HENOK MERHATSIDK 1.pdf - Addis Ababa University

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the Mau Mau Movement that was fighting for Kenyan independence from the British colonial rule. After Kenya got independence in 1963, the relations of the two countries further strengthened. Kenya opened its consulate in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) and Emperor Haile Sellassie paid a state visit to Kenya in 1963. Significant achievements were made: they demarcated their common boundary, abolished visa system and established a military pact in 1964. They also formed boundary administration committee and held frequent meetings and reached common understanding on the use of Tran’s boundary resources. During the Imperial regime, Ethiopia allowed Kenyans to use the Omo River. The relations of Ethiopia and Kenya in the Haile Sellassie era were cooperative (Belete, 2005). The Ethiopian Revolution of 1974 has changed the political, economic and societal structure of the Ethiopian state. The monarchical system was abolished by a military junta known as Derg. This radical, middle and lower rank military group established close relations with the socialist camp that included USSR, East Germany and Cuba. The internal political dynamics of Ethiopia in this particular time was fragile; the Derg regime was in constant power struggle with armed opposition groups in urban and rural areas. This incident was important because the inclination of the military government in Ethiopia for proletarian internationalism was perceived to be dangerous for Kenya in view of its pro-West stand. Surprisingly, the Derg continued Ethiopia’s smooth relations with Kenya. According to the 1964 Military Pact, Ethiopia earned Kenyan support during Somali invasion of Ethiopia in the year 1977/78 (Nigussay, 1977:65; Okumo, 1977:142-145). Until the fall of the Derg Regime, Ethiopia and Kenya continued their amicable relations. In 1980 and 1987 they reviewed the military pact of 1964. Besides, the Derg leader Col. Mengistu went to Kenya before he fled to Zimbabwe in May 1991. This incident indicates the extent of the relations of the two countries even in difficult situations. The coming of the EPRDF government in Ethiopia in May 1991 opened an opportunity for cooperation in the Horn of Africa. The new government emphasized on peaceful co- existence with neighboring states. This period shows the continuation of the friendly relations of Ethiopia and Kenya. In 1991 a Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation was signed between the two states. Article7 of this treaty emphasized on cooperation in the areas of 2
irrigation, water resources and energy. Moreover, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed in 1997on political, social and economic cooperation. It identified 18 fields of cooperation on different spheres: border security, immigration, refugee matters etc (Abebe, 2010:50-58; Moi, 2002). The threat from terrorists is a major factor that pushed the two states for enhanced cooperation in security areas. Both countries suffered from terrorist attacks at different times. For example, the 1998 attack on Mombassa and the attack on American Embassy in Nairobi are the major ones for Kenya. The 1995 assassination attempt on the former Egyptian President Hossni Mubarek in Addis Ababa, the 2006 mass killings of Chinese Oil workers and Ethiopians in the Somali Region of Ethiopia are the major blow by terrorist and armed opposition groups that are accused of having a link with Somali extremist groups. In response to this, Ethiopia and Kenya tightened their security cooperation. Ethiopia intervened in Somalia in 2006 to weaken the Union of Islamic Courts (UIC). Kenya also provided support for Ethiopia by closing its border with Somalia to deny hiding place for defeated UIC forces (Ploch, 2010:5-14). There are also annual border commission meetings between the two countries in which they discussed their security problems in and around their common border areas. In these meetings officials from the two countries, local community leaders and IGAD officials participated in order to identify common problems and seek solutions from both sides (IGAD, 2009). Ethiopia and Kenya share Omo River, but they have not formulated binding legal framework on the utilization of the river. However, Ethiopia is building hydro electric power project on this river. Some Kenyan members of parliament and NGOs have opposed the building of projects on the Omo River. The Ethiopian and Kenyan officials discussed the issue, Kenyan government delegation visited the construction sight and they are convinced that the project will not affect the flow of the Omo River (Ethiopian Embassy in London, 2010; IGAD, 2009). Ethio-Kenyan relations have peculiar characteristics: all Ethiopia’ neighboring states are Arab League members except Kenya, Ethiopia and Kenya remain pro-West for most of their 3
Page 1 and 2: ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GR
Page 3 and 4: ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GR
Page 5 and 6: 4.3.1 The Issue of Ogaden .........
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgement I would like to tha
Page 9: 1.1 Background of the Study CHAPTER
Page 13 and 14: two states. This study looks into t
Page 15 and 16: the above-mentioned security proble
Page 17 and 18: Politics is governed by objective l
Page 19 and 20: Above all the neo -realist percepti
Page 21 and 22: of the other.” This means that, o
Page 23 and 24: the UN in 1945 has contributed to a
Page 25 and 26: The establishment of international
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER THREE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Page 29 and 30: Nations because, it failed to prote
Page 31 and 32: 1998:7). Historically the greater H
Page 33 and 34: Ethiopia and, at least, Ethiopia ha
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER FOUR CHALLENGES IN ETHIO-KE
Page 37 and 38: Liberation Front). Besides, series
Page 39 and 40: The year 2006 witnessed the interve
Page 41 and 42: 4.1.2. Terrorist threat in Kenya Ke
Page 43 and 44: and Tanzania is the worst case in w
Page 45 and 46: Some 280,000 registered Somali refu
Page 47 and 48: from their towns mainly have a moti
Page 49 and 50: The involvement of IGAD in enhancin
Page 51 and 52: officials, it was fighting with EPR
Page 53 and 54: The information gathered from diffe
Page 55 and 56: y encouraging cross-border trade, a
Page 57 and 58: two governments to reduce cattle ru
Page 59 and 60: process? This is simply due to the
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To sum up, Ethiopia and Kenya have
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accelerating the Sudanese peace pro
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incidents occurred by the terrorist
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terrorist groups. As we have seen i
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Ethiopian forces. However, the Ethi
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esources. They have also agreed to
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5.6. The Use of Port Ethiopian rule
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Lamo port is constructed by the Ken
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distribution of this natural resour
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counterpart have common understandi
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CHAPTER SIX SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
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Somalia. This entails the frustrati
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government. Access to sea ports is
Page 87 and 88:
Berouk,Mesin(2010). ‘The Horn of
Page 89 and 90:
Kopstein,Jeffrey and Lichbach Mark(
Page 91 and 92:
Schlee,Gunther(2003). ‘Redrawing
Page 93 and 94:
Fortune (2009). ‘speech of Alemay
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Appendix (1): list of key informant
Page 97 and 98:
Appendix (3) Interview Guideline Qu
Page 99 and 100:
Appendix (5) Interview Guideline Qu
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