Sorghum Diseases in India

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Table 2. Continued Common name Causal organism Target leaf spot Bipolaris sorghicola (Lefebvre & Sherwin) Shoem. Severity 1 5 Foliar MDMV Aphid-vectored virus 5 Systemic, foliar Downy Mildew Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard & Suggs Bacterial leaf streak Bacterial leaf stripe Xanthomonas holcicola (Elliot) Starr & Burk 5 Systemic 5 Foliar Pseudomonas andropogoni (E.F.Sra.) Stapp 5 Foliar Rust Puccinia purpurea Cooke 5 Foliar Yellow stunt sorghum - 5 Systemic, foliar General symptom expression 1. 1 = very severe, consistent annual occurrence, 2 = sporadically severe, inconsistent annual occurrence, 3 = occasional problem, not economically damaging, 4 = minor problem, 5 = rarely observed. and virus diseases are present. Losses are not significant although an unidentified root disease problem was reported in 1972 (Voight 1972). References Craig, J., and Frederiksen, R.A. 1983. Sporulation of pathotypes of Peronosclerospora sorghi on inoculated sorghum- Plant Disease 64:278-279. Craig, J., Frederiksen, R.A., Odvody, G.W., and Szerszen, J. 1987. Effects of herbicide antidotes on sorghum downy mildew. Phytopathology 77: 1530-1532. Doupnik, Ben Jr. and Frederiksen, R.A. 1983. Diseases of Major Crops. Pages 525-534 in Dryland Agriculture. (Dregne, H.E., and Willis, W.O., eds.). Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy. Edmunds, L.K., and Zummo, N. 1975. Sorghum diseases in the United States and their control. Agricultural Handbook No. 468. Washington, DC, USA: United States Department of Agriculture 88 Forbes, G., Collins, D., Odvody, G., and Frederiksen, R. 1983. Seedling disease in South Texas during 1983. Sorghum Newsletter 26:124-125. Frederiksen, R.A. 1980a. Sorghum downy mildew in the United States: overview and outlook. Plant Disease 64:903-908. Frederiksen, R.A. 1980b. Diseases of sorghum. Pages 99-109 in Elements of Integrated Control of Sorghum Pests. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 19. FAO, Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Frederiksen, R.A. (ed.) 1986. Compendium of Sorghum Diseases. St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society. 82 pp. Frederiksen, R.A., Rosenow, D.T., and Odvody, G.N. 1980. Bacterial diseases in Texas -1979. Sorghum Newsletter 23:133. Jensen, S.G., Doupnik, Ben, Jr., Wysong, D. and Johnson, B. 1989. An epidemic of sorghum downy mildew in Nebraska in 1987. Plant Disease 73:75-78. Voight R.L. 1972. A potential new strain of milo disease. Sorghum Newsletter 15:1.
A Short Communication on Sorghum Diseases in Europe G.A. Forbes 1 Abstract Diseases of current and potential importance on sorghum in southern France, with general application to sorghum in other regions of Europe are discussed. In general, disease pressure is relatively low throughout Europe. The importance of seedling disease is not known, but it may contribute to poor stand establishment, a major problem in the area. Grain mold probably poses a potential problem for seed production, but does not appear to be a limiting factor for farmers. Other diseases or disease groups reviewed include head blight, head smut, foliar diseases, stalk rots, and those caused by viruses. Introduction The sources of information for this review are based on the author's observations in a few of the sorghum-growing regions in southern France, conversations with sorghum workers (generally plant breeders) in France, and a brief literature search for reports of sorghum diseases in Europe. This review is thus presented as a general view of the sorghum disease situation in southern France with application to other sorghum-growing regions of Europe. The region of sorghum production in southern France is probably representative of the other sorghum-growing regions of Europe, but particular disease situations may exist in other areas. Sorghum in Europe is produced in the south where a Mediterranean climate prevails. It is a secondary crop of diminishing importance throughout the continent, including France, where approximately half of the European Economic Community (EEC) grain sorghum is produced. Production in France has steadily decreased, from 57 000 ha in 1984 to 39 000 ha in 1987 (EUROSTAT 1987). 1. Plant Pathologist CIP, International Potato Center, PO Box 5969, Lima, Peru. Although sorghum, a drought-tolerant plant, is ecologically adapted to the dry Mediterranean summers, this advantage is now of little importance to farmers; they find the price subsidies given to other crops more attractive. Agricultural areas once used for sorghum are now being sown to soybean and sunflower. Sorghum breeders in France list the short growing season and the lack of early-maturing materials as the greatest constraints to production. Diseases are thought to be of minor or no importance. The minor emphases placed on diseases may be partly a result of lack of close examination. Published records of systematic evaluations of sorghum diseases in Europe were not found. If diseases were indeed of major importance, however, their incidence and effects would have to be considered in plant improvement programs. Lack of concern for sorghum pathology, therefore, probably reflects the relative good health of the crop in this region. As with sorghum in the northern USA and in Canada, sorghum in Europe faces relatively low disease pressure. Forbes, G.A. 1992. A short communication on sorghum diseases in Europe. Pages 89-91 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 89
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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