Sorghum Diseases in India

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Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-growing zones in USA. Production (million t) in 1985, by region was: GP (Great Plains) 17.5; C (Central) 6.4; GC (Gulf Coast) 5.1; W (Western) 1.9; and E (Eastern) 0.3. Table 1. The relative prevalence and importance of sorghum diseases in the United States of America. Region 1 Disease Great plains Coastal plains Central East West Anthracnose - 2 0 3 +++3 ++2 +++3 -0 Charcoal rot/ Fusarium stalk rot ++3 ++2 + 2 + 2 + 1 Downy mildew + 2 ++3 + 1 + 1 -0 Foliar diseases + 1 +++3 + 1 +++2 + 0 Grain mold/ Fusarium head blight + 2 ++3 ++3 ++3 + 0 Head smut ++2 ++3 + 0 + 0 + 0 Maize dwarf mosaic +++1 +++1 ++1 ++1 +1 1. Sorghum-growing regions include: Great Plains, parts of Texas, Nebraska, Kansas, New Mexico, Colorado, and South Dakota. Coastal Plains: Texas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Central: Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee. East: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. West: California and Arizona. 2. - Not reported at present, + Occasionally, ++ Commonly, +++ Generally found on most plants. 3. 0 = No loss, 1 = Probably not economically important, 2 - Occasionally important 3 = A major production constraint. 86 E
sonal communication). This region of higher rainfall (1200-1300 mm) encourages diseases such as anthracnose and fusarium head blight. The Gulf Coast region has a history of disease problems. Downy mildew, anthracnose, and grain mold can be important in any year in this region. A major epidemic of sorghum downy mildew occurred in 1973 (Frederiksen 1980a). While the actual losses were not estimated, the gravity of the disease changed the genotypes of sorghum grown and downy mildew became an intimate part of the sorghum scientist's lexicon. Its appearance since has been sporadic due in part to the growing of susceptible hybrids, or the appearance of a new race (Craig and Fre- deriksen 1983) or the interaction with herbicide antidotes (Craig et al. 1987). Occasionally, even seedling disease (Forbes et al. 1983) and bacterial diseases affect sorghum in the Gulf Coast area (Frederiksen et al. 1980). Head smut appears to be limited to the coastal and central Sorghum-growing regions of Texas. Foliar diseases, such as zonate leaf spot, gray leaf spot, ladder spot, and rough spot become more serious along the eastern coastal areas of the Gulf. In the Southeast, anthracnose remains the single most important problem and is crop-limiting in some years (Table 2). Many foliar diseases are present as are head blight and grain mold. In the western region, only root, stalk rot, Table 2. Prioritization of disease problems on sorghum in the southeastern region of the United States of America. Common name Causal organism Anthracnose Colletotrichum graminicola (Cesati) Wilson Fusarium Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and other species Grain molds Fusarium, Alternaria, Curvularia, Cladosporium, Phoma, Helminthosporium, Colletotrichum, others Severity 1 General symptom expression 1 Attacks foliage, culms, panicle, seed. Lodging possibly four or five pathotypes. 1 Panicle blight, culm rot, small seed, reduced germination, old, seedling blight, lodging. 2 Seed deterioration, reduced germination. Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina (Maulb.) Ashby 2 Basal culm rot, lodging Gray leaf spot Cercospora sorghi Ell. & Ev. 3 Foliar (leaf blades and sheaths) Ladder leaf spot Cercospora fusimaculans Atk. 3 Foliar Zonate leaf spot Gloeocercospora sorghi Bam & Edgerton 3 Foliar Rough leaf spot Ascochyta sorghina Sacc. 3 Foliar Leaf blight Peronosclerospora sorghi (Weston & Uppal) C.G.Shaw 4 Foliar Pokkah boeng F. moniliforme var. subglutinans 4 Systemic, abnormal growth Red spot Helminthosporium rostratum Drechsler 4 Foliar-midvein Acremonium wilt Acremonium strictum W. Gams 4 Culm, foliar Continued 87
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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