3G & 4G Mobile Communication Systems - Chapter I

3G/4G Mobile Communications Systems
Dr. Stefan Brück
Qualcomm Corporate R&D Center Germany

2
Chapter I: History of Mobile Communications
and Standardization
Slide 2

History of Mobile Communications and Standarization
History of Wireless/Mobile Communications
History of Standardization
Evolution of Mobile Communcation Systems
Service/Network Evolution
Mobile Communication Roadmaps (A look into the future)
3 Slide 3

4
History - Definition of Wireless and Mobile
Wireless
Communication without wires, can either be mobile or fixed
Mobile
Portable devices (laptops, notebooks etc.) connected at different location
to wired networks (e.g. LAN )
Portable devices (phones, notebooks, PDAs etc.) connected to wireless
networks (UMTS, GSM, WLAN….)
Slide 4

5
History – Wireless Communications I
Many people in history used light for communication
Heliographs, flags („semaphore“), ...
China, Han-Dynasty (206 BC – 24 AC)
signalling towers
150 BC smoke signals for communication;
(Polybius, Greece)
1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
Beginning of communications with electromagnetic waves
1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic
fields, wave equations (1864)
1876 telephone, Alexander Graham Bell
H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
the wave character of electrical transmission
through space (1888, in Karlsruhe)
Slide 5

6
History - Wireless Communication II
1895 Guglielmo Marconi
First demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (digital!)
Long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
Huge base stations (30m-100m high antennas)
1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco
1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
Reflection at the ionosphere
Smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the
vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
Slide 6

7
History - Mobile Communications
1911 mobile transmitter on Zeppelin
1926 train (Hamburg – Berlin)
1927 first commercial car radio (receive only)
First Mobile Communication Systems started in the 40s in the US and in the
50s in Europe
CONCEPTS:
1924
Large Areas per Transmitter
„Mobiles“ large, high power
consumption
Systems low capacity,
interference-prone
Expensive !!!
Slide 7

8
History - 1st Generation Systems
High transmitter power
(≥ 20 W) in base- and mobilestation
Large cells with wide range
(radius ca. 150 km)
Low infrastructure-cost
Low subscriber-capacity
Low frequency economy
Slide 8

9
History - A/B-Netz in Germany
A-Netz (1958-1977)
160 MHz
1971 80% Coverage
11000 Subscriber
B-Netz (1972-1994),
Der Abschied von ABC- Eine Zeitreise zu den wichtigsten
Stationen, Broschüre der T-Mobil, www.handy-sammler.de
Germany, Austria, Luxemburg
1979 13 000 Subscriber, heavy „Mobiles“ mainly in cars
Beginning of the 80s < 1 Mio. Subscribers worldwide
Slide 9

10
History- Cellular Communication Networks
Rapid semi-conductor and microprocessor development
Bell Labs: Patent for cellular networks, 1972
Small coverage areas with variable cell radius
Less transmitter power
Frequency reuse, clustering
Hand-over
Smaller and cheaper user equipment
Higher network capacity
High costs for infrastructure
Typical networks:
• NMT in Scandinavia (1979)
• AMPS in the US (1983)
• C-Netz in D, A, CH (1985-2000)
1990 ca. 20 million subscriber
world-wide
Quelle: B. Walke, M.P. Althoff, P.Seidenberg, UMTS – Ein
Kurs, Weil der Stadt 2001, Figure 2.2 , p. 15
Ericsson Hotline 900
630 gr !NMT-900, 1987
Slide 10

11
History – 2nd Generation Mobile Systems
Requirement: Higher system capacity, higher data rates
Digital Transmission to improve system capacity, coverage and QoS
International Roaming
Voice is the dominating application but systems are capable of fax,
data, SMS, MMS, …
Typical Networks (since 1990):
IS-95 (US), D-AMPS (US), PDC (Japan) and GSM
Motorola International 1000
www.handy-sammler.de/Museum/13.html
Slide 11

12
History- Systems of the 2nd Generation
IS-54 (D-AMPS)
Follower of the analog AMPS in America
Timeslot structure
IS-136 (Digital PCS)
Further development of IS-54
IS-95 and IS-95b (cdmaOne)
based on N-CDMA (1.23MHz Bandwidth)
first commercial CDMA-Net
PDC (Personal Digital Cellular)
particularly in Japan broadened
Slide 12

13
History of GSM
1982: The main governing body of the European PTTs (CEPT) set up a
committee known as Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to define a
digital mobil cellular system that could be introduced across
Europe by the 1990s.
PTT: Post, Telegraph and Telephone Administrations
CEPT: European Conference of Postal Telecommunications Administrations
The CEPT allocated the neccesary duplex radio frequency in the 900 MHz region.
1987: The main transmission techniques are chosen based on prototype
evaluation
1990: The Phase 1 GSM900 specifications are frozen, DCS1800
adaptation begins
1992: GSM (renamed Global System for Mobile Communications) went
operational in various European countries
Today: Around 1 billion subscribers in more than 200 countries use
GSM-based systems
Slide 13

14
The Creation of 3GPP
Mid to end of the nineties the standardization of 3 rd generation mobile
communications systems took place in several regions around the world
Common to all of them was the focus on CDMA based technologies
To ensure equipment compatibility and to increase working efficiency,
initiatives were made to create a single forum for WCDMA standardization
These initiatives resulted in the creation of the 3 rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) in December 1998
Standardization organizations firstly involved were ARIB (Japan), ETSI (Europe),
TTA (Korea), TTC (Japan) and T1P1 (USA)
In 1999, also CWTS (China) joined 3GPP
The detailed technical work in 3GPP was started early 1999 with the aim of
having a common specification ready by the end of 1999
Slide 14

15
What is 3GPP?
3GPP stands for 3 rd Generation Partnership Project
3GPP is a collaboration agreement, established in December 1998, to ensure
a worldwide acceptance of 3G W-CDMA/UMTS standards
It is a partnership of 6 regional SDOs (standard development organization)
Europe
China
S.Korea
Japan
USA
These SDOs take 3GPP specifications and transpose
them to regional (Europe, North America, Korea, Japan, China) standards
ITU references the regional standards “IMT-2000”, “IMT-Advanced”
see: www.3gpp.org
Slide 15

16
3GPP Members
Organizational Members:
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, Japan
ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions, USA
CCSA China Communications Standards Association, China
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute, EU (France)
TTA Telecommunications Technology Association, South Korea
TTC The Telecommunication Technology Committee, Japan
Slide 16

3GPP Specification Groups
This lecture focuses on Radio Access Network Aspects
17 Slide 17

3G Evolution – Radio Technologies
18 Slide 18

19
What is 3G or IMT-2000
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the key
requirements for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 services
more commonly known as
3G requirements
Improved system capacity, backward compatibility with 2G, multimedia
support and high speed packet data meeting the following criteria
2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments
384 kbps in pedestrian or urban environments
144 kbps in wide area mobile environments
Variable data rates in large geographic area systems (satellite)
Slide 19

20
IMT-Advanced and 4G Wireless Standards
IMT-Advanced Requirements
Based on an all-IP packet switched network
Peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s
for low mobility
Scalable channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz
Peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the
uplink
System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and 2.25
bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage
Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.
Typically, IMT-Advanced and 4G are used synonymously
IMT-Advanced Technologies are
LTE-Advanced (specified by 3GPP)
WiMax – 802.16m (specified by IEEE)
WirelessMAN-Advanced, Mobile WiMax Release 2
http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2012/02.aspx
Slide 20

3G = CDMA2000 and UMTS/WCDMA
21 Slide 21

Where are the 3G Standards?
3GPP (for GSM, UMTS, LTE)
www.3gpp.org
3GPP2 (for CDMA2000)
www.3gpp2.org
22 Slide 22

WCDMA – Data Services
23 Slide 23

3GPP Mobile Broadband Evolution Path
24 Slide 24

The Evolution Beyond 2011
25 Slide 25

26
3GPP Standard Releases – Rel99 to Rel10
Version Released Info
Release 99 2000 Q1 Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating a
CDMA air interface
Release 4 2001 Q2 Originally called the Release 2000 , introduced all-IP Core
Network
Release 5 2002 Q1 Introduced IMS and HSDPA
Release 6 2004 Q4 Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks and adds
HSUPA, MBMS, enhancements to IMS
Release 7 2007 Q4 Focuses on decreasing latency, improvements to QoS and
real-time applications such as VoIP. This specification also
focuses on HSPA+
Release 8 2008 Q4 First LTE release. All-IP Network (SAE). New OFDMA, and
MIMO based radio interface, not backwards compatible with
previous CDMA interfaces. Dual-Cell HSDPA.
Release 9 2009 Q4 SAES Enhancements, WiMAX and LTE/UMTS Inter
operability. Dual-Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual-Cell HSUPA.
Release 10 2011 Q1 LTE Advanced fulfilling IMT Advanced 4G requirements.
Backwards compatible with Release 8 (LTE). Multi-Cell
HSDPA (4 carriers).
Slide 26

3GPP Standard Releases – Rel11 to Rel12
Version Released Info
Release 11 In progress Further enhancements for heterogeneous networks for LTE
(FeICIC), Downlink Cooperative Multipoint in LTE (CoMP),
Eight carrier HSDPA, 4x4 HSDPA MIMO, 64QAM 2x2
HSUPA MIMO
Release 12 Not started Discussions are ongoing what to include
27 Slide 27

The 3GPP History of a Decade
28 Slide 28

Facts and Numbers (Source: 4G Americas)
423 HSPA networks are in service in 160 countries in February 2012
373 HSPA networks are in service in 150 countries in December 2010
184 HSPA+ networks are in service in 94 countries in February 2012
97 HSPA+ networks are in service in 52 countries in December 2010
55 LTE networks are in service in 34 countries in February 2012
14 LTE networks are in service in 10 countries in December 2010
Market Share and Forecast to 2016
29 Slide 29

Total Mobile Network Data Traffic Forecast
30 Slide 30

31
PPT Figures

R99
The 3GPP History of a Decade
DL/UL CDMA
Dedicated Channel
DL QPSK
UL BPSK
Turbo Codes
5 MHz Frequency
Spectrum
R4
R5
HS DL Shared
Channel
DL 16QAM
DL AMC
DL HARQ
DL Node B Scheduling
IMS
DL Shared
Channel
DL RNC
Scheduling
All-IP Core
UMTS R4
R6
R7
DL 2x2 MIMO
DL 64QAM
UL 16QAM
DL L2 Enhancements
Enh. Ded. Channel
UL QPSK
UL AMC
UL HARQ
UL Node B Scheduling
MBMS
R8
DL OFDM
UL SC-FDMA
DL 4x4 MIMO
UL MU-MIMO
UL Shared Channel
Frequency-Selective Scheduling
Flexible Frequency Spectrum
Enhanced RAN/Core Architecture
R8
DL 2-Carrier
SIMO
UL L2
Enhancements
UMTS R99 HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+
R9
R9
DL Dual Layer
Beam Forming
DL 2-Carrier
MIMO
UL 2-Carrier
SIMO
R10
R10
DL 4-Carrier
SIMO
UL TD
DL 8x8 MIMO
UL 2x4 MIMO
eICIC
HSPA+ HSPA+
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
UMTS R99 HSDPA HSUPA R7 HSPA+
EDGE
First Deployments
HSPA+
LTE LTE-A
R8 LTE
32 Slide 32
LTE
R8 HSPA+
R11
FeICIC
CoMP
LTE
HSPA+
2011 2012