Sorghum Diseases in India

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cion de variantes del virus del mosaico enanismo del maiz (MDMV) en el cultivo del sorgo en el Bajio de Guanajuato. In Proceedings XII Congreso Nacional del la Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatologia and XXV Annual Meeting American Phytopathologicai Society, Caribbean Division 11-14 Sep 1985, Guanajuato, Mexico. Narro, S.J., and Hernandez, M.M. 1984. Evaluacion de sorgos hibridos con germoplasma tropical. Page 20 in Proceedings XI Congreso Nacional de Fitopathologia, 16-18 Jul, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Narro, S.J., Hernandez, M.M., and Betancourt, V.A. 1982. Pathotypes of downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi Weston & Uppal C. G. Shaw) at El Bajio de Michoacan. Sorghum Newsletter 25:120-121. Narro, S.J., Hernandez, M.M., and Betancourt, VIA. 1983. Reaction of commercial sorghum hybrids to conidial infection of downy mildew (Peronosclerospom sorghi). Sorghum Newsletter 26:117-118. Rodriguez, R.P.L 1983. Prevencion de la roya Puccinia purpurea Cooke como metodo indirecto para disminuir la incidencia de Fusarium moni- 84 liforme Sheld en sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) B.Sc. thesis, Universidad de Guadalajara, Escuela de Agriculture, Guadalajara, Mexico. Toler, R.W. 1980. Viruses and viral diseases of sorghum. Pages 395-408 in Sorghum diseases, a world review: proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, 11-15 December 1978, Hyberabad, India. Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Vargus, R.G., Leyva, Mir, G., and Romo, C.E. 1985. Etiologia y resistencia varietal del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) Moench a la pudricion del tallo y raiz. In Proceedings, XII Congreso Nacional Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatologia and XXV Annual Meeting, American Phytopathological Society, Caribbean Division 11-14 Sep 1985, Guanajuato, Mexico. Williams, A.H. 1980. RB Exp-182 (INIA RB-3030) y RB Exp. 607 (INIA RB-3006), nuevos sorgos para la region norte de Tamaulipas resistentes a Peronosclerospora sorghi. Pages 253-262 in Proceedings, Sociedad Mexicana de Fitogenetica, 3- 7 Aug 1980, Facultad de Agrobiologia "Presidente Juarez". Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico.
Sorghum Diseases in North America R.A. Frederiksen 1 and R.R. Duncan 2 Abstract Sorghum diseases are more important in the Central, Gulf Coast, and eastern growing regions of the United States. Anthracnose, head blight, grain mold, and head smut remain as significant constraints to production in some years in these regions. Diseases are rarely important in the Great Plains, although the stalk rots and maize dwarf mosaic will affect production to some extent annually. Introduction Sorghum diseases in the United States of America were thoroughly reviewed by Edmunds and Zummo (1975) and Frederiksen (1986). However, these comprehensive treatises include no data as to distribution or rank in importance of each disease. Few attempts have been made to estimate the extent of damage by pathogens on sorghum in USA. Frederiksen (1980b) attempted to do so on a global scale by rating each disease as to its prevalence and importance by ecogeographic regions. Consequently, a similar tabular presentation of these estimates is made by ecological zones. There are about five ecological zones for sorghum production in USA. These, in order of production, are the Great Plains, Central, Gulf Coast, East Coast, and West (Fig. 1). Over the past decade, U.S. sorghum area has dropped from about 5.2 to about 4.3 million hectare. Yields, however, have increased from an average of 3.6 to about 4.3 t ha- 1 . While there is variation in the types of diseases present in each region (Table 1), much less variation is found within than among these areas. Sorghum is grown on the Great Plains (Texas, Panhandle north to South Dakota), in part because of the freedom of this area from most of the sorghum diseases. Stalk rots and virus diseases are generally present, but losses have not been substantial (Doupnik and Frederiksen 1983). This is true, in part, because of the development of hybrids with tolerance to maize dwarf mosaic virus and because of the development of machinery to mechanically harvest lodged sorghum. Sorghum downy mildew was widespread in Kansas and Nebraska in 1987 (L. Claflin, personal communication; Jensen et al. 1989). However, yield losses on a statewide basis were insignificant, and downy mildew is not expected to be as prevalent in 1988 because the disease has been present in Kansas for 20 years but in only 2 years has it warranted concern. This suggests that the environment for disease was unusually favorable in 1987 and that the cultivars used were susceptible to the pathotypes present. Head smut occurs in some regions of Texas and Kansas, more or less annually. In the Central region (Missouri, Tennessee, Illinois, and Kentucky) grain sorghum production has increased over the past decade. Diseases such as crazy top, sorghum downy mildew, anthracnose, head blight, and grain mold have at times been important. Anthracnose was widely prevalent in parts of Missouri in 1986 and 1987 (J. Dale, and K. Cardwell, per- 1. Plant Pathologist, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M Univeristy, College Station, TX 77843, USA. 2. Sorghum Breeder/Physiologist, University of Georgia, Georgia Experiment Station, Griffin, GA 30223, USA. Frederiksen, R.A., and Duncan, R.R. 1992. Sorghum diseases in North America. Pages 85-88 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 85
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
Page 44 and 45: References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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Page 48 and 49: lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
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Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
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upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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