This shows that the 

number of workers population in majority share of commercial places is very low. This reflects on 

the usage of toilets (in case of availability) i.e. there is no much population in each commercial shop 

and the chance in getting the opportunity in using the available toilets (if available) is also high. 

Further to this, the usage of toilets is also dependent upon the availability of toilets in commercial 

shops/ complexes. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of commercial places 

according to the availability of toilets in their own complex/ shop. 



The analysis shows that there is only about 35% of the commercial/ market places having some kind 

of toilet facilities within the complex. But, there is certainly a large percentage share of commercial 

places i.e. about 65% of them is having no toilet facilities. This shows that there is certain 

dependency on community toilets or public toilets and the rest open defecate. Further to this, the 

analysis also focused on number of seats availability in these commercial places where the toilet 

availability is there. The number of seat availability also focuses on number of people using them. 

The more the number of seat availability – the more is the population using the toilets. The following 

graph illustrates the percentage share of commercial/ market places according to the number of 

seats. 

The analysis shows that there is about 50% 

of the number of commercial/ market places having toilet facilities with number of seats ranging 1-5. 

There is also about 35% of the number of commercial/ market places with number of seats ranging 

6-10. There are also 15% of the commercial places having only urinals in their complex/ shop. 

Further to this, it is also relevant to understand that whether the workers are allowed to use the 

available toilets. The more the usage of available toilets within the commercial/ market places – thus 

reduces the open defecation. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of number of 

commercial shops (having toilets in their complex) who allow the workers to use the toilets. 



The analysis show that – even though the toilets are available within the complex and provision is 

provided for the workers – about 40% of the commercial places do not allow the workers to use that 

provision. This results in usage of public/ community toilets nearby or openly defecates. Further, the 

usage of community toilets or public toilets in case of absence of any complex toilets in commercial 

shops also depends upon the awareness of the existence of public toilets in the premises. The 

following graph illustrates the percentage share of workers having awareness of public toilets in the 

premises. 

The analysis shows that there are only 100% of the total workers in commercial places who are 

aware of availability of public toilets in the premises of the shops. Thus, based on the above 

mentioned analysis, the following graph illustrates the percentage share of commercial shops and 

their usage patterns of toilets i.e. whether they use the complex toilets or public toilets or open 

defecate or wait for an opportunity. 



The analysis shows that there is relatively high percentage use of public toilets by the workers in the 

commercial places and market areas. And there is relatively low percentage of open defecation in 

these areas which is very unhygienic and unhealthy sign. The usage of complex toilets is only about 

20% of the workers population. Further to this, there are also concerns about the sludge 

management in case of provision of toilets at commercial places and market places. The following 

graph shows the percentage share of number of toilets (available) at commercial places according to 

the type of sludge management. 

The majority of toilet facilities those are available at the commercial shops i.e. about 70% of them 

have septic tanks for their sludge management. The sludge that is accumulated in these tanks is 

cleared once in every year by the municipality or private vehicle and the waste is disposed off. But 

the disposal of the sludge is also not proper. The sludge that is collected from the septic tanks is 

thrown off into open nallas. Further to this, there also few toilets connected to sewer lines and few 

directly let into open drains. Hence, there is an urgent need to proper provision of toilets and proper 

disposal system in these commercial areas and market places. In addition to the waste generation 

from different commercial shops, the sanitation provision is also creating problems at alarming rate. 

Further to this, it is also important to understand the willingness to have pay and use toilets (in case 

of any further proposals for provision of toilets) in the premises of commercial shops. The following 

graph illustrates the percentage share of shopkeepers and workers willingness to pay and use the 

toilets. 



The analysis show that there fewer amount of shopkeepers or workers who are willing to pay any 

amount for the use of toilets. Further, it is also analyzed in case of willingness to pay any amount 

majority of people are ready to pay for monthly passes i.e. about 65% of them are willing to take 

monthly passes for using the public toilets (who do not have any access to toilets). And the amount 

they are willing to spend on monthly passes is about 70% of them range in between 20 – 30 (in Rs) 

per month and about 20% - less than 20 (in Rs) and about 10% of the shopkeepers are willing to take 

monthly passes ranging in between 30 – 40 (in Rs). 

In addition to the sanitation conditions at the commercial areas, analysis also focused on waste 

disposal mechanisms. The overall waste generation from commercial establishments is creating 

unhealthy conditions within the city due to unsafe disposal mechanisms. The analysis and field 

surveys show that there is huge amount of waste that is disposed off on to the road sides and nalas. 

The following graph shows the percentage share of commercial shops according to their disposal 

mechanism. 



The analysis show that there is about 49% of the commercial shops who dispose off their waste on 

the road side and about 13% into nalas. These are two unhealthy way of disposal of waste – thus 

creating unhygienic conditions. There is about 20% of the shops who dispose of the waste into 

nearby bins and 18% of shops have some collection mechanisms – who collect the waste and 

dispose of into some nearby disposal bins i.e. by private sweepers. 

Further, the amount spend by these 48% of the shops to the waste collectors is ranging from 300 – 

700 (in Rs) per month, on an average. About 48% of the total shops who pay to the waste collectors 

are paying about this amount i.e. in between 300 – 700. There are about 52% of them who pay in 

between 100 – 300 (in Rs) per month, on an average. The waste collection takes place once daily and 

in few cases daily twice and once in 2 days. On the whole, about 80% of the shops have their waste 

collection regularly. And the rest other 20% of the shops do not have proper collection of their waste 

which is polluting the environment both aesthetically and healthy and production of flies and insects 

borne diseases- and also resulting in unsafe disposal in due course of time. The majority levels of 

satisfaction among the shopkeepers in terms of their waste disposal and sanitary conditions are very 

poor. 

SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMERCIAL/ MARKET PLACES FOR CUSTOMERS: 

The other type of sanitation facilities that are must at commercial/ market places is for customers. 

This also play a vital role in creating some burdens on environment in case of absence of any sanitary 

facilities. From the analysis, the average time spends by any customer in market places is in between 

2-4 hours and some cases more than 5 hours. Hence, it is important to consider the provision of 

toilet facilities to these commuters. There are public toilets situated in few market areas and 

complex toilets which can be of public use. But, it is also important that there should be awareness 

among public that there are some kind of toilet provisions for them (in case of any availability). The 

following graph shows the percentage of customers in commercial areas and market places those 

aware of toilet provision in the premises of commercial areas/ market areas. 



The analysis shows that about 50% of the customer population does not have any awareness of any 

provision of toilet facilities in market areas or commercial shops. There are also places (where the 

customer population is very high) where is no provision of public toilets or complex toilets in the 

commercial shops. There are places such as Lodamandi, Noori Darwaza, Sindhi Bazar, Subhas 

market, and Raja ki market – where there is no provision any sanitary facilities. 

The average time spend by any customer is optimum. Hence, in case of emergency the usage 

patterns are also important to consider. There are many options available for the general public in 

commercial areas such as use the available toilets in shops, usage of public toilets if available, or wait 

for an opportunity. And there are chances of open defecation. The following graph illustrates the 

distribution of percentage share of general public in commercial areas according to usage patterns 

(in case of emergency). 

The analysis show there is no usage of complex toilets or toilets provided in shops by the customers 

in case of any emergency. The usage of public toilets in commercial areas is only about 32% and 

there is about 9% of open defecation by the customer populations in commercial areas. Hence, 

therefore, there should be proper provision of toilet facilities in commercial areas for general public 



use. It is also important to understand the willingness to pay and use the toilets for general public. 

And the analysis show that there is only about 39% of them willing to have pay and use toilets. And 

the amount they are willing to pay is in between 2 – 3 (in Rs). 

In addition to the sanitary facilities, the other problem that is encountered by general public that is 

causing the inconvenience is garbage in market areas. And about 62% of the customers say that they 

are feel inconvenience and are unsatisfactory with present conditions of garbage in market areas. 

The common and prevalent problems faced by general public in market areas due to improper 

garbage disposal are – blocking the roads, smell from road side bins and also smell from chocked 

nalas. 

Key issues: 

1. More number of male workers population and more number of working hours. 

2. About 35% of the commercial/ market places having some kind of toilet facilities within the 

complex. 

3. High percentage use of public toilets by the workers in the commercial places and market 

areas. 

4. About 5 - 10% of workers open defecate. 

5. No proper sludge management. 

6. Willingness to buy monthly passes for the usage of public/ community toilets. 

7. Poor solid waste disposal and collection mechanisms. 

8. The general customer po/public does not have any awareness of any provision of toilet 

facilities in market areas or commercial shops. 

9. No provision of community/ public toilets in high density commercial areas. 

10. No usage of complex toilets or toilets provided in shops by the customers in case of any 

emergency. 



11. The usage of public toilets in commercial areas is only about 50% and there is about 10% of 

open defecation by the general public in commercial areas. 

12. No willingness to pay and use for public toilets. 

13. The common and prevalent problems faced by general public in market areas due to 

improper garbage disposal are – blocking the roads, smell from road side bins and also smell 

from chocked nalas. 

SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOSPITALS: 

Key information: 

1. Total number of hospitals: 141 

2. Total number of hospitals with 100+ beds: 04 

3. Total waste generated from 141 hospitals: 9.97 tones (9044.63 kgs) 

The total solid waste that is being generated in a month from all the hospitals together is about 9.97 

tones (9044.63 kgs). The following graph illustrates the distribution of hospitals according to the 

number of beds in them – which reflects upon the amount of waste generation per day. 

The primary survey analysis show that there are about 50% of hospitals with beds ranging from 51- 

100 and about 30% with 100+ beds. This shows that the share of medium sized hospitals is 

generating more waste i.e. on an average of 0.25 kg per bed per day. And the total waste produced 

from all hospitals together -the medical establishments in Bareilly city generates approximately 16 



MT/ Day waste of which about 8.5 MT/ Day which goes to Municipal stream and rest is Bio-medical 

waste. A very brief profile of the waste generation, collection and transportation of this waste is 

given before. This also depends upon the different services provided by different hospitals. The 

more the number of services at any particular hospital the more is the waste generation. The 

following graph illustrates the percentage share of number of hospitals that provide different 

services. 

There is about 60% share of the hospitals that provide all services and about 30% of them do not 

provide all the facilities (such as sophisticated surgeries). But, there are few hospitals that provide 

even the training, practices and education to students. This reflect on the percentage of waste 

(Liquid+solid) of the 60% of the hospitals is very high. The amount of waste generated at any 

particular hospital depends upon the above mention character. The following graph illustrates the 

quantity of solid waste produced by hospitals per day. 



There is an average of 0.25 – 0.35 kg of solid waste that is being produced by each bed in about 80% 

share of total available hospitals. This resulted in generation of about solid waste ranging in between 

1 – 30 kgs per day. And about 20% of the hospital number generates solid waste in between 31 – 60 

kgs per day. There are also relatively small percentage number of hospitals those relatively generate 

(more than 120Kg per day) more waste. Prior to collection, the waste that is generated at hospitals 

should have color coding. The following graph shows the percentage share of hospitals that have 

coding for the waste produced. 

There is relatively large share of hospitals i.e. about 90% of the available hospitals doing the color 

coding for the solid waste. But there are about 10% of the hospitals that do not have any color 

coding. Further to this, there is different arrangement made by different hospitals for their waste 

collections. The majority of bio-medical waste that is generated by hospitals is being collected by 

private agencies; and the rest by the municipality vehicles. The following graph illustrates the 

percentage share of hospitals according to the different arrangements made for disposal of Bio 

medical waste. 



The disposing of bio-medical waste should be according to bio-medical waste rules, 1998. But, there 

are about 90% of the hospitals those following these rules, but the rest does not. The following 

graph illustrates the percentage share of hospitals according to those having system of disposing 

BMW in accordance with Bio medical waste rules, 1998. 

The segregation of biodegradable and non biodegradable wastes at the point of disposal i.e. at 

hospitals – about 90% of them do not segregation, but the rest do not. This thus, on the whole 

created fewer burdens on treatment plants. The following graph shows the percentage share of 

hospitals according to the system of segregation of biodegradable and non biodegradable wastes. 



These segregated BMW and non BMW – of which majority is being collected by the private agencies 

– and the collection frequency is at least once in 24 hours, thus, reducing the exposure of these toxic 

wastes near and the surrounding of hospitals. 

In addition to solid waste, there is also large quantity of liquid waste that is generated from different 

hospitals. The following graph illustrates the quantity (in liters) of liquid waste produced from 

different hospitals. 



The other type of waste that is produced by all hospitals is liquid waste. This includes – blood, 

mucus, secretion and urine. There is about 60% share of the total hospitals who are generating 

about 6 – 10 liters of liquid waste and about 20% - more than 10 ltr of liquid waste. This shows that 

relatively a very high quantity of liquid waste is being generated from the hospitals, which has to 

treat properly before letting it out into sewerage or nalas, where as in absence of it results in high 

levels of toxicities. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of number of hospitals 

according to their type of disposal outlet of liquid waste that is generated at the source points. 

One of most toxic waste from the hospitals is liquid waste – which has to treat at the point of 

disposal before letting it out into the drains, nalas or any other sources of disposals. But, none of the 

hospitals is provided with any separate setup for any primary treatment of the liquid waste and 

directly let out into sewerage and this flows into nalas. 



The other type management that should be done at the hospitals is to have a proper mechanism for 

management of sludge from hospital cesspools before them letting out into sewerage. Even in this 

case, there are only 20% of them practicing the proper mechanism and the rest 80% of the hospitals 

letting them directly into sewerage, thus leading to nallas. The following graph illustrates the 

percentage share of number of hospitals according to their mechanism for management of sludge 

from hospital cesspools. 

Key issues: 

1. Half the number of hospitals are with beds 50+; 0.3 kg/bed/day (on average) 

2. 60% of hospitals provide all facilities – generation of more waste at each sources 

3. 40% of hospitals generate more than 60kg of bio medical waste/ day. 

4. 70% of hospitals produce more than 8lts of liquid waste/day 

5. 90% of hospitals – does not follow Bio-medical waste rules, 1998. 

6. 100% of hospitals discharge their liquid BMW into sewerage/open drains/nallas. 

7. 80% of hospitals do not treat their fecal sludge leading to sewerage/open drains. 


SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT INSTITUTIONS: 


The other potential area where the provision of toilets is a must is institution buildings. The floating 

population in these buildings such as collectorate office, bus station, railway station, district court, 

RTO office, Bareilly Development Authority, Nagar Nigam Bareilly and so on, is very high – where 

the provision of toilets is a must for general public and employees of respective buildings and even 

in case of availability – there should be proper maintenance of the sanitary facilities. There is some 

provision of toilets to general public in all these public institution buildings, but the sanitary 

conditions at these building and within the premises is very poor. It is important to understand the 

present condition of existing toilets at these public buildings. The following graph shows the 

percentage distribution of institutional buildings where toilet facilities are available according to 

their present conditions. 

The analysis show that the toilet conditions in these institutional buildings is satisfactory. But, there 

is no proper maintenance of these existing toilets, even though the usages of these toilets are very 

high. Even though the conditions of toilets are bad – public still use them in case of emergency, due 

to no provision of other toilet facilities in nearby premises. These general public comprise of both 

male and female population – thus, it is important to have separate toilets for male and female and 

the institutional building should have separate toilets for male and female category. There is 

sufficient number of toilet seats provided both to male and female category i.e. on an average 

ranging in between 10 – 15 for both female and male category, but there is lack of maintenance of 

these toilets. 



In addition to provision of sanitary facilities to general public, toilets are also provided to employees 

in all these institutional buildings. The provision of toilets are provided both to male and female 

category separately with sufficient number of seats i.e. on an average ranging from 10 – 15 seats for 

male category and 5 – 10 for female category. 

The condition and functionality of these toilets also reflects upon the availability of infrastructure 

facilities within the toilets and they are water supply, doors, lights and buckets. And the analysis 

show that all the toilets are facilitated with water supply, doors and buckets. But, there are only 70% 

of the institutional toilets with electricity connections. In addition to these infrastructure facilities – 

the source of water facilities in these toilets are mainly over head tanks i.e. municipal water and 

ground water. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of toilets according to the 

source of water supply. 

The analysis show that about 70% of the public institutional buildings toilets are facilitated with 

overhead tank as the prime source of water supply and the rest with ground water. In addition to 

the minimal infrastructure facilities, there should also be minimal maintenance in these facilities. 

The following graph illustrates the percentage share of institutional toilets according to their 

maintenance. 



The analysis shows that the about 70% of the available toilets are well maintained and the rest of 

the 30% of them are in bad state – which need immediate improvements. From the field verification 

and survey analysis, the improvements that are required can be categorized as follows: 

a. Upgrade infrastructure 

b. Provide continuous water supply 

c. Proper maintenance 

d. Cleaning at regular intervals 

Key Issues: 

1. No proper maintenance of these existing toilets. 

2. the conditions of toilets are bad – public still use them in case of emergency, due to no 

provision of other toilet facilities in nearby premises. 

3. Toilets are also provided to employees in all these institutional buildings but not properly 

maintained. 

4. No proper infrastructure facilities in these toilets – include electricity and water supply. 

5. Bareilly Development Authority - found few toilets in worst condition. 

6. Nagar Nigam Bareilly - found toilet in worst condition. 


SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT SCHOOLS: 

Key information: Primary School 

1. Total number of primary schools: 129 

2. Total number of students: 22846 

3. Total number of primary schools with toilet facilities: 115 

4. Total number of primary schools without toilet facilities: 14 

Key information: Junior High School 

1. Total number of junior high school: 80 


3. Total number of junior high schools with toilet facilities: 71 

4. Total number of junior high schools without toilet facilities: 9 

Key Information: High School 

1. Total number of high schools: 44 


3. Total number of high schools with toilets: 44 

4. Total number of high schools without toilets: 0 


One of the most important sectors where the sanitary facilities should be carefully assessed is in 

schools. The primary survey has being conducted at school level to understand the sanitary 

conditions of schools. The analysis the boy’s strength is relatively higher than the girl’s strength, on 

an average; whereas in case of teacher’s population – the female’s strength is higher than male’s 



strength. This reflects on the provision of toilets i.e. there should be more number of toilet 

provisions for boy’s student population when compared with girl’s student population. But, it is vice 

versa in case of teacher’s population. Further to these basic demographic details, the number of 

worker’s population in any particular school is dominated by female workers than male workers. The 

primary survey analysis and field verification shows that there are many schools that are deprived 

with workers i.e. about 40% of the schools do not have any workers to maintain the cleanliness of 

the surroundings of the school. And about 30% of the school’s cleanliness is done by students 

themselves. 

Further the analysis focuses on the sanitary conditions in the schools. The analysis shows that about 

15% of the schools do not have any kind of toilet facilities. The graphs below illustrate the 

percentage distribution of total number of schools according to availability of toilets in male and 

female category. 

The primary survey analysis shows that about 80% of numbers of schools have toilet facilities for 

boys’ category and about 85% of number of schools has toilet facilities for girls’ category. The rest of 

schools which do not have any sanitary facilities use other options. From the analysis it can be 

observed that about 15% of schools who do not have access to toilet facilities both in male and 

female category end up majorly in open defecation in or around the premises of respective schools 

and in some cases use toilets at home or neighbors (in case of girls). 



The analysis shows that about 85% of schools have access to toilets in female category and in the 

rest of the schools - they use other options. And in case of access to toilets in male category, there 

are only about 65% of the schools having access and the rest of the schools have other options. In 

majority of the schools, the male population openly defecates i.e. about 90% of the schools without 

toilets use options such as open defecation. And in case of female teachers they generally wait for 

opportunity and in emergency open defecation is the only option in few schools. Further it is also 

important to consider the schools having the sewerage connection and those schools without having 

any sewerage connection should have other options such as septic tanks, soak pits or open to drains. 

The analysis of primary surveys and stake holder meetings shows that about 95% of the schools have 

sewerage connection and about 4% of school toilets to septic tanks and the rest 1% of the toilets to 

open drains. 

In addition to the availability of toilet facilities and sludge disposal mechanisms – the infrastructure 

facilities in these toilets also play a vital role in making use of them and create a usable environment 

of the toilets. The infrastructure facilities within these toilets can mainly be categories as electricity 

connections and water connections. But, there are only about 40% of the schools with toilets having 



electricity connections. The following graph shows the percentage share of school toilets with 

electricity connection according to their working conditions. 

The analysis shows that there are about 98% of toilets with electricity connections are in working 

state and rest does not. In addition to this the other infrastructure facilities that is must is water 

connections facilities. The following graph shows the percentage share of number of school toilets 

having provision of water connections. 

The analysis shows that there are about 70% of the schools with functional water connections. In 

addition to this, the sources of water supply that cater the needs in the school are bore wells, 

tankers and municipal water. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of schools 

according to their type of sources of water supply. 



The analysis show that about 55% of the schools depend upon bore well as the prime source of 

water supply and about 28% on municipal water. There are about 16% of schools who do have any 

kind of sourced of water supply. Alternatively, all the school students generally bring water from 

home and about 80% of them go to neighbors in case of emergency. Further to this, it is also 

important to have some storage facilities. The following graph shows the percentage share of school 

toilets with having some storage facilities. 

The analysis shows that in case of schools with having water supply – there should also have some 

storage facilities and about 90% of them do have some kind of storage facilities in the schools. There 

are about 10% of the schools with no water storage facilities. The different types of water storage 

facilities in schools are overhead tanks, underground sumps and few schools fill into barrels. It is also 

important to consider 



Even though both the availability of toilet in schools exist and the infrastructure is provided in these 

toilets, it is important to analyze the working conditions of them – which decides the usage patterns 

of the toilets in the school. Based on the above mentioned different categories the functionality has 

being defined. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of schools according to their 

toilet’s working conditions. 

The analysis shows that there are about 90% of the schools whose toilets are in any working 

conditions. There are only about 10% of the schools whose available toilets are not in working. 

Further to this, the field analysis and survey results show that these non functionality of the school’s 

toilet can be categorized with damaged doors, no water supply, no ventilation and the toilet itself is 

in dilapidated state. These are the observed problems that make the available toilets unusable. In 

addition to the functionality of the toilets, there should also be proper cleaning or maintenance of 

these functional toilets in these schools. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of 

schools with functional toilets according to their maintenance. 



The analysis shows that there are about 84% of the school’s functional toilets which are cleaned at 

regular intervals. There are also about 16% of them which do not follow any timing in their cleaning 

activities of their toilets. The survey analysis and field verifications show that the school’s toilets that 

are cleaned regularly – follow a regular interval i.e. the toilets are cleaned at least once in a day. 

Further to toiletry details, the analysis also focused on provision of wash basin facilities within the 

schools. The analysis shows that there are about only 38% of schools which are having wash basin 

facilities within the schools. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of number of 

schools according to wash basin provisions. 

Further to this, the analysis also focused on some minimum requirement that are needed to be 

provided to these wash basins to have proper functionality. It is not just enough to have just the 

provision of wash basins in the schools, it is also important to provide minimum infrastructure to 

these fixtures and they can be categorized into water supply and proper maintenance. From the 

analysis, it is being shown that about 70% of the schools with wash basins do not have any kind of 

water supply connections. And about 10% of them not cleaned properly or not well maintained and 

about 10% are not in proper shape i.e. there are almost in broken stage. In addition to this, there are 

about 10% of school’s wash basins – not in a usable state. 

In addition to the availability and functionality of these school toilets and other toiletry 

infrastructure – it is important to understand and analyze the responsible agents and budget 

allocated for proper maintenance of these facilities at school. From the analysis, it is being shown 

that about 80% of the school’s O&M is carried by school employees themselves and the rest by 

government. Further, the amount that is being allocated for the O&M of school by government is 



about 3500 – 5000 (in Rs) per annum. But, the amount that is being allocated is not separately for 

school toilets maintenance. It is the overall school maintenance budget allocation for the entire year, 

which is hardly sufficient for any kind of developments or improvements of toilet facilities in these 

schools. 

Based on the above mentioned budget allocation and responsible agents for O&M, there are about 

85% of the schools who made few improvements to the toilets during the last 3 years. And the 

improvements are only related to minimal – such as fixing up the doors, fixing up the water 

connection, painting of walls and doors, flooring, and cleaning at regular intervals. Thus, this also 

show that majority of schools with toilets have further improvements to avoid further damage. In 

addition to toilet cleaning status, it is also important to consider the cleaning activities for the water 

storage facilities and the school premises. The analysis shows that about 58% of the schools have 

their cleaning activities done for storage facilities for every 6 months and about 32% of them 

annually. There are about 10% of schools who do not have any kind of cleaning activities in schools 

and its infrastructure. 

In addition to this, solid waste disposal is also important to consider. The waste generated at school 

premises can be disposed and it is being categorized into road side bins, open site disposals, into 

drains and door to door collection. The analysis shows that about 64% of the schools dispose their 

waste into road side bins; and about 13% on open sites and the rest through regular door to door 

collection. Thus, it can be concluded that the solid waste disposal mechanism at schools is safe. In 

addition to this, the all the schools in Bareilly has a curriculum which provides basic sanitary and 

hygiene education to the students which reflects upon proper usage and maintenance of the toilets 

at schools by students. 

Key Issues: 

1. About 40% of the schools do not have any workers to maintain the cleanliness of the 

surroundings of the school 

2. About 47% of the schools whose toilets are not in any working conditions. 

3. About 30% of the school’s cleanliness is done by students themselves 



4. about 15% of schools who do not have access to toilet facilities both in male and female 

category end up majorly in open defecation in or around the premises of respective schools 


5. No proper infrastructure facilities 

6. About 20% of schools who do have any kind of sourced of water supply. 

7. There are about 10% of the schools with no water storage facilities. 

8. Only 25% of schools which are not having wash basin facilities within the schools. 

9. About 75% of the schools with wash basins do not have any kind of water supply 

connections. And about 10% of them not cleaned properly or not well maintained and about 

10% are not in proper shape i.e. there are almost in broken stage. In addition to this, there 

are about 10% of school’s wash basins – not in a usable state. 

10. No O&M for schools toilets and no proper budget allocation for improvements. 

11. About 64% of the schools dispose their waste into road side bins; and about 23% on open 

sites and the rest through regular door to door collection. 


IEC AND AWARENESS ISSUES 

Open Defecation 


The number of villages located at the outskirts of the city has been merged with Nagar Nigam 

Bareilly but over the period of time no civic development has taken place in these areas. Most of the 

households in these areas are not having the provision of any kind of toilets and maximum people 

open defecate in the fields around these localities. 


There are twenty one community toilets in the city mainly located in slum areas. As of now these 

toilets are not looked after properly and having several inherent problems. In the worst case 

scenario these are in dilapidated condition with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken 

seats, and broken doors, with no water arrangement and no provision of routine upkeep & 

maintenance. Such toilets are seen in Jawahar Nagar Bihar Basti, Azam Nagar, Haru Nagla, Gandha 

Nala etc. Open defecation sites and garbage dumps in the proximity of community toilets are a 

common sight. Moreover, it has been noticed that in most of community toilets, children are 

allowed to use the community toilets. The children accompanying their mothers defecate in and 

around the community toilets in open drains. It is essential to classify toilets based on the survey 

results to devise a plan of action. Broadly, the toilets would need the following measures. In worst 

case scenario this may require rebuilding the entire toilets complex. Generally, deteriorating 

infrastructure such as cracks in septic tanks, broken seats and doors need to be repaired. Proper 

operation and maintenance of theses toilets assumes significance in the context of promoting toilet 

usage. Where the toilets are not maintained properly, people tend to go back to the habit of open 

defecation. Cleaner and well maintained community toilets will ensure their better usage and in turn 

arrest the open defecation habit of people. An IEC campaign involving local NGOs and SHGs is 

recommended to bring the change in the behavior of people. 

Commercial Areas 

Commercial areas and markets are lacking the provision of toilets and urinals. Roads and streets 

sweeping is done irregularly by the Nagar Nigam Safai Karamcharis and waste piles up fast on the 

roads/streets sides. There is no provision of dustbins in the commercial places/markets and the 



people tend to throw the waste on the roadside or in the drains/nallas. The waste/garbage in most 

these areas is collected once in two or three days. 

Water Supply 

Pipe water supply network is there but without any metering. This leads to maximum wastage of 

water particularly at public stand posts in the slum/LIG areas. Thus there is ample scope for public 

awareness, as most people don’t seem to bother about the optimum utilization of water. To 

overcome the shortage of water, Jalkal Vibhag has installed about hand pumps in the slum/LIG 

areas. Besides this large number of households have made their own private arrangement of hand 

pumps; Illegal connections and resultant leakages in the pipeline are very common resulting in 

mismanagement & supplying of contaminated water to the consumers. In such a scenario it is not 

unusual that people of Bareilly city prefer the hand pump water to the supplied water for domestic 

purpose. 

Solid Waste Management 

There is no arrangement of door to door collection and segregation of municipal waste at source in 

the city. As of now, the municipal waste is unscientifically dumped openly at the outskirts of the 

city. There is a need to organize the solid waste management on priority and expedite the 

completion of ongoing integrated solid waste management project. 

Sanitation Consciousness: Current Status of Services and Behavior 

Generally, slums located in outskirts of the city and those in interior offer two different typologies. 

The core and old city areas are predominantly Muslim population; representing diversity in terms of 

demography. And the slums on the outskirts are predominant with SC or ST population. Based on 

these typologies we have identified the following stakeholder groups and their behavioral patterns: 

Stakeholder 

Groups 

Slums Outskirts Man Nagla, Haroo 

Areas of Habitation Socio-cultural/Behavioural Patterns 

Nagla, Shikarpur, 

Open defecation is prevalent. 

Most of the households are not having the 


Slums Inner 

City 

Nadaushi, Veer 

Bhatti, Joharpur etc 

and other areas as 

marked on the map 

Saidpur Hawking, 

Surkha Chawni, 

Banipur Chaudhary 

and other such areas 

as marked on the 

map. 


toilet/latrine facilities and all the habitants of 

these areas open defecate in the fields. 

There is no provision of community toilets in 

these areas. 

There is no provision of door to door collection 

but residents throw garbage on the open 

road/street or in vacant land,/drains/nallas. 

No pipe water supply network and the source 

of water supply is hand pumps. 

There is no drainage system and water logging 

take place at low lying areas. 

This area is having community toilets with 

several operation and maintenance challenges. 

Children are not allowed to enter the 

community toilets 

Open defecation by children in drains and open 

spaces is common. 

Water Scarcity and poor state of community 

toilets forces elders also to defecate in open 

but, it is not very common. Some community 

toilets do not have water, electricity connection 

with broken toilet seats force people to 

defecate in close vicinity. 

People are in some ways constrained in going 

out to defecate in the inner city areas. Open 

areas such as Public Park land or vacant plots 

have become open defecation spots. 

Most of community toilets discharge their 

waste into open nallas/drains. 


.

Shopkeepers Commercial 

Higher Income 

Group 

Residents 

Low Income 

Group 

Residents 

Municipal 

officials 

Areas/Markets like 

Kotwali, Ghanta 

Ghar, railway station 

road, bus stand and 

other areas on map 

Civil lines, Model 

town, vikas colony 

indra colony etc and 

areas locatable on 

map 


Bareilly is prominent industrial city of UP. 

General hygiene & sanitation awareness is far 

below among the shopkeepers; particularly 

meat, milk products, vegetables/fruits or 

eatable shops. 

Most of the shopkeepers throw their waste on 

the road/street side or in nallas. The nallas get 

clogged and cleaned at irregular intervals by 

Nagar Nigam. 

No provision of dustbins in the commercial 

areas and markets. 

Very few public toilets and urinals in the market 

areas. 

No door to door collection 

Irregular water supply is a major issue for the 

residents. 

Residents tend to install motors to draw up 

water to first and second floors. These motors 

are attached directly to the supply pipe posing 

problems to those down the line. 

Marked by individual toilets, irregular sweeping 

of street, occasional clearing of drains. 

Irregular water supply 

Dumping of solid waste in open on roadside 

City Wide Officials should call meetings of shopkeepers 

specially butchers/eatable vendors to raise 

their awareness about hygiene and to promote 

safe practices of waste disposal. 

Nagar Nigam officials need help to enhance 



their capacities for better implementation of 

sanitation projects. 

A better co-ordination between various 

departments such as JalKal Vibhag, BDA is 

required. 

Nagar Nigam should look into operational as 

well as maintenance aspects of community 

toilets. 


4.1. SUMMARY OF THE KEY ISSUES 

Slum areas: 

Key issues: 


CHAPTER 04 

INFERENCES/ GAP IDENTIFICATIONS 

Lack of proper shelter, poor access to basic needs and lack of awareness make the slum dwellers 

life style very poor. About 25 percent of the Bareilly’s population is living in slums; hence all 

housing programmes should target provision of better shelter for them on priority basis. 

In many of the slums water through public stand posts and hand pumps have been provided but 

it has been observed that lots of water is wasted. 

The quality of piped water supply, which slum dwellers receive, is very poor and suspected to be 

contaminated. Without filtration it is impossible for them to use it for drinking purpose. 

Only in a few slums sewerage lines have been provided and they were often chocked. 

No proper mechanism of solid waste disposal exists. Either the disposal sites are non-existent or 

even if they exist, they are located at faraway place which the slum dwellers find inconvenient to 

use. The few waste disposal sites that exist are in a sad state of affairs as they are not cleaned on 

a daily basis and the waste gets scattered all over the place creating a health hazard. 

In most of the slums, no provision has been made to provide storm water drains. Due to which 

water logging takes place adding to the unhygienic condition within the slums. 

While the city has made provision for public sanitation facilities in a few slums, still about 25- 

30% of slum population goes for open defecation, causing both a health hazard and a problem of 

safety. 

At present the number of notified slum is 85 and strategies for rehabilitation and 

implementation of central and state government schemes can only be carried out in the notified 

slums. There is a need to carry out a fresh survey to cover all slums and poor communities so 



that the actual demand for housing and basic services for urban poor can be ascertained and 

overall city environment can be improved. 

More than twenty percent of the population in Bareilly stays in areas marred with unhygienic 

living conditions and lack of civic amenities. The urban infrastructure is not satisfactory enough 

to bring homogenous development in new areas. The growth of housing stock is not able to 

keep pace with the population growth. This has increased the housing stock deficit which has 

given rise to slum dwellings. 

There are 85 notified slum with current population is about 2.44 lakh having about 32000 of 

households i.e. about 26% of the total population. 

Majority of households i.e. more than 51 percent live in Kutcha Houses made of grass, mud etc. 

and jhuggi jhopri’s. Only 21 percent stay in Pucca Houses. In slums, about 47 percent have their 

own houses whereas 41% lives in as tenant whereas rest is living as unauthorized occupants. 

It may be seen that in slums access to individual water connections is low and people generally 

use public stand posts, hand pumps, or wells in a few cases. Majority of households (55%) get 

water from public stand posts and only 19% percent have individual taps. 

It has been observed that main source of water supply in slum areas is hand pumps and 

wherever piped water supply is there, either supply is inadequate or it’s not regular or it’s very 

dirty. 

Presently, access to sanitation services is markedly less than access to other basic service. 

In case of slums, it has been observed that sanitation facilities are worst and in alarming 

condition. 

Water Supply 

Key Issues: 

The total water supplied in MLD is about 124. 

The availability of water is adequate but distribution system needs improvement. 

Issues are that numbers of connection is not increasing due to excess use of ground water, 

low pressure and unreliable service, low utilization due to old and leaky system, Inadequate 

funds for O&M. 

The need is felt to expand distribution as demand is high. 


The piped water supply of Bareilly City was started about 30 years ago. 

The distribution network covers 60% of the city area. 


The leakage (UFW - unaccounted-for water) is estimated to be 30 percent due to old and 

leaky pipelines. 

The most significant drawback of Bareilly water supply is the huge amount of water wastage 

Sewerage 

Key Issues: 

and negligible revenue collection from public utilities (for example parks and fire fighting 

etc.) and stand posts which takes away about 10 percent of water. 

The source of sewer is mostly from domestic households but the waste generated from 

industries also flow into sewers. 


sewerage network pipes is only about 35 years. 

The total area covered by sewerage network is only about 25 sq.km 

The thus produced waste water is about 99.2 MLD from all the sources within the city. 

No sewerage treatment plant. 

There is surplus sewage, which gets discharged in River without treatment. 

The waste water generated from different types of industries is left into sewer without any 

primary treatment at industries itself. 

Strom water drainage 

Key Issues: 

Each zone is having primary, secondary and tertiary drains of different lengths. 

The waste drained into River through these nalas - includes waste water from households, 

commercial areas, and industrial areas. 

Most of the open/ closed drains are chocked with solid waste and sludge. 

There are many flood prone drains within the city. 


Solid Waste Management 

Key Issues: 

No processing/ recycling facilities. 

No door to door collection of waste. 


The dumping grounds, by roadside and elsewhere, are unhygienic and have deplorable look. 

Disposal of waste into drains leads to choking of drains 

Rains washed out part of garbage from these depots into drains and Nalas which leads to 

silting. 

Mixing of Bio-medical and other forms of waste with municipal waste is a serious health 

hazard. 

Lack of segregation of bio-degradable and non-degradable waste at source 

Large scale public littering leading to inattentiveness of street sweeping and cleaning 

activities 

Shortage of staff and lack of motivation amongst the existing staff 

Presently there is no waste processing plant at Bareilly and the total waste is taken to 

disposal size. 

At present waste generation in the city is around 450MT per day. 

For Bareilly, household and organic waste constitutes largest component followed by inert 

material such as building material and debris etc. in overall composition of waste i.e. waste 

generated from households, commercial establishments and institutions in Bareilly. 

The main sources of waste generation includes Residential, commercial, industrial 

establishments, hospital & nursing homes, hotels & restaurants, slaughter houses, street 

sweeping, sanitary drains and construction and demolition sites. 

Collection is conducted in two stages – primary and secondary collection. 



Total hazardous waste generated from the Industries is about 18 tons per day. Out of total 

industrial waste, the generation of hazardous waste containing chromium is bout 10-15 MT 

per day. 

The quantity of waste generated from these medical institutions is approx 2.74 tonnes per 

day. 

Out of total bio -waste generated, only 1350 Kg (about 20 %) is sent to the centralized bio- 

medical waste management facility. Some estimate that about 30 percent of bio-medical 

waste is getting mixed up with other type of waste. 

Most of the slaughtered waste is thrown into the bakarmandi nala. Total waste generation is 

approximately 4-5ton/day. 

The dust generated through street sweeping constitutes 5% (72.35 MT) of total waste. 

The drain silt constitutes about 10% of the MSW generated in Bareilly city. 

A major portion of this waste is generally used in reconstruction activities for filling up of the 

low-lying areas or kutcha road – i.e. about 20% of this waste is collected at these sites and 

become a part of MSW. 

Households (Slum and non slum areas) 

Key Issues: 

The present population in total city is about 9.23 lacs with a bifurcation of slum and non 

slum population. Statistics show that there is about 27% of the slum population i.e. about 

2.44 lacs and the remaining in non slum areas i.e. about 6.74lacs. 

The number of slums that are notified are about 85 in number that spread across the city. In 

addition to these notified slums there are about 20-30 unnotified slums and are categorized 

in low income groups in Bareilly. 

The different types of individual toilet facilities in Bareilly city are soak pit toilets, pour flush 

toilets, Kuddi. 

About 94% of the non slum households are with household individual toilets – and these 

household individual toilets include pit latrine, water closet, and septic tank. 

There is about 1-2% of the total number of households in non slum areas using community 

toilets. 



There is about 5% of the total number of households do not have any kind of access to 

toilets i.e. about 5255 households i.e. about 40 thousand of population in non slum areas 

defecate openly. 

The percentage share of households/ population having access to household individual 

toilets is about 60% of the households and these also include the individual pour flush toilets 

build by different agencies as mentioned above. 

There are about 5% of slum households in addition to the private/ public individual toilets 

there are also community toilets in the slum areas. 

About 89259 persons in slum areas i.e. about 11643 households defecate openly. 

There are about 1.29 lacs of total population i.e. about 16898 of households of Bareilly city 

i.e. about 14.04% of the total population/ households of Bareilly open defecate. 

Community Toilets: 

Key issues 

1. There are about 23 community toilets with about 96% of them located in slum areas and the 

rest in non slum regions i.e. in low income group areas. 

2. The total numbers of persons dependent on community toilets are 5 – 10% of the total 

population. 

3. About 50% of the available community toilets are in bad state, but about 5% of the 

community toilets are not in a usable state. 

4. No O&M of community toilets and its infrastructure. 

5. No proper fecal sludge management. 

6. The fecal sludge collected from these septic tanks by the municipalities sludge sucking 

machine and they dispose it into nearby nalas which lead to River. 

7. 50% of the available community toilets are in bad state. The infrastructure facilities in these 

toilets are almost broken conditions but even then, the people are still dependent upon 

these community toilets. 

8. About 6% of the community toilets are not in a usable state 



9. About 30% of the communities toilets are equipped with pour flush pit latrines and about 

37% of them with water closets. There are also about 17% of the community toilets with dry 

pit latrine and the rest with service and unimproved pit latrines. 

10. About 32% of the community toilet facilities are connected to septic tanks and about 50% of 

them are connected to sewer lines. 

11. In about 80% of the community toilets with septic tanks, the fecal sludge collected from 

these septic tanks by the municipalities or private sludge sucking machine and they dispose 

it into nearby nalas which lead to Ganga River. 

12. In addition to the disposal of sludge produced at community toilets there are also about 10% 

of the community toilets using the sludge at bio gas treatment. 

13. There is about 98% of the community toilets have no proper effluent waste management. 

There are all let into open drains. There is only about 2% of the number of community toilets 

effluent waste disposed/ connected to sewer lines. 

Commercial/ market places 

Key issues: 

1. More number of male workers population and more number of working hours. 

2. About 35% of the commercial/ market places having some kind of toilet facilities within the 

complex. 

3. High percentage use of public toilets by the workers in the commercial places and market 

areas. 

4. About 5 - 10% of workers open defecate. 

5. No proper sludge management. 

6. Willingness to buy monthly passes for the usage of public/ community toilets. 

7. Poor solid waste disposal and collection mechanisms. 

8. 0% of the customer population does not have any awareness of any provision of toilet 

facilities in market areas or commercial shops. 


9. No provision of community/ public toilets in high density commercial areas. 


10. No usage of complex toilets or toilets provided in shops by the customers in case of any 

emergency. 

11. The usage of public toilets in commercial areas is only about 50% and there is about 10% of 

open defecation by the customer populations in commercial areas. 

12. No willingness to pay and use for public toilets. 

13. The common and prevalent problems faced by general public in market areas due to 

Hospitals 

Key issues: 

improper garbage disposal are – blocking the roads, smell from road side bins and also smell 

from chocked nalas. 

1. Half the number of hospitals are with beds 50+; 0.3 kg/bed/day (on average) 

2. 60% of hospitals provide all facilities – generation of more waste at each sources 

3. 40% of hospitals generate more than 60kg of bio medical waste/ day. 

4. 70% of hospitals produce more than 8lts of liquid waste/day 

5. 90% of hospitals – does not follow Bio-medical waste rules, 1998. 

6. 100% of hospitals discharge their liquid BMW into sewerage. 

7. 80% of hospitals do not treat their fecal sludge into sewerage leading to open drains. 

Institutions 

Key Issues: 

1. No proper maintenance of these existing toilets. 

2. the conditions of toilets are bad – public still use them in case of emergency, due to no 

provision of other toilet facilities in nearby premises. 


Schools 


3. Toilets are also provided to employees in all these institutional buildings but not properly 

maintained. 

4. No proper infrastructure facilities in these toilets – include electricity and water supply. 

5. Bareilly Development Authority - found few toilets in worst condition. 

6. Nagar Nigam Bareilly - found few toilets in worst condition. 

Key Issues: 

1. About 40% of the schools do not have any workers to maintain the cleanliness of the 

surroundings of the school 

2. About 47% of the schools whose toilets are not in any working conditions. 

3. About 30% of the school’s cleanliness is done by students themselves 

4. about 15% of schools who do not have access to toilet facilities both in male and female 

category end up majorly in open defecation in or around the premises of respective schools 


5. No proper infrastructure facilities 

6. About 20% of schools who do have any kind of sourced of water supply. 

7. There are about 10% of the schools with no water storage facilities. 

8. Only 25% of schools which are not having wash basin facilities within the schools. 

9. About 75% of the schools with wash basins do not have any kind of water supply 

connections. And about 10% of them not cleaned properly or not well maintained and about 

10% are not in proper shape i.e. there are almost in broken stage. In addition to this, there 

are about 10% of school’s wash basins – not in a usable state. 

10. No O&M for schools toilets and no proper budget allocation for improvements. 



11. About 64% of the schools dispose their waste into road side bins; and about 23% on open 

sites and the rest through regular door to door collection. 

Issues related to Open Defecation & Sewerage: 

In maximum households, the toilet flush are not connected to soakpits. The water from 

septic tanks goes directly into drains which is very unhygienic. The existing sewer lines are 

not adequate and very old. 

People are ready to pay User Charges for the sanitation services in the city. 

The wastewater should be reused/recycled after treatment for agricultural purposes, 

washing clothes/cars /vehicles etc. 

Slum sanitation should be given high priority. 

Most of the city drainage system is clogged with polythenes bags and it should be cleaned 

regularly. 

The condition of the city drainage system is very poor and need immediate repairs and 

regular upkeep/maintenance. 

The large drains are being encroached by dwelling units, milk diaries, shopkeepers etc and 

thus difficult to clean & maintain them. It should be checked so that sanitary conditions of 

the city are improved. 

The use of Polythene Bags should be banned in the city. In fact, polythene bags are 

worsening the sanitary conditions of the city. 

There is acute shortage of the community toilets in the city and thus compelling the people 

particularly in slum and LIG areas to defecate in the open. More community toilets should 

be constructed in the city. 

Sewerage Treatment Project should come up in the city like solid waste management 

project. 

Sanitation Awareness Campaign should be arranged twice a month particularly in slum and 

LIG areas. Media/posters/skits and other tools should be used for the sanitation awareness 

campaign in schools; markets awareness campaigns should be organized. A system should 

be introduced to seek people’s feedback and opinion about the sanitation services in the 

city. 

Before passing the proposed house maps, it should be ensured that the house is having 

provision of waterborne toilets and facility of rain water harvesting. 


Issues relating to Solid Waste Management: 

Most of the people throw the household garbage in the open and drains. 


Over the period of time, the solid waste and garbage is being dumped and accumulated at 

various places in the city. 

There is no provision of door-to-door collection of garbage in the city. 

The vegetable & fruit Mandis are occupying space on the roadside and major source of 

biodegradable garbage which is not cleaned regularly and thus polluting the environment of 

city. 

Most of the street/road sweeping waste and garbage are thrown in the drains and nalas by 

the safaikaramcharies. 

The solid as well as liquid waste of slaughter houses in the city is being dumped in the open 

& discharged in the nalas. It is a totally unhygienic and major health hazard for the city. 

Dust bins and Garbage Containers should be permanently placed in the markets/identified places 

and some responsible agency should be designated to collect the garbage regularly. 

The Safai karamcharies should be motivated to perform their duties honestly and 

meticulously to keep the city clean and green. 

The cattle waste is directly thrown/ discharged in to the nalas/drains. 

GAP IDENTIFICATION 

The total number of household having no access to any type of sanitary facilities in Bareilly 

are 18047 households – of which 12740 household in slums and 5307 households in non 

slum areas – there can be proposals for individual toilets, community toilets or group toilets 

to overcome the gaps and have open defecation free city. 

In addition to the proposals stated above - there should be attention required for the 

Community/ public toilets at the following mentioned places: NEKAPUR, BALMIKI BASTI, 

JASAULI, GANDA NALA, INDIRA MARKET, KISHORE BAZAR, CHAUPULA BAGIYA, CHAUPULA 

ROAD, JAWAHAR NAGAR, SUFFI TOLLAA, AAJAZ NAGAR, and RAJ NAGAR. 



The provision of toilets at commercial complexes also plays a vital role. Thus the toilet 

facilities at commercial complexes that require immediate construction are as follows: 

BALMIKI BASTI, INDIRA MARKET 

Addressing the sewerage waste water and storm water drainage, construction of Sewerage 

Treatment Plant would give best results 

Addressing sludge management issues at household toilets and community toilets. 

Proper operation and maintenance of all the public toilets located at commercial/ market 

places. 

Proper garbage disposal of garbage management at commercial/ market places. 

Proper sludge management of public toilets. 

Scientific disposal of solid and liquid waste generated at all the hospitals. 

The toilet facilities at institutional building that require immediate attention/ 

improvements/ rehabitation are as follows: BAREILLY RAILWAY STATION, and NAGAR 

NIGAM BAREILLY. 

The other toilets provided at public institutional buildings should be rehabitalated with 

proper infrastructure facilities and requires O&M. 

Immediate attention should be focused on provision of sanitary facilities at the following 

schools: basic Siksha parisadiya primary school (ward no. 01), sarswati sishu Mandir (ward 

no. 03) , primary pattashala school (ward no. 03), aadha shilla school (ward no. 03), junior 

high school makarndapur sarkar (ward no. 04), apolo public school (Mandi road, ward no. 

04), jak and jill school (ward no. 04), sishu uthaan Siksha samithi (ward no. 05), schools at 

Indira nagar and janakpuri, ganesh gyan public school (ward no. 06), schools in ward no. 08 

(does not have toilets), purva madymik vidyalai (jasauli, ward no. 01), madyamik vidyalai 

(jakira, ward no: 01), jilat high school (ward no. 01), mehak high school (ward no 02), indira 

school (ward no 02), vudaro school (Rajendra nagar, ward no 06), sarswati ram Mandir 

school (indira nagar, ward no 06), agraseen public school (ward no 06), junior high schools in 

ward no 06 near prem nagar, shaabad, aarya samaj, gandhi nagar. 


Proper operation and maintenance of existing toilets at all schools. 

Proposals of DEWATS to avoid direct outflow of open drains into River. 

4.2. IEC AND AWARENESS –MESSAGES & CHANNELS 

Household Survey 


About 250 households particularly in slum areas were surveyed to gauge water and sanitation 

situation in Bareilly city. Though the data does not claim to yield statistically significant results for 

Bareilly, there were some interesting findings. About 30% households are not having access to toilets 

and thus defecating in open. More surprisingly few houses are reporting manual scavenging. There 

is no door to door collection except in few pockets started recently as pilot project and high 

proportion of the respondents are dumping solid waste in designated container (if available) or open 

site on the road/street side. However, 86% of households claimed that Nagar Nigam Safai 

Karamcharis pick up the waste from their areas once in two or three days. About 38% of the 

residents opined that their streets are not swept regularly and 41% complained that drains are 

either cleaned once a week or irregularly. An overwhelming majority said they take their water and 

sanitation complaints to elected representatives. Further 53% said they complained directly through 

face to face interactions with Nagar Nigam officials (sanitary supervisors) and 27% complained on 

telephone. 

Public toilets in commercial places 

According to our survey there are very few public toilet facilities in the commercial areas or 

markets of the city. Most of the commercial places and markets are having some arrangement of 

urinals particularly for gents only. Few shopkeepers use the existing public urinals and maximum 

people urinate in open drains. Sampled respondents have appreciated the idea of pay and use 

toilets if proper toilet facilities are made available. If they have to pay they prefer monthly pass of 

Rs.20. Our survey results indicate that while on one hand shopkeepers and customers are 

experiencing difficulties due to lack of access to toilets, the overall willingness for pay per use option 

was found to be low. In such a situation a behavior change campaign is first required to create 



demand for toilets. Then it could be recommended to build toilets in commercial areas on pay and 

use terms. Shopkeepers could opt for monthly passes and customers pay per use. 


As explained, in the worst case scenario these are in dilapidated condition with crumbling building, 

leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no water or electricity or maintenance 

person. Several of these community toilets need to be rebuilt. Our survey covered 17 (100%) 

community toilets in Bareilly, merely 26% of these are in fully serviceable condition. About 62% are 

reported to be in bad implying that they are in unsanitary or dilapidated condition. Investing in 

community toilets is a pressing need for the city. At present O&M work is being shared by a host of 

organizations including Nagar Nigam, DUDA, NEDA and Sulabh. No Correlation has been found 

between condition of toilets and the organization responsible for O&M. 

Key Messages for Stakeholders 

National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008, by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India 

has outlined constitution, roles and responsibilities of City Sanitation Task Forces envisaging multi- 

stakeholder involvement. Some eminent persons from the city (from fields of academics, NGOs, 

media, art, business etc) could be included into this task force. At a more micro level, creation of 

Ward Sanitation Action Committees headed by corporators of the concerned wards and comprising 

members from NNB, office bearers of RWAs, Safai Karamcharies is recommended. 

A set of powerful mnemonics related to sanitation could be one of the ways of beginning the process 

of developing sanitation consciousness- say something like ‘swach ghar samridh parivar’. The 

messages that need to be put across to the stakeholders are as follows: 

Target 

Audience 

Nagar Ayukt, 

NN Health & 

Sanitary 

Messages/Themes Channels of Communication 

Seeking community inputs for building 

and repairing community and 

individual toilets, toilets should be 

Training Programs for Officials 

from Nagar Nigam, Jal Kal 

Vibhag, DUDA 


officials, 

Corporators etc 

Corporators, 

Office bearer of 

Slum Resident 

Federations, 

NGOs 

representing 

slums in inner 

City 

designed for social acceptance. 

Anti- open defecation and sanitation 

campaigns 

How to ensure compliance from 

people through rewards/Punishments 

Better co-ordination between various 

departments including NNB, DUDA, 

Jal Kal for implementation of City 

Sanitation Plan 

Safe handling of garbage by Sanitation 

workers 

Promoting source segregation at 

source and dump yards 

Safe deposition of garbage by 

Contractors 

Consultations on preventing open 

defecation, especially highlighting the 

risks on railway line 

Consultation seeking inputs of 

residents on improving community 

toilets and their usage 

Toilet options two pit, septic tank 

Safe disposal of Human Excreta 

Contamination due to Fecal Matter 

Health and hygiene: Diarrhea, GE, 

Malaria, Scabies 

Consultation of water supply situation 

Consultation on expectations form 

Municipality 


Participation in interactive 

programmes such as transact 

walks etc to promote city 

sanitation 

CSTF meetings, CSP workshops, 

Newspaper Advertisement 

calling for meeting/seeking 

participation in transect walks 

Press Conference-sharing the 

goals and plan of action for CSP 

with press persons 

Videos on best practices and 

their impact 

Organising interactive 

programmes with elected 

representatives and officials. 

These could include transact 

walks in slum areas 

RWA/SRF/NGO Meeting 

Door to door campaign 

Newspaper Advertisement. 

Press Conference 

Screening of videos for sanitation 

awareness 


Corporators, 

office bearers 

of Slum 

Resident 

Federations 

representing 

slums in City 

Outskirts 

Office bearers 

of Residents 

Welfare 

Association 

middleclass 

localities 

Water and 

sanitation 

officials 

Consultation seeking inputs of 

residents on improving community 

toilets and their usage 

Health Risks due to open defecation 

Toilet options two pit, septic tank 

Contamination due to Fecal Matter 

Safe disposal of Human Excreta 

Health and hygiene: Diarrhea, GE, 

Malaria, Scabies 

Consultation on problems with water 

supply 

Consultation on expectations form 

NNB 

Consultation on problems with current 

toilets 

Consultation on septic tank cleaning 

Consultation on Environmental 

sanitation 

Consultation of water supply situation 

Consultation of willingness to pay user 

charges 

Consultation on expectations from 

NNB 

Display responsibilities of officials viz 

Sanitation Inspectors in their Circles 

especially in the vicinity of open 

defecation areas, markets, public 

parks, slaughter houses, around water 


Organising interactive 

programmes with elected 

representatives and officials. 

These could include walks in the 

outskirt slums. 

RWA/SRF/NGO Meeting 

Door to door campaign 


Press Conference 

Screening of videos and films at 

meetings 

Meetings with officials, 

Door to door campaigning 


Cable TV 

Educational videos screening at 

meetings 

Printed pamphlets given with 

newspapers, newspaper 

advertisements, painting on 

Elevated/underground reservoirs 

Print the phone numbers of 


Water and 

Sanitation 

Workers 

Shopkeepers, 

Commercial 

establishments, 

SSI units 

bodies 

Establish public grievance redressal 

mechanism. 

Appreciation of what people desire 

Importance of safe handling of waste, 

protective gear 

Important messages like not burning 

plastics, not dropping waste on the 

way to dump sites, intermediate bins 

Educating residents about Segregation 

of waste 

Do not dump garbage in by lanes, in 

drains 

Organize a meeting with NNB to 

appraise the officials of their 

grievances 

If you need to dispose heavy waste 

call the NNB and ask for a tractor. 

Improving sanitation facilities within 

the shops and factories for workers 

and customers 

Participation in Public toilets building 

and maintenance 

City Wide Keep houses and neighborhood clean 

Boil/Filter the Water before drinking 

Wash your hands before and after 

eating/drinking 

Don’t allow mosquitoes to breed in 

your neighborhood 

Immunize Children 


responsible officials on the NNB 

garbage lifting vehicles 

Training Programs, Workshops 

on better gear, improved 

practices, consultations with 

Safai Karamcharis or sanitary 

worker unions 

Area specific meeting with 

shopkeepers, slaughter house 

operators , traders and 

representatives of SSI units 

Road Side Billboards 

News Paper Advertisements 

City TV Cable 

Short Films or videos to be 

screened in theatres etc. 


Don’t share clothes of persons 

infected with skin diseases 



IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD 

KEY ISSUES 

IMPACT SCALE/ PRIORITY RANK I II III 

I 1/1 

II 2/1 

III 3/1 


Schools with no toilets 

Poor O&M of school 

toilets 

No public toilets at 

commercial/ market 

places 

Poor arrangements of 

operation and 

maintenance of both 

community and public 

toilets 


CHAPTER 05 

KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES 


½ 

Waste disposal in open 

drains 

2/2 

No proper Fecal sludge 

management of community 

and public toilets and even at 

household level (those using 

septic tank) 

Low drinking water quality 

No proper maintenance of 

Institutional toilets 

3/2 

No door to door collection of 

household waste 

Unscientific disposal of liquid 

waste and fecal sludge from 

hospitals, community toilets 

and public toilets 

1/3 

% sewerage coverage 

2/3 

High Slaughter house 

waste disposal into 

nalas 

Industrial waste into 

nalas without primary 

treatment 

3/3 

Encroachments, waste 

dump sites - Water 

bodies


The existing situation of the cities (i.e. key problems are listed out – further, analysis for their 

consequences and their impacts.) A matrix is developed to highlight the areas of high priority that 

need to be addressed by ULB. 

PRIORITIZING THE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD 

IMPACT SCALE/ PRIORITY RANK I II III 

I 1/1 

II 2/1 

III 3/1 

Individual toilets 

Community toilets 

Public toilets 

School sanitation 

O&M arrangements 


1/2 

Strom water drainage 

2/2 

Fecal sludge management 

Water Quality 

Institutional toilets 

3/2 

Solid waste management 

Liquid waste management 

1/3 

Sewerage System 

2/3 

Water supply 

Slaughter house waste 

Industrial waste 

3/3 

Water bodies


CHAPTER 06 

PROPOSALS/ RECOMMENDATIONS 

This section essentially deals with the requirements at the city level for sanitation services to 

support urban stability, enable social balance, economic growth and development and are 

imperative for the improvement of urban public services in Bareilly. Although there have been some 

national and state initiatives to increase sanitation coverage in Bareilly, a substantial part of urban 

population, especially in slums, has no adequate sanitation facilities made available to them by the 

government machinery. 

6.1 SWOT Analyses 

Long- term 

Mid - term 

Short - term 

The importance of SWOT analysis lies in its ability to help clarify and summaries the key issues and 

opportunities facing a sector. Value lies in considering the implications of the things identified and it 

can therefore play a key role in helping a sector to set objectives and develop new strategies. The 

ideal outcome would be to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses in order to take advantage 

of external opportunities and overcome the threats. The biggest advantages of SWOT analysis is that 

it is simple and only costs time to do. It can help generate new ideas as to how a sector can use a 

particular strength to defend against threats in the performance. If a sector is aware of the potential 

threats then it can have responses and plans ready to counteract them when they happen. SWOT 

Analysis is the foundation for evaluating the internal potential and limitations and the likely 



opportunities and threats from the external environment. It views all positive and negative factors 

inside and outside the sector that affect the success. A consistent study of the environment in which 

the sector operates helps in forecasting/predicting the changing trends and also helps in including 

them in the decision-making process of the particular sector in the context of Bareilly. 


SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Bareilly -Water Supply 

Strengths 

60% of city coverage with piped water supply 

Average six hours daily water supply 

Opportunities 

Improving water quality and reducing water borne diseases 

Rehabilitation of the existing lines 

Constant vigilance to control illegal connections 

IEC campaign to overcome illegal connections from rising main and 

usage of untreated water leading to contamination 

Encouraging individual metered connection to increase revenue 

IEC to bring forth change in the mindset to go for Individual 

metered connections 

Weaknesses 

Lack of metered connections 

Leakages 

Using private electric pumps to suck water 

Illegal connections 

Water borne diseases due to poor quality of water supplied 

Threats 

Poor service in some areas 

Contamination due to household & commercial waste directly 

lead to open drains and nallas


SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Bareilly - Sewerage & Storm Water Drainage 

Strengths 

Extensive nallas and drain network 

Approximately 25-30% of city covered by sewer lines 

Opportunities 

Plan and develop a sewerage treatment plants 

IEC campaign against throwing garbage in storm water drains 

Weaknesses 

Threats 


No sewerage treatment plant ‘STP’ 

35 years old sewerage network 

Black and gray water not treated 

Household and commercial waste directly lead to open drains 

and nallas 

All nallas /drains discharging in water bodies 

Stagnated water bodies are major source of pollution and health 

hazard


SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Bareilly - Solid Waste Management 

Strengths 

New integrated solid waste management project under PPP model is 

coming up 

Willingness to pay for the user charges 

Opportunities 

Effective IEC campaign to illustrate and explain the hazards of 

unscientific disposal of municipal waste can stop the citizens from 

dumping the garbage in open 

Willingness to pay for the user charges can be converted in educating 

people to give the waste in a segregated manner 

CBOs are more than willing to participate in any sort of campaign to 

improve the quality of life 

Weaknesses 


No door to door collection 

Gap between the waste generated and collected in the city 

Open dumping sites are located inside the city 

No system in place for tracking the collection and transportation 

of the waste 

Threats 

Gap between generation and collection has let large amount of 

garbage in the city leading to public health hazards 

Open dumping sites are major public health hazards


SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Bareilly - Open defecation, community toilets and public toilets 

Strengths 

Community / Public toilets have been built for the population of the 

city 

Opportunities 

Increasing number of Community Toilets would bring down the 

instances of open defecation to a large extent 

Rehabilitation of existing Community Toilets 

BOT models in building toilets have high chances 

IEC & Behavioral Change campaign can bring down the cases of open 

defecation 

Weaknesses 


No M & E system for tracking Open Defecation 

Few community toilets for large slum population 

Number of community toilets are in unusable condition 

Most of community toilets leading waste to open drains 

Threats 

Open Defecation has become a major public health hazard 

Mosquitoes leading to several diseases and instances of skin 

diseases

6.2 VISION AND SPECIFIC GOALS 

Bareilly City to become totally sanitized, livable and sustain good public health and environmental 

outcomes for all the citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for 

the urban poor by 2015. 

SPECIFIC GOALS 

a) Awareness generation and behaviour change 

b) Making Bareilly a open defecation free city 

c) Re-Orienting Institutions and Mainstreaming Sanitation 

d) Sanitary and Safe Disposal of human excreta and liquid wastes 

e) Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations 

The city’s concerted efforts would be in achieving the vision and the goals in a stipulated timeframe. 

6.3 SANITATION OPTIONS 

6.3.1 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS 

Application of technology is one of a number of integrated measures required to improve sanitary 

conditions. Although sanitation is often understood as dealing with urine and excreta, the definition 

of sanitation is much broader and concerns the conditions relating to public health. To improve 

sanitation, the entire environment needs to be looked at in a holistic manner so that improvements 

in one area are not undermined by the neglect of another, and to prevent the problem being 

transported elsewhere with the discharge of untreated sewage or indiscriminate tipping of solid 

waste. 

The infrastructure necessary to provide a sanitation facility which is safe, reliable, private, protected 

from the weather and ventilated, keeps smells to the minimum, easy to keep clean, minimises the risk 

of the spread of sanitation-related diseases by facilitating the appropriate control of disease carrying 

flies and pests, and enables safe and appropriate treatment and/or removal of human waste and 

wastewater in an environmentally sound manner. Technology does not fail humans; humans fail


technology if the introduced technology cannot be sustained in the socio-economic, personal or 

cultural environment. The users are often blamed for the failure but the reality is that failure occurs 

because the technology is inappropriate to the circumstances. 

Regardless of the technology selected, making sanitation improvements in any community requires 

careful planning and concerted investment efforts between households and government. Lacking 

proper coordination, some investments can become very wasteful and redundant. For instance, the 

disposal of contaminated wastewater in densely populated areas is both expensive and technically 

challenging, while the prospects for charging for this service are limited. Thus, if water services are 

introduced in an area without a proper drainage and sewerage system, there will be no way to take 

away the volumes of wastewater. 

Sanitation systems can be divided into ‘onsite’ and ‘offsite’ technologies. Onsite sanitation systems 

aim to contain human excreta at the point of generation (the household level). Onsite sanitation can 

be classified into two main categories: ‘wet’ which require water for flushing; and ‘dry’ which do not 

require any water for flushing. This type of infrastructure comprises of (improved) latrines, septic 

tanks and other household level technologies that do not involve sewerage. 

Offsite sanitation systems transport human excreta to another location for treatment, disposal or 

use. Offsite sanitation can be classified into two main categories: ‘decentralized’ and ‘centralized’. 

Decentralized systems include systems where groups of two or more houses are linked to a network 

leading to a communal treatment system. Wastewater systems serving one or several communities 

are termed centralized systems. 

Technology Option for On-site sanitation systems 

Septic Tank with soak pits 

Application Level- Household, Apartments, Institutions 

Septic tanks consist of a chamber or series of chambers into which wastewater is discharged and 

contained. Sediment and solids settle at the bottom of the tank and organic wastes are decomposed 

by the action of bacteria. The effluent from septic tanks may contain pathogens and should be 

discharged into a soak away. In practice, many septic tanks in India discharge effluent to the nearest 

open drain. 



Liquid flows into the tank and heavy particles sink to the bottom, while scum (oil and fat) floats to 

the top. With time, the solids that settle at the bottom are degraded anaerobically. However, the 

rate of accumulation is faster than the rate of decomposition, and the accumulated sludge must be 

removed at some point. Generally, Septic Tanks should be emptied and cleaned every 2 to 5 years, 

although they should be checked yearly to ensure proper functioning. The design of a Septic Tank 

depends on the number of users; the amount of water used per capita, the average annual 

temperature, the pumping frequency and the characteristics of the wastewater. A variation of the 

Septic Tank is called an aqua privy, which is a simple storage and settling tank located directly below 

the toilet, so that the excreta fall into the tank. To prevent odor from surfacing, a water seal must be 

maintained but it may not completely prevent smells and the tank must be frequently desludged. 

Adequacy: A Septic Tank is appropriate where there is a way of dispersing or transporting the 

effluent. Because the Septic Tank must be desludged regularly, a vacuum truck should be able to 

access the location. Often Septic Tanks are installed in the home, under the kitchen or bathroom 

which makes emptying difficult. If Septic Tanks are used in densely populated areas, onsite 

infiltration should not be used otherwise the ground will become oversaturated and excreta may rise 

up to the surface posing a serious health risk. Instead, the Septic Tank should be connected to a 

sewer and the effluent should be transported to a subsequent treatment or disposal site. Septic 

Tanks can be installed in every type of climate although the efficiency will be affected in colder 

climates. Even though the Septic Tank is watertight, it should not be constructed in areas with high 

groundwater tables or where there is frequent flooding. Aqua privies can be built indoors and above 

ground and are appropriate for rocky or flood prone areas where pits or other technologies would 

not be appropriate. However, because they require frequent emptying and constant maintenance, 

they are only recommended for very specific applications. 

Health Aspects/Acceptance: Although the removal of pathogens is not high, the entire tank is below 

the surface so users do not come in contact with any of the wastewater. Users should be careful 

when opening the tank because noxious and flammable gases may be released. Septic Tanks should 

have a vent. A vacuum truck should be used to empty the sludge from the Septic Tank. Users should 

not attempt to empty the pit themselves except with a manual technology. 

Maintenance: Septic Tanks should be checked to ensure that they are watertight and the levels of 

the scum and sludge should be monitored to ensure that the tank is functioning well. Because of the 

delicate ecology, care should be taken not to discharge harsh chemicals into the Septic Tank. The 



sludge should be removed annually using a vacuum truck to ensure proper functioning of the Septic 

Tank. 

Pros & Cons: 

Can be built and repaired with locally available materials 

Long service life 

No real problems with flies or odours if used correctly 

Low capital costs, moderate operating costs depending on water and emptying 

Small land area required 

No electrical energy required 

Low reduction in pathogens, solids and organics 

Effluent and sludge require secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge 

Requires constant source of water 

Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK (Sizing, volume and 

emptying calculations and example design solutions, Chapter 6) 

Pour Flush toilet with double leach pit 

Application Level- Household 

A Pour Flush Toilet is like a regular Flush Toilet except that instead of the water coming from the 

cistern above, it is poured in by the user. When the water supply is not continuous, any cistern Flush 

Toilet can become a Pour Flush Toilet. Just like a traditional Flush Toilet, there is a water seal that 

prevents odours and flies from coming back up the pipe. Water is poured into the bowl to flush the 

toilet of excreta; approximately 2 to 3L is usually sufficient. The quantity of water and the force of 

the water must be sufficient to move the excreta up and over the curved water seal. Both pedestals 

and squatting pans can be used in the pour flush mode. Due to demand, local manufacturers have 

become increasingly efficient at mass-producing affordable, Pour Flush Toilets and pans. The S-shape 

of the water seal determines how much water is needed for flushing. To reduce water requirements, 

it is advisable to collect toilet paper or other dry cleansing materials separately. The waterseal at the 

bottom of the Pour Flush Toilet or pan should have a slope of 25 to 30°. Water seals should be made 

out of plastic or ceramic to prevent clogs and to make cleaning easier. The optimal depth of the 

water seal is approximately 2cm to minimize the water required to flush the excreta. The trap should 

be approximately 7cm in diameter. 



Adequacy: The water seal is effective at preventing odors and it is appropriate for those who sit or 

squat (pedestal or slab) as well as those who cleanse with water. It is only appropriate when there is 

a constant supply of water available. The Pour Flush Toilet requires much less water than a 

traditional cistern Flush Toilet. However, because a smaller amount of water is used, the Pour Flush 

Toilet may clog more easily and thus, require more maintenance. If water is available, this type of 

toilet is appropriate for both public and private applications. Pour Flush Toilets are adequate for 

almost all climates. 

Health Aspects/Acceptance: The Pour Flush Toilet (or squatting pan) prevents users from seeing or 

smelling the excreta of previous users. Thus, it is generally well accepted. Provided that the water 

seal is working well, there should be no odors and the toilet should be clean and comfortable to use. 

Maintenance: Because there are no mechanical parts, Pour Flush Toilets are quite robust and rarely 

require repair. Despite the fact that water is used continuously in the toilet, it should be cleaned 

regularly to prevent the buildup of organics and or/stains. To prevent clogging of the Pour Flush 

Toilet, it is recommended that dry cleansing materials be collected separately and not flushed down 

the toilet. 

Pros & Cons 

The water seal effectively prevents odors 

The excreta of one user are flushed away before the next user arrives 

Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, wipers and washers) 

Low capital costs; operating costs depend on the price of water requires a constant source of 

water (can be recycled water and/or collected rain water) 

Requires some education to be used correctly 

Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK. 

(Provides detailed drawings of Indian glass-fibre squat pan and trap with dimensions and critical 

design criteria. A description of how to modify a Pour Flush Toilet to a cistern Flush Toilet is 

included) 

Single Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) 

Application Level- Household, 



The Single VIP is a Ventilated, Improved Pit. It is an improvement over the Single Pit because 

continuous airflow through the ventilation pipe vents odours and acts as a trap for flies as they 

escape towards the light. Despite their simplicity, well-designed Single VIPs can be completely smell 

free, and be more pleasant to use than some other water-based technologies. Flies that hatch in the 

pit are attracted to the light at the top of the ventilation pipe. When they fly towards the light and 

try to escape they are trapped by the fly-screen and die. The ventilation also allows odours to escape 

and minimizes the attraction for flies. 

The vent pipe should have an internal diameter of at least 110mm to a maximum of 150mm and 

reach more than 300mm above the highest point of the toilet superstructure. The vent works better 

in windy areas but where there is little wind, its effectiveness can be improved by painting the pipe 

black; the heat difference between the pit (cool) and the vent (warm) creates an updraft that pulls 

the air and odours up and out of the pit. To test the efficacy of the ventilation, a small, smoky fire 

can be lit in the pit; the smoke should be pulled up and out of the vent pipe and not remain in the pit 

or the superstructure. 

The mesh size of the fly screen must be large enough to prevent clogging with dust and allow air to 

circulate freely. Aluminium screens, with a hole-size of 1.2 to 1.5mm have proven to be the most 

effective. The top diameter of the Single VIP should be between 1 to 1.5m and be dug at least 3m 

deep, although the deeper the better. Deep pits can last up to 15, 20, 30 or more years. As the 

effluent leaches from the Single VIP and migrates through unsaturated soils, faecal organisms are 

removed. The degree of faecal organism removal varies with soil type, distance travelled, moisture 

and other environmental factors and thus, it is difficult to estimate the necessary distance between 

a pit and a water source. A minimum distance of 30m between the pit and a water source is 

recommended to limit exposure to chemical and biological contamination. 

Adequacy: Treatment processes in the Single VIP are limited, and therefore, pathogen reduction and 

organic degradation is not significant. However, since the excreta are contained, pathogen 

transmission to the user is limited. This technology is a significant improvement over Single Pits or 

open defecation. 

Single VIPs are appropriate for peri-urban areas; single pits in urban or dense areas are often difficult 

to empty and/or have insufficient space for infiltration. Depending on the pit depth, depth to the 



water table, number of users and soil conditions, some pits can be used for 20 years without 

emptying. VIPs are especially appropriate when water is scarce and where there is a low 

groundwater table. They should be located in an area with a good breeze. They are not suited for 

rocky or compacted soils or for areas that flood frequently. 

Health Aspects/Acceptance A Single VIP can be a very clean, comfortable, and well accepted 

sanitation option. However some health concerns exist: 

• Latrine leachate can contaminate groundwater; 

• Pits are susceptible to failure/overflowing during floods; 

• Health risks from flies are not completely removed by ventilation. 

Maintenance: To keep the Single VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is 

required. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation 

screen to ensure a good flow of air. 

Pros & Cons: 

Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated pits) 

Does not require a constant source of water 

Suitable for all types of users 


Can be used immediately after construction 

Low (but variable) capital costs depending on materials and pit depth 

Small land area required 

Sludge requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge 

Costs to empty may be significant compared to capital costs 

Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Provides detailed 

design information.) 

Double Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) 

Application Level-Household, Public Toilet, Community Toilet 



The Double VIP has almost the same design as the Single VIP with the added advantage of a second 

pit that allows the technology to be used continuously and allows for safer and easier emptying. By 

using two pits, one pit can be used while the contents of the second pit rests, drains, reduces in 

volume, and degrades. When the second pit is almost full (the excreta is 50cm from the top of the 

pit), it is covered, and the contents of the first pit are removed. Due to the extended resting time (at 

least 1 year of filling/resting) the material within the pit should be sanitized and humus-like. The 

Double VIP is specifically designed to produce humus and as such, it requires regular additions of 

soil, ash and/or leaves. 

The superstructure may either extend over both holes or it may be designed to move from one pit to 

the other. In either case, the pit that is not being filled should be fully covered and sealed to prevent 

water, garbage and animals (and/or people) from falling into the pit. The ventilation of the two pits 

can be accomplished using one ventilation pipe moved back and forth between the pits or each pit 

can be equipped with its own dedicated pipe. The two pits in the Double VIP are continually used 

and should be well lined and supported to ensure longevity. 

Adequacy: The Double VIP is more appropriate than the Single VIP for denser, peri-urban areas. The 

material is manually emptied, so vacuum truck access to the pits is not necessary. The users can 

remove the pit material after a sufficient resting time of one or more years even though the 

treatment processes in the pit are not complete and the material is not entirely hygienic. The Double 

VIP technology will only work properly if the two pits are used sequentially and not concurrently. 

Therefore, an adequate cover for the out of service pit is required. Double VIPs are especially 

appropriate when water is scarce and where there is a low groundwater table. They should be 

located in an area with a good breeze. They are not suited for rocky or compacted soils (that are 

difficult to dig) or for areas that flood frequently. 

Health Aspects/Acceptance: The Double VIP can be a very clean, comfortable and well accepted 

sanitation option. However some health concerns exist: 

• Latrine leachate can contaminate groundwater; 

• Pits are susceptible to failure/overflowing during floods; and 

• Health risks from flies are not completely removed by ventilation. 

Maintenance: To keep the Double VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is 

required. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation 



screen to ensure a good flow of air. The out of service pit should be well sealed to reduce water 

infiltration and a proper alternating schedule must be maintained. 

Pros & Cons: 

Longer life than Single VIP (indefinite if maintained) 

Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated pits) 

Does not require a constant source of water 

Suitable for all types of users 


Small land area required and can be used immediately after construction 

Can be used immediately after construction 

Low/moderate reduction in pathogens 

Higher capital cost than Single VIP 

Reference: Mara DD (1984), The Design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines (UNDP Inter reg. Project 

INT/81/047). The World Bank+ UNDP, Washington. 

Community Toilet Block- The Sulabh Model 

Application Level- Slum, Low Income Areas, General Public Area 

A community toilet block is a shared facility provided for a group of residents or an entire 

settlement. Pour flush technology is generally used though dry ‘ecological sanitation’ (ecosan) toilet 

blocks have been piloted in a few locations. Washing facilities are sometimes included in the block. 

These are usually constructed in low income residential areas and slum to cater to the local 

community who would otherwise have no access to sanitation. Provided these are managed well 

and maintained, this system can be effective in meeting the needs of the local community and 

promoting improved public health. 

Adequacy: As far as possible, separate circular pits should be constructed as these are structurally 

more stable and the sludge is dry and safe to handle. Where separate circular pits of standard sizes 

cannot be constructed due to space constraint, pits of smaller diameter (not less than 750mm) be 

provided, but the depth should be increased suitably to provide required storage volume and 

infiltration surface area. If it is not possible to construct small diameter pits, combined oval, square 



or rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a partition wall can be provided. The 

partition wall should be taken 300mm below the bottom of the pit and be plastered on both sides 

with cement mortar of 1:6 ratio. The partition wall and pit lining in 300mm width adjoining the 

partition wall should not have holes. However the possibility of water from one pit finding its way to 

the other pit is very much there. Therefore the desludging of the filled up pit has to be done with 

care to avoid health hazards. 

Health Aspects/Acceptance: 

Hygienically and technically appropriate, and socio-culturally acceptable 

Eliminates mosquito, insect and fly breeding. 

Free from health hazards and does not pollute surface or ground water, if proper 

precautions and safeguards are taken during construction. 

Can be located within the premises as it is free from foul smell and fly/mosquito nuisance 

etc. 

Maintenance: For the best maintenance of these types of toilets the user should remember that 

before using, they have to wet the pan by pouring only a little quantity of water, after defecation, 

have to pour 1.5 to 2 litres of water in the pan for flushing. Half litre of water should be poured in 

the pan after urination and the pan should be cleaned once a day with a brush or a broom and with 

soap powder periodically. Very important component is not to allow kitchen, bathroom waste water 

or rain water to enter the pits also the other solid wastes like kitchen waste, rags, cotton, sweepings 

etc. should not be thrown in the pan, as this could block the toilet. When the first pit in use is full, 

the flow should be diverted to the second pit and the filled up pit should be desludged after 1.5 to 2- 

year rest period. The first pit can then be put to reuse, when the second pit fills up. 

Pros and Cons 

Affordable and easy to construct with locally available materials 

Design and specifications can be modified to suit householder's needs and affordability. 

Can be constructed in different physical, geological and hydrogeological conditions. 

Can be constructed on upper floors of houses. 

Pits are generally designed for 3-year desludging interval, but if desired, it can be designed 

for longer periods or it can be reduced even to two years. 


Maintenance is easy, simple and costs very little. 


Needs only 1.5 to 2 litres of water for flushing, while conventional flush toilet needs 12 to 14 

litres of water. 

Needs less space than a septic tank toilet system. 

Does not need scavengers for cleaning the pits or disposal of sludge. This can be done by the 

householder. 

Makes available rich fertilizer and soil conditioner. 

Can be easily connected to sewers when introduced in the area. 

A low volume flushing cistern could be attached to avoid pour flushing. 

Reference: http://www.sulabhinternational.org 

Technology Option for Off-site sanitation systems 

Sewerage 

Application Level- City Wide 

Costly sewerage-based systems are unlikely to be cost effective solutions in most urban areas. 

Instead, decentralized excreta management systems are required. While many technological 

solutions exist, awareness and knowledge of them is limited to a small group of experts and needs to 

be broadened. Similarly, the technical knowledge of decision-makers needs to be increased. In some 

situations, such as for slums above water, appropriate technological solutions are yet to be found 

and more innovation is needed. Also, comparisons of primary and secondary costs and further 

investigation of what does and does not work, in the case of community-developed and managed 

facilities would be helpful. 

Maintenance: Sewers and manhole chambers will occasionally require structural repair or 

replacement, and broken and missing manhole covers should be replaced immediately. In gravity 

sewers, wastewater and solids are flushed along the sewer line to a treatment plant. If sewers are 

laid to self-cleansing velocities, they should require little routine maintenance. However, silting can 

be a problem where falls are limited and/or storm run-off carrying silt enters sewers. In such 

situations, periodic rodding, flushing or jetting will be required to remove blockages. Where 

pumping is required, considerably more attention will be required to operate and maintain pumps 

and other associated electro-mechanical equipment. 


Pros and Cons 


Operation and maintenance costs can be high, especially where pumping is required or silt and other 

solids cannot effectively be excluded from the sewer. As a result, many service providers rely upon 

subsidies to keep the system functional. 

Sewers often become heavily silted and lose hydraulic capacity or become completely 

blocked. 

Illegal storm water collections may lead to hydraulic overload of the sewerage system during 

heavy rainfall events. This may result in the flow of runoff contaminated with excreta 

flowing in streets and sometimes houses. 

In order to save electricity costs, pumping station operators often maintain wastewater 

levels in the wet well above the invert level of the incoming sewer. This reduces flow 

velocities in the incoming sewer and leads to rapid siltation. 

In many cases a sewerage system is built in isolation from the sewage treatment plant and 

the two do not connect. 

Households may not connect their facilities to the sewer network due to high connection 

charges and low willingness to pay. 

Simplified Sewers or Shallow Sewers 

Application Level- Neighborhood and City Wide 

Simplified Sewers describe a sewerage network that is constructed using smaller diameter pipes laid 

at a shallower depth and at a flatter gradient than conventional sewers. The Simplified Sewer allows 

for a more flexible design associated with lower costs and a higher number of connected 

households. Expensive manholes are replaced with simple inspection chambers. Each discharge 

point is connected to an interceptor tank to prevent settle-able solids and trash from entering the 

sewer. As well, each household should have a grease trap before the sewer connection. 

Another key design feature is that the sewers are laid within the property boundaries, rather than 

beneath the central road. Because the sewers are more communal, they are often referred to as 

condominium sewers. Oftentimes, the community will purchase, and connect to, a single legal 

connection to the main sewer; the combined effluent of the auxiliary sewer network flows into the 

main sewer line. Because simplified sewers are laid on or around the property of the users, higher 



connection rates can be achieved, fewer and shorter pipes can be used and less excavation is 

required as the pipes will not be subjected to heavy traffic loads. However, this type of Conveyance 

technology requires careful negotiation between stakeholders since design and maintenance must 

be jointly coordinated. All Grey water should be connected to the Simplified Sewer to ensure 

adequate hydraulic loading. Inspection chambers also function to attenuate peak discharges into the 

system. For example, a 100mm diameter sewer laid at a gradient of 1m in 200m (0.5%) will serve 

around 200 households of 5 people (10,000 users) with a wastewater flow of 80L/person/day. 

Although watertight sewers are the ideal, they may be difficult to achieve, and therefore the sewers 

should be designed to take into account the extra flow that may result from storm water infiltration. 

Blocks of community-based Simplified Sewers are connected to an existing Conventional Gravity 

Sewer or routed to a Simplified Sewer main constructed with pipes of a larger diameter. A Simplified 

Sewer main can still be placed at a shallow depth providing it is placed away from traffic. 

Adequacy: Where the ground is rocky or the groundwater table is high, the excavation of trenches 

for pipes may be difficult. Under these circumstances, the cost of installing sewers is significantly 

higher than in favorable conditions. Regardless, Simplified Sewerage is less expensive than 

Conventional Gravity Sewerage because of its shallow installation depth. Simplified Sewers can be 

installed in almost all types of settlements and are especially appropriate for dense, urban 

settlements. To prevent clogging and maintain the sewers, good pre-treatment is required. It is 

recommended that the scum from Grey water, heavy solids and garbage be removed from the 

wastewater prior to entering the sewer. 

Health Aspects/Acceptance: If constructed and maintained well, sewers are a safe and hygienic 

means of transporting wastewater. Users must be well educated about the health risks associated 

with maintaining/ cleaning blockages and inspection chambers. 

Maintenance: Pre-treatment with interceptor tanks and a grease trap is essential. The homeowner 

must maintain the interceptor tanks and the grease trap. Ideally, households will also be responsible 

for the maintenance of the sewers; however in practice this may not be feasible. Alternatively, a 

private contractor or users committee can be hired to assume responsibility for the maintenance as 

inexperienced users may not detect problems before they become severe, and therefore, more 

costly to repair. A related problem is that households may drain storm water into the sewer. This 

practice should be discouraged whenever possible. Blockages can usually be removed by opening 



the sewer and forcing a length of rigid wire through the sewer. Inspection chambers must be 

emptied periodically to prevent grit overflowing into the system. 

Pros & Cons: 


Construction can provide short-term employment to local labourers 

Capital costs are between 50 and 80% less than Conventional Gravity Sewers; operating 

costs are low 

Can be extended as a community changes and grows 

Requires expert design and construction supervision 

Requires repairs and removals of blockages more frequently than a Conventional Gravity 

Sewer 

Effluent and sludge (from interceptors) requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate 

discharge. 

Reference: Mara, DD, (1996) Low-Cost Sewerage, Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Assessment of different 

low-cost systems and case studies) 

Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (Popularly called as DEWATS) 

Application Level- Neighborhood, Household, Public 

An Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) is an improved septic tank because of the series of baffles under 

which the wastewater is forced to flow. The increased contact time with the active biomass (sludge) 

results in improved treatment. The system operates without mechanical means and sewage flows by 

gravity through the different components of the system. Up to 1,000 cubic metre of domestic and 

non-toxic industrial sewage can be treated by this system. DEWATS applications are based on the 

principle of low-maintenance since most important parts of the system work without electrical 

energy inputs and cannot be switched off intentionally (BORDA). DEWATS applications provide 

state-of-the-art-technology at affordable prices because all of the materials used for construction 

are locally available. DEWATS approach is an effective, efficient and affordable wastewater 

treatment solution for not only small and medium sized enterprises (SME) but also for the un-served 

urban households in developing countries, especially South Asia. For instance, DEWATS can operate 

in individual households, at the neighborhood level and even in small and big factories not 

connected to sewage lines. DEWATS can also treat municipal waste. The recycled water is used for 



irrigation or for growing plants and is absolutely safe for human use. In certain urban areas the 

processed water is taken for use as flush- water in toilets. 

Adequacy: This technology is easily adaptable and can be applied at the household level or for a 

small neighborhood. An ABR can be designed for a single house or a group of houses that are using a 

considerable amount of water for clothes washing, showering, and toilet flushing. It is mostly 

appropriate if water use and supply of wastewater are relatively constant. This technology is also 

appropriate for areas where land may be limited since the tank is installed underground and 

requires a small area. It should not be installed where there is a high groundwater table as 

infiltration will affect the treatment efficiency and contaminate the groundwater. 

Health Aspects/Acceptance: Although the removal of pathogens is not high, the ABR is contained so 

users do not come in contact with any of the wastewater or disease causing pathogens. Effluent and 

sludge must be handled with care as they contain high levels of pathogenic organisms. To prevent 

the release of potentially harmful gases, the tank should be vented. 

Maintenance: Adequate arrangements must be made for periodic removal of sludge from the first 

compartment. Sludge accumulation in the baffled compartments should be much less. Although 

desludging at regular intervals is necessary, it is important that some active sludge is left in each of 

the compartments to maintain a stable treatment process. ABR tanks should be checked to ensure 

that they are watertight and the levels of the scum and sludge should be monitored to ensure that 

the tank is functioning well. Because of the delicate ecology, care should be taken not to discharge 

harsh chemicals into the ABR. The sludge should be removed annually using a vacuum truck to 

ensure proper functioning of the ABR. 

Pros & Cons 

Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads 

No electrical energy required 


Grey water can be managed concurrently 

Long service life and no real problems with flies or odours if used correctly 

High reduction of organics 

Moderate capital costs, moderate operating costs depending on emptying; can be low cost 

depending on number of users 



Requires constant source of water and effluent requires secondary treatment and/or 

appropriate discharge 

Requires expert design and construction 

Reference: 

a) Sasse, L. 1998. DEWATS: Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems in Developing Countries. 

Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association, (BORDA), Bremen, Germany 

b) Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination (CDD) Society, Bangalore 

c) The Vigyan Vijay Foundation, New Delhi 

6.3.1a. Options for Removal and Transport of Fecal Sludge and Septage 

Fecal sludge management must be integral part of every sanitation plan, which builds on on-site 

sanitation facilities. Sludge management is an indispensable part of the maintenance of these 

facilities. However, in reality sludge management is often neglected in sanitation planning because 

the need for it is less apparent than it is for the provision of water supply or toilet facilities. Even 

when a sanitation plan foresees a component for sludge management, its implementation is often 

impaired for the same reasons. On-site sanitation systems are often perceived as cheap in 

comparison to sewerage systems, because the investment costs are covered by individuals and not 

by the public bodies. However, fecal sludge management is an important cost factor, which cannot 

be neglected and which has always to be taken into account when sanitation systems are planned. 

Conventional on-site sanitation includes facilities like pit latrines, community/public toilets, flush 

toilets connected to septic tanks, etc. In these sanitation systems, feces, urine, and in some cases 

grey water is mixed and the sludge produced can be quite diluted. The efforts for sludge collection, 

transport and treatment are high, because the sludge is of high volume and difficult to handle. 

The removal of sludge from toilet facilities, and the transport to the site of treatment or disposal is 

the first important component of fecal sludge management. Hygiene with sludge handling is usually 

an important issue when manual pit or vault emptying is common. The workers whether 

independent or employees of private or municipalities, are rarely aware of the health risks and may 

use no protection during their work. 



Source Characteristics Emptying and cartage implications 

Dry pits/vaults Highly concentrated quasi-solids Vacuum desludging systems are 

with high pathogen content required for cleaning of single pit 

(depending upon residence Latrines. 

time in latrine). 

Leach pits As above, but higher moisture content Twin pits can be emptied manually 

without the need for specialized 

equipment. 

Septic tanks Varies enormously depending Septage vacuum trucks are widely 

on the number of people utilizing utilized for cleaning of septic tanks. 

the septic tank, water consumption, 

tank size, and pumping frequency. 

Adopted from ‘A Guide to Decision-making—Sanitation Technology Options for Urban India’, 

Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) with support from the Water and Sanitation Program South 

Asia. 

6.3.2 FINANCING OPTIONS 

Expansion of sanitation systems will not be possible unless an institution or group of individuals, 

preferably the intended users, are willing to pay user charges for the new facilities required. Even 

when facilities have been provided, they will fail sooner or later unless funds are available to cover 

their ongoing operation and maintenance. So, it will be impossible to first provide and then sustain 

services to cities as a whole unless the finances of those who are responsible for providing and 

managing them are sound. Most conventional financing goes to established services in already 

served areas and to conventional technological and administrative systems. This approach is not 

going to fulfill the sanitation target of the MDGs and beyond. To revise the current trend of an ever- 

growing sanitation backlog in poor urban areas we need not only to invest more and more wisely, 

but also finance in much more creative ways. 

Every proposal for a sanitation service, and its non-technical components, needs financing. The 

amounts required can be estimated in the early stages of strategic planning, and should include costs 

to be incurred by the municipal government and other parties. The strategy will consider both the 

initial capital and recurrent financing needs. The sustainability of most sanitation systems depends on 



having adequate recurrent funds for operations and maintenance. Financing is often regarded as the 

defining factor in sanitation development. This is true, especially if a city relies only on the local 

government budget. However, with a good citywide sanitation plan, a municipal government will plan 

to access finances from other sources, such as central government, state government, the private 

sector and the public. 

Furthermore, since the nominal amount of municipal budget is small, sanitation budgets are 

correspondingly small. The citywide sanitation strategy can propose a larger allocation from the 

municipal budget and recommend optimizing use of funds from other sources. Increasing the 

municipal budget allocation for sanitation requires commitment from all relevant decision makers, 

both in the legislative and executive bodies. Approval from the local legislature is key, and such 

support can be gained if the sanitation working group designs awareness-building activities for all 

decision makers. Thus, strategies for developing funding for sanitation needs to be supported by 

strategies for developing non-technical components, especially community participation, policy and 

regulation, and institutions. Without the support of these components, the sanitation working group 

would have difficulty in obtaining additional financing for sanitation development. These mutual 

linkages will be described in the citywide sanitation plan. 

Sanitation 




SL.NO FINANCING SOURCE APPROACH 

1 13 th Finance Commission The 13 th Finance Commission has funding for Urban Local Bodies. The additional 

advantage to the ULB is that of 12 th Finance Commission grant utilized for Solid Waste 

Management. The State Government has to guide the ULB’s to utilize the funds 

appropriately and achieve the goals of sanitation in an acceptable manner. The 13 th FC 

grants can be pooled to providing sanitation facilities if the State takes up the issue of 

Sanitation in a mission mode. Only a mission mode approach would enable the ULB’s to 

achieve open defecation free city status. 

2 State Finance Commission The State Finance Commission plays a vital role in cities achieving open defecation free 

status. The SFC grants help the cities to take care of the salaries of the municipal 

employees apart from providing funds for the other basic services to the urban citizens 

apart from urban poor. 

3 Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme 

for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) 

4 

Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty 

Alleviation (MoHUPA) 

Under the ministry of Urban Development, there are several components which have 

funding options for sanitation. UIDSSMT has urban infrastructure and governance 

component which can funds for building sewerage network & STP, water supply , 

integrated SWM etc. 

Ministry of Housing and urban poverty alleviation provides large amount of finance for 

the Urban Slums in India. The Ministry has several poverty alleviation programmes 

which cater to the needs of housing in turn catering to the issue of sanitation by 

constructing toilets in the housing structure. Large numbers of toilets have been built 

and good number of dry latrines have been converted to pour flush latrines.

5 

Kanshi Ram Sehari Garib Awas Yogna 



A government of Uttar Pradesh programme. Envisages building one lakh houses every 

year for economically weaker sections of the society over the next five years. The 

District Magistrates have been made responsible for the implementation of the scheme 

and the Uttar Pradesh Housing Board is involved in Planning and Construction. The 

houses, built under the scheme, will have facilities like clean drinking water, toilets, 

streetlamps and it will be carried out in a phased manner. This is good source of funding 

as houses are built with urban basic services. 

4a ILCS The Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Low Cost Sanitation for Liberation of Scavengers 

started from 1980-81 initially through the Ministry of Home Affairs and later on through 

the Ministry of Welfare. From 1989-90, it came to be operated through the Ministry of 

Urban Development and later on through Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty 

Alleviation now titled Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation. The main 

components are Central Subsidy of 75%, State Subsidy of 15% and beneficiary share of 

10%. A detailed difference between the previous and the new scheme is given below 

this table. 

4b Rajiv Awas Yojana Rajiv Awas Yojana is a scheme sponsored by the ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty 

Alleviation. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers and the urban poor envisages 

a ‘Slum-free India’ through encouraging States/Union Territories to tackle the problem 

of slums in a definitive manner. The goals of RAY will be driven and incentivized by the 

provision of central support for slum redevelopment and construction of affordable 

housing conditional to a set of reforms necessary for urban development to become 

inclusive. This specific programme also would enable the city to achieve complete



sanitized situation as the major problem of sanitation arises from slums and Ray would 

take care of this issue. 

6 ULB’s Finance The Nagar Nigam also has considerable income for creating some provision for 

sanitation scheme in the city. As the state Municipalities act also specifies some of the 

duties to be performed under sanitation, some amount can be exclusively earmarked in 

the municipal budget to take sanitation in a mission mode till the city achieves the Open 

Defecation free status. 

7 Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Ministry of Social Justice and empowerment is also funding in a significant way to take 

care of the welfare of manual scavengers and their family. It is also heartening to note 

that big numbers of Manual Scavengers were reported in Uttar Pradesh. Relieving these 

people would not fetch the adequate results as the livelihood option would bring them 

back to the same work as they occupied before. The ministry has plan for rehabilitation 

of the families through several ways. Adequate amount of finance can be availed from 

this ministry to eliminate manual scavenging in existing places and rehabilitation of the 

families who has practiced before. 

8 Sarva Shikshya Abhiyan (MoHRD) Ministry of Human Resource Development is a potential source of financing as school 

sanitation is also a major component in the city sanitation plan. The SSA component has 

funding for school sanitation. The Nagar Nigam with the support of the district 

magistrate and education department should make efforts to pool in money for school 

sanitation. 

9 PPP Public Private Participation is another potential area which has been explored by the 

Nagar Nigam to an extent but not to the maximum. PPP has a great potential in Bareilly 

as the city is a heritage centre and the population is also willing to pay for the services. 

Till now few public toilets have been constructed with PPP but many more community 

as well as public toilets can be built in Bareilly city. Few parks and street lights have 

been constructed under PPP but more projects can be done by following some models



in south as well as north. This would relieve the city from capital investment and reduce 

the burden in bringing finance. As a response to an insufficient provision of basic urban 

services and a lack of access to finance and other resources by ULBs that aim to increase 

access to sanitation services, a number of PPP options have emerged. These include: 

service contracts; performance-based service contract; joint sector company to 

implement and finance the project; a management contract for operations and 

maintenance (O&M); and construction cum build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract. 

Ministry has come out with a guidance note on Guidelines on India: Urban Water and 

sanitation Services, sector reform and successful Public-Private Partnerships. 

10 NGO NGO’s have played a significance role in transforming sanitation sector in India. Take for 

example Sulabh has played a major role in easing the burden on the ULB’s. They are 

there almost length and breadth of the country. Their contribution in reducing the 

magnitude of Open defecation is noteworthy. The model adopted by them is also 

unique as they have developed their own model against the standard world known 

models based on experience. There are few more like SPARC who have made significant 

contribution in pay and use system. The pay and use system in the form of monthly 

cards will also help bringing down the incidences of OD as well give scope for going for 

individual toilets with low cost involved in construction. There are several NGO’s which 

are ready to invest and look after Operation and maintenance. There are some NGO’s 

which are working on partial cost by the NGO and then partial by the beneficiary 

through installments and bank.

ILCS Scheme Details: 


Earlier Provision Revised Provision 

1. The scheme has been taken on a 'whole town basis' and the 

towns having population less than 5 lacs are being covered 

2. Pattern of Assistance: The HUDCO is providing loan and a mix of 

subsidy from the Central Government in a synchronized manner 

as per the following financing pattern. 

Category Subsidy Loan 

Beneficiary contribution 

EWS 45% 50% 5% 

LIG 25% 60% 15% 

MIG/HIG Nil 75% 25% 

3. The present unit cost for different categories of sanitary latrines 

is as follows:- 

5 user unit Rs4000.00, 10 user unit Rs6000.00, 15 user unit 

Rs7000.00 Super structure cost not included. 


The earlier programme was town-wise for population upto 5 lacs as per 

1981 census which need not be restricted any more as the whole 

country is to be declared as scavenger free. The new guidelines will 

cover all towns on "All Town" basis. 

75% subsidy for the EWS beneficiaries, 15% of State's contribution and 

10% of Beneficiaries contribution. 

Provision of subsidy including the superstructure in case of individual 

toilets: An upper ceiling of Rs. 10,000/-for complete unit of pour flush 

units with superstructure.

4. No provision of IEC component. 

5. No involvement/ participation of NGOs at implementation 

stage. 

6. Technology used for construction and conversion of toilets was 

as per HUDCO's pattern/recommendation. 



It is proposed to include the Information, Education and Communication 

(IEC) component with 1% of the total central allocations under the 

scheme in each of the financial year with the Ministry. In case the funds 

retained are not utilised, these may be utilised in the projects. 

NGOs may be involved by the State Governments in the implementation 

of the scheme in various activities meant for the benefit of EWS 

population under the scheme with maximum charges upto 15% over and 

above the total project cost to be borne by the Centre and States in the 

ratio of 5:1 at different stages of implementation. 

Options like septic tank, connecting to small bore or conventional sewer 

network etc. may also be permitted under the cost ceiling. Technology 

which can enable to tap local resources should be permitted to be 

adopted. State implementing agencies may decide the technology best 

suited for the site/ locality which may be adopted.

6.3.3 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST 

APPROPRIATE OPTIONS 

The surveys along with several other tools used in the methodology have significantly contributed to 

this particular section. This section also reveals most appropriate options for the city in redeeming to 

be highly sanitized and become livable. Instead of creating just infrastructure for no reason is of no 

use and is also a burden on the Nagar Nigam. In such case a supply driven approach would be of 

greater help but not a perfect solution also as sometime people will be concerned about their own 

place and just surroundings but would have not understood the significance of cities sanitation 

situation. In such cases the research groups along with the officials arrive at solutions which are 

environmental friendly and good for the city as such. 

Fig: 

Supply Driven Approach for Sanitation 

Providers 

Capital and 'technical' 

Expertise 

Information on Information 

Sanitation services 

& Facilities 

needs and local on possibilities 

Situation 

Demand for services 

Willingness to pay 

Local Knowledge 

Users 

Recent thinking on service provision stresses that infrastructure schemes must respond to user 

demand by providing what potential users want and are willing to pay for. This ‘demand responsive’ 

approach has replaced the old emphasis on supplying what professionals think is good for users, 

regardless of whether the users want what is supplied or are willing to pay for it. While clearly an


improvement on the old supply driven approach, the pure demand-responsive approach is also 

inadequate in a number of respects. 

It is based on what intended service users know, thus limiting scope for change and 

innovation. 

It ignores the fact that service users are likely to be concerned only with their immediate 

surroundings, so that demand for local improvements may be at the expense of the wider 

environment. 

In equating demand with willingness to pay, it perhaps overlooks the fact that the main 

problem may be either that sanitation providers are unwilling to charge users for the full 

cost of services, or that poor people are unable to pay for the full cost of the services. 

It fails to pay sufficient attention to the capacity of service deliverers to respond to demand. 

This is a particularly important point where existing service delivery systems are weak. 

The market correlation approach 

The approach assumes that sanitation is a commodity that should be sold like any other commodity, 

for instance a car. People should therefore be offered a range of sanitation options from which they 

can choose. This approach has two basic drawbacks: 

It assumes that individual sanitation users can act independently of one another with each 

achieving the optimum result for him or her. In practice, this is rarely the case and people 

need to act together if the best results are to be achieved. 

It ignores the fact that different stakeholders may have different objectives. There is a real 

danger that the choices of community members will relate to their immediate needs and 

ignore the wider environmental implications of their sanitation choices. 

The user knows best approach 

This approach assumes that sanitation-related choices should be based solely on user preferences 

and that the role of professionals is to facilitate those choices. It underestimates the value of 

'professional' knowledge. Like the market analogy approach, it assumes that all stakeholders have 

the same priorities and will act as a coherent group at the local level. These weaknesses mean that 

the approach encourages local ad-hoc activity at the expense of overall planning. For example; 



people request for sewerage everywhere but the professionals would know the feasibility of 

proposing such an option which is of high cost. 

Shared decision-making - a better approach to sanitation selection 

The best choices are likely to be those that take into account the knowledge, concerns and priorities 

of both professionals and users. When all factors are taken into consideration, there will generally be 

a best sanitation option in any given situation. The challenge is for users and professionals work 

together and pool their knowledge so as choose this best option. An illustration of the process of 

shared choice is given below: 

Professional with 

Partial information 

Dialogue Leading to 

Preliminary Choice of 

Sanitation Option 

Pilot test of proposal 

Fully informed choice based on 

experience 

Plan 

Community with 

Partial Information 


RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST APPROPRIATE OPTIONS 

1 Sewerage Bareilly city is already having approximately 15-20% of coverage of sewer lines but there 

is no provision of Sewerage Treatment Plant ‘STP’. STP is highly recommended for the 

safe disposal of effluent/wastewater of the city. 

2 DEWATS This is the best option for number of Nallas discharging directly into the water bodies. 

DEWATS has a procedure of doing a feasibility test and then come up with a plan. The 

detailed write up about DEWATS has already been given in the sanitation option section. 

CDD Bangalore and Vijay Vigyan Foundation, Delhi are some of the expert agencies in 

constructing and operationalising DEWATS in India. 

3 Community Toilet Block-The Sulabh Model Community toilets are constructed in low income residential areas and slum to cater to 

the local community who would otherwise have no access to sanitation. Provided these 

are managed well and maintained, this system can be effective in meeting the needs of 

the local community and promoting improved public health. In Bareilly city, as on-site 

sanitation option, thirty seven community toilets are existing. Community toilets not only 

provide sanitation facility but at the same time have a demonstrative effect as well. The 

people using these become habitual users of toilets, and in turn realize the need for 

individual household toilets. Community toilets thus are the effective tools for bringing 

behavioral changes amongst the public residing in the slum areas as well as in generating 

a demand for the use of the individual toilets. As of now there are slum/LIG areas/villages 

on the outskirts of the city without any community toilet arrangement in Bareilly. A list of



places where community toilets have to be built is given in the gaps and requirement 

section of the sanitation plan. 

4 Sulabh Shauchalaya Sulabh Shauchalaya is a low cost pour flush water-seal sanitary latrine. It is an improved 

version of the designs already available in the country based on research conducted by 

different organizations and institutions on pour flush water-seal latrines. The designers of 

Sulabh Shauchalaya sought to provide an appropriate, efficient, cost effective and 

affordable excreta disposal system and to free scavengers from having to collect night soil 

and carry it on their heads. This has to be promoted at the individual level in Bareilly so 

that the low cost attracts the customers and the option is also in comply with the 

pollution control board standards. This specific option has to be communicated effectively 

throughout the city so as to promote possession of individual toilets at the household 

level in city as well as in slum & LIG areas. 

5 Shared Latrine In areas where there is not enough space for individual household latrines particularly in 

core city, the sharing of latrines between several families may provide a useful solution. 

The ownership of the latrines generally belongs to one of the houses, the owner of all the 

houses, or else ownership is shared between the households. Costs of pit emptying and 

other repairs can be included in the rent, but this can cause problems if the owner does 

not live there. Alternatively, residents can collaborate to clean the latrine and collect 

money to get it emptied and cleaned when necessary. Pour Flush toilet with double leach 

pit technology would enable the household to use it for long term as well as in a more



environmental friendly manner with less cost. Information on technology and its 

feasibilities are given in the sanitation technology section for further reference. 

6 Pour Flush toilet with double leach pit This is an appropriate technology for promoting individual toilets in the city. This 

technology would enable the household to use it for long term as well as in a more 

environmental friendly manner with less cost. A careful Septage management would 

make this system a success. The Nagar Nigam should go with a strong IEC campaign and 

make sure that people go for individual toilets. Information on technology and its 


7 Septic tank with soak pits This is a wide speared option which is used in apartments or in houses with multiple 

portions. It is a fact that there are several apartments which have septic tanks but not 

soak pits. Septic tank without soak pits is a dangerous trend and it has to be avoided. The 

construction of septic tank with soak pits can be made sure with the system of building 

laws making it mandatory. Regular monitoring and evaluation with a proper Septage 

management would also fetch required results. Information on technology and its 


Special focus on community toilets due to space constraints and its capacity to deal with needs of the urban poor 

Large and sizable investment has been made for the construction of community toilets, which have become either hazardous, unhygienic or abandoned due 

to poor construction and planning, or lack of water supply or lack of proper maintenance. At the same time it must be understood that community toilets 

are specifically important for slum, especially where it may not be possible to construct individual household toilets due to the non-availability of space.


The reasons for failure of community toilets 

TECHNICAL ISSUES FINANCIAL ISSUES INSTITUTIONAL & BEHAVIOURAL ISSUES 

Faulty construction, not conforming to norms of 

availability of sustainable water supply, ventilation, 

natural lighting etc., 

Lacking in special provision for children and 

handicapped /disabled persons 


Insufficient funds for running the system Non-consultations with community on design and 

location of Community Toilets 

Non-availability of funds for 

augmentation, rectification and up 

gradation of facilities. 

Lack of motivation and non-generation of felt need 

towards sanitation 

Lacking in safety and security for women Lack of public health and hygiene education among 

poor sections of society 

Lack of operation and maintenance. Lack of sensitization on gender issue.

Under these circumstances not only the construction but devising measures for strengthening 

operational and maintenance aspect of the community toilets becomes all the more important. This 

scenario necessitates initiatives not only in the construction but over and above in the ‘Operation & 

Maintenance’ (O& M) of community toilets. 

Involving user groups in maintenance is another measure tried successfully in southern part of the 

country. The chances of success of these groups are more when women are actively involved. This 

was learnt from the experiences of one of the Municipal Corporation Trichy in Southern part of the 

India. The women of the area were involved in construction of community toilets. The women group 

“SHE - Team (Sanitation and Hygiene Education - Team)” was formed to take up the maintenance 

responsibility of the community toilet under pay and use system. The women group soon could able 

to earn money out of the toilet maintenance and further invested the money in renovation of an 

abandoned community toilets nearby which was earlier used by men. They replaced the damaged 

water closets in the men’s community toilet and attended other repair and renovation works in the 

toilet. The men of the area started using the renovated community toilet and avoided open 

defecation in the slum. For children, the community has decided to construct a separate toilet 

adjacent to the pay and use latrines meant for men and women. They could design and construct a 

child friendly toilet. The child friendly toilet is being used by the girls and boys of the slum who are 

below 6 years old. Therefore, community participation especially of women has great chance of 

successful O &M of community toilets. 

Therefore, a system based on empowerment of users, owning, operation & maintenance and 

collection of service charges by user groups seems to be a sustainable solution for rehabilitation of 

defunct community toilets and also for the construction of new ones. 

6.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 

Institutional arrangement is one of the most crucial aspects of sanitation. It is a common factor in all 

urban local bodies that infrastructure would be put in place with the support of respective state 

government and national government at different levels of finance and implementation support. It is 

observed and proven that, over a period of time the responsibility is taken by none and the 

infrastructure remains unused or the infrastructure and its conditions deteriorate so much it 

becomes a dead investment. No agency concerned in the city vicinity would be in a position would


be in a place to monitor it. This has been a crucial issue in sanitation which has hampered the growth 

in terms of sanitation and also has pushed the cities to look unhygienic by redundant services. 

Therefore, having a sound institutional arrangement would enable the infrastructure to be used in a 

proposed manner to its fullest capacity. 

Many a times the institutional arrangements cannot be confined with one agency in an urban local 

body as the activities come under multiple agencies which would make it more cumbersome. This 

issue of multiple agencies handling the same issues can be resolved only with a good number of 

convergent meetings and responsibilities to deliver are to be guided by the state government. Each 

agency handling its own thing is also important but in turn they should also have co-ordination to 

make sure that the duties do not limit themselves to their circles but the duties should enable the 

city to look more hygienic in terms of living conditions. For Example: Slums although directly come 

under DUDA, the Nagar Nigam also has greater responsibility in making sure that the slum receives 

all the urban basic services required. In this type of situation, a combined effort from DUDA and 

Nagar Nigam would make better living for the slum dwellers rather each agency handling the 

situation in its own way. In the same way the Nagar Nigam has the responsibility of constructing 

community toilets in the slums, this can happen in the best manner only if both the agencies come 

together. 


Stakeholders Multiple Stakeholders and 

required co-ordination 

Civil Society Household level 

CBO’s 

Resident Welfare Associations 

Role to be performed 

Civil society has to play a crucial role in promotion and maintenance of 

sanitation situation in the city. This is a first of a kind exercise where in the 

institutional arrangement civil society is added. The justified reason would be 

that most of the time the responsibility of operation and maintenance of 

sanitation services are left on the Nagar Nigam or any other government 

agency. This attitude has to change and civil society should own the 

infrastructure given by the government. The Nagar Nigam should make special 

moves in this regard as to make sure that the civil society takes the 

responsibility of maintaining the given infrastructure. 

Apart from this, regular involvement in IEC campaign in the city and keeping 

the awareness on sanitation movement in the city is of greater responsibility 

of the civil society as this cannot be done by local government alone. 

Educating the violators on sanitation also falls in the larger preview of the civil 

society as sanitation has greater dent in behavior change. 

Local NGOs Health Based, The local NGO’s have crucial task to perform as they would know the city 

better than anybody within their own sector. NGO’s, apart from their routine

Elected representatives 

Sanitation Based, 

Development Based, 

& Education Based NGOs 

MP 

MLA 

Corporators 



work of carrying out different projects, should get involved in other activities 

by giving handholding support to the corporation in monitoring and evaluation 

of sanitation activities. The NGO’s also should guide the corporation with their 

rich experience in the field in right direction as to approach communities 

according to the need. 

The NGO’s also should get involved extensively in sanitation IEC activities as to 

make the effort more fruitful and effective. Regular reporting of the situation 

of different sector in the city also helps the corporation take appropriate 

measures enable proper services. 

There are greater responsibilities to performed by the elected representatives. 

The elected representatives would know the problems and the scenario of 

particular community better than anyone else. So it is in this regard the role of 

elected representatives become crucial. They have to be proactive and 

monitor the development work at regular intervals as to bring it to the notice 

of the commissioner or responsible authority to make sure that the works 

happen in a systematic manner

Ward Members 

Nagar Nigam Bareilly JalKal Vibhag 

DUDA 

BDA 

Health Department. 

Education Department 



The elected representatives should also get engaged in IEC activities taken up 

by the concerned ULB as to bring awareness among the people to go for 

better sanitation. Their appeal and presence would make larger difference 

with regard to sanitation scenario. 

Nagar Nigam Bareilly has a vital role and responsibility in sanitation apart from 

the other things it handles. There is a requirement of co-ordination between 

different stakeholders in the NNB. This is a herculean task. 

As the responsibility of different sectors rests with different agencies, 

the nagar nigam has to regularly monitor and keep itself informed. 

Issues of amending the building bye laws and any other policy matters 

Nagar Nigam has to have co-ordination with BDA as to make sure it 

happens with consensus. 

Nagar Nigam & JDA has to work together to construct more public 

toilets. 

Nagar Nigam and DUDA should take combined responsibility of bringing



sanitation facility to the slums. As slums form the crucial section in 

sanitation, a greater co-ordination is expected. 

The JalKal Vibhag support the Nagar Nigam in planning and execution of 

water supply works. So there is a requirement of larger co-ordination 

between the agencies. 

A considerable amount of co-ordination is required between Nagar 

Nigam and Health Department as health indicators also form a major 

portion in sanitation ranking. Regular reporting of health indicators from 

the health department would enable the Nagar Nigam to take 

appropriate actions in this regard 

Nagar Nigam should have a better co-ordination with school education 

department as school sanitation is also a priority in overall sanitation. 

The co-ordination should be in assessing requirements, making demands 

and getting funds from the concerned agency to make school sanitation 

better in the corporation limit. 

Nagar Nigam should also take adequate interest in insisting the hospitals 

to discharge the bio medical liquid waste after a primary treatment. This 

can be decisive with regard to public health. The Nagar Nigam should call



for a meeting with the health department officials and pollution control 

board to make sure that the hospitals adhere to BMW Rules 1998 

There are some general responsibilities of the Nagar Nigam in making city a 

sanitized city are as follows: 

Planning, and execution of sanitation projects on its own or through 

agencies; 

Operation and maintenance of environmental sanitation services; 

Enable participatory approaches for provision and maintenance of 

environmental services. 

Implementation and creating awareness for health and hygiene

State Government 

Urban Development Department 

Directorate of Urban Local Bodies 


Financing and implementation strategy 


Ensuring availability of land in slums and poor settlements for sanitation 

Put in place enabling laws, by-laws and Rules for environmental sanitation 

Devolving of power, authority, finance & personnel to the ULBs and 

finance, ensuring accountability of para-statals to the ULBs 

Promote capacity building of ULBs through technical assistance and training 

to the Nagar Nigam staff 

Steering of Programme implementation 

Creating enabling policy regime for PPP and 

Monitoring of Programme implementation 

Pollution Control Board Setting standards for environmental pollution 

Public Health Engineering 

Department 

Planning and implementation of specific sanitation projects in cities and towns


Health Department Ensuring public safeguards and outcomes 

Para Statals and Urban 

Development Authorities 

National Government Ministry of Urban Development 

Ministry of Housing and Urban 

Poverty Alleviation 


Planning, financing and implementation of environmental sanitation services 

Policy Guidelines for planning, financing and implementation 

Monitoring and evaluation of implementation 

Apart from these roles and responsibilities at the informal level there are certain specified responsibilities the agencies have to perform. Below 

list would give clear indications on institutional arrangements:


Sector/Component Regulating Authority Present arrangement Required arrangement 

Planning and 

Construction 

Operation and 

Maintenance 

Water Supply Nagar Nigam Bareilly Jal Nigam Jal Kal Water supply is regulated through Nagar Nigam 


Bareilly. Prior to that the Jal Kal was called as Jal 

Sansthan and it was directly under the State 

Government. Now with the additional department 

with Nagar Nigam, the Jal Kal should be able to 

provide safe drinking water with better quality with 

regular checks on the tests done on water quality. A 

grievance redressal mechanism has to be put in place 

for tracking water pollution and contamination apart 

from public complaints on water supply. There should 

also some regular check on quality of the water bodies 

This can happen only with Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal+Public 

coming together. 

Solid Waste Management Nagar Nigam PPP/Private PPP/Private SWM regulating authority is Nagar Nigam and with the 

recent PPP on SWM the construction along with



operation and maintenance has gone to the private 

sector. Nagar Nigam with its officials should have a 

check on the performance of the private sector as to 

see that the SWM is completely take care. SWM 

cannot happen overnight and it requires help from 

different groups at different levels. The people have to 

be educated through IEC campaigns on source 

segregation and importance of SWM. NGO 

participation is very much sought as they have better 

communication strategy to approach. The community 

should be prepared to pay for the services and this can 

happen over a period of time by educating as well as 

doing a pilot work and showing the performance to 

bring change in the mindset of the people. 

The arrangement would be: 

Nagar Nigam+Private Agency +DUDA+NGO’s+Resident 

Welfare Associations 

Community Toilets Nagar Nigam NGO NGO Although community toilets are regulated by the 

Nagar Nigam but it is the NGO’s who are really taking



care of it. As it has been recorded in the situation 

analyses most of the Community Toilets are in very 

bad condition leading to difficulty for the communities 

to use it in the absence of individual toilets. There 

should be a periodical checking of the status of 

community toilets by the Nagar Nigam officials as to 

make sure that the facilities are in place. This also calls 

for a more robust grievance redressal mechanism. 

The arrangement would be: 

Nagar Nigam+NGO+DUDA+RWA 

Public Toilets Nagar Nigam PPP/Private Nagar Nigam There are very few public toilets are available in 

Bareilly city. Due to operation and maintenance 

problem, public toilets remain unusable most of the 

time. The O&M of public toilets has to be converted 

into BOT model and regular checks on the 

maintenance should be done by the Nagar Nigam 

officials. 

Septage Management Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Septage management solely rests with the Nagar 

Nigam. As of now cleaning of septic tanks and pits is

School Sanitation School Education 

Department 



done by the Nagar Nigam only. The sludge is thrown 

into bigger nallahs without treatment. There are many 

toilets which are directly connected to drain. This has 

to be monitored and Nagar Nigam should take the 

help of Jal Kal to make treatment arrangement and 

ensure safe disposal of Septage. 

Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal 

SED SED This is one component which is of greater importance 

and greater magnitude also. There is required 

attention for upgrading school sanitation. The Nagar 

Nigam also should take active role in school sanitation 

by extending sanitation options and Septage 

management support to the School Education 

Department as this has direct bearing on sanitation 

situation and public health in the city 

SED+Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal

Bio-Medical Waste Nagar Nigam/Health 

Dept. 



Private Private Bio Medical waste is a prominent issue although not 

projected at that level. The liquid BMW is let out to 

the nallas or drains without treatment. The liquid 

waste has to be treated within the hospital and then 

let to the sewerage. This can happen with Nagar 

Nigam taking serious note and has to co-ordinate with 

the health sector to bring forth the change. The solid 

BMW is collected by the private agency but often 

dumped in open places in the outskirts of the city 

leading to serious public health issues. The Nagar 

Nigam should regularly monitor and ensure proper 

treatment of BMW. 

Nagar Nigam+NGO+Hospitals+Jal Kal 

Industrial Waste Nagar Nigam/PCB Jal Nigam Jal Kal The pollution control board has greater role to play in 

insisting on safe disposal of industrial waste. 

Nagar Nigam+PCB+Industries

6.3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 


An implementation arrangement for sanitation is crucial as defining an agency to implement would be easier but to assess the situation and 

maintain after completion would be a much higher task. Institutional capacity to carry forward and the required preparation before putting 

system into place plays the vital role. This section has identified some crucial requirements for successful sanitation in the city. Some of the 

issues to be addressed before implementing and in the process of implementing have been identified as below: 

Sl.no 

Implementation arrangement Responsibility 

1 Creating a State Level Steering Committee (SLSC) for both driving the programme and establishing a 

coordination mechanism for orchestrated action of multiple actors involved in the programme. The 

State level committee should also be in a position monitor and give interim report to the concerned 

ministry. The steering committee should not limit itself to monitoring but also give timely support in 

terms clarification and advice on sanitation issues. The committee should act a modem to put forth 

the success and difficulties a ULB faces and also provide adequate support in policy issues pertaining 

to sanitation 

2 Creating a City Sanitation Cell comprising of Nagar Ayukt, Environmental Engineer, CMO, Health 

Officer, Sanitary Inspectors and Sanitation Workers. The ‘Environmental Engineer’ should be made 

over all responsible to coordinate the sanitation activities on day to day basis and directly report to 

Nagar Ayukt. 


State Government 

Nagar Nigam


3 The City Sanitation Task Force which already exists in city should be ask for the periodic reviewing of 

progress made in achieving the sanitation mission. As it is not feasible for the CSTF to meet very 

regularly but the Mayor should be updated about the progress as the political representatives are kept 

informed which is very crucial for the achievement 

4 Capacity Building for the Nagar Nigam officials is a greater requirement. The municipal officials may 

not be aware of the technical, financial, environmental and institutional requirements attached with 

sanitation. So, before the implementation begins, the officials have to be trained at different level 

from different expert institutions. The state government has to make investment on this but it would 

be worthier investment as they would remain as assets in achieving the goals set for sanitation. There 

are some National Resource Centres identified by the Ministry of Urban development and Ministry of 

Housing and poverty Alleviation all over India and their help can be sought in capacity building. There 

is a requirement for field visits for the municipal officials including the Nagar Ayukt and this would 

give them hands on experience of the good practices in sanitation. 


Nagar Nigam 

State Government and Nagar 

5 Strengthening information and performance monitoring systems State Government and Nagar 

6 Capacity building for NGO’s and CBO’s is also essential before implementing sanitation programme. 

This capacity building in turn would help the ULB in operation and maintenance after the 

implementation 

7 Legal Framework is very important for the sanitation mission to take place. There will be requirement 

of amending the building bye laws and other municipal laws to enable the implementation process to 

Nigam 

Nigam 

Nagar Nigam 

State Government and Nagar 

Nigam

e successful 


8 A fixed tenure for the officials to remain in the same Nagar Nigam is also one of the requirements of 

successful sanitation initiative. The officials including the Nagar Ayukt should be given enough time to 

understand the Nagar Nigam and work accordingly. This would facilitate implementation and 

performance of Nagar Nigam in sanitation sector in a better way. 


State Government

6.3.6 LINKAGE WITH STATE SANITATION STRATEGY 

The State Sanitation Strategy like the National Urban Sanitation Policy envisages the vision it has laid 

out at the national level of making all the cities highly sanitized and livable. Sanitation being a state 

subject has to be dealt with utmost care in implementing. The piecemeal approach to sanitation has 

not fetched any results so far. The state sanitation strategy envisages supporting the sanitation plans 

of the cities by duly acknowledging the financial constraints a ULB goes through. The state strategy 

urges the urban local bodies to make public aware of the financial constraints it goes through and 

help in providing basic necessities in a appropriate way by making provision for payment of the taxes 

on time. On the other hand it should encourage and facilitate the cities to take up numerous IEC 

activities in the city through audio visuals and video documentaries to bring awareness among the 

general public in achieving sanitized city status. 

The city sanitation plan of Bareilly has brought forth all these issues meticulously with numerous 

tools of methodology and suggestion in the form of IEC to be in accordance with the State Strategy. 

The IEC component has emerged in every section beginning from situational analyses to the last 

section of the plan that of IEC action plan with indicative budget. 

Apart from these components the other processes put forth and recommended in the State 

Sanitation Strategy has been followed. 

Sensitization Workshop Yes All stakeholders & municipal officials from all the 

department attended the workshop 

Profiling of the ULB Yes A team of experts visited the city and collected the 

baseline information of Bareilly city 

City Sanitation Task Force Yes Constituted as per guidelines of NUSP and held the 

meeting 

Situational Analyses and Mapping Yes Was done extensively with a primary survey and the 

current status 

results shared in a stakeholders workshop 

Problem Analyses and Gaps 

Yes Was done and gaps identified with suggested 

Identification 

solutions 

Developing consolidated CSP Yes Was done and stakeholders suggestions have been 

taken 

Formulation of action plans and 

finalization of CSP at stakeholder 

workshop 

Yes Would be done after the draft CSP is presented and 

suggestions are incorporated 

The plan also recommends the State Government and Nagar Nigam should take up sanitation in a 

mission mode and achieve the required standards. Although the state strategy does not mention 

about taking up sanitation drive in a mission mode, the plan suggests it to as the UP cities need 

immediate attention so that the city will also take it as a priority and achieve goals one by one as to


fall in comply with the national vision of NUSP. Needless to mention, the plans attract huge money in 

terms of grants and in terms of donation from international donors apart from the existing financial 

structure for promoting sanitation at the ULB level. 

6.3.7 IEC AND AWARENESS ACTION PLAN 

In the process related parameters of city sanitation rating methodology, Monitoring & Evaluation 

system for tracking open defecation find their place. Of the total 4 points given to this category, 

Bareilly has scored no point. Here is where initiating IEC and awareness programmes can help the 

municipality gain some important points. A sustained grassroots campaign couple with adequate 

mass media exposure is a mix that will deliver the required results. Community participation backed 

by improved municipal services can help Bareilly open defecation free status. Neighborhood groups 

such as women’s self help groups and school children can be sensitized to the issue of open 

defecation. Having a community monitoring system has been found to be very effective in several 

cities. A community level group can be formed to dissuade open defecation. For instance, a group of 

school children armed with vigils can alert the community to anyone trying to defecate in open. 

Nagar Nigam sanitary inspectors and safai karamcharies can patrol marked open defecation areas. 

Making random visits to open defecation areas early in the morning can be institutionalized to arrest 

open defecation. 

Process Related 

NO INDICATORS TOTAL 

POINTS 

POINTS 

SECURED 

A M&E systems are in place to track incidences of open defecation 4 0 

Reduction in water borne diseases in another area of focus for the nagar nigam as it has score 02 

points in this category. Further IEC can help in generating awareness required to bring down the 

incidence of water borne diseases. The City Sanitation Ranking methodology has given weight to 

reducing water-borne diseases. The IEC campaign can take up personal and community hygiene as 

key themes. These would include water-borne diseases, other communicable ailments including skin 

diseases to make it more comprehensive. 


Outcome Related 


NO INDICATORS TOTAL 

POINTS 

C Reduction in water-borne disease incidence amongst city population 

compared to baseline 

POINTS 

SECURED 

6 2 

In addition to the two pressing issues, an integrated communications campaign to promote 

awareness and seek participation consisting of the following will comprehensively tackle the issue of 

sanitation. Campaign against taking water connections directly from the raising main and other 

illegal connections. Illegal connections cases losses of water and revenue to the Nagar Nigam; 

Campaign for Solid Waste segregation at source; Campaign for community participation in 

community toilet maintenance. 

Strengthening the existing computerized public grievances redressal system at Nagar Nigam 

Bareilly would served the citizen more effectively and efficiently. Citizens could use various means 

to communicate their complaints such as phone, SMS, internet etc. As of now most citizens (67%) 

complained directly through face to face interactions. Computerized complaint resolution system 

will keep records of all complaints and can be an effective tool for the Nagar Nigam to monitor 

trends in complaints to find areas of weakness. 

Channels 

1. Conducting circle wise meeting in the 05 sanitary circles. 

2. Mass media, newspapers, FM radio, local cable TV channels . 

Partners 

NNB, JalKal Vibag, local NGOs, Gyan Jyoti Siksha Samiti, local print media agencies 

Public Participation 

1. Advisory Committees: These are constituted to ensure Multi-Stakeholder involvement in 

sanitation projects. Members of such bodies can include prominent personalities from 



academia, arts, culture, social sector, media etc, representatives of donor agencies, Mayor, 

relevant heads of departments, and even leaders of sanitation workers union. City Sanitation 

Task Force (CSTF) is one such body at the city level. NUSP guidelines have established the 

role and responsibilities of CSTF. An innovative idea gaining traction is of Ward level 

Sanitation Action Committees. For Bareilly such a body can be constituted at sanitary zone 

level. It is desirable to take governance as close to people as possible. This ensures effective 

public consultations and possibly community participation. A ward level body can be headed 

by Corporator and comprise of ward members, Safai karamcharies, representatives/officials 

from Nagar Nigam, Jal Kal, RWAs, NGOs, Self Help Groups (SHGs) 

2. Public Hearings: The system of public hearings is known to be effective in monitoring project 

progress, resolving citizen grievances. What we propose here is that public consultation is 

essential during designing of projects. The chances of success of a project are enhanced, as 

this makes sure the project is designed to benefit as many people as possible. Seeking inputs 

from people will make them believe that the Nagar Nigam is seeking genuine partnership. 

More importantly this will help to develop trust. Public hearing can help launch and 

integrated campaign against open defecation, illegal water connection, 

The timeframe of the recommended communication strategy is relevant for a period of two to three 

years from the beginning of implementation. The process can evolve with the implementation to 

incorporate any mid course improvements required. Once initiated, it can take up a wide range of 

other issues as per the requirements of the city. There is every likelihood of such a process be 

institutionalized with Public Relations officer stationed in the municipality taking the lead. 

Given the growth and rapidly changing social and economic environment of the cities, it would be 

imperative for Nagar Nigam to develop capacity to assess changes in the situation and adapt 

strategies accordingly. Timely implementation of the recommendations made in this document will 

ensure that desired results flow in a sustained manner. 


Conclusion 


Keeping in view the issues and concern expressed by the citizen during the CSTF and other stakeholders 

meeting and scope of city sanitation plan it is opined that less emphasized area of communication holds 

a vast potential for behavioral and mindset change of people . There are three important components 

to the communication strategy: 

1. Inter-personal communications: Using opinion leaders 

2. Engaging media and NGOs as partners in promoting sanitation consciousness 

3. Adapting and developing multimedia IEC materials for sanitation campaigns 

Interpersonal means are known to be very effective in behavior change communications. These are 

tedious processes to carry out but offer better returns. It is important to understand the needs of the 

local community and select opinion leaders who could influence the community to further sanitation 

consciousness. These opinion leaders could be local NGOs, cooperators, school teachers or any other 

respected elder. A newspaper ad or a public service message on TV without ground level work through 

opinion leaders will fail to be sustainable in the long run. 

6.3.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 

Strategic planning should not be considered in isolation, but should rather be seen as a continuing 

process. Circumstances change, outcomes do not always occur in quite the way expected and it is 

therefore important that plans are adaptable. This will not be possible unless you have sound 

information upon which to base decisions to amend and adapt plan components. This suggests a need 

for effective monitoring and evaluation of plan components. Monitoring and evaluation of sanitation 

progamme is of higher importance as Urban development Ministry, Government of India publishes city 

sanitation ranking based on the cities performance. Before this happens it is the ULB’s requirement to 

have a sound monitoring and evaluation tool. 

Continued emphasis and allocations to sanitation from finance ministries depends on an ability to 

demonstrate improved sanitation outputs and outcomes. This would only be possible if effective and 

accurate monitoring systems are in place at all levels of government. Monitoring is also needed to 



determine budget utilization, actual resource flows from different sources, and value for money actually 

achieved. Despite its importance, while developing performance monitoring for sanitation it is necessary 

to address constraints related to difficulty in measuring health and hygiene related outcomes and their 

attribution to sanitation measures. Given the household and community focus in sanitation appropriate 

institutional mechanisms are also needed for their participation in performance monitoring. Emphasis 

on performance monitoring is also required because of limited experience in scaling up approaches. 

Thus, synthesized feedback provided by a good performance monitoring system to policy makers is 

essential for continuously assessing their effectiveness and making the necessary mid-course 

corrections. 

Monitoring is a management tool that is intended to provide managers with information about how an 

initiative or process is performing. Monitoring takes place at intervals throughout the life of the 

sanitation initiative or process. Examples include monitoring of the quality of materials used in the 

implementation of a new sanitation initiative and monitoring of the effluent quality produced by a 

treatment facility. 

Evaluation takes place after the completion of an initiative or programme. It aims to answer such 

questions as were the intended objectives achieved, was the expenditure as expected and did the right 

people benefit as intended. 

The key functions of agencies in the sanitation sector are policy formulation, regulation, investment, 

operations and maintenance of sanitation facilities, and the commercial activity of supplying the needy 

with desired sanitation services. Traditionally, these functions have been carried out in most of the cities 

in a supply-driven way with a high degree of centralized control, little local accountability, and little 

involvement of consumers. The consequence has been failure to cope with the growing problems of 

urban sanitation. 

Monitoring and evaluation of city sanitation plan has three purposes: 

To evaluate the effectiveness of the planning process, or assess the effectiveness of the phases 

in the preparation of the city sanitation plan, including sanitation mapping, defining the 

sanitation development framework, and preparation of reports. The results of the evaluation 



will be used to improve the preparation of citywide sanitation plan in the next cycle. Monitoring 

and evaluation is also used to assess coordination within the sanitation working group. This type 

of monitoring and evaluation is generally qualitative, interactive, and participatory. 

To evaluate the implementation of sanitation development activities, or assess the progress and 

level of achievement of sanitation development activities. This monitoring and evaluation uses 

indicators set at the time the sanitation activities were proposed. Quantitative results will be 

used to evaluate whether goals and targets have been reached. The results of the evaluation will 

be used to improve action plans for the following year. 

To evaluate the benefits of sanitation development, or assess the impact of sanitation 

development programs against trends in sanitation conditions and general environmental 

conditions, level of sanitation coverage, sanitation behaviour of the community, public health 

conditions and environmental health risk in each section of the city. The results will be 

compared with the baseline conditions of the city periodically. 

In sanitation of the city the component of monitoring and evaluation plays a crucial role as it enables the 

ULB to know its position from time to time against the baseline condition or prior to sanitation initiative. 

Reviewing progress of 

Plan at Regular Interval 

Monitoring 


Fig: 

Development of 

City Sanitation Plan 

Implementing plan 

Components 

Evaluation


The aim is to develop monitoring systems for simpler activities and schemes and use experience gained 

with these to develop systems for more complex processes. When evaluating initiatives, one should not 

forget to ask the users what they think. They are the people most intimately affected by the success or 

failure of a scheme and their opinions should provide valuable information. The evaluation also can be 

carried out through expert agencies as there is a tendency to feel good when it is done by the ULB itself. 

Regular evaluation also gives added value to the project as to plan and restructure if there is a 

requirement in the plan for further progress. 


ROAD MAP 


The city has the potential to generate several proposals in the form of different sanitation options. As 

the city has no sewerage coverage there have to be alternative arrangements to make the city more 

sanitized and achieve the required standards. This is also a primordial condition for the Nagar Nigam to 

go for viable options and make the city more livable. 

Sanitation programs must also use a menu of different approaches, such as financing at the household 

level and a range of affordable sanitation options for potential consumers. This may require working 

with a range of new partners, including public health officials, grassroots organizations, and private 

sector, something that should not be seen as a deterrent. 

Knowing well the resource constraints, the conventional wisdom is that a phased-development 

approach is ideal. The further one goes up the “sanitation ladder”, the greater the benefits for people 



and the environment. As economic growth permits, communities can then gradually improve the quality 

of sanitation services with higher-cost options. 

The phased development can be achieved in the form of short-term, mid-term and long-term goals. This 

would also enable the Nagar Nigam to achieve some of the components of the sanitation policy without 

making heavy financial investment. A list of initiatives to be taken up is given in below table. 

Sl.No Timeline Initiatives 

1 Short-Term Community toilets 

The Nagar Ayukt can constitute a small team headed by the Environmental 

Engineer along with other officials who can make a rapid review of the 

existing community toilets and their condition with pictorial evidences. 

The Nagar Ayukt based on the report can call for a meeting with the 

agensies/NGO’s involved in operation and maintenance of the community 

toilets in the city and give them a timeframe to put the system in place and 

provide facility on regular basis. 

Minimum financial assistance to some existing infrastructure but the 

requirement of a facelift can be facilitated to make them usable. 

An IEC campaign that can educate the public in usage of community toilets 

in proper manner and bring awareness to use community toilets in case of 

no individual toilet available at the household level instead of Open 

Defecation 

Public Toilets 

There are very few public toilets in Bareilly and all the toilets are not used 

due to maintenance. Measures should be taken to ensure proper upkeep 

and maintenance of public toilets. 


An effective IEC campaign with the involvement of concerned citizens, 

school children and NGO’s to eliminate open defecation by showing the 

health hazards involved in OD in slums and other potential areas. 



Documentaries and audio visuals to inform people on day to day basis till 

the message reach the public and there are signs of change in practice. 

Waste Management 

The city faces huge problem with waste being dump in and around the city. 

This problem can be solved by the administration by calling the Safai 

Karmacharis involved in SWM for meeting and making them aware of the 

hazards caused by open dumping of the waste. They in turn should 

communicate the same in the colonies where they go for collecting solid 

waste, street sweeping and cleaning the drains. 

Strict message should be sent across the municipal employees involved in 

transportation of solid waste not to dump the waste in the city outskirts 

but only at designated site. 

There is also a major problem of the cattle dung in the city. For this 

investment for Bio-Gas can be explored under PPP model. The other option 

would be asking the SWM Company to clean and use them in the 

composting yard. 

An effective IEC campaign with the involvement of concerned citizens, 

school children and NGO’s to adopt good practices through documentaries 

can be taken up. 

Environment pollution 

Most of the nallas and drains are directly discharging the wastewater into 

the water bodies and thus polluting the complete environment of the city . 

This can be controlled to an extent by ensuring the routine upkeep and 

maintenance by the Nagar Nigam. 

The water bodies can be cleaned with the help of an IEC campaign and by 

taking the help of resident welfare associations in the vicinity. 


Bio Medical Waste 


There is big threat from the hospitals due to the way they handle Bio 

Medical liquid waste. The hospitals are not fully aware of the BMW rules 

and they have to be oriented and asked to comply with the rules and do a 

primary treatment at the hospital level before leaving the liquid waste in to 

the nallas or drain. 

The private agency handling BMW should be called regularly to update the 

Nagar Ayukt on the situation of BMW in the city and how the collection 

and conveyance is happening. Burning or throwing the BMW in the vicinity 

and anywhere should be strictly punished. 

Storm Water Drainage 

Institutionalize the upkeep & maintenance of nallas/drains 

Polythene bags are major cause of clogging the nallas/drains and so 

use of polythene less than 20 microns as per UP Act 

should be banned. 

Grievance Redressal Mechanism 

Grievance redressal mechanism has to be more robust and responsive to 

the public. This also would bring in good governance and effective delivery 

of basic civic services. 

Monitoring & Evaluation system 

The Nagar Nigam has to put in place an M&E system for tracking Open 

Defecation incidences in the city and update the data available to assess 

sanitation coverage and find option to move towards Open defecation Free 

city. 

2 Mid-Term Individual and Shared Toilets 

Construction of individual toilets must be promoted with financial 

assistance from different sources. The concept of privacy and dignity has to 

be made a major component of propaganda and through a constant IEC 


campaign this can be achieved over a period of time. 


The option of shared toilets has to be promoted through the CBO’s in 

places where less community toilets are there and there is place constraint 

to construct individual toilet. This also requires extensive IEC campaign. 


Space constraint would remain as one of the major problem for sanitation 

at the individual level. The Nagar Nigam should identify some place in each 

slum and potential places to construct community toilets. At least one slum 

one community toilet should be followed and best would be providing 

community toilets according the population ratio. 

DEWATS 

By taking help of an expert agency feasibility study should be initiated in 

the short term and then plans for constructing DEWATS should be 

promoted. 

As the construction would not cost so much like a typical sewerage system 

the Nagar Nigam should find finances for promoting DEWATS 

The community should be prepared to own the DEWATS system at their 

community level and take minimum technical support from the Nagar 

Nigam and external agency 

3 Long-Term Sewerage Network & STPs 

Expansion of sewerage network and STP are kept in the long term goals for 

the obvious reason of high investment which cannot be met by the Nagar 

Nigam and external funding also does not come very often. Different 

sewerage networks and STPs can be planned based on the geographical 

layout of the city. 


Integrated Storm Water Drainage 


Integrated Storm Water Drainage system should be planned for the 

city. 

To accomplish this, local government and Nagar Nigam must change their current mindset. Many still 

view that water and sanitation investments are too costly and not sustainable or replicable. It is 

generally believed that some interventions are all that is possible. The Nagar Nigam does also disregard 

the squatter settlements which absorb much of growing urban population. Moreover the slum 

communities do not have ownership rights and are “not allowed” to invest in proper sanitary facilities, 

even if they have motivation and capacity. 

The first step is to provide basic sanitation or toilets facilities in slum and LIG. As mentioned earlier, 

these must ensure hygienic separation of excreta from human contact, which means feces must be 

confined until they are composted and safe. Regardless of the toilet technology selected, these systems 

must also address sanitation all the way “from toilet to river,” meaning that pathogens and pollutants 

cannot be allowed to enter nearby water sources, including aquifers. This is where sanitation becomes 

particularly challenging, as affordability and environmental cleanliness are often at odds. The simplest 

option; a pit latrine must be cleaned or emptied regularly, which is a difficult prospect in crowded 

areas. Pour-flush latrines require that an ample water supply is readily available, as well as properly- 

constructed septic tanks, drainage to carry away the wastewater, and services for eventually dealing 

with the collection of sludge and transfer to a septage treatment facility. 

Innovative partnerships must be forged to stimulate investments (PPP Model) 

To realize higher levels of service coverage and quality, sanitation programs must stimulate investments 

from as wide a range of sources as possible, including consumers themselves and the private sector. 

Successful public–private partnership (PPP) models can help overcome the limitations of local 

governments, which are under tremendous pressure in view of rapid urbanization and fast growing 

slum and low-income populations. In the sanitation sector, partnership arrangements between the 

public and private agencies, with the involvement of community networks, such as NGOs and CBOs, 



have proven to be successful. To realize the vision and plan of city sanitation the city has to have a look 

on the available best models in sanitation across the country and also look for best practices. 

The best approach to maintenance is preventative maintenance, carrying out specific maintenance tasks 

on a regular basis to ensure that problems are dealt well before they become serious. The normal 

approach in our country is reactive maintenance or crisis maintenance, carrying out maintenance in 

reaction to problems as and when they occur. The problem with this approach is that it will generally 

cost more in the long-run than preventative maintenance. Poor design may make preventative 

maintenance almost impossible. 

Temporary improvements will not lead to lasting change and may even lead to a long-term deterioration 

in conditions. For instance, a covered drain that gets clogged/blocked because of lack of maintenance 

will overflow and may create a greater environmental nuisance than the open drain. Improvements 

must be sustained over time if they are to have lasting benefits and this implies the need for 

management arrangements for operation and maintenance that are workable and acceptable to all the 

concerned groups. In this regard the plan of achieving short-term, mid-term and long-term plan would 

facilitate much expected sustained development in terms of sanitation. The Nagar Nigam have to play 

pivotal role in the entire programme for the simple reason that they are legally entrusted to provide and 

maintain the sanitation services. 

Sanitation for All and All for Sanitation 


BEST PRACTICES 

Case Study I-The first city in India where open defecation prevented in all slums 


Tiruchirappalli City Corporation –the first city in India where open defecation prevented in all slums 

Gramalaya’s work is focused on implementation and filling critical knowledge gaps in the sector, up 

scaling community based pro poor approaches through our program and advocacy work. The 2001 

census of India put urban sanitation coverage at 61 percent of the population having access to 

individual or public toilets. Low coverage of urban sanitation is due to the inability of planned urban 

development to provide for sanitation access to the urban poor. Gramalaya started its urban 

intervention in the 186 slums of Tiruchirappalli City Corporation as the operational area aiming at 

declaring open defecation free zone. The involvement of community based organizations in the 

project coupled with City Corporation support in providing Integrated Sanitatary complexes (ISPs), 

offering vacant sites for constructing community toilets with WaterAid, UK funding enabled the 

project a successfully demonstrated model. 

Gramalaya played an active role in declaring India’s first slum Kalmandhai as open defecation free 

(ODF) slum in Tiruchirappalli City Corporation in theyear 2002 followed by 168 slums as ODF 

announced with the support of Trichy City Corporation and donor agencies. This has resulted in 

conversion of dry earth latrines into modern flush out community toilets and eradication of manual 

scavenging in the city. In Tiruchirappalli city Corporation, 126 slum Communities are maintaining 

sanitary complexes under pay and use system with the support city Corporation. The Corporation 

handed over the toilets to women self help groups after new construction or renovation of the toilet. 

The Corporation gave the permission letter to the groups for running the community managed toilet 

under pay and use system. The Gramalaya experience proved that adequate involvement of 

community and training in maintenance of public toilets and earning from user charge is a revenue 

model for the slum communities with sustainable approach. It also generates tremendous confidence 

among women to partake in slum welfare and day-to-day decision making. 

The review of Community managed toilets and bathing complexes in Tiruchirapalli, six years after the 



work began, has shown that achieving clean and healthy slums does not require huge financial 

investment. However, what it does require is a city authority sensitive to the problems faced by slum 

communities and supportive of community action, dedication of communities and their support 

NGOs. It has been proved that communities can manage their own toilet units and when they do this, 

the toilet are much cleaner than when managed by municipal authorities. There have been cases 

where the entire community can be declared open defecation free. Further, it has shown that 

managing toilets leads to empowerment of women with many positive impacts in terms of personal 

and community development. This experience shows that after reluctance, committees do pay for 

using toilets and bathing and washing facilities and these services can be provided at affordable costs, 

even for the poorest. 

Toilets are only a part of the sanitation solution. Sewage, wastewater and solid waste management 

must also be tackled by city authorities and this is the area where they must play a lead role. 

Tiruchirapalli shows that community managed toilets and bathing complexes provide a model that 

can work at city-level when supported by city authorities where declaration of 168 slums as open 

defecation free made possible. 

Alandur Municipality-Public-Private Community Participation In Implementation Of Underground 

Sewerage System 

Alandur Municipality has succeeded in providing connections to an underground sewerage system to all 

its residents, including the urban poor. This was achieved through a combination of effective leadership, 

political will, mobilizing people's participation, financial planning and forging the right partnerships. 

City Profile 

Alandur, a selection-grade municipality, is part of Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu. It is adjacent to 

Chennai, at a distance of 14 km on the southern side, and forms a part of the Chennai Metropolitan 

Development Area (CMDA). With hardly any industrial base, the town has developed as a residential 

suburb of Chennai. According to the 1991 Census of India, the town has a population of 1,25,444, with 

32,000 households spread over to 19.5 sq km. Approximately one-fourth of its population lives in slums. 


Context 


Alandur municipality had no underground sewerage system. Households had either septic tanks or 

holding tanks, and the municipality was responsible for collecting the sewage periodically in tankers and 

disposing it off in low-lying areas. To address these problems, an underground sewerage system was 

designed for its current population, as well as for an estimated population of 3,00,000 in 2027, with the 

objectives of improving the standard of living of the residents; providing for disposal of sewage through 

an exclusive drainage network; avoiding recurring expenditure on septic tank cleaning; and preventing 

groundwater contamination. 

Implementation 

In 1997, the Government of Tamil Nadu decided to provide a sewerage system in 12 selected major 

urban centers including Alandur, in the context of a World Bank Project. The Chairperson of 

Municipality, Mr. R. S. Bharati, took up the task of implementing this. It was decided that Tamil Nadu 

Urban Infrastructure Finance Services Ltd. (TNUIFSL), the state asset management company, be 

approached to finance the sewerage scheme. Considering the lack of financial and technical resources at 

the municipal level to undertake such an infrastructure project, it was decided by TNUIFSL that the 

municipality would undertake the project on a BOQ (Bill of Quantities) basis. The sewerage treatment 

plant (STP) would be built on a BOT (Build, Operate and Transfer) basis. The project entailed a) 

construction of an underground sewerage scheme with a network of sewer pipelines and manholes, of 

120 kms (including 19 km main and 101 km branch lines); b) construction of a pumping house and 

installation of pumping machinery; and c) construction of a sewage treatment plant with a capacity of 

24 MLD (2 units 12 MLD each) on BOT basis to IVRCL and VATec for a period of 14 years. 

The project work was carried out in two phases. In the first phase (the first two and a half years), 50% of 

the branch sewers, main sewers, pump house including installation of machinery, pumping main and 

one 12 MLD capacity sewage treatment plant, were completed and commissioned. The remaining work 

relating to the project was to be carried out in the next phase. The particular challenges addressed were 

communication and consultations with citizens to secure their buy-in and contribution to the sewerage 

scheme, technical bottlenecks such as realignments necessitated by the construction of subways and 



MRTS, terrain conditions, and procedural delays in approvals. To reduce the repayment burden on the 

local body, it was decided to collect deposits from at least 10,000 residents before calling for tenders; 

this was also to ensure effective participation of people in the project. The names of the depositors 

were displayed in public places to motivate others to pay. Officials and non-officials, especially the 

chairperson of Alandur municipality, organised detailed discussions with the residents of the city and 

resident associations, in order to explain the project details and benefits of the sewerage project as part 

of assessing the willingness to pay. Effective and timely communication ensured participation of key 

stakeholders and beneficiaries in the initiative. An election-style campaign was launched. Television and 

newspapers were roped in to motivate the public. Sanitary workers also conducted a door-to-door 

campaign in support of the project. To ensure the inclusion of the poor and slum residents, a provision 

was also made for community toilets connected to the sewerage system. 

The total project cost was estimated at Rs. 34 crores with a break-up shown in the table: 

Sources of Funds (Rs. in Cr.) 

SOURCE CONTRIBUTION % Of TOTAL 

TNUIDCO Loan 16 47.06 

Citizen's contribution 8 23.53 

TNUIFSL Loan 3 11.76 

TNUIFSL Grant 4 8.82 

Interest on deposits 2 5.88 

TNUIDCO Grant 1 2.94 

Total 34 100.00 

Tariff Structure HSC Tariff Domestic Category HSC Tariff Non Domestic - Commercial and Industrial 

Category 

Square Feet Monthly Tariff (Rs.) Square Feet Monthly Tariff (Rs.) 

1500-3000 100 1500-5000 600 

>3000 120 >5000 1000 


To recover costs of operation, maintenance and debt servicing, the municipality decided the tariff 

structure through a consultative process. The tariff included a one-time deposit and a monthly tariff. 

They are given in Table 2. On demand from the citizens, the municipality has subsequently reduced 

monthly charges from Rs. 150 to Rs. 110. 

Impact 

Of the 23,000 households who paid for the services, 8,350 households were connected in the first 

phase, i.e. by 2005. Nearly 500 slum households out of 7,000 had sewerage connections, and 43% of 

slum dwellers have opted for and paid for individual sewerage connections. In 2005, 14 community 

toilets were constructed to serve poor clusters. By the end of March 2008, all households had received 

sewerage connections. 

Sustainability 

The project is sustainable, as the cost towards maintaining the system is recovered from the users by 

means of monthly charges. There has been a regular flow of funds and timely repayment to financial 

institutions. Alandur sewerage project is an innovative initiative for sustainable delivery of urban 

services in the country. Inspired by the Alandur example, many urban local bodies, including Trichy, 

Tanjavur, Tirunelveli, and Ambattur, have initiated similar efforts for underground sewerage system. The 

Alandur experience demonstrates that mobilising people’s participation for infrastructure projects is 

possible through effective leadership, collective efforts and transparent procedures. Political will, 

effective communications, transparency and partnership with community-based organisations, are the 

key factors for the success of the project. Inter-departmental coordination and active involvement of all 

stakeholders ensured successful completion and sustenance of the project. 

http://www.waterawards.in/2008-winner-profile-am.php 



Kalyani Municipality-Community-Led Health Initiatives with Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) As 

The Entry Point 

Kalyani Municipality’s CLTS empowers local communities with the goal of creating an open, defecation- 

free environment, especially in slums, through a participatory approach of self-mobilization and 

facilitation. This brings about behavioural change to ensure 100% sustained usage of sanitary toilets, 

thereby making Kalyani an Open Defecation Free (ODF) area. 

Context 

Kalyani, located 65 km north of Kolkata in West Bengal, is one of the 39 municipalities under Kolkata 

Metropolitan Area (KMA) with a population of 0.1 million, of which approximately 50% lives in 52 slums. 

These people have mainly migrated from neighboring Bangladesh. Over the past ten years, more than 

Rs. 3 crore has been spent on different projects for constructing toilets for the urban poor, improving 

the sanitation profile of Kalyani. Despite a lot of investment from different projects, Kalyani was not 

open-defecation free (ODF), as this was a common practice even amongst those given toilets free-of- 

cost by donor agencies. This led to a lot of health problems amongst other citizens as well. 

Initiative 

Against the above background, CLTS was conceived in late 2005 under the Kolkata Urban Services for 

The Poor Programme (KUSP), funded by the Department For International Development (DFID). The 

chairperson of Kalyani Municipality showed political will and leadership in motivating its councilors and 

making Kalyani an ODF town. The Board of Councilors (BoC) unanimously accepted the proposal to pilot 

the CLTS project in Kalyani Municipal Area in January 2006. The chief health functionary of the ULB 

coordinated and facilitated the implementation of the entire programme. 

Initially, the pilot project was implemented in five slums only. However, inspired by the success of the 

project, Kalyani decided to make all the 52 slums ODF. A team of experts, including a Participatory 

Development Consultant and medical doctors, were involved in the initiative that conducted a series of 



awareness-creation workshops. Regular interaction with slum dwellers, nurturing of community leaders, 

and continuous monitoring by the CLTS team, made it possible to make all the slums ODF. Strategies 

adopted include not providing further subsidy for toilet construction, providing technical support to 

slum dwellers on low-cost sanitary toilets, increasing awareness regarding the ill-effects of open 

defecation, motivating and mobilising communities through participatory methods, using PRA tools and 

incentives for community leaders, and awards for clean ward/slum/area/school/class etc. 

Key Features 

The CLTS programme is community-led and not dependent on external support. It results in sustained 

behavior change and builds self-respect, dignity and self-confidence, especially in women. People are 

encouraged to build toilets with their own resources, creating ownership and sustained usage. Unlike 

free toilets, which are poorly maintained and even abandoned, people are interested in maintaining 

these. Proper triggering, facilitation, interaction, motivation and incentives are necessary initially. There 

is great potential for replication. Once people realize the need for a behavioral change to maintain 

sanitation, and its direct bearing on health, they do it willingly. The CLTS programme methodology 

makes people realize the need. 

Impact 

Kalyani was declared open-defecation free by the state of West Bengal on 29 Jan 2009. It got a cash 

prize of Rs. 25 lakhs to expand and continue its health programme on "Correction Of Anaemia" which is 

directly related to open defecation. As a first ODF town in India, Kalyani is much cleaner. Its slums have 

benefited not only from sanitation, but also from other developmental works. This is because ODF slums 

are given priority for all ULB development works. There is the visible impact of the urban poor 

recognizing that health is linked to sanitation. Records of the health department show a considerable 

decrease in gastro-intestinal disorders, and an increased number of man-days. Demand has been 

generated for more pay-and-use public toilets in Kalyani. 

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REFERENCES 

APPENDIX 



ANNEXURES

CITY SANITATION PLAN - Ministry of Urban Development

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